WO2014057797A1 - 光センサおよび電子機器 - Google Patents
光センサおよび電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014057797A1 WO2014057797A1 PCT/JP2013/075690 JP2013075690W WO2014057797A1 WO 2014057797 A1 WO2014057797 A1 WO 2014057797A1 JP 2013075690 W JP2013075690 W JP 2013075690W WO 2014057797 A1 WO2014057797 A1 WO 2014057797A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
- G01J1/44—Electric circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
- H03K17/78—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used using opto-electronic devices, i.e. light-emitting and photoelectric devices electrically- or optically-coupled
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- the present invention relates to a two-terminal optical sensor suitable for a photo interrupter or the like used for object detection or object operation speed detection.
- a sensor In an electric product having an operation part driven by a motor, such as a digital camera or an ink jet printer, a sensor is used to detect the operation speed of the operation part.
- a sensor generally has three types of terminals: a power supply terminal, a sensor output terminal, and a GND terminal. For this reason, it is difficult to reduce the size of the sensor so as to adapt to the downsizing of the electrical product as described above. Further, in order to reduce the manufacturing process of the sensor and improve the yield, a light-saving optical sensor is required. In response to such demands, development of sensors with reduced terminals is underway.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a detection device that can be used as a two-terminal sensor by sharing a sensor output terminal and a GND terminal.
- the sensor means including the detection element (detection unit) is driven by the constant voltage generated by the constant voltage generation means, the output is compared with the comparison voltage by the comparison means, and the comparator on / off output of the comparison means is output.
- the rectangular wave current is switched between a high current value and a low current value.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a detection device that can be used as a two-terminal sensor by sharing a power supply terminal and a sensor output terminal.
- the output of the sensor is compared with a voltage obtained by dividing the reference voltage output from the reference voltage generating means by a resistor, and the output of the comparator is compared via the 2-wire / 3-wire switching means. Output to the current amplification means or current setting means.
- the detection device can be used as a 2-wire or 3-wire detection device.
- the comparator of the comparison means for generating the comparison voltage and performing the comparison is composed of a differential amplifier as an electronic circuit.
- About 0.7 V is required as an operating voltage for each transistor constituting the differential amplifier.
- at least two transistors need to be connected in series, and therefore require a voltage of at least about 1.4V.
- the circuit needs to be configured with a voltage higher than that of the comparator, and therefore requires a voltage of at least about 2.1V.
- the detection device of Patent Document 2 also includes the reference voltage generation means and the comparator, the voltage drop between the two terminals is similarly insufficient. Therefore, in order to sufficiently reduce the voltage, switching from the 2-wire system to the 3-wire system is required.
- the optical sensor when the voltage between the two terminals becomes unstable at the time of transition from the light input state to the light non-input state and at the time of transition from the light non-input state to the light input state, false detection occurs. Therefore, in the optical sensor, it is desirable to stably switch the voltage between the two terminals between the high level and the low level.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and its object is to sufficiently reduce the voltage between two terminals in a two-terminal optical sensor, and between an optical input state and an optical non-input state. It is to stabilize at the time of switching.
- an optical sensor detects light input by changing a potential of a second terminal to which a power supply voltage is applied with respect to a fixed potential of a first terminal.
- a two-terminal type photosensor that is driven by a photoelectric conversion element that generates a photocurrent by input of light and an inter-terminal voltage between the first terminal and the second terminal.
- a first current source for generating a current; a current amplifier for amplifying the photocurrent; and an output current of the current amplifier when light is input between the first terminal and the second terminal.
- a current control unit that stops the current between the terminals and causes the current between the terminals to flow based on the output current when no light is input, and the first current source is connected to the first current amplifier.
- Input auxiliary current or above current amplification Of to the output current by adding the first auxiliary current is characterized by generating said first auxiliary current without an input light.
- the voltage between the two terminals can be sufficiently lowered and stabilized at the time of switching between the light input state and the light non-input state. Play.
- FIG. (A) is a waveform diagram showing the waveform of the input light and the waveform of the detection signal by simulation of the operation of the light receiving sensor shown in FIG. 2, and (b) is the waveform of the input light by simulation of the operation of the light receiving sensor shown in FIG.
- FIG. (B) is the waveform of the input light by simulation of the operation of the light receiving sensor shown in FIG.
- It is a wave form diagram which shows the waveform of a detection signal.
- It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of the light receiving sensor which concerns on the modification of Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- (A) is a graph showing a result of simulating the characteristics of the base-emitter voltage of the transistor with respect to the temperature in the second current source of the light receiving sensor of FIG. 7, and (b) is a graph of the transistor in the second current source. It is a graph which shows the result of having simulated the characteristic of the electric current with respect to the voltage between base-emitters.
- Embodiment 1 Embodiment 1 according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a light receiving sensor 1 according to the present embodiment.
- the light receiving sensor 1 (light sensor) includes a light receiving element 11 and an external resistor RL.
- the light receiving element 11 includes two terminals T1 and T2, a detection signal generation unit 21, and a first current source CS1.
- the light receiving element 11 is a two-terminal photodetection circuit that outputs a detection signal by changing a potential of the other terminal T1 with respect to a fixed potential of the one terminal T2 by changing a circuit current at the time of light input. .
- the terminal T1 (first terminal) serves as both an output terminal for outputting a detection signal and a power supply terminal to which the power supply voltage Vcc is applied, and is connected to the power supply line via an external resistor RL.
- the terminal T2 (second terminal) is a terminal for grounding, and is connected to the ground line to be applied with a ground potential (fixed potential).
- the terminal T1 may be a terminal to which a fixed potential is applied, and the terminal T2 may be a terminal whose potential varies.
- the light receiving element 11 is a circuit that receives light from a light emitting element (not shown) directly or as reflected light from an object, converts the light into an electric signal (detection signal), and outputs the signal.
- the detection signal generation unit 21 includes a photodiode PD, resistors R1 and R2, transistors Tr1 to Tr5 (MOS transistors), and a first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the photodiode PD is a photoelectric conversion element that receives input light and flows a photocurrent Ipd.
- the photodiode PD has an anode connected to the terminal T2.
- the detection signal generation unit 21 includes the photodiode PD as a photoelectric conversion element, but may include a phototransistor instead of the photodiode PD.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 has a pair of transistors Tr11 and Tr12 (MOS transistors).
- the drain of the transistor Tr11 on the input side is connected to the cathode of the photodiode PD and the gate of the transistor Tr11.
- the source of the transistor Tr11 is connected to the terminal T1.
- the drain of the transistor Tr12 on the output side is connected to one end of the resistor R1 and the gate of the transistor Tr1.
- the source of the transistor Tr12 is connected to the terminal T1.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 amplifies the nA order current input to the transistor Tr11 and outputs a ⁇ A order current to the transistor Tr12. Therefore, in the first current mirror circuit CM1, the ratio of the sizes of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 is set according to the current amplification factor.
- the other end of the resistor R1 and the source of the transistor Tr1 are connected to the terminal T2.
- the drain of the transistor Tr1 is connected to the drain of the transistor Tr2 and the gate of the transistor Tr4.
- the source of the transistor Tr2 is connected to the drain of the transistor Tr3, and the gate of the transistor Tr2 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr1.
- the transistors Tr1 and Tr2 are thus connected to form an inverter.
- the source of the transistor Tr3 is connected to the terminal T1, and the gate of the transistor Tr3 is connected to the drain of the transistor Tr3. Thereby, the transistor Tr3 functions as a diode.
- the source of the transistor Tr4 (current control unit, first transistor) is connected to the terminal T2, and the drain of the transistor Tr4 is connected to the source of the transistor Tr5.
- the drain of the transistor Tr5 is connected to the terminal T1
- the gate of the transistor Tr5 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr4 and one end of the resistor R2.
- the other end of the resistor R2 is connected to the terminal T1.
- the first current source CS1 has a resistor R11 and transistors Tr13 and Tr14 (MOS transistors).
