WO2013154897A1 - Feuilles arrière de modules photovoltaïques et ensembles les comprenant - Google Patents

Feuilles arrière de modules photovoltaïques et ensembles les comprenant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013154897A1
WO2013154897A1 PCT/US2013/035215 US2013035215W WO2013154897A1 WO 2013154897 A1 WO2013154897 A1 WO 2013154897A1 US 2013035215 W US2013035215 W US 2013035215W WO 2013154897 A1 WO2013154897 A1 WO 2013154897A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
backsheet
photovoltaic
encapsulant
photovoltaic module
thermoplastic polyurethane
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2013/035215
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English (en)
Inventor
Nico REMS
Gert-Jan H. NIJHUIS
Original Assignee
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. filed Critical Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.
Publication of WO2013154897A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013154897A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
    • H01L31/049—Protective back sheets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2203/00—Applications
    • C08L2203/20—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets
    • C08L2203/204—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets use in solar cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to photovoltaic module backsheets produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting at least one polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates.
  • the invention also relates to an integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant, wherein a photovoltaic encapsulant layer is present on the forward-facing surface of the backsheet.
  • the invention also provides photovoltaic modules made with the described backsheets and integrated backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant, as well as various methods and uses concerning the same.
  • Photovoltaic Energy is the converting of light into electrical energy, and is achieved through the use of semiconductors or photovoltaic solar cells.
  • the cell assemblies are encapsulated into water tight modules for protection from moisture and impact.
  • the resulting assembly is referred to as a solar panel or module.
  • the principle components of a crystalline silicon photovoltaic module are the glass glazing, an encapsulant such as a cross-linked ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), the silicon wafers and associated wiring, a junction box and a protective backsheet.
  • EVA cross-linked ethylene-vinyl acetate
  • modules are produced by making a "sandwich" having the following layers stacked on top of each other: glass - encapsulant - wafers - encapsulant - backsheet.
  • This sandwich can be laminated in a vacuum laminator or by autoclave. The sandwich is edge trimmed, framed, and a junction box is connected, completing the assembly.
  • the backsheets are necessary to provide the module mechanical protection, electrical insulation and corrosion protection.
  • the backsheet must also exhibit good adhesion with the encapsulant, act as an effective oxygen and water barrier, show low shrinkage over time, and exhibit good weatherability resistance.
  • a typical backsheet may have a thickness of around 350 micron. However, thickness can range from 275 micron up to 700 micron.
  • Today backsheets are normally made as a laminated film composite, the most common being a trilayer structure of Tedlar®/Polyester/Tedlar®, also called TPTTM. This structure allows the fluoropolymer to protect both sides of the polyester from photo-degradation.
  • Tedlar® film is tough, photostable, chemically resistant and unaffected by long term moisture exposure. It is also one of the few fluoropolymers that can be readily pigmented.
  • TPT foil is suitable as backsheet because of its unique combination of useful properties like electrical insulation, no or low UV aging, dimensional stability at module lamination temperature (150°C), excellent adhesion to EVA adhesive films, at least if surface treated, and to sealants and limited water vapor permeability.
  • TPT foils have several significant drawbacks. It is very expensive to produce as each layer must first be produced and then laminated in a separate step often with supplementary solvent based glues. TPT foil consists of halogenated material (Tedlar®) and hydrolysis sensitive materials (PET, PUR adhesives), which is a severe drawback for hot, humid, sunny climates. Thus, there exists a need for less costly materials that provide the same useful properties.
  • the present invention deals with improved photovoltaic module backsheets that address the issues with the current technology.
  • the present invention deals with a photovoltaic module backsheet produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane.
  • Suitable rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes are made by reacting at least one polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates.
  • the rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes are made by reacting at least one polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender.
