Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/662—Phosphorus acids or esters thereof having P—C bonds, e.g. foscarnet, trichlorfon
  • A61K31/663—Compounds having two or more phosphorus acid groups or esters thereof, e.g. clodronic acid, pamidronic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]

Definitions

• Bisphosphonate compounds are potent inhibitors of osteoclast activity, and are used clinically to treat bone-related conditions such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone; and cancer-related conditions including multiple myeloma, and bone metastases from solid tumors. They generally have low oral bioavailability.
• oral dosage forms of bisphosphonate compounds such as zoledronic acid
• an oral dosage form with enhanced bioavailability with respect to the bisphosphonate compound can be used, the treatment can also be effective using an oral dosage form that includes a bisphosphonate compound, such as zoledronic acid, wherein the bioavailability of the bisphosphonate is unenhanced, or is substantially unenhanced.
• Some embodiments include a method of relieving inflammatory pain comprising administering an oral dosage form containing zoledronic acid to a mammal in need thereof, wherein the mammal experiences significant pain relief more than 3 hours after administration of the dosage form.
• Some embodiments include a method of relieving pain associated with an arthritis comprising administering an oral dosage form containing zoledronic acid to a human being in need thereof.
• Some embodiments include a method of treating complex regional pain syndrome comprising administering an oral dosage form containing zoledronic acid to a mammal in need thereof.
• Some embodiments include an oral dosage form comprising zoledronic acid, wherein the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid is substantially unenhanced.
• the oral bioavailability in the dosage form is about 0.01 % to about 4%.
• Some embodiments include a pharmaceutical product comprising more than one unit of an oral dosage form described herein.
• each unit of the oral dosage form contains about 1 mg to about 50 mg of zoledronic acid.
• Some embodiments include a method of relieving inflammatory pain comprising administering an oral dosage form containing zoledronic acid to a mammal in need thereof.
• the mammal receives a total monthly dose of zoledronic acid that is about 800 mg/m 2 or less.
• the dosage form contains about 10 mg/m 2 to about 20 mg/m 2 based upon the body surface area of the mammal.
• Some embodiments include a method of relieving inflammatory pain comprising orally administering zoledronic acid to a mammal in need thereof.
• about 300 mg/m 2 to about 600 mg/m 2 of zoledronic acid is administered per month, based upon the body surface area of the mammal.
• about 50 mg/m 2 to about 600 mg/m 2 of zoledronic acid is administered per month, based upon the body surface area of the mammal.
• FIG. 1 is a plot of pain compression thresholds in a rat model of inflammatory pain using three different doses of zoledronic acid. Measurements were taken at baseline (BL) and at various time points after dosing on the days indicated.
• FIG. 2A is a graph depicting reversal of arthritis pain for two different doses of zoledronic acid in a rat model of arthritis pain.
• FIG. 2B is a graph depicting pain thresholds for two different doses of zoledronic acid in a rat model of arthritis pain.
• FIG. 3 is a graph summarizing the results for vehicle and zoledronic acid treated rats in a rat model of complex regional pain syndrome.
• FIG. 4 depicts hindpaw pain thresholds for vehicle and zoledronic acid treated rats in a rat model of complex regional pain syndrome.
• FIG. 5 depicts weight bearing for vehicle and zoledronic acid treated rats in a rat model of complex regional pain syndrome.
• FIG. 6 depicts paw thickness change for vehicle and zoledronic acid treated rats in a rat model of complex regional pain syndrome.
• FIG. 7 depicts the aqueous solubility of disodium zoledronate tetrahydrate as compared to the diacid form of zoledronic acid.
• Bisphosphonate compounds such as pamidronate or pamidronic acid, neridronate or neridronic acid, olpadronate or olpadronic acid, alendronate or alendronic acid, incadronate or incadronic acid, ibandronate or ibandronic acid, risedronate or risedronic acid, zoledronate or zoledronic acid, etidronate or etidronic acid, clodronate or clodronic acid, tiludronate or tiludronic acid, etc., may be used for a number of medical purposes, such as treatment of undesirable conditions or diseases, including pain relief. This may be accomplished in many instances by administration of oral dosage forms. Generally, an oral dosage form comprising a bisphosphonate such as zoledronic acid is administered orally to a mammal, such as a human being, at least once, to treat a disease or condition, or to relieve pain.
• a mammal such as a human being
• treating broadly includes any kind of treatment activity, including the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease in man or other animals, or any activity that otherwise affects the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals.