- the transistors Tr13 and Tr14 are composed of the same nch MOS transistor as the transistors Tr4 and Tr5.
- the source of the transistor Tr13 (second transistor) is connected to the terminal T2, and the drain of the transistor Tr13 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr13 and one end of the resistor R11. The other end of the resistor R11 is connected to the terminal T1.
- the gate of the transistor Tr14 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr13.
- the source of the transistor Tr14 is connected to the terminal T2, and the drain of the transistor Tr14 is connected to the cathode of the photodiode PD.
- the first current source CS1 is provided in parallel with the photodiode PD by being configured in this way.
- the gate potentials of the transistors Tr1 and Tr2 vary. Therefore, the resistance value of the resistor R1 is set so that the gate potential exceeds the threshold voltage of the inverter when the photocurrent Ipd exceeds a certain value.
- the detection signal appearing as the detection output at the terminals T1 and T2 when there is an optical input is a high level voltage
- the detection signal when there is no optical input is a low level voltage.
- the output current of the light receiving element 11 is determined by the drive current of the transistor Tr4, and the output voltage of the light receiving element 11 becomes low level due to the voltage drop due to this output current. Since the detection capability improves as the voltage difference between the high level and the low level of the output voltage of the light receiving element 11 increases, the influence of the photocurrent is reduced by increasing the drive current of the transistor Tr4.
- the transistor Tr4 when the transistor Tr4 is turned on / off, either the transistor Tr1 or the transistor Tr2 is always turned on. As a result, the transistor Tr4 can operate at a higher speed. Therefore, the response speed of the light receiving sensor 1 can be improved.
- the transistor Tr4 when the transistor Tr4 is turned on / off, the transistor Tr1 is always turned on, or both the transistors Tr1 and Tr2 are turned on. As a result, the transistor Tr4 can operate at a higher speed. Therefore, the response speed of the light receiving sensor 10 can be improved.
- the transistor Tr3 functioning as a diode is arranged in series with the transistor Tr2.
- the operating point of the inverter is changed between when the output voltage of the light receiving element 11 changes from high level to low level and when the output voltage is low level. It can be different from when it changes from high to low. Therefore, it is possible to obtain hysteresis characteristics.
- the transistors Tr1 and Tr2 constitute an inverter, so that the transistor Tr4 can perform a switching operation at a high speed.
- the potential difference between the two terminals becomes small, the potential difference gradually decreases after the transistor Tr4 performs the switching operation between the gate and the drain of the transistor Tr2, so that the current decreases. For this reason, the response speed of the light receiving element 11 gradually decreases.
- the light receiving element 11 is provided with a resistor R2.
- the decrease in the voltage between the two terminals is assisted by the resistor R2, so that the response speed can be prevented from decreasing.
- each transistor in the detection signal generation unit 21 of the light receiving element 11 is composed of a MOS transistor
- the operation threshold level of the transistor can be changed by adjusting the dose.
- the operation threshold level of a transistor (a transistor Tr4 in the light receiving element 11) that generates a current to generate a potential difference between two terminals is set lower than 0.7V. This is because the device that receives the detection signal of the light receiving sensor 1 normally provides a threshold level above 0.7 V, which is the diode voltage.
- a transistor Tr5 connected in cascade with the transistor Tr4 is provided.
- the drain voltage of the transistor Tr4 is lowered, it is possible to reduce the off-state leakage current to 1/10 or more. Therefore, the leakage current when the transistor Tr4 is turned off can be greatly reduced.
- the transistor Tr4 that performs the switching operation needs to be formed in a large size in order to pass a large current, the leak current tends to increase accordingly. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the potential difference between the two terminals when the potential difference between the two terminals increases.
- the transistor Tr1 may malfunction if the temperature characteristic of the threshold level varies greatly. This is because the threshold level of the MOS transistor decreases at a high temperature.
- the resistance used for current-voltage conversion for example, when a diffusion resistance is used, the resistance value rises at a high temperature, which causes a large temperature characteristic in sensitivity.
- the resistor R1 bias resistor
- the resistor R1 is composed of a resistor having a negative temperature characteristic (for example, a polysilicon resistor) so as to avoid such an inconvenience.
- the temperature characteristic of the transistor Tr1 which is a MOS transistor, can be offset from the temperature characteristic of the resistor R1. Therefore, fluctuations in temperature characteristics of the light receiving element 11 can be suppressed.
- the light receiving sensor 1 when the amount of light input to the photodiode PD decreases, the light receiving sensor 1 operates as described above, so that the voltage between the terminals T1 and T2 (terminal voltage) is the threshold voltage of the transistor Tr4. The voltage drops to the determined voltage. Therefore, the inter-terminal voltage is a value obtained by subtracting the threshold voltage from the power supply voltage Vcc.
- the maximum potential difference between the two terminals is determined based on the threshold voltage of the transistor Tr4. Therefore, by lowering the threshold voltage to 0.5 V or less, the potential difference between terminals can be set in a wide range obtained by subtracting the threshold voltage (0.5 V or less) from the power supply voltage Vcc (fixed potential). .
- the light receiving sensor 1 may have a poor response characteristic because an operation delay occurs when the photocurrent Ipd is turned on / off due to the capacitance of the photodiode PD itself. Therefore, in the light receiving sensor 1, the first current source CS1 is arranged in parallel with the photodiode PD. As a result, current is always supplied to the first current mirror circuit CM1, so that the response characteristics of the light receiving sensor 1 can be improved.
- the first current source CS1 includes the resistor R11 connected to the external resistor RL, the transistors Tr13 and Tr14 are driven by the power supply voltage Vcc via the external resistor RL and the resistor R11. . Accordingly, the operation of the first current source CS1 can be maintained even when no light is input. Therefore, the detection operation of the light receiving sensor 1 can be performed stably.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of the light receiving sensor 101 according to this comparative example.
- the light receiving sensor 101 includes an external resistor RL as in the light receiving sensor 1 described above, but includes a light receiving element 102 instead of the light receiving element 11. Similar to the light receiving element 11, the light receiving element 102 includes two terminals T ⁇ b> 1 and T ⁇ b> 2 and a detection signal generation unit 21, and further includes a band gap current source BG.
- the band gap current source BG (sub-current source) is arranged in parallel with the photodiode PD.
- This band gap current source BG includes transistors Tr31, Tr32 (bipolar transistors), Tr33 to Tr38 (MOS transistors), a resistor R31, and the like.
- the circuit composed of the transistors Tr31 and Tr32 and the resistor R31 generates a band gap current.
- the transistor Tr31 has an emitter connected to the terminal T2 via the resistor R31, and a collector and a base connected to each other.
- the collector of the transistor Tr31 is connected to the terminal T1 via a transistor Tr33 that forms a current mirror constant current circuit.
- the transistor Tr32 has an emitter connected to the terminal T2 and a collector connected to the terminal T1 via another transistor Tr34 constituting a current mirror constant current circuit.
- the source of the transistor Tr37 is connected to the terminal T2, the drain of the transistor Tr37 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr37, and is further connected to the terminal T1 via another transistor Tr36 constituting a current mirror constant current circuit. .
- the transistor Tr36 constitutes a current mirror constant current circuit with the transistor Tr35.
- the source of the transistor Tr38 is connected to the terminal T2, the gate of the transistor Tr38 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr37, and the drain of the transistor Tr38 is connected to the cathode of the photodiode PD.
- the transistor Tr38 forms a current mirror circuit with the transistor Tr37.
- the band gap current source BG configured as described above always supplies the current flowing through the transistor Tr38 to the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 can be operated without being completely turned off even when no light is input. .
- the photosensitivity can be increased, but also the on / off operation by the light input can be accelerated. Therefore, the response speed of the light receiving sensor 101 can be increased.
- FIG. 3A is a waveform diagram showing the waveform of the input light and the waveform of the detection signal based on the simulation of the operation of the light receiving sensor 101
- FIG. 3B is the waveform of the input light based on the simulation of the operation of the light receiving sensor 1. It is a wave form diagram which shows the waveform of a detection signal.