  • the invention provides for the described photovoltaic module backsheets where the rigid thermoplastic polyurethane has one or more of the following properties: (i) a Vicat softening point, as measured by ISO306/A50, of at least 140°C; (ii) a partial discharge, as measured by IEC 60664-1 , of greater than 1000 volts; (iii) a Shore D hardness of at least 70. [0010]
  • the invention also provides an integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant, wherein a photovoltaic encapsulant layer is present on the forward-facing surface of the backsheet. Suitable backsheets include any of those described herein.
  • the backsheet is produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates, which may also be referred to as polyols.
  • the photovoltaic encapsulant comprises at least one non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates.
  • the backsheet is produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates and the photovoltaic encapsulant comprises at least one non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates.
  • the invention also provides for a photovoltaic module comprising a backsheet produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates.
  • the invention also provides a photovoltaic module that has an integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant, wherein a photovoltaic encapsulant layer is present on the forward-facing surface of the backsheet.
  • the backsheet may be produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates.
  • the photovoltaic encapsulant may comprise at least one non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates.
  • these features can be combined and the backsheet may be produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane and the photovoltaic encapsulant may comprise at least one non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane.
  • the invention further provides for a method of producing a photovoltaic module backsheet produced from at least one at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates wherein the method includes the step of: (i) extruding the rigid thermoplastic polyurethane to form the backsheet.
  • the invention also provides a method for producing an integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant, wherein a photovoltaic encapsulant layer is present on the forward-facing surface of the backsheet.
  • the method includes the steps of (i) laminating the photovoltaic encapsulant layer onto the forward-facing surface of the backsheet, or (ii) co- extruding the backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant resulting in an integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant with photovoltaic encapsulant layer present on the forward-facing surface of the backsheet.
  • the backsheet may be produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates.
  • the photovoltaic encapsulant may comprise at least one non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates.
  • the backsheet may be produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates and the photovoltaic encapsulant may comprise at least one non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates.
  • the invention provides for a photovoltaic module backsheet produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) made by reacting at least one polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates.
  • TPU thermoplastic polyurethane
  • the rigid TPU used to make the photovoltaic module backsheet may be any of the rigid TPU described below.
  • the invention also provides for a photovoltaic module made with the described backsheets.
  • the invention further provides methods of making and using the described photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic module backsheets.
  • the invention provides for an integrated photovoltaic module encapsulant layer and backsheet, where a second, or lower, encapsulant layer is combined with a photovoltaic module backsheet, to provide an integrated layer the improves the photovoltaic module construction process by reducing the number of multitude layers involved that have to be assembled.
  • the invention also provides for a photovoltaic module made with the described integrated encapsulant backsheets.
  • the invention further provides methods of making and using the described photovoltaic modules and integrated encapsulant backsheets.
  • photovoltaic devices can convert solar energy or other suitable sources of photons into electricity.
  • Photovoltaic modules broadly include amorphous silicon, monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, near-multicrystalline silicon, geometric multicrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium (di)selenide, and/or other suitable photovoltaic materials.
  • Photovoltaic modules may be generally rigid and/or generally flexible, depending on construction techniques and/or fabrication materials. Examples of photovoltaic modules include solar panels, solar modules, and/or solar arrays.
  • solar energy broadly refers to any suitable portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, including for example, infrared light, visible light, and/or ultraviolet light. Solar energy can come from any suitable source, such as a star, and in particular the Sun.
  • this invention can include a photovoltaic device for converting solar energy into electricity.
  • the photovoltaic device can include a transparent layer for receiving solar energy also referred to as a transparent superstrate or frontsheet, and at least one photovoltaic cell disposed below the transparent layer.
  • the photovoltaic device can include a backsheet disposed below the at least one photovoltaic cell.
  • the photovoltaic device can include an encapsulant bonding together and/or laminating the transparent layer, the at least one photovoltaic cell, an optional thin film substrate (also referred to as a polymeric mat), and the backsheet, where the encapsulant consists of an upper layer and a lower layer surrounding the layers to be encapsulated, typically the least one photovoltaic cell and the optional thin film substrate when present, with the frontsheet then present on the outside upper layer of encapsulant and the backsheet present on the outside lower layer of encapsulant.