• An oral dosage form of a bisphosphonate such as zoledronic acid may be used to treat, or provide relief of, any type of pain including, but not limited to, inflammatory pain, arthritis pain, complex regional pain syndrome, lumbosacral pain, musculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, chronic pain, cancer-related pain, acute pain, postoperative pain, etc.
• pain relief may be palliative, or pain relief may be provided independent of improvement of the disease or condition or the underlying cause of the disease or condition. For example, although the underlying disease may not improve, or may continue to progress, an individual suffering from the disease may experience pain relief.
• the mammal being treated is not suffering from bone metastasis. In some embodiments, the mammal being treated is not suffering from cancer. In some embodiments, the mammal being treated is not suffering from osteoporosis.
• zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be administered orally to relieve musculoskeletal pain including low back pain, and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, erosive osteoarthritis, sero-negative (non-rheumatoid) arthropathies, non-articular rheumatism, peri-articular disorders, axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis, Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, SAPHO syndrome, transient osteoarthritis of the hip, vertebral crush fractures, osteoporosis, etc.
• zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may also be administered orally to relieve neuropathic pain, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, monoradiculopathies, phantom limb pain, and central pain.
• neuropathic pain including diabetic peripheral neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, monoradiculopathies, phantom limb pain, and central pain.
• Other causes of neuropathic pain include cancer-related pain, lumbar nerve root compression, spinal cord injury, post-stroke pain, central multiple sclerosis pain, HIV-associated neuropathy, and radio-therapy or chemo-therapy associated neuropathy.
• zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be administered orally to relieve inflammatory pain including musculoskeletal pain, arthritis pain, and complex regional pain syndrome.
• Examples of musculoskeletal pain include low back pain; and pain associated with vertebral crush fractures, fibrous dysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, Paget's disease of bone, transient osteoporosis, and transient osteoporosis of the hip.
• Arthritis refers to inflammatory joint diseases that can be associated with pain.
• arthritis pain include pain associated with osteoarthritis, erosive osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, sero-negative (non-rheumatoid) arthropathies, non-articular rheumatism, peri-articular disorders, neuropathic arthropaties including Charcot's foot, axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis, and SAPHO syndrome.
• zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be administered orally to relieve complex regional pain syndrome, such as complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I), complex regional pain syndrome type II (CRPS-II), CRPS-NOS, or another type of CRPS.
• CRPS is a type of inflammatory pain.
• CRPS can also have a neuropathic component.
• Complex regional pain syndrome is a debilitating pain syndrome. It is characterized by severe pain in a limb accompanied by edema, and autonomic, motor and sensory changes.
• relief of pain can be short-term, e.g. for a period of hours after administration of the dosage form, and/or relief of pain can be long-term, e.g. lasting for days, weeks, or even months after oral administration of zoledronic acid.
• a mammal experiences significant pain relief at least about 3 hours, at least about 6 hours, at least about 12 hours, at least about 24 hours, at least about 48 hours, at least about one week, at least about 2 weeks, or at least about 3 weeks after administration of an oral dosage form comprising zoledronic acid.
• a mammal experiences significant pain relief during at least part of the time from about 3 hours to about 2 weeks, about 3 hours to about 3 weeks, about 3 hours to about 24 hours, about 6 hours to about 2 weeks, or about 6 hours to about 24 hours, about 3 days to about 2 weeks, about 6 days to about 2 weeks, after administration of an oral dosage form comprising zoledronic acid.
• Zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may also be administered orally to relieve cancer-related pain, including pain associated with multiple myeloma and bone metastases from solid tumors.
• zoledronic acid is used to treat pain that is not cancer-related pain.
• zoledronic acid may be used to treat pain that is not associated with multiple myeloma, bone metastasis from solid tumors, hypercalcemia of malignancy, giant cell tumor of bone, blood cancers or leukemias, or solid tumors or cancers.
• oral administration of zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may also be useful to treat diseases or conditions that may or may not include a pain component.
• zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be useful to treat any of the pain conditions or types of conditions listed above, including treatment that does not simply relieve the pain of those conditions, and treatment that is carried out in such a way that the condition is treated without pain relief occuring.
• zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonates may be used to treat a disease or condition such as a metabolic disease or condition; an inflammatory disease or condition, including an inflammatory disease or condition that is not associated with pain; a cancer disease or condition; a neurological disease or condition; etc.