- the light receiving sensor 101 controls the switching of the transistor Tr4 by the photocurrent Ipd, for example, in a normal operation state (at the time of inputting light with a light emission current of 10 mA), a photocurrent Ipd of 100 nA flows as the light receiving current. Further, in the light receiving sensor 101, when weak light is input (when light having a light emission current as small as 0.8 mA is input), a photocurrent Ipd of about 8 nA flows as the light receiving current. In this case, the transistor Tr4 switches when the applied voltage reaches the threshold voltage.
- the detection signal instantaneously fluctuates to the high level due to the driving noise of the transistor Tr4.
- the operation of returning to the low level may be repeated.
- Such an oscillation (chattering) phenomenon is likely to occur when the input light fluctuates or when the light amount of the input light is reduced, and the light receiving sensor 101 erroneously detects.
- the threshold voltage of the transistors Tr4 and Tr5 that operate when the voltage between the terminals T1 and T2 is at a low level is as low as 0.5 V or less.
- the detection signal (low level voltage) appearing between the terminals T1 and T2 is also a low voltage of 0.5 V or less.
- the band gap current source BG requires 0.7V as the base-emitter voltage VBE of the transistors Tr31 and Tr32. Therefore, in a state where no light is input, the light receiving sensor 101 includes not only the band gap current source BG but also the photodiode PD, the first current mirror circuit CM1, the resistor R1, and the transistors Tr1 to Tr3 when no light is input.
- the non-operation unit 103 is not operating.
- an instantaneous noise component generated when the operation of the first current mirror circuit CM1 starts causes the sources of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 in the first current mirror circuit CM1 to flow. Appears at the terminal T1. For this reason, the terminal T1 instantaneously becomes stable at a high level, causing malfunction. Thereafter, the switching signal of the transistor Tr4 is lowered, so that the detection signal is lowered to a low level, the non-operation unit 103 is not operated when no light is input, and the first current mirror circuit CM1 is also turned off. The signal oscillation phenomenon occurs by repeating the above operation for the minute photocurrent Ipd.
- the first current source CS1 has transistors Tr13 and Tr14 configured by the same nchMOS transistors as the transistors Tr4 and Tr5.
- the threshold voltage (operating voltage) of the transistors Tr13 and Tr14 can be made the same as those of the transistors Tr4 and Tr5. Therefore, the first current source CS1 is driven by the power supply voltage Vcc via the external resistor RL even if the detection signal appearing at the terminals T1 and T2 is at a low level. Therefore, the first current mirror circuit CM1 is supplied with a current from the first current source CS1, and can therefore maintain its operation. In this state, in the light receiving sensor 1, only the non-light-input non-operation unit 22 composed of the transistors Tr1 to Tr3 is not operating.
- the light receiving sensor 1 when the light emission current is 0.8 mA (800 ⁇ A), the light receiving sensor 1 causes the detection signal to instantaneously change to the high level due to the driving noise of the transistor Tr4. However, the first current mirror circuit CM1 continues to operate. Thereby, the switching noise of the first current mirror circuit CM1 can be reduced. As a result, as shown in FIG. 3B, the oscillation phenomenon is suppressed, so that the light receiving sensor 1 of the present embodiment is useful.
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a light receiving sensor 1A according to this modification.
- the light receiving sensor 1 ⁇ / b> A includes an external resistor RL as in the above-described light receiving sensor 1, but includes a light receiving element 11 ⁇ / b> A instead of the light receiving element 11. Similar to the light receiving element 11, the light receiving element 11A includes two terminals T1 and T2 and a detection signal generation unit 21, and the first current source CS11 is replaced with the first current source CS1. Have.
- the first current source CS11 has a resistor R12 and transistors Tr16 and Tr17 (pchMOS transistors).
- the source of the transistor Tr16 (second transistor) is connected to the terminal T1, and the drain of the transistor Tr16 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr16 and one end of the resistor R12. The other end of the resistor R12 is connected to the terminal T2.
- the gate of the transistor Tr17 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr16.
- the source of the transistor Tr17 is connected to the terminal T1, and the drain of the transistor Tr17 is connected to one end of the resistor R1 and the gate of the transistor Tr1, like the drain of the transistor Tr12 in the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the first current source CS11 is configured in this way, and is provided in parallel with the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the first current source CS11 is arranged in parallel with the first current mirror circuit CM1. Thereby, since a current is always supplied to the resistor R1 (voltage conversion resistor), the response characteristics of the light receiving sensor 1 can be improved as in the first current source CS1.
- the first current source CS11 has the resistor R12 connected to the external resistor RL via the transistor Tr16, the transistors Tr16 and Tr17 are connected by the external resistor RL and the resistor R12 by the power supply voltage Vcc. Driven. Accordingly, the operation of the first current source CS11 can be maintained even when no light is input. Therefore, even if switching noise occurs in the first current mirror circuit CM1, voltage fluctuations generated in the resistor R1 can be suppressed, and the detection operation of the light receiving sensor 1A can be performed stably.
- Embodiment 2 Embodiment 2 according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of the light receiving sensor 2 according to the present embodiment.
- the first current source CS1 is arranged in parallel with the photodiode PD in order to improve response characteristics.
- the photosensitivity characteristics of the light receiving sensor 1 vary due to variations occurring in the current of the first current source CS1. For this reason, there is a concern that the signal response speed of the light receiving sensor 1 is reduced.
- the present embodiment it is configured so as not to be affected by the current of the first current source CS1 by always setting a zero bias between the anode and the cathode of the photodiode PD.
- the light receiving sensor 2 (light sensor) includes a light receiving element 12 and an external resistor RL.
- the light receiving element 12 has two terminals T1 and T2, a detection signal generation unit 21, and a first current source CS1 in the same manner as the light receiving element 11 in the light receiving sensor 1 described above.
- the light receiving element 12 further has a zero bias circuit 23.
- the zero bias circuit 23 (zero bias unit) includes transistors Tr13 and Tr15.
- the drain of the transistor Tr15 is connected to the drain of the transistor Tr11 in the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the source of the transistor Tr15 is connected to the cathode of the photodiode PD and the drain of the transistor Tr14.
- the gate of the transistor Tr15 is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr13 in the first current source CS1.
- the transistors Tr13 and Tr15 form a current mirror circuit by connecting gates to each other.
- the source potential of the transistor Tr13 is the GND potential (ground potential), and the gate potentials of the transistors Tr13 and Tr15 are the gate potential. As a result, the source potential of the transistor Tr15 also becomes the GND potential.
- the potential difference between the anode and the cathode of the photodiode PD becomes zero.
- the source signal is directly used as the drain signal, there is no problem in signal transmission.
- the light receiving sensor 2 makes the bias voltage of the photodiode PD zero by the zero bias circuit 23. This eliminates the need for the photodiode PD to charge its own capacitance even when the photocurrent Ipd flows. Therefore, the signal response speed of the light receiving sensor 2 can be increased, which is desirable.
- the first current source CS1 and the zero bias circuit 23 share the transistor Tr13.
- expansion of the circuit scale can be suppressed and compatibility of the current supply capability between the current supply capability of the zero bias circuit 23 and the first current source CS1 can be ensured. Therefore, it is possible to reduce current variations caused by power supply voltage Vcc and temperature dependency. Therefore, it is beneficial that the light receiving sensor 2 has the zero bias circuit 23.
- the source of the transistor Tr15 and the drain of the transistor Tr14 are connected to each other on the cathode side of the photodiode PD, the current flowing through the transistor Tr15 can also flow through the transistor Tr14.
- the first current source CS1 can be driven even in the absence of the photocurrent Ipd. Therefore, the first current source CS1 is kept on regardless of the presence or absence of optical input, so that the number of switching times of the transistor Tr15 is reduced, so that the switching noise of the transistor Tr15 can be reduced.
- Embodiment 3 Embodiment 3 according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of the light receiving sensor 3 according to the present embodiment.
- the light receiving sensor 3 (light sensor) includes a light receiving element 13 and an external resistor RL.