  • the encapsulant consists of an upper layer and a lower layer surrounding the layers to be encapsulated, typically the least one photovoltaic cell and the optional thin film substrate when present, with the frontsheet then present on the outside upper layer of encapsulant and the backsheet present on the outside lower layer of encapsulant.
  • the term "transparent layer” broadly refers to a material capable of passing and/or transmitting at least a portion of incoming radiation from the electromagnetic spectrum. According to one embodiment, the transparent layer can pass at least about 60 percent of solar energy contacting a surface of the transparent layer, at least about 80 percent of solar energy contacting a surface of the transparent layer, at least about 90 percent of solar energy contacting a surface of the transparent layer, and/or the like.
  • the transparent layer may include any suitable coatings and/or additives, such as antireflection coatings, ultraviolet filtering additives, and/or the like.
  • the transparent layer may include any suitable size, shape, and/or material.
  • the transparent layer includes polycarbonate, poly(methyl methacrylate), fluoropolymers (for example, (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene) fluorocopolymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer, (ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) fluorocopolymer) glass, and/or the like.
  • the transparent layer can be rigid and/or flexible, for example.
  • the transparent layer includes a surface of the photovoltaic device that can receive solar energy, such as at least generally oriented towards the Sun.
  • photovoltaic cell broadly refers to any suitable apparatus for converting photons into electrical power, such as silicon solar cells and/or the like.
  • Photovoltaic cells can be arranged in any suitable configuration, such as in parallel and/or in series to produce a desired voltage level and/or a desired current flow.
  • the photovoltaic device may include any suitable number of photovoltaic cells, such as at least about 1 , at least about 10, at least about 36, at least about 72, at least about 144, at least about 250, at least about 500, and/or the like.
  • backsheet can broadly refer to compounds or materials useful for at least a portion of a layer or a cover on a side opposite the transparent layer of the photovoltaic device.
  • the backsheet may be a sheet, a film, and/or a membrane. It can be flexible and/or rigid and can include any suitable material.
  • the backsheet may have suitable dielectric properties, such as, for example, to prevent short circuiting and/or allow reliable operation of a photovoltaic device.
  • the backsheet may also provide protection or resistance to water or moisture ingress into the photovoltaic device.
  • the backsheet is made from certain rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes and provides benefits over the more general backsheets currently in use.
  • the term "encapsulant” broadly refers to compounds or materials useful for laminating, fusing, adhering, adjoining, gluing, sealing, caulking, bonding, melting, joining, and/or the like at least a portion of components of a photovoltaic device.
  • the encapsulant may bond or laminate the transparent layer, the at least one photovoltaic cell, the optional thin film substrate (also referred to as a polymeric mat), the backsheet, and/or the like into a generally unitary apparatus.
  • the encapsulant may include any suitable materials or compounds, such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene methyl acetate copolymers, ethylene butyl acetate copolymers, ethylene propylene diene terpolymers, silicones, polyurethanes, thermoplastic olefins, ionomers, acrylics, polyvinyl butyrals, and/or the like.
  • the encapsulant may include an adhesion promoter, such as a silane material.
  • the photovoltaic devices of the invention may include any suitable layers and/or arrangements of encapsulant materials.
  • a single encapsulant layer may provide sufficient lamination for the entire photovoltaic device including the transparent layer, the at least one photovoltaic cell, the backsheet, and/or the like.
  • the encapsulant material flows around and/or through materials during the lamination process, such as may allow the encapsulant to contact regions between materials where the solid sheet of encapsulant was not present before lamination.
  • a first sheet of encapsulant may be disposed between the transparent layer and the at least one photovoltaic cell, and a second sheet of encapsulant may be disposed between the polymeric mat and the backsheet.
  • Other configurations and/or locations of the encapsulant layers for the photovoltaic device are within the scope of this invention.