• oral administration of zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may also be useful to treat complex regional pain syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, erosive osteoarthritis, axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis, acute vertebral crush fracture, fibrous dysplasia, SAPHO syndrome, osteoporosis, transient osteoporosis, or transient osteoporosis of the hip.
• oral administration of zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may also be useful to treat hypercalcemia of malignancy, multiple myeloma, bone metastases from solid tumors, Paget's disease of bone, giant cell tumor of bone, blood cancers or leukemias, or solid tumors or cancers.
• Zoledronic acid has the structure shown below, and is also referred to as zoledronate.
• any reference to a compound herein, such as zoledronic acid, by structure, name, or any other means, includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as the disodium salt; alternate solid forms, such as polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, etc.; tautomers; or any other chemical species that may rapidly convert to a compound described herein under conditions in which the compounds are used as described herein.
• zoledronic acid is administered in a dosage form comprising a salt form, such as a salt of a dianion of zoledronic acid.
• zoledronic acid is administered in a dosage form comprising a disodium salt form of zoledronic acid.
• zoledronic acid is administered in a sodium salt form, such as a monosodium salt, a disodium salt, a trisodium salt, etc.
• a sodium salt form such as a monosodium salt, a disodium salt, a trisodium salt, etc.
• use of the disodium salt may be desirable.
• the disodium salt is much more soluble in water than the diacid form.
• the disodium salt can be easier to work with than the diacid form.
• the sodium salt may be more bioavailable and/or more rapidly absorbed when taken orally as compared to the diacid form.
• zoledronic acid is in a form that has an aqueous solubility, meaning the solubility in water, greater than 1 % (w/v), about 5% (w/v) to about 50% (w/v), about 5% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), about 10% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), or about 12% (w/v) to about 13% (w/v).
• Zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be combined with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice as described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2005, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.
• the relative proportions of active ingredient and carrier may be determined, for example, by the solubility and chemical nature of the compounds, chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• Zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be administered by any means that may result in the contact of the active agent(s) with the desired site or site(s) of action in the body of a patient.
• the compounds may be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents. For example, they may be administered as the sole active agents in a pharmaceutical composition, or they can be used in combination with other therapeutically active ingredients.
• Zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be administered to a human patient in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, e.g., orally, rectally, or parenterally.
• Parenteral administration in this respect includes, but is not limited to, administration by the following routes: pulmonary, intrathecal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraocular, intrasynovial, transepithelial including transdermal, sublingual and buccal; topically; nasal inhalation via insufflation; and rectal systemic.
• the effective amount of zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate will vary depending on various factors known to the treating physicians, such as the severity of the condition to be treated, route of administration, formulation and dosage forms, physical characteristics of the bisphosphonate compound used, and age, weight and response of the individual patients.
• the amount of zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate in a therapeutic composition may vary.
• some liquid compositions may comprise about 0.0001 % (w/v) to about 50% (w/v), about 0.01 % (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), about 0.01 % to about 10% (w/v), about 0.001 % (w/v) to about 1 % (w/v), about 0.1 % (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), about 1 % (w/v) to about 3% (w/v), about 3% (w/v) to about 5% (w/v), about 5% (w/v) to about 7% (w/v), about 7% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v), about 10% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), about 15% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), about 20% (w/v) to about 30% (w/v), about 30% (w/v) to about 40% (w/v), or
• Some solid compositions may comprise at least about 5% (w/w), at least about 10% (w/w), at least about 20% (w/w), at least about 50% (w/w), at least about 70% (w/w), at least about 80%, about 10% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 10% (w/w) to about 20% (w/w), about 20% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 30% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 30% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), about 40% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 50% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), about 50% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), about 70% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), about 70% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), or about 80% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w) of zoledronic acid.
• oral dosage form(s) may contain about 0.005 mg to about 20 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 5 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 50 mg, about 10 mg to about 250 mg, about 100 mg to about 300 mg, about 20 mg to about 200 mg, about 20 mg to about 150 mg, about 30 mg to about 100 mg, about 1 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 50 mg, about 10 mg to about 300 mg, about 10 mg to about 150 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 40 mg to about 150 mg, about 10 mg to about 600 mg, about 40 mg to about 600 mg, about 40 mg to about 2000 mg, about 40 mg to about 800 mg, about 25 mg to about 800 mg, about 30 mg to about 800 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, about 50 mg to about
• an oral dosage form may contain about 10 mg/nn 2 to about 20 mg/nn 2 , about 15 mg/im 2 to about 20 mg/im 2 , about 18 mg/im 2 , about 80 mg/im 2 to about 150 mg/im 2 , about 90 mg/im 2 to about 150 mg/im 2 , about 100 mg/im 2 to about 150 mg/im 2 of zoledronic acid, or any amount of zoledronic in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values. All dosage ranges or amounts expressed in mg/im 2 are based upon the body surface area of the mammal.