- the light receiving element 13 has two terminals T1 and T2, a detection signal generation unit 21, and a first current source CS1 as in the light receiving element 11 in the light receiving sensor 1 described above.
- the light receiving element 13 has a band gap current source BG, similar to the light receiving element 102 in the light receiving sensor 101 described above.
- the band gap current source BG can generate a current that does not depend on the external power supply voltage (power supply voltage Vcc). The reason will be described below.
- the value of the current I2 (second auxiliary current) output from the band gap current source BG is determined by the transistors Tr31 and Tr32 and the resistor R31 that generate the band gap voltage.
- the size ratio of the transistors Tr31 and Tr32 which are bipolar transistors, is 2: 1
- the relationship between the base-emitter voltage VBE1 of the transistor Tr31 and the base-emitter voltage VBE2 of the transistor Tr32 is expressed by the following equation: It is expressed as follows.
- R represents the resistance value of the resistor R31
- Ir represents the value of the reference current flowing through the transistor Tr31
- Is represents the value of the saturation current.
- the reference current value Ir of the band gap current source BG is expressed by the following equation.
- the reference current generated by the band gap current source BG does not depend on the power supply voltage Vcc.
- the light receiving element 13 can detect light stably without being affected by the fluctuation of the power supply voltage Vcc.
- the light receiving sensor 3 can have a hysteresis characteristic.
- the hysteresis width can be adjusted by adjusting the amount of the current I2 of the band gap current source BG. Since the amount of the current I2 of the band gap current source BG is determined by the resistance value of the resistor R31 as described above, the hysteresis width is set to a desired value by appropriately setting the resistance value.
- the amount of the current I2 is 2 nA with respect to a photocurrent of 10 nA.
- the band gap current source BG is turned off, so that the current becomes 0A.
- Vmax maximum voltage
- Vmin minimum voltage
- the band gap current source BG uses the transistors Tr31 and Tr32 made of bipolar transistors. For this reason, a minimum voltage of about 0.7 V is required as the base-emitter voltages VBE1 and VBE2. Therefore, as described above, when the threshold voltage of the transistors Tr4 and Tr5 when driving the light receiving element 13 to the low level voltage is set to 0.5 V or less, the band gap current source BG is driven. I can't. Therefore, the band gap current source BG can be driven only when the detection signal of the light receiving element 13 is at a high level voltage.
- the first current source CS1 can be driven even when the detection signal is at a low level.
- the current of the first current source CS1 varies depending on the power supply voltage Vcc and temperature.
- the hysteresis characteristic HYS is determined by the following equation.
- I1off represents a value in the absence of light input of the current I1 (first auxiliary current) flowing through the first current source CS1
- I1on represents a state in which light input of the current I1 is present.
- I2 represents the value of the current I2 flowing through the band gap current source BG.
- Embodiment 4 Embodiment 4 according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of the light receiving sensor 4 according to the present embodiment.
- the light receiving sensor 4 (light sensor) includes a light receiving element 13 and an external resistor RL.
- the light receiving element 13 includes two terminals T1 and T2, a detection signal generation unit 21, a zero bias circuit 23, and a first current source CS1 as in the light receiving element 12 in the light receiving sensor 2 described above.
- the light receiving element 13 includes a second current source CS2.
- the second current source CS2 has a second current mirror circuit CM2, resistors R21 and R22, and transistors Tr23 to Tr25 (npn-type bipolar transistors).
- the second current mirror circuit CM2 has a pair of transistors Tr21 and Tr22 (MOS transistors).
- the drain of the transistor Tr21 on the input side is connected to the collector of the transistor Tr25 and the gate of the transistor Tr21.
- the source of the transistor Tr21 is connected to the terminal T1.
- the drain of the transistor Tr22 on the output side is connected to one end of the resistor R1 and the gate of the transistor Tr1, similarly to the drain of the transistor Tr12 in the first current mirror circuit CM1 described above.
- the source of the transistor Tr22 is connected to the terminal T1.
- the size ratio of the transistors Tr21 and Tr22 is set so that the second current mirror circuit CM2 amplifies the current input to the transistor Tr21 and outputs a current in the ⁇ A order to the transistor Tr22.
- the collector of the transistor Tr23 is connected to the terminal T1 via the resistor R21, and the emitter of the transistor Tr23 is connected to the terminal T2.
- the collector and base of the transistor Tr23 are connected to the base of the transistor Tr24 and one end of the resistor R22.
- the other end of the resistor R22 is connected to the collector of the transistor Tr24 and the base of the transistor Tr25.
- the emitter of the transistor Tr25 is connected to the terminal T2.
- the nA-order current of the first current source CS1 flows through the transistor Tr11 of the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the current of the second current source CS2 flows through the transistor Tr12 of the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the circuit composed of the resistor R22 and the transistors Tr23 to Tr25 is driven by the power supply voltage Vcc through the external resistor RL and the resistor R21 to generate a current.
- this current flows through the transistor Tr21 in the second current mirror circuit CM2, it is amplified and output to the transistor Tr22.
- a current in the order of ⁇ A (additional current) from the second current source CS2 flows through the transistor Tr12 of the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the threshold voltage of the transistors Tr4 and Tr5 that operate when the voltage between the terminals T1 and T2 is at a low level is assumed to be a low voltage of 0.5 V or less.
- the detection signal (low level voltage) appearing between the terminals T1 and T2 is similarly a low voltage of 0.5 V or less.
- the second current source CS2 requires 0.7V as the base-emitter voltage VBE of the transistors Tr23 to Tr25 because the transistors Tr23 to Tr25 are bipolar transistors. Therefore, the second current source CS2 is not operating in a state where light is not input.
- the current I2 flowing through the first current mirror circuit CM1 together with the photocurrent Ipd needs to be nA order. For this reason, the variation in the output current of the first current mirror circuit CM1 becomes large, and it is difficult to control the variation within an allowable range.
- the value of the output current of the first current mirror circuit CM1 is on the order of ⁇ A. Therefore, in the light receiving sensor 4, the second current source CS2 allows the same current of the order of ⁇ A to flow to the output side of the first current mirror circuit CM1, thereby allowing variation in the output current of the first current mirror circuit CM1. Can be controlled within range.
- the light receiving sensor 4 has the second current source CS2.
- FIG. 8A is a graph showing the result of simulating the characteristics of the base-emitter voltage of the transistor with respect to the temperature in the second current source CS2.
- FIG. 8B is a graph showing the result of simulating the current characteristics with respect to the base-emitter voltage of the transistor in the second current source CS2.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the result of simulating the hysteresis characteristic with respect to the temperature of the light receiving sensor 4.
- the base-emitter voltage of the transistors Tr23 and Tr24 is VBEa and the transistor Tr25 is VBEb
- the base-emitter voltage VBEb is lower than the base-emitter voltage VBEa by a voltage drop due to the resistor R22.
- the voltage drop at this time is considered to be a value corresponding to the small base current of the transistor Tr25, and is approximately represented by the collector current value Ic24 of the transistor Tr24. Therefore, the voltage drop is expressed as Ic24 ⁇ R22 (R22 represents the resistor R22).
- the collector current value Ic24 is a value that is 1/2 of the current flowing through the resistor R21.
- the collector current value Ic24 is expressed by the following equation.
- VBEdrop (VOH ⁇ VBEa) / (2 ⁇ R21) Therefore, a drop voltage VBEdrop that is a drop of the base-emitter voltage VBEb with respect to the base-emitter voltage VBEa is expressed by the following equation.
- the temperature characteristic of the collector current of the transistor Tr25 is changed as shown in FIG. Can be adjusted.
- FIG. 8B it can be seen that the collector currents of the transistors Tr23 and Tr24 have a negative temperature characteristic, whereas the collector current of the transistor Tr25 is adjusted to have a positive temperature characteristic.
- the temperature characteristic of the hysteresis characteristic HYS of the light receiving sensor 4 can be corrected.
- the temperature increases as the temperature rises and has a positive temperature characteristic.