  • bonding may broadly refer to joining or securing, such as with physical forces, chemical forces, mechanical forces, and/or like. Suitable chemical forces may include strong forces and/or weak forces, such as ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and/or the like. According to one embodiment, bonding includes a suitable amount of cross-linking between functional groups, such as silane molecules of an adhesion promoter.
  • the photovoltaic device may meet and/or exceed any suitable industry standard and/or test, such as for safety, reliability, performance, and/or the like.
  • the photovoltaic device can have no dielectric breakdown or surface tracking when measured according to a dielectric withstand test as defined in IEC 61730 (part 2, 2004 edition) under a minimum of 6000 volts.
  • the photovoltaic device can have a measured wet insulation resistance times an area of the photovoltaic device at least above 40 megaohms meter squared when measured at 1000 volts as defined in IEC 61215 (2005 edition).
  • the photovoltaic device can have a wet insulation resistance tested at 1000 volts of at least 40 megaohms meter squared after aging for about 1000 hours under about 85 degrees Celsius and about 85 percent relative humidity as defined in IEC 61215 (2005 edition).
  • the photovoltaic device can have a suitable cut resistance and/or puncture resistance.
  • the photovoltaic device can pass the Cut Susceptibility Test, MST 12, as defined in IEC 61730 part 2, section 10.3.
  • this invention may include a process for making a photovoltaic device.
  • the process may include the step of providing a transparent layer, and the step of placing a first sheet of encapsulant over at least a portion of the transparent layer.
  • the process may include the step of placing at least one photovoltaic cell over the first sheet of encapsulant material.
  • the process may include the step of placing an optional thin film substrate, also referred to as a polymer mat, over the at least one photovoltaic cell.
  • the process may include the step of placing a second sheet of encapsulant over the at least one photovoltaic cell (or the thin film substrate when present), and the step of placing the described backsheet over the second sheet of encapsulant material.
  • the process may include the step of laminating the photovoltaic device for a sufficient time and/or a sufficient temperature for sufficient bonding of the first sheet and/or the second sheet to the other materials.
  • the process may include the step of providing a transparent layer, and the step of placing a first sheet of encapsulant over at least a portion of the transparent layer.
  • the process may include the step of placing at least one photovoltaic cell over the first sheet of encapsulant material, and then optionally a thin film substrate.
  • the process may include the step of placing an integrated encapsulant and backsheet over the at least one photovoltaic cell (or the thin film substrate when present), where the integrated encapsulant and backsheet includes a second sheet of encapsulant and a backsheet pre-laminated or co-extruded to form an integrated layer such as to reduce a number of layers used during fabrication.
  • the process may include the step of laminating the photovoltaic device for a sufficient time and/or a sufficient temperature for sufficient bonding of the first sheet and/or the second sheet to the other materials.
  • the integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant is oriented such that the photovoltaic encapsulant layer is present on the forward-facing surface, or upper surface, of the backsheet. That is, the surface of the backsheet that faces the interior of the photovoltaic module, opposite of the surface that forms the exterior of the back of the photovoltaic module.
  • the backsheet is produced from one or more of the rigid thermoplastic polyurethane described herein and may be integrated with any conventional encapsulant, for example, EVA resins such as Elvax® commercially available from DuPontTM, and polyvinyl butyral polymers such as PV5200 and PV5300 encapsulant sheets also commercially available from DuPontTM.
  • the photovoltaic encapsulant includes one or more non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates, and may be integrated with any conventional backsheet.
  • the backsheet is produced from one or more of the rigid thermoplastic polyurethane described herein and the photovoltaic encapsulant includes one or more non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates.
  • the backsheet may be produced from one or more of the following materials: ethyl ene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), polyvinyl fluoride polymers (PVF), polyvinylidene fluoride polymers (PVDF), polyethylene terephthalate polymers (PET), ethylene propylene diene monomer -based polymers (EPDM), epoxy resins with dicyandiamide curing agents, polyimides, polyesters, hybrid epoxy polyesters, cyanate esters, acrylics, or combinations thereof.