• the daily oral dose of zoledronic acid is about 0.005 mg to about 20 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 5 mg, or any amount of zoledronic acid in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
• the daily oral dose of zoledronic acid is less than about 35 mg/m 2 , less than about 30 mg/m 2 , less than about 25 mg/m 2 , about 1 mg/m 2 to about 35 mg/m 2 , about 1 mg/m 2 to about 30 mg/m 2 , about 1 .5 mg/m 2 to about 25 mg/m 2 , about 1 .8 mg/m 2 to about 20 mg/m 2 , about 10 mg/m 2 to about 20 mg/m 2 , about 10 mg/m 2 to about 30 mg/m 2 , about 15 mg/m 2 to about 20 mg/m 2 , about 18 mg/m 2 , or any amount of zoledronic acid in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
• the weekly oral dose of zoledronic acid is about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 10 mg to about 250 mg, about 100 mg to about 300 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 150 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 300 mg, about 20 mg to about 150 mg, or about 30 mg to about 100 mg.
• the weeky oral dose of zoledronic acid is less than about 250 mg/m 2 , less than about 200 mg/m 2 , less than about 175 mg/m 2 , about 6 mg/m 2 to about 250 mg/m 2 , about 10 mg/m 2 to about 210 mg/m 2 , about 10 mg/m 2 to about 170 mg/rr ⁇ , about 4 mg/m 2 to about 140 mg/m 2 , about 100 mg/rn ⁇ to about 140 mg/m 2 , about 126 mg/m 2 , or any amount of zoledronic acid in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
• the weekly oral dose may be given as a single dose, given once during the week, or may be given in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 individual doses during the week.
• the monthly dose of zoledronic acid, or the amount of zoledronic acid that is administered over a period of a month is about 5000 mg or less, about 4000 mg or less, about 3000 mg or less, about 2000 mg or less, about 1000 mg or less, about 700 mg or less, about 600 mg or less, about 1 mg to about 4,000 mg, about 1 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, about 50 mg to about 1000 mg, about 10 mg to about 600 mg, about 40 mg to about 600 mg, about 50 mg to about 600 mg, or about 100 mg to about 600 mg, about 40 mg to about 2000 mg, about 40 mg to about 800 mg, about 50 mg to about 800 mg, or about 100 mg to about 800 mg, about 40 mg to about 1000 mg, about 50 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, or any monthly dose in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
• the monthly oral dose of zoledronic acid is less than about 1000 mg/m 2 , less than about 800 mg/m 2 , less than about 600 mg/m 2 , about 10 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 , about 50 mg/m 2 to about 800 mg/m 2 , about 70 mg/m 2 to about 700 mg/m 2 , about 100 mg/m 2 to about 700 mg/m 2 , about 100 mg/m 2 to about 600 mg/m 2 , about 50 mg/m 2 to about 200 mg/m 2 , about 300 mg/m 2 to about 600 mg/m 2 , about 450 mg/m 2 to about 600 mg/m 2 , about 300 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 , about 400 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 , about 500 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 , about 400 mg/m 2 to about 700 mg/m 2 , about 500 mg/m 2 to about 600 mg/m 2 , about 540 mg/m 2 , or any amount
• a monthly dose may be given as a single dose, or as two or more individual doses administered during the month.
• the monthly dose is administered in 2 or 3 weekly doses.
• the monthly dose is administered in 4 or 5 weekly doses.
• the monthly dose is administered in 28 to 31 daily doses.
• the monthly dose is administered in 5 to 10 individual doses during the month.
• the monthly dose may be administered for only 1 month, or may be repeatedly administered for 2 or more months.
• the oral zoledronic acid, or disodium salt thereof may be administered in combination with about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg of zoledronic acid, or a salt thereof, administered parenterally, such as intravenously.
• about 50 mg, about 100 mg, or about 150 mg of the disodium salt of zoledronic acid is administered orally in combination with 1 mg parenteral, such as intravenous, zoledronic acid.