- the first current source CS1 and the second current source CS2 together, an increase in the hysteresis characteristic is suppressed as the temperature rises. Temperature dependence is suppressed.
- Embodiment 5 Embodiment 5 according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of the light receiving sensor 5 according to the present embodiment.
- the light receiving sensor 5 (light sensor) includes a light receiving element 15 and an external resistor RL.
- the light receiving element 15 includes two terminals T1 and T2, a detection signal generation unit 21, a zero bias circuit 23, a first current source CS1, and a second current source CS2, similarly to the light receiving element 14 in the light receiving sensor 4 described above. Have.
- the light receiving element 15 has a constant voltage circuit 24.
- the constant voltage circuit 24 includes a resistor R41 and a capacitor C. One end of the resistor R41 is connected to the terminal T1, and the other end of the resistor R41 is connected to one electrode of the capacitor C. The other electrode of the capacitor C is connected to the terminal T2. Capacitor C has a capacity to hold a constant voltage when the voltage between terminals T1 and T2 becomes maximum.
- connection point of the resistor R41 and the capacitor C is connected to the sources of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 of the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the capacitor C is charged via the resistor R41 due to the potential difference between the terminals T1 and T2. Further, the capacitor C has a capacity that holds a constant voltage when the voltage between the terminals T1 and T2 becomes maximum. Thereby, when the potential difference between the terminals T1 and T2 becomes the maximum, the capacitor C holds a constant voltage.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 applies a current to the output side according to the current flowing to the input side by applying this constant voltage.
- the light receiving sensor 5 includes the constant voltage circuit 24, a constant voltage is held in the capacitor C when the voltage between the terminals T1 and T2 becomes maximum.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 is driven at a stable constant voltage without being affected by fluctuations in the power supply voltage Vcc. Therefore, switching noise in the first current mirror circuit CM1 can be further suppressed. Therefore, the oscillation phenomenon described above can be further suppressed as compared with the light receiving sensor 1 described above.
- Embodiment 6 Embodiment 6 according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of the light receiving sensor 6 according to the present embodiment.
- the light receiving sensor 6 (light sensor) includes a light receiving element 16 and an external resistor RL.
- the light receiving element 16 includes two terminals T1 and T2, a detection signal generation unit 21, a zero bias circuit 23, a first current source CS1, and a second current source CS2, similarly to the light receiving element 14 in the light receiving sensor 4 described above. Have.
- the light receiving element 16 has a constant voltage circuit 25.
- the constant voltage circuit 25 includes a resistor R51 and transistors Tr51 to Tr53 (npn type bipolar transistors). One end of the resistor R51 is connected to the terminal T1, and the other end of the resistor R51 is connected to the collector of the transistor Tr51. Each of the transistors Tr51 to Tr53 has a base and a collector connected to each other and functions as a diode. The emitter of the transistor Tr51 is connected to the collector of the transistor Tr52, and the emitter of the transistor Tr52 is connected to the collector of the transistor Tr53. The emitter of the transistor Tr53 is connected to the terminal T2.
- connection point between the resistor R51 and the transistor Tr51 is connected to the sources of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 of the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 applies a constant voltage, so that a current flows stably to the output side according to the current flowing to the input side.
- the voltage applied to the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 in the first current mirror circuit CM1 can be increased. Accordingly, a high voltage between the source and drain of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 is ensured, so that the desaturation state of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 can be suppressed.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 cannot operate at a low voltage.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 can operate at a lower voltage, but it becomes more difficult to suppress the unsaturated state of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12.
- the first current mirror circuit CM1 can operate at a low voltage and can suppress the non-saturated state of the transistors Tr11 and Tr12. Become. Therefore, the light receiving sensor 6 is useful because it can operate sufficiently stably even with the 3V power supply voltage Vcc.
- the constant voltage circuit 25 applies a voltage (terminal voltage) between the terminals T1 and T2 to the transistors Tr51 to Tr53 via the resistor R51.
- the bias voltage Vpd of the photodiode PD is expressed as follows from the drive voltage VL (low-level inter-terminal voltage) of the transistor Tr4.
- Vpd VL ⁇ (VGS11 + VDS15 + R51 ⁇ Icm)
- VGS11 represents the gate-source voltage of the transistor Tr11
- VDS15 represents the drain-source voltage of the transistor Tr15
- R51 represents the resistance value of the resistor R51.
- Icm represents the output current of the first current mirror circuit CM1.
- VL 0.35V
- VGS11 0.25V
- VDS15 0.05V
- R51 30 k ⁇
- Icm 30 nA
- the drive voltage VL is determined by the threshold voltage of the transistor Tr4, and the bias voltage Vpd is determined from the design specifications of the external circuit. Therefore, it is necessary to design an external circuit so that the bias voltage Vpd is lowered and the response is not delayed.
- the bias voltage of the photodiode PD can be secured more easily than using a transistor or the like. Therefore, it is beneficial for the light receiving sensor 6 to have the constant voltage circuit 25 including the resistor R51 because the response speed can be increased.
- the light receiving sensors 1 to 6 in the first to sixth embodiments are suitable for use in electronic devices such as digital cameras, photocopiers, printers, and portable devices using photo interrupters.
- the light receiving sensors 1 to 6 are also suitable for use with a smoke sensor, a proximity sensor, a distance measuring sensor or the like that cannot secure a sufficient volume.
- Both the smoke sensor, the proximity sensor, and the distance measuring sensor can be configured by a detector using a light emitting element and a light receiving element.
- the smoke sensor senses fluctuations in sensitivity due to the amount of smoke blocking between the light emitting element and the light receiving element, and both the proximity sensor and the distance measuring sensor emit light from the light emitting element and reflected by the detected object. Is sensed by a light receiving element. Therefore, in any sensor, if the above-described light receiving sensors 1 to 6 are applied, low voltage driving can be performed with a small number of terminals, which is beneficial.
- the light receiving sensors 1 to 6 can sufficiently reduce the voltage between the terminals and suppress the oscillation phenomenon as described above.
- the detection signal can be sharply changed between light blocking and light non-blocking, and oscillation can be performed using a low-pass filter. There is no need to suppress chattering signals. Accordingly, since the detection can be performed accurately, the application of the light receiving sensors 1 to 6 is beneficial.
- FIG. 12 is a front view showing the internal configuration of the copying machine 301.
- the copying machine 301 irradiates a document placed on a document table 303 provided on the upper part of a main body 302 with light from a light source lamp 304, and reflects reflected light from the document to a mirror group 305 and a lens 306. Then, the photosensitive drum 307 charged through the irradiation is irradiated and exposed.
- the copying machine 301 forms a toner image by attaching toner to the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 307 by exposure.
- the copier 301 transfers the toner image on the photosensitive drum 307 to the paper supplied from the manual paper feed tray 308 and the paper feed cassettes 309 and 310 via the transport system 311, and further the toner is transferred by the fixing device 312. After fixing the image, the image is discharged outside the main body 302.
- optical sensors S1 to S12 are arranged to detect the position of each part and the passage of paper.
- the optical sensors S1 to S4 are arranged to detect the position of a part of the mirror group 305 that moves in the optical scanning direction of the document.
- the optical sensors S5 and S6 are arranged to detect the position of the lens 306 that moves together with a part of the mirror group 305.
- the optical sensor S7 is disposed to detect the rotational position of the photosensitive drum 307.
- the optical sensor S8 is arranged to detect the presence or absence of paper on the manual paper feed tray 308.
- the optical sensor S9 is arranged to detect whether or not a sheet fed from the upper sheet cassette 309 is conveyed.
- the optical sensor S10 is arranged to detect whether or not the paper fed from the lower paper feed cassette 310 is conveyed.
- the optical sensor S11 is arranged to detect separation of the sheet from the photosensitive drum 307.
- the optical sensor S12 is arranged to detect the discharge of the sheet to the outside of the copying machine 301.
- the copying machine 301 has a large number of optical sensors S1 to S12. Therefore, by using the light receiving sensors 1 to 6 of the above-described embodiments as the light sensors S1 to S12, it is possible to enhance the function of the copying machine 301 by the light sensors S1 to S12.
