WO2014051078A1 - 薄膜光電変換装置およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
薄膜光電変換装置およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014051078A1 WO2014051078A1 PCT/JP2013/076331 JP2013076331W WO2014051078A1 WO 2014051078 A1 WO2014051078 A1 WO 2014051078A1 JP 2013076331 W JP2013076331 W JP 2013076331W WO 2014051078 A1 WO2014051078 A1 WO 2014051078A1
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- semiconductor layer
- photoelectric conversion
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Definitions
- the base layer does not have to have a partially uneven structure.
- the thin film photoelectric conversion device is integrated by laser scribing, it is preferable that no unevenness is formed in a region where laser processing is performed, that is, a non-power generation region.
- the amount of hydrogen gas introduced into silane is preferably 300 to 1000 times, and more preferably 500 to 800 times.
- the amount of carbon dioxide introduced to silane is preferably 2 to 4 times, and more preferably 2 to 3 times.
- the amount of diborane introduced into silane is preferably more than 0% and 5% or less, and more preferably 1 to 4%. That is, as the film forming gas, it is preferable to introduce 300 to 1000 times hydrogen, 2 to 4 times carbon dioxide, more than 0% and 5% or less diborane gas with respect to silane, and 500 to 800 times hydrogen, It is more preferable to introduce 2 to 3 times as much carbon dioxide and 1 to 4% diborane gas.
- an intermediate reflection layer 9 may be formed between the photoelectric conversion units as shown in FIG.
- the intermediate reflection layer 9 is preferably composed of an n-type silicon composite layer or the like, as disclosed in, for example, WO2005 / 011001.
- a silicon crystal phase is contained in an amorphous alloy of silicon and oxygen, and has a low refractive index (for example, a refractive index of 2.5 or less) and high conductivity. It is preferable to use it. Thereby, light can be reflected to the front photoelectric conversion unit side without reducing the contact property, and the light utilization efficiency can be increased.
- the intermediate reflection layer 9 may be a single layer or may be composed of two or more layers.
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Abstract
Description
基板2は、透光性絶縁基体21を有する。透光性絶縁基体21としては、ガラス、透明樹脂等からなる板状部材やシート状部材等が用いられる。図1に示すように、基板2は、透光性絶縁基体21の一主面上に、表面凹凸構造を有する下地層22を備えるものが好ましい。下地層22が表面凹凸構造を有することで、入射光の利用効率が高められる。
基板2上に、酸化亜鉛を主成分とする透明導電膜4が形成される。ここで、本明細書において「主成分とする」とは、ある成分を50%より多く含むことを意味し、70%以上が好ましく、90%以上がより好ましい。酸化亜鉛を主成分とする透明導電膜を用いることにより、高い透過率、および透明導電膜上にCVD等により半導体層を形成時のプラズマ耐性が期待できる。
透明導電膜付き基板10上に、真性な結晶質半導体層51およびp型結晶質半導体層52を有するコンタクト層5が形成される。