• the parenteral dose of zoledronic acid is about 0.25 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg, or about 0.5 mg to about 7.5 mg.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in a dosage form can vary. Some dosage forms may have ingredients added to enhance the bioavailability. However, bioavailability enhancement is not necessary for an oral dosage form to be effective. In some embodiments, the dosage form is substantially free of bioavailability-enhancing agents. In some embodiments, an oral dosage form may have an oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid of about 0.01 % to about 10%, about 0.1 % to about 7%, about 0.1 % to about 5%, etc. Without ingredients or other methods to enhance bioavailability, zoledronic acid typically has a low bioavailability in an oral dosage form.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid is unenhanced or substantially unenhanced.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid can be about 0.01 % to about 5%, about 0.01 % to about 4%, about 0.1 % to about 3%, about 0.1 % to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 1 .5%, about 0.3% to about 1 .5%, about 0.3% to about 1 %, about 0.1 % to about 0.5%, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, about 0.5% to about 1 %, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, about 0.8% to about 0.9%, about 0.9%, about 1 % to about 1 .1 %, about 1 .1 % to about 1 .2%, about 1 .2% to about 1 .3%, about 1 .3% to about 1 .4%, about 1 .4% to about 1 .5%, about 1 .5% to about 1 .
• One embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising zoledronic acid wherein the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is from about 0.01 % to about 10%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.01 % to about 5%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.1 % to about 7%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.1 % to about 5%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.1 % to about 3%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.1 % to about 2%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.2% to about 2%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.2% to about 1 .5%.
• the oral bioavailability of zoledronic acid in the dosage form is about 0.3% to about 1 .5%.
• an oral dosage form comprises about 10 mg to about 300 mg of zoiedronic acid, and is administered daily for about 2 to about 15 consecutive days. This regimen may be repeated once monthly, once every two months, once every three months, once every four months, once every five months, once every six months, once yearly, or once every two years.
• an oral dosage form comprises about 10 mg to about 150 mg or about 10 mg to about 100 mg of zoiedronic acid, and is administered daily for about 2 to about 15 consecutive days. This regimen may be repeated once monthly, once every two months, once every three months, once every four months, once every five months, once every six months, once yearly, or once every two years.
• an oral dosage form comprises about 10 mg to about 150 mg or about 10 mg to about 100 mg of zoiedronic acid, and is administered daily for about 5 to about 10 consecutive days. This regimen may be repeated once monthly, once every two months, once every three months, once every four months, once every five months, once every six months, once yearly, or once every two years.
• an oral dosage form comprises about 40 mg to about 150 mg of zoiedronic acid, and is administered daily for about 5 to about 10 consecutive days. This regimen may be repeated once monthly, once every two months, once every three months, once every four months, once every five months, once every six months, once yearly, or once every two years.
• the oral zoiedronic acid may be administered as one dose of about 100 mg to about 2000 mg. In some embodiments, the oral zoiedronic acid may be administered as one dose of about 300 mg to about 1500 mg. In some embodiments, the oral zoiedronic acid may be administered as one dose of about 200 mg to about 1000 mg. The dose of zoiedronic acid may be administered in a single or divided dose.
• Zoiedronic acid may be formulated for oral administration, for example, with an inert diluent or with an edible carrier, or it may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, compressed into tablets, or incorporated directly with the food of the diet.
• the active compound may be incorporated with an excipient and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, coated tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, syrups, wafers, patches, and the like.
• Tablets, troches, pills, capsules and the like may also contain one or more of the following: a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; an excipient, such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen or cherry flavoring.
• a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin
• an excipient such as dicalcium phosphate
• a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like
• a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
• a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin
• a flavoring agent such as peppermint
• a syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring, such as cherry or orange flavor. It may be desirable for material in a dosage form or pharmaceutical composition to be pharmaceutically pure and substantially non toxic in the amounts employed.
• compositions or dosage forms may be a liquid, or may comprise a solid phase dispersed in a liquid.
• Zoledronic acid may be formulated for parental or intraperitoneal administration.
• Solutions of the active compounds as free acids or pharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose.
• a dispersion can also have an oil dispersed within, or dispersed in, glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
• an oral dosage form may comprise a silicified microcrystalline cellulose such as Prosolv.
• a silicified microcrystalline cellulose such as Prosolv.