- the optical sensors S1 to S12 have been described for the sake of convenience.
- an actual copying machine often uses a larger number of optical sensors. Therefore, the above effect becomes more remarkable in such an electronic device.
- the optical sensor varies the potential of the second terminal (terminal T1) to which the power supply voltage (power supply voltage Vcc) is applied with respect to the fixed potential of the first terminal (terminal T2).
- a photoelectric conversion element photodiode PD
- photocurrent Ipd photocurrent Ipd
- a two-terminal photosensor light-receiving sensors 1 to 6, 1A
- a first current source first current sources CS1, CS11
- first auxiliary current by being driven by an inter-terminal voltage between one terminal and the second terminal, and amplifies the photocurrent.
- the inter-terminal current between the first terminal and the second terminal is stopped, and the output when no light is input
- the current between the terminals Current controller (transistor Tr4), and the first current source inputs the first auxiliary current to the current amplifier, or the first auxiliary current is added to the output current of the current amplifier.
- the first auxiliary current is generated regardless of whether light is input.
- the current control unit when no light is input, the current control unit flows an inter-terminal current between the first terminal and the second terminal, so that the potential of the second terminal approaches the fixed potential of the first terminal.
- the inter-terminal voltage is lowered to a low level.
- the current control unit stops the inter-terminal current, so that the potential of the second terminal does not approach the fixed potential of the first terminal and is maintained at the potential of the power supply voltage.
- the inter-terminal voltage becomes high level.
- the inter-terminal voltage detection signal
- the inter-terminal voltage (detection signal) needs to be set to a current larger than the photocurrent so as to depend on the current controlled by the current control unit. Thereby, it is possible to secure a wide range of the inter-terminal voltage up to a value obtained by reducing the voltage for operating the current control unit.
- the first current source since the first current source generates the first auxiliary current even when no light is input, the first auxiliary current can be supplied to the current amplifier regardless of whether light is input. . Therefore, it is possible to reduce the switching noise generated in the current amplifier and suppress the oscillation phenomenon.
- the current control unit is a first transistor (transistor Tr4) that is turned on to flow the inter-terminal current and turned off to stop the inter-terminal current, and the first current source Has a current mirror circuit for passing the first auxiliary current, and the second transistor (transistor Tr13) constituting the current mirror circuit has the same operating voltage as the first transistor. preferable.
- the first and second transistors have the same operating voltage. Accordingly, if the first transistor constituting the current control unit can be turned on when no light is input, the second transistor constituting the current mirror circuit of the first current source can also operate. it can. Therefore, even when no light is input, the first current source can operate to generate the first auxiliary current.
- the optical sensor applies a potential equal to that of the other terminal of the photoelectric conversion element to one terminal of the photoelectric conversion element, so that a bias voltage between the two terminals of the photoelectric conversion element is zero (zero)
- a bias circuit 23 is further provided, and the second transistor generates a potential to be applied to one terminal of the photoelectric conversion element.
- the bias voltage of the photoelectric conversion element is made zero by the zero bias unit. This eliminates the need for the photoelectric conversion element to charge its own capacity even when a photocurrent flows. Therefore, the signal response speed of the optical sensor can be increased.
- the potential generated by the second transistor can be used as the potential that the zero bias unit applies to the photoelectric conversion element. Therefore, it is not necessary for the zero bias unit to generate the potential, and an increase in the circuit scale of the optical sensor can be suppressed.
- the optical sensor further includes a sub-current source (bandgap current source BG) that generates a second auxiliary current that is input to the current amplifier by being driven by the voltage between the terminals without depending on the power supply voltage. It is preferable to provide.
- a sub-current source bandgap current source BG
- the first current source can operate even when the voltage between the terminals is at a low level.
- the first current source is driven with the voltage between the terminals depending on the power supply voltage, the first auxiliary current is supplied with the power supply voltage. It will vary under the influence of fluctuations.
- a second auxiliary current that is not affected by the power supply voltage can be obtained by providing a sub-current source that is driven independently of the power supply voltage. Thereby, the influence of the variation of the first auxiliary current can be reduced by the second auxiliary current.
- the optical sensor further includes a second current source (second current source CS2) that generates an additional current added to the output current of the current amplifier.
- second current source CS2 second current source
- the optical sensor further includes a constant voltage circuit (constant voltage circuits 24, 25) that generates a constant voltage as a driving voltage of the current amplifier when the voltage between the terminals is maximum.
- the constant voltage circuit preferably includes a capacitor (capacitor C) or a diode (transistors Tr51 to Tr53) that generates the constant voltage based on the voltage between the terminals.
- the current amplifier when the voltage between the terminals is maximum, the current amplifier is driven with a constant voltage generated by the constant voltage circuit. As a result, the current amplifier can be stably operated with a constant voltage without receiving fluctuations in the power supply voltage.
- the constant voltage circuit further includes a resistor (resistor R51) connected in series with the diode between the first terminal and the second terminal, and the resistor and the diode It is preferable to output the constant voltage from between.
- the constant voltage circuit applies the inter-terminal voltage to the diode via the resistor.
- the drive voltage of the current control unit depends on the resistance value of the resistor, so using a resistor in the constant voltage circuit is easier than using a transistor or the like
- the bias voltage of the photoelectric conversion element can be secured.
- the electronic device (copier 301) includes any one of the above-described optical sensors, a high-performance optical sensor can be disposed in the electronic device. Therefore, the function of the electronic device can be improved, which is beneficial.
- the optical sensor according to the present invention is configured as a photo interrupter, it has a function of detecting not only object detection and object operation speed but also object movement direction and origin position. Therefore, the digital sensor, copying machine, printer, portable It can be suitably used for electrical products such as equipment. In addition, the optical sensor according to the present invention can be suitably used for a sensor that cannot ensure a sufficient volume, such as a smoke sensor, a proximity sensor, and a distance measuring sensor.