コンタクト層5のp型結晶質半導体層52上に、p型半導体層、i型半導体層およびn型半導体層が順に製膜され、光電変換ユニット6が形成される。光電変換ユニットを構成するp型、i型、n型の半導体層としては、非晶質シリコン、非晶質シリコンカーバイド、非晶質シリコンゲルマニウム、非晶質シリコン酸化物、非晶質シリコン窒化物、非晶質ゲルマニウム等の非晶質材料、結晶質シリコン、結晶質シリコンカーバイド、結晶質シリコンゲルマニウム、結晶質シリコン酸化物、結晶質シリコン窒化物、結晶質ゲルマニウム等の結晶質材料を用いることができる。
薄膜光電変換ユニット上には、裏面電極層8が形成される。裏面電極層8は、金属層のみから形成することもできるが、裏面電極による反射率の増大や、光電変換ユニットと裏面電極とのコンタクト性向上の観点からは、透明導電性酸化物層81と金属層82を積層することが好ましい。
実施例1として図1に示すような二接合型薄膜光電変換装置を作製した。まず、厚み0.7mm、125mm角のガラス基板に、下地層として、SiO2層をゾルゲル法により形成した。コーティング液として、一般にスピンオングラス(SOG)材料として用いられているSiO2ゾルゲル液を用い、スピンコート法により、膜厚1000nmの層を形成した。
実施例2では、透明導電膜4製膜後のRIEによるエッチング時間を35分に変更した点のみが実施例1と異なっていた。それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、二接合型薄膜シリコン太陽電池を形成した。実施例2において、透明導電膜をエッチング後の表面のAFM観察結果を図5に示す。エッチング時間が長くなったことにより、実施例1と比較してさらにエッチングが進行していることがわかる。
実施例3では、透明導電膜4製膜後にRIEエチングが実施されなかった点のみが実施例1と異なっていた。それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、二接合型薄膜シリコン太陽電池を形成した。実施例3において、透明導電膜をエッチング後の表面のAFM観察結果を図6に示す。
比較例1では、透明導電膜と非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットとの間にコンタクト層が形成されなかった点が実施例1と異なっていた。すなわち、比較例1では、透明導電膜付き基板10の透明導電膜4上に、直接、非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット6のp型非晶質シリコンカーバイド(a-SiC)層61が形成された。それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、二接合型薄膜シリコン太陽電池を形成した。
比較例2では、透明導電膜と非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットとの間にコンタクト層が形成されなかった点が実施例3と異なっていた。すなわち、比較例2では、透明導電膜の製膜後にRIEエッチングが実施されず、透明導電膜4上に、直接、非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット6のp型非晶質シリコンカーバイド(a-SiC)層61が形成された。
比較例3では、コンタクト層5が真性な結晶質半導体層を有さず、p型結晶質半導体層52からなる点が実施例1と異なっていた。すなわち、比較例3では、透明導電膜4上に、真性な結晶質半導体層51を形成せずに、ボロンドープの酸化珪素を主成分とするp型結晶質半導体層52(p-SiO)を20nm形成し、その上に非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット6のp型非晶質シリコンカーバイド(a-SiC)層61が形成された。それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、二接合型薄膜シリコン太陽電池を形成した。
比較例4では、コンタクト層のp型結晶質半導体層として、シリコン酸化物に代えてシリコンが形成された点が実施例3と異なっていた。すなわち、比較例4では、コンタクト層として、膜厚1nmのノンドープの真性な結晶質半導体層51(i:μc-Si)上にボロンドープのシリコンを主成分とする膜厚7nmのp型結晶質シリコン半導体層(p:μc-Si)がプラズマCVD法により形成された。
(初期特性評価)
上記実施例1~3および比較例1~4の二接合型薄膜シリコン太陽電池を、レーザースクライブにより1cm角の領域で分離して、評価用セルを作製した。レーザースクライブは、出力強度分布が均一化されたNd-YVO4レーザーの第二高調波をガラス側から入射することにより行い、深さ方向に裏面電極層から光電変換層までを分離した。加工条件は、Qスイッチ周波数20kHz、加工スピード400mm/sec、加工点パワー0.3W、ビーム径30μmであった。評価用セルに、AM1.5のスペクトル分布を有するソーラシミュレータを用いて、擬似太陽光を25℃の下で100mW/cm2のエネルギー密度で照射して、変換特性を測定した。
初期特性を測定後の評価用セルに光量500mW/cm2の光を20h照射して、加速光照射試験を行った後、初期特性の測定と同様の条件で、光安定化後の変換特性を測定した(ただし、比較例4については、光安定性評価を行っていない)。
実施例1~3と比較例1,2の初期特性とを比較すると、コンタクト層を有さない比較例1,2に比べて、コンタクト層を有する実施例1~3では、FFが向上し、これに伴い変換効率(Eff)も向上していることがわかる。これは、透明導電膜と光電変換ユニットのp型非晶質シリコンカーバイド半導体層との間にコンタクト層が形成されたことにより、良好な電気接合が形成されたためであると考えられる。
実施例1~3は、初期変換効率に対する光安定化後の変換効率の割合(保持率)が、比較例1~3よりも高く、光劣化が抑制されており、保持率が高いことがわかる。これは、コンタクト層上に形成される非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットの膜質が向上されて、非晶質シリコンの光劣化が抑制されたためと考えられる。
(実施例4)