  • EVA ethyl ene-vinyl acetate copolymers
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomers
  • TPU thermoplastic polyurethanes
  • PVF polyvinyl fluoride polymers
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride polymers
  • PET ethylene terephthalate polymers
  • EPDM ethylene propylene
  • PVF polyvinyl fluoride
  • Tedlar® films polyvinyl fluoride films
  • polyester films such as Mylar®, Melinex®, and Teijin® Tetoron® polyester films, all commercially available from DuPontTM.
  • the backsheet is substantially free of, or even completely free of, polyamides.
  • the photovoltaic modules of the invention include the following materials, layered and/or assembled in the following order: (a) the described backsheet; (b) an adhesive layer and/or backside pottant layer and/or first encapsulant layer; (c) a least one solar cell; (d) a transparent pottant layer and/or an adhesive layer and/or second encapsulant layer; and (e) a transparent superstrate layer, which may also be referred to as a frontsheet.
  • the photovoltaic modules of the invention include the following materials, layered and/or assembled in the following order: (a) the described backsheet; (b) a first encapsulant layer; (c) a least one solar cell; (d) a second encapsulant layer; and (e) a transparent superstrate layer.
  • the photovoltaic modules of the invention include the following materials, layered and/or assembled in the following order: (a) the described integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant; (b) a least one solar cell; (c) a second encapsulant layer; and (d) a transparent superstrate layer or frontsheet.
  • the invention also provides a method for producing the described photovoltaic module backsheet, wherein the method includes the step of: (i) extruding the rigid thermoplastic polyurethane to form the backsheet. Any of the rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes described herein may be used in these methods.
  • the invention also provides methods for producing the described integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant, wherein the method includes the steps of (i) laminating the photovoltaic encapsulant layer onto the forward-facing surface of the backsheet, or (ii) co-extruding the backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant resulting in an integrated photovoltaic module backsheet and photovoltaic encapsulant with photovoltaic encapsulant layer present on the forward-facing surface of the backsheet.
  • Any of the rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes and non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes described herein may be used in these methods.
  • Any of the backsheet materials and encapsulant materials described herein may be used in these methods.
  • the backsheets of the invention may be produced from at least one rigid thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
  • TPU rigid thermoplastic polyurethane
  • Such rigid TPU are made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and optionally one or more hydroxyl terminated intermediates.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention are made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender.
  • the rigid TPU may also be described as a high hardness TPU, that is having a Shore D hardness of about 80, 81 , 82, 83 or greater, and in some embodiments about 83.5 and or even about 85, as measured according to ASTM D- 2240.
  • the rigid and/or high hardness TPU may be made by reacting a polyisocyanate with a short chain diol (i.e., chain extender), and optionally less than about 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 weight percent of polyol (i.e., hydroxyl terminated intermediate).
  • a polyisocyanate i.e., chain extender
  • polyol i.e., hydroxyl terminated intermediate
  • the TPU is even substantially free of any polyol.
  • the TPU has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% weight hard segment, and in some embodiments even 100% hard segment.
  • Suitable chain extenders to make the TPU include relatively small polyhydroxy compounds, for example, lower aliphatic or short chain glycols having from 2 up to about 20 or in some cases from 2 up to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable examples include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1 ,4-butanediol (BDO), 1 ,6-hexanediol (HDO), 1 ,3-butanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, neopentylglycol, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), 2,2-bis[4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyljpropane (HEPP) and hydroxyethyl resorcinol (HER), and the like, as well as mixtures thereof.
  • BDO butylene glycol
  • HDO 1 ,6-hexanediol
  • CHDM 2,
  • the chain extenders are 1 ,4-butanediol and 1 ,6-hexanediol.
  • Other glycols, such as aromatic glycols could be used, but in some embodiments the TPUs of the invention are not made using such materials.
  • the chain extender used to prepare the TPU is substantially free of, or even completely free of, 1 ,6-hexanediol.