- Light receiving sensor 1A
- Light receiving sensor 11 to 16
- Light receiving element 21 Detection signal generating unit 23 Zero bias circuit (zero bias unit) 24, 25 Constant voltage circuit 301 Copying machine (electronic equipment)
- BG Bandgap current source sub-current source
- CM1 First current mirror circuit current amplifier
- CM2 Second current mirror circuit CS1 First current source
- CS2 Second current source CS11 First current source I1 Current (first auxiliary current) I2 current (second auxiliary current) PD photodiode T1 terminal (first terminal) T2 terminal (second terminal) Tr1 transistor Tr4 transistor (current control unit, first transistor) Tr13 transistor (second transistor) Vcc supply voltage
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Abstract
Description
本発明に係る実施形態1について、図1を参照して以下に説明する。
図1に示すように、受光センサ1(光センサ)は、受光素子11および外付け抵抗RLを備えている。
端子T1(第1端子)は、検出信号を出力する出力端子と電源電圧Vccが印加される電源端子とを兼ねており、外付け抵抗RLを介して電源ラインに接続されている。端子T2(第2端子)は、接地用の端子であり、グランドラインに接続されて、接地電位(固定電位)が付与されている。
検出信号生成部21は、フォトダイオードPD、抵抗R1,R2、トランジスタTr1~Tr5(MOSトランジスタ)および第1のカレントミラー回路CM1を有している。
第1の電流源CS1は、抵抗R11およびトランジスタTr13,Tr14(MOSトランジスタ)を有している。トランジスタTr13,Tr14は、トランジスタTr4,Tr5と同じnchMOSトランジスタで構成されている。
上記のように構成される受光センサ1の動作を説明する。
フォトダイオードPDは、光が入力されると、光電流Ipdを流す。この光電流Ipdは、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1によって増幅されて抵抗R1に流れ、抵抗R1によって電圧に変換される。
上記のように、トランジスタTr1,Tr2がインバータを構成することにより、トランジスタTr4が高速でスイッチング動作することができる。しかしながら、2端子間の電位差が小さくなるとき、トランジスタTr2のゲート-ドレイン間では、トランジスタTr4がスイッチング動作してから徐々に電位差が小さくなるので、電流が減少する。このため、受光素子11の応答速度が徐々に低下していく。
受光素子11において、スレッシュホールドレベルの低いトランジスタを用いた場合、高温におけるトランジスタTr4のオフ時にリーク電流が生じることが懸念される。このようなリーク電流が生じると、本来、2端子間の電位差が上昇するときに、2端子間の電位差が低下してしまうという不都合が生じる。
受光センサ1は、フォトダイオードPDに光が入力されると、前述のように動作することにより、端子T1の電位が、電源電圧Vccとほぼ同じ値となる。ただし、光電流Ipdにより、微小な電圧降下は発生する。ここで、一定以上の光量を有する光が入力されると、抵抗R1での電圧上昇により、トランジスタTr12の動作電流が制限されるので、電圧降下は制限されている。
本実施形態の比較例について、図2を参照して以下に説明する。
図2に示すように、受光センサ101は、前述の受光センサ1と同様、外付け抵抗RLを備えているが、受光素子11に代えて受光素子102を備えている。この受光素子102は、受光素子11と同様、2個の端子T1,T2と、検出信号生成部21とを有しており、さらにバンドギャップ電流源BGを有している。
ここで、受光センサ1,101の動作(シミュレーション)の比較について説明する。
本実施形態の変形例について、図4を参照して以下に説明する。
図4に示すように、受光センサ1Aは、前述の受光センサ1と同様、外付け抵抗RLを備えているが、受光素子11に代えて受光素子11Aを備えている。この受光素子11Aは、受光素子11と同様、2個の端子T1,T2と、検出信号生成部21とを有しており、第1の電流源CS1に代えて、第1の電流源CS11を有している。
本発明に係る実施形態2について、図5を参照して以下に説明する。
図5に示すように、受光センサ2(光センサ)は、受光素子12および外付け抵抗RLを備えている。
上記のように構成される受光センサ2において、トランジスタTr13のソースの電位がGND電位(接地電位)であり、トランジスタTr13,Tr15のゲートの電位がゲート電位である。これにより、トランジスタTr15のソースの電位もGND電位となる。
上記のように、受光センサ2は、ゼロバイアス回路23によって、フォトダイオードPDのバイアス電圧をゼロにしている。これにより、フォトダイオードPDは、光電流Ipdの流入時にも、自身の容量を充電する必要がなくなる。それゆえ、受光センサ2の信号応答速度を高速にすることができるので、望ましい。
本発明に係る実施形態3について、図6を参照して以下に説明する。
図6に示すように、受光センサ3(光センサ)は、受光素子13および外付け抵抗RLを備えている。
〈バンドギャップ電流源による効果〉
バンドギャップ電流源BGは、外部電源電圧(電源電圧Vcc)に依存しない電流を生成することができる。以下に、その理由について説明する。
Vt×ln(Ir/2Is)+R×Ir=Vt×ln(Ir/Is)
上式において、Rは抵抗R31の抵抗値を表し、IrはトランジスタTr31を流れる基準電流の値を表し、Isは飽和電流の値を表している。また、Vtは、ボルツマン定数k、素電荷qおよび絶対温度Tに基づいて、Vt=kT/qと表される。
ここで、Vtは常温で26mVであるので、Rの値を10kΩとすると、基準電流値Irは1.8μAとなる。
=(10-2)/(10-0)
=80%
このように、電流I2の量を適宜調整することにより、検出信号をローレベル状態からハイレベル状態に変動するために必要な光電流量と、検出信号をハイレベル状態からローレベル状態に変動するために必要な光電流量とが異なる。これにより、ヒステリシス特性が得られる。また、ヒステリシス幅の抵抗値依存性が低下するので、外付け抵抗RLの抵抗値を、より広範囲で使用することが可能となる。それゆえ、後段の増幅器のばらつきや、温度および電圧の変動の影響を排除できる。
バンドギャップ電流源BGは、前述のようにバイポーラトランジスタからなるトランジスタTr31,Tr32を用いている。このため、前述のベース-エミッタ間電圧VBE1,VBE2として約0.7Vの電圧が最低限必要となる。それゆえ、前述のように、受光素子13をローレベル電圧に駆動するときのトランジスタTr4,Tr5のスレッシュホールド電圧を0.5V以下となるように構成した場合、バンドギャップ電流源BGを駆動することができない。したがって、受光素子13の検出信号がハイレベル電圧となる状態でしか、バンドギャップ電流源BGを駆動することができない。
上式において、I1offは、第1の電流源CS1に流れる電流I1(第1の補助電流)の光の入力がない状態の値を表しており、I1onは、電流I1の光の入力がある状態の値を表している。また、I2は、バンドギャップ電流源BGに流れる電流I2の値を表している。
本発明に係る実施形態4について、図7を参照して以下に説明する。
図7に示すように、受光センサ4(光センサ)は、受光素子13および外付け抵抗RLを備えている。
第2の電流源CS2は、第2のカレントミラー回路CM2、抵抗R21,R22およびトランジスタTr23~Tr25(npn型のバイポーラトランジスタ)を有している。
上記のように構成される受光センサ4において、第1の電流源CS1のnAオーダーの電流は、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1のトランジスタTr11に流れる。一方、第2の電流源CS2の電流は、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1のトランジスタTr12に流れる。
〈出力電流のばらつき改善〉
前述の受光センサ3においては、第1の電流源CS1およびバンドギャップ電流源BGを用いることにより、これらの電流I1,I2が光電流Ipdとともに第1のカレントミラー回路CM1に流れる。このため、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1の出力電流が、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1の電流増幅率のばらつきの影響を受ける。
図8の(a)は、第2の電流源CS2における温度に対するトランジスタのベース-エミッタ間電圧の特性をシミュレーションした結果を示すグラフである。図8の(b)は、第2の電流源CS2におけるトランジスタのベース-エミッタ間電圧に対する電流の特性をシミュレーションした結果を示すグラフである。図9は、受光センサ4の温度に対するヒステリシス特性をシミュレーションした結果を示すグラフである。
したがって、ベース-エミッタ間電圧VBEaに対するベース-エミッタ間電圧VBEbの降下分である降下電圧VBEdropは、次式で表される。
=Ic24×R22
=(VOH-VBEa)×R22/2R21
上式から、抵抗R21,R22の抵抗値を調整することにより、ベース-エミッタ間電圧VBEbを調整することができることが分かる。また、図8の(a)に示すように、ベース-エミッタ間電圧VBEa,VBEbは、負の温度特性を有している。
本発明に係る実施形態5について、図10を参照して以下に説明する。
図10に示すように、受光センサ5(光センサ)は、受光素子15および外付け抵抗RLを備えている。