• about 20% (wt/wt) to about 70% (wt/wt), about 10% (wt/wt) to about 20% (wt/wt), about 20% (wt/wt) to about 40% (wt/wt), about 25% (wt/wt) to about 30% (wt/wt), about 40% (wt/wt) to about 50% (wt/wt), or about 45% (wt/wt) to about 50% (wt/wt) silicified microcrystalline cellulose may be present in an oral dosage form or a unit of an oral dosage form.
• an oral dosage form may comprise a crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone such as crospovidone.
• a crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone such as crospovidone.
• about 1 % (wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt), about 1 % (wt/wt) to about 5% (wt/wt), or about 1 % (wt/wt) to about 3% (wt/wt) crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone may be present in an oral dosage form or a unit of an oral dosage form.
• an oral dosage form may comprise a fumed silica such as Aerosil.
• a fumed silica such as Aerosil.
• about 0.1 % (wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt), about 0.1 % (wt/wt) to about 1 % (wt/wt), or about 0.4% (wt/wt) to about 0.6% (wt/wt) fumed silica may be present in an oral dosage form or a unit of an oral dosage form.
• an oral dosage form may comprise magnesium stearate.
• magnesium stearate For example, about 0.1 % (wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt), about 0.1 % (wt/wt) to about 1 % (wt/wt), or about 0.4% (wt/wt) to about 0.6% (wt/wt) magnesium stearate may be present in an oral dosage form or a unit of an oral dosage form.
• An oral dosage form comprising zoledronic acid or another bisphosphonate may be included in a pharmaceutical product comprising more than one unit of the oral dosage form.
• a pharmaceutical product containing oral dosage forms for daily use can contain 28, 29, 30, or 31 units of the oral dosage form for a monthly supply.
• An approximately 6 week daily supply can contain 40 to 45 units of the oral dosage form.
• An approximately 3 month daily supply can contain 85 to 95 units of the oral dosage form.
• An approximately six-month daily supply can contain 170 to 200 units of the oral dosage form.
• An approximately one year daily supply can contain 350 to 380 units of the oral dosage form.
• a pharmaceutical product containing oral dosage forms for weekly use can contain 4 or 5 units of the oral dosage form for a monthly supply.
• An approximately 2 month weekly supply can contain 8 or 9 units of the oral dosage form.
• An approximately 6 week weekly supply can contain about 8 units of the oral dosage form.
• An approximately 3 month weekly supply can contain 12, 13 or 14 units of the oral dosage form.
• An approximately six-month weekly supply can contain 22 to 30 units of the oral dosage form.
• An approximately one year weekly supply can contain 45 to 80 units of the oral dosage form.
• a pharmaceutical product may accommodate other dosing regimes.
• a pharmaceutical product may comprise 5 to 10 units of the oral dosage form, wherein each unit of the oral dosage form contains about 40 mg to about 150 mg of zoledronic acid.
• Some pharmaceutical products may comprise 1 to 10 units of the oral dosage form, wherein the product contains about 200 mg to about 2000 mg of zoledronic acid.
• each unit of the oral dosage form may be taken daily for 1 to 10 days or 5 to 10 days during a month, such as at the beginning of a month.
• Some oral dosage forms comprising zoledronic acid or a salt thereof may have enteric coatings.
• zoledronic acid was administered in the disodium salt form as disodium zoledronate tetrahydrate. No bioavailability enhancing agents were used in the test compositions.
• CFA complete Freund's adjuvant
• Inflammatory pain was induced by injection of 100% CFA in a 75 ⁇ _ volume into the left hind paws of Sprague-Dawley rats on day 0, followed by assessments on days 1 -3.
• Animals were orally administered vehicle (control), zoledronic acid 18 mg/nn 2 (or 3 mg/kg), zoledronic acid 120 mg/nn 2 (or 20 mg/kg), or zoledronic acid 900 mg/im 2 (or 150 mg/kg) daily on days 1 -3.
• Drug was dissolved in distilled water and prepared fresh daily. Animals were fasted prior to dosing.
• dosages expressed in mg/m 2 are considered equivalent between mammalian species.
• 18 mg/m 2 in a rat is considered equivalent to 18 mg/m 2 in a human being
• 3 mg/kg in a rat may not be equivalent to 3 mg/kg in a human being.
• % reversal ( Post-treatment - Post-CFA baseline)/(Pre-CFA baseline - Post-CFA baseline) x 100.