実施例4では、図3に示すような二接合型薄膜光電変換装置を作製した。実施例1と同様に透明導電膜付き基板10を形成し、その上にコンタクト層を形成した。コンタクト層上に、ボロンドープのp型非晶質シリコンカーバイド(a-SiC)層61を10nm、ノンドープのi型非晶質シリコン層(光電変換層)62を250nm、リンドープのn型微結晶シリコン層63bを20nmの膜厚でそれぞれ製膜して、非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット6を形成し、その上にリンドープのn型シリコン系複合層(中間反射層)9を70nmの膜厚で形成した。中間反射層9(n型シリコン系複合層)の製膜条件は、基板温度200℃で、製膜室内に水素1000sccm、シラン5sccm、水素で5000ppmに希釈されたジボラン2.5sccm、および二酸化炭素20sccmを導入し、圧力1000Pa、パワー密度0.1W/cm2であった。シリコン複合層は、非晶質シリコン酸化物の母相中に分散されたシリコン結晶相を含む低屈折率かつ高導電率を有する層であり、中間反射層として作用する層である。
比較例5では、透明導電膜と非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットとの間にコンタクト層が形成されなかった点が実施例4と異なっていた。すなわち、比較例5では、透明導電膜付き基板10の透明導電膜4上に、直接、p型非晶質シリコンカーバイド(a-SiC)層61、i型非晶質シリコン層62、およびn型微結晶シリコン層63からなる非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットが形成され、その上に、中間反射層9、結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット7および裏面電極層8が形成された。
前述の実施例1~3および比較例1~4の評価と同様に、実施例4と比較例5の中間反射層を備える二接合型薄膜シリコン太陽電池を、レーザースクライブにより1cm角の領域で分離して、評価用セルを作製し、変換特性の測定および光安定性評価を行った。結果を表2に示す。
2 基板
21 透光性絶縁基体
22 下地層
4 透明導電膜
5 コンタクト層
51 真性な結晶質半導体層
52 p型結晶質半導体層
6 非晶質光電変換ユニット
61 p型半導体層
62 i型非晶質半導体層
63 n型半導体層
7 結晶質光電変換ユニット
71 p型半導体層
72 i型結晶質半導体層
73 n型半導体層
8 裏面電極層
81 透明導電性酸化物層
82 金属層
9 中間反射層
3 モールド
Claims (12)
- 基板の一主面上に、酸化亜鉛を主成分とする透明導電膜;コンタクト層;p型半導体層、i型半導体層およびn型半導体層をこの順に有する光電変換ユニット;および裏面電極層、をこの順に備える薄膜光電変換装置であって、
前記コンタクト層は、前記基板側から順に、真性な結晶質半導体層およびp型結晶質半導体層を有し、
前記コンタクト層の前記p型結晶質半導体層は、シリコン酸化物;シリコン窒化物;シリコンカーバイド;およびシリコンゲルマニウムからなる群から選択されるシリコン合金を主成分とする層であり、
前記コンタクト層の前記真性な結晶質半導体層と前記透明導電膜とが接している、薄膜光電変換装置。 - 前記コンタクト層の前記p型結晶質半導体層は、シリコン酸化物を主成分とする層である、請求項1に記載の薄膜光電変換装置。
- 前記基板は、透光性絶縁基体および下地層を備え、
前記下地層は前記透光性絶縁基体の透明導電膜側に形成され、
前記下地層は、前記透明導電膜側の表面に、高低差が100nm~1000nm、凸部の頂点間距離が200nm~2000nmの凹凸構造を有する、請求項1または2に記載の薄膜光電変換装置。 - 前記コンタクト層の前記真性な結晶質半導体層は、膜厚が0.2nm~5nmである、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置。
- 前記コンタクト層の前記p型結晶質半導体層は、膜厚が3nm~15nmである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置。
- 前記コンタクト層の前記p型結晶質半導体層は、暗導電率が10-8S/cm~10-1S/cmであり、600nmの波長の光に対する屈折率が1.7~3.0である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置。
- 前記光電変換ユニットのp型半導体層が、p型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置。
- 前記光電変換ユニットと前記裏面電極層との間に、さらに別の光電変換ユニットを備える、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置を備える太陽電池モジュール。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置を製造する方法であって、
基板の一主面上に酸化亜鉛を主成分とする透明導電膜を形成する工程;
前記透明導電膜上に、真性な結晶質半導体層およびp型結晶質半導体層をこの順に製膜してコンタクト層を形成する工程;
前記コンタクト層上に、p型半導体層、i型半導体層およびn型半導体層をこの順に製膜して光電変換ユニットを形成する工程;および
裏面電極層を形成する工程、を有し、
前記コンタクト層の真性な結晶質半導体層およびp型結晶質半導体層がプラズマCVD法により形成される、薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。 - 前記透明導電膜を形成する工程において、酸化亜鉛を主成分とする透明導電膜を製膜後に、その表面のエッチング処理が行われる、請求項10に記載の薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。
- 前記エッチング処理が、プラズマエッチングである、請求項11に記載の薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。
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EP2903032A1 (en) | 2015-08-05 |
US9865762B2 (en) | 2018-01-09 |
EP2903032A4 (en) | 2016-06-08 |
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