定電圧回路24は、抵抗R41およびコンデンサCを有している。抵抗R41の一端は端子T1に接続され、抵抗R41の他端はコンデンサCの一方の電極に接続されている。コンデンサCの他方の電極は端子T2に接続されている。コンデンサCは、端子T1,T2の間の電圧が最大となるときに一定電圧を保持するような容量を有している。
上記のように構成される受光センサ5においては、端子T1,T2の間の電位差により、コンデンサCが抵抗R41を介して充電される。また、コンデンサCは、端子T1,T2の間の電圧が最大となるときに一定電圧を保持するような容量を有している。これにより、端子T1,T2の間の電位差が最大となるとき、コンデンサCには一定電圧が保持される。
受光センサ5は、定電圧回路24を有しているので、端子T1,T2の間の電圧が最大となるときに、コンデンサCに一定電圧が保持される。これにより、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1は、電源電圧Vccの変動の影響を受けることなく、安定した一定電圧で駆動される。それゆえ、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1におけるスイッチングノイズをより抑制することができる。したがって、前述の発振現象を、前述の受光センサ1に比べて、より抑制することができる。
本発明に係る実施形態6について、図11を参照して以下に説明する。
図11に示すように、受光センサ6(光センサ)は、受光素子16および外付け抵抗RLを備えている。
定電圧回路25は、抵抗R51およびトランジスタTr51~Tr53(npn型のバイポーラトランジスタ)を有している。抵抗R51の一端は端子T1に接続され、抵抗R51の他端はトランジスタTr51のコレクタに接続されている。トランジスタTr51~Tr53は、それぞれベースとコレクタとが接続されており、ダイオードとして機能する。トランジスタTr51のエミッタはトランジスタTr52のコレクタに接続され、トランジスタTr52のエミッタはトランジスタTr53のコレクタに接続されている。また、トランジスタTr53のエミッタは、端子T2に接続されている。
上記のように構成される受光センサ6においては、光入力時に、トランジスタTr4,Tr5がオフすると、端子T1,T2の間の電位差が最大となる。このとき、トランジスタTr51~Tr53からなるダイオードの直列回路の両端(抵抗R51とトランジスタTr51との間)に一定電圧が現れる。これにより、上記の直列回路の両端に一定電圧が現れる。
〈ダイオードによる効果〉
受光センサ6は、定電圧回路25を有しているので、端子T1,T2の間の電圧が最大となるときに、トランジスタTr51~Tr53によるダイオードの直列回路の両端に一定電圧が得られる。これにより、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1は、電源電圧Vccの変動の影響を受けることなく、安定した一定電圧で駆動される。それゆえ、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1におけるスイッチングノイズをより抑制することができる。したがって、前述の発振現象を、前述の受光センサ1に比べて、より抑制することができる。
フォトダイオードPDのバイアス電圧が低いほど(順バイアスに近づくに連れて)、フォトダイオードPDの容量値が大きくなる。このため、受光素子16の応答が変動する。
上式において、VGS11はトランジスタTr11のゲート-ソース間電圧を表し、VDS15はトランジスタTr15のドレイン-ソース間電圧を表し、R51は抵抗R51の抵抗値を表す。また、上式において、Icmは、第1のカレントミラー回路CM1の出力電流を表している。
=0.35V-(0.25V+0.05V+約0.001V)
≒0.05V
なお、駆動電圧VLはトランジスタTr4のスレッシュホールド電圧で定まり、バイアス電圧Vpdは外部回路の設計仕様から定まる。このため、バイアス電圧Vpdが低くなり、かつ応答が遅延しないように、外部回路を設計する必要がある。
前述の実施形態1~6における受光センサ1~6は、フォトインタラプタを用いたデジタルカメラ、複写機、プリンタ、携帯機器等の電子機器に用いると好適である。また、受光センサ1~6は、煙センサ、近接センサ、測距センサ等で十分な容積を確保できないものなどに用いても好適である。煙センサ、近接センサ、測距センサは、ともに発光素子および受光素子を用いた検出器で構成可能である。煙センサは、発光素子と受光素子との間を遮る煙の量による感度の変動をセンシングしており、近接センサおよび測距センサは、ともに発光素子から照射され、検出物により反射した光の光量を受光素子でセンシングしている。よって、いずれのセンサにおいても前述の受光センサ1~6を適用すれば、少ない端子で低電圧駆動が可能となり、有益となる。
ここで、光センサを用いた電子機器の具体例として複写機について説明する。図12は、複写機301の内部構成を示す正面図である。
本発明の一態様に係る光センサは、第1端子(端子T2)の固定電位に対して、電源電圧(電源電圧Vcc)が印加された第2端子(端子T1)の電位を変動させて光の入力を検出する2端子型の光センサ(受光センサ1~6,1A)であって、光の入力によって光電流(光電流Ipd)を発生する光電変換素子(フォトダイオードPD)と、上記第1端子および上記第2端子の間の端子間電圧によって駆動されることにより第1の補助電流を発生する第1の電流源(第1の電流源CS1,CS11)と、上記光電流を増幅する電流増幅器と、光が入力されているときの上記電流増幅器の出力電流に基づいて上記第1端子および上記第2端子の間の端子間電流を停止し、光が入力されていないときの上記出力電流に基づいて上記端子間電流を流す電流制御部(トランジスタTr4)とを備え、上記第1の電流源が、上記電流増幅器に上記第1の補助電流を入力するか、または上記電流増幅器の上記出力電流に上記第1の補助電流を付加し、光の入力の有無に関わらず上記第1の補助電流を発生する。
本発明は上述した実施形態に限定されるものではなく、請求項に示した範囲で種々の変更が可能である。すなわち、請求項に示した範囲で適宜変更した技術的手段を組み合わせて得られる実施形態についても本発明の技術的範囲に含まれる。
1A 受光センサ(光センサ)
11~16 受光素子
11A 受光素子
21 検出信号生成部
23 ゼロバイアス回路(ゼロバイアス部)
24,25 定電圧回路
301 複写機(電子機器)
BG バンドギャップ電流源(副電流源)
CM1 第1のカレントミラー回路(電流増幅器)
CM2 第2のカレントミラー回路
CS1 第1の電流源
CS2 第2の電流源
CS11 第1の電流源
I1 電流(第1の補助電流)
I2 電流(第2の補助電流)
PD フォトダイオード
T1 端子(第1端子)
T2 端子(第2端子)
Tr1 トランジスタ
Tr4 トランジスタ(電流制御部,第1のトランジスタ)
Tr13 トランジスタ(第2のトランジスタ)
Vcc 電源電圧
Claims (10)
- 第1端子の固定電位に対して、電源電圧が印加された第2端子の電位を変動させて光の入力を検出する2端子型の光センサであって、
光の入力によって光電流を発生する光電変換素子と、
上記第1端子および上記第2端子の間の端子間電圧によって駆動されることにより第1の補助電流を発生する第1の電流源と、
上記光電流を増幅する電流増幅器と、
光が入力されているときの上記電流増幅器の出力電流に基づいて上記第1端子および上記第2端子の間の端子間電流を停止し、光が入力されていないときの上記出力電流に基づいて上記端子間電流を流す電流制御部とを備え、
上記第1の電流源は、上記電流増幅器に上記第1の補助電流を入力するか、または上記電流増幅器の上記出力電流に上記第1の補助電流を付加し、光の入力の有無に関わらず上記第1の補助電流を発生することを特徴とする光センサ。 - 上記電流制御部は、上記端子間電流を流すためにオンし、上記端子間電流を停止するためにオフする第1のトランジスタであり、
上記第1の電流源は、上記第1の補助電流を流すカレントミラー回路を有しており、当該カレントミラー回路を構成する第2のトランジスタが、上記第1のトランジスタと動作電圧が同じであることを特徴とすることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光センサ。 - 上記光電変換素子の一方の端子に上記光電変換素子の他方の端子と同じ電位を与えることにより、上記光電変換素子の両端子間のバイアス電圧をゼロにするゼロバイアス部をさらに備え、
上記第2のトランジスタは上記光電変換素子の一方の端子に与える電位を発生することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の光センサ。 - 前記電源電圧に依存せずに上記端子間電圧によって駆動されることにより上記電流増幅器に入力される第2の補助電流を発生する副電流源をさらに備えていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光センサ。
- 上記電流増幅器の上記出力電流に付加される付加電流を発生する第2の電流源をさらに備えていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光センサ。
- 上記端子間電圧が最大であるとき、上記電流増幅器の駆動電圧として一定電圧を発生する定電圧回路をさらに備えていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光センサ。
- 上記定電圧回路は、上記端子間電圧に基づいて上記一定電圧を生成するコンデンサを有していることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の光センサ。
- 上記定電圧回路は、上記端子間電圧に基づいて上記一定電圧を生成するダイオードを有していることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の光センサ。
- 上記定電圧回路は、上記第1端子と上記第2端子との間に、上記ダイオードと直列に接続される抵抗をさらに有しており、当該抵抗と上記ダイオードとの間から上記一定電圧を出力することを特徴とする請求項8に記載の光センサ。
- 請求項1から9までのいずれか1項に記載の光センサを備えていることを特徴とする電子機器。
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