• Orally administered zoledronic acid produced a 29% reversal of inflammatory pain at the 18 mg/m 2 , and a 48% reversal at the 900 mg/m 2 dose. This magnitude of effect is comparable to that obtained with clinical doses of commercially available NSAIDs when tested in a similar model of inflammatory pain.
• the reference body surface area of a human adult is 1 .62 m 2 .
• a daily dose of 18 mg/m 2 corresponds to a monthly dose of about 500-560 mg/m 2 or a human dose of about 800-900 mg.
• CFA complete Freund's adjuvant
• injection of 100% complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in a 75 ⁇ _ volume into the left hind paws is followed by a 10-14 day period to allow for the development of arthritis pain.
• Animals were orally administered vehicle (control), zoledronic acid 54 mg/m 2 (or 9 mg/kg), or zoledronic acid 360 mg/m 2 (or 60 mg/kg), divided in three equal daily doses on the first three days post CFA injection. Drug was dissolved in distilled water and prepared fresh daily. Animals were fasted prior to dosing.
• % reversal (ipsilateral drug threshold - ipsilateral vehicle threshold)/(contralateral vehicle threshold - ipsilateral vehicle threshold) x 100.
• Oral administration of zoledronic acid significantly improved arthritis pain thresholds compared to vehicle.
• orally administered zoledronic acid produced a dose-dependent reversal of arthritis pain.
• a reversal of 33% was observed in the 54 mg/m 2 group, and reversal of 54% was observed in the 360 mg/m 2 group.
• the reference body surface area of a human adult is 1 .62 m 2 .
• 54 mg/m 2 in a rat is equivalent to an implied human dose of about 87 mg
• 360 mg/m 2 in a rat is equivalent to an implied human dose of about 583 mg.
• Example 3 Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome with Orally Adm in istered Zoledron ic Acid.
• CRPS complex regional pain syndrome
• An incapacitance device (IITC Inc. Life Science, Woodland, CA, USA) was used to measure hindpaw weight bearing, a postural effect of pain.
• the rats were manually held in a vertical position over the apparatus with the hindpaws resting on separate metal scale plates and the entire weight of the rat was supported on the hindpaws. The duration of each measurement was 6 seconds and 10 consecutive measurements were taken at 60-second intervals. Eight readings (excluding the highest and lowest ones) were averaged to calculate the bilateral hindpaw weight-bearing values. Weight bearing data were analyzed as the ratio between right (fracture) and left hindpaw weight bearing values ((2R/(R+L)) *100%).
• a laser sensor technique was used to determine the dorsal- ventral thickness of the hindpaw.
• the bilateral hindpaws were tattooed with a 2 to 3 mm spot on the dorsal skin over the midpoint of the third metatarsal.
• each rat was briefly anesthetized with isoflurane and then held vertically so the hindpaw rested on a table top below the laser.
• the paw was gently held flat on the table with a small metal rod applied to the top of the ankle joint.
• a laser with a distance measuring sensor was used to determine the distance to the table top and to the top of the hindpaw at the tattoo site and the difference was used to calculate the dorsal-ventral paw thickness.
• the measurement sensor device used in these experiments (4381 Precicura, Limab, Goteborg, Sweden) has a measurement range of 200 mm with a 0.01 mm resolution.
• the temperature of the hindpaw was measured using a fine wire thermocouple (Omega, Stanford, CT, USA) applied to the paw skin. Six sites were tested per hindpaw. The six measurements for each hindpaw were averaged for the mean temperature.
• the daily dose in the above experiment was 18 mg/m 2 /day. Under current FDA guidelines, the reference body surface area of a human adult is 1 .62 m 2 . Thus, a daily dose of 18 mg/m 2 corresponds to a monthly dose of about 500-560 mg/m 2 or a human dose of about 800-900 mg.
• aqueous solubility of zoledronic acid and disodium zoledronate tetrahydrate was determined.
• One gram of the test compound was measured in to a beaker. Demineralized water (pH 5.5) was then added in small increments to the test compound, and sonification was applied to the mixture. The procedure was continued until complete dissolution was achieved. Full dissolution was determined to have been reached when a clear solution was present with no visible material. The volume of water required to reach full dissolution was used to calculate a solubility value expressed in grams per 100 ml_. The procedure was performed for each compound.
• the aqueous solubility of disodium zoledronate tetrahydrate is approximately 50 times that of zoledronic acid.
• Disodium zoledronate tetrahydrate has a solubility of 12.5 g/100 ml_ compared to only 0.25 g/100 ml_ for zoledronic acid.

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