  • the chain extender used to prepare the TPU includes a cyclic chain extender. Suitable examples include CHDM, HEPP, HER, and combinations thereof.
  • the chain extender used to prepare the TPU includes an aromatic cyclic chain extender, for example, HEPP, HER, or a combination thereof.
  • the chain extender used to prepare the TPU includes an aliphatic cyclic chain extender, for example, CHDM.
  • the chain extender used to prepare the TPU is substantially free of, or even completely free of aromatic chain extenders, for example, aromatic cyclic chain extenders.
  • Suitable polyisocyanates to make the rigid TPU include aromatic diisocyanates such as 4,4 ' -methyl en ebis-(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), m-xylene diisocyanate (XDI), phenylene- l,4-diisocyanate, naphthalene- 1,5-diisocyanate, and toluene diisocyanate (TDI); as well as aliphatic diisocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 1 ,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate (CHDI), decane-1 , 10- diisocyanate, and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4 ' -diisocyanate (H12MDI).
  • aromatic diisocyanates such as 4,4 ' -methyl en ebis-(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), m-xylene diisocyanate (XD
  • the polyisocyanate is MDI and/or H12MDI.
  • the polyisocyanate may include MDI.
  • the polyisocyanate may include H12MDI.
  • Suitable polyols when present, include one or more hydroxyl terminated polyesters, one or more hydroxyl terminated polyethers, one or more hydroxyl terminated polycarbonates or mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable hydroxyl terminated polyester intermediates include linear polyesters having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 500 to about 10,000, from about 700 to about 5,000, or from about 700 to about 4,000, and generally have an acid number generally less than 1.3 or less than 0.8.
  • Mn number average molecular weight
  • the molecular weight is determined by assay of the terminal functional groups and is related to the number average molecular weight.
  • the polyester intermediates may be produced by (1) an esterification reaction of one or more glycols with one or more dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides or (2) by transesterification reaction, i.e., the reaction of one or more glycols with esters of dicarboxylic acids.
  • Suitable polyester intermediates also include various lactones such as polycaprolactone typically made from ⁇ -caprolactone and a bifunctional initiator such as diethylene glycol.
  • the dicarboxylic acids of the desired polyester can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, or combinations thereof.
  • Suitable dicarboxylic acids which may be used alone or in mixtures generally have a total of from 4 to 15 carbon atoms and include: succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, dodecanedioic, isophthalic, terephthalic, cyclohexane dicarboxylic, and the like.
  • Anhydrides of the above dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, or the like, can also be used.
  • Adipic acid is a preferred acid.
  • the glycols which are reacted to form a desirable polyester intermediate can be aliphatic, aromatic, or combinations thereof, including any of the glycol described above in the chain extender section, and have a total of from 2 to 20 or from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable examples include ethylene glycol, 1 ,2- propanediol, 1 ,3 -propanediol, 1 ,3-butanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, 1 ,6- hexanediol, 2,2-dimethyl- 1 ,3 -propanediol, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, decamethylene glycol, dodecamethylene glycol, and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates include polyether polyols derived from a diol or polyol having a total of from 2 to 15 carbon atoms, in some embodiments an alkyl diol or glycol which is reacted with an ether comprising an alkylene oxide having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, typically ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or mixtures thereof.
  • hydroxyl functional polyether can be produced by first reacting propylene glycol with propylene oxide followed by subsequent reaction with ethylene oxide. Primary hydroxyl groups resulting from ethylene oxide are more reactive than secondary hydroxyl groups and thus are preferred.
  • Useful commercial polyether polyols include poly( ethylene glycol) comprising ethylene oxide reacted with ethylene glycol, poly(propylene glycol) comprising propylene oxide reacted with propylene glycol, poly(tetramethylene glycol) comprising water reacted with tetrahydrofuran (PTMEG).
  • the polyether intermediate includes PTMEG.
  • Suitable polyether polyols also include polyamide adducts of an alkylene oxide and can include, for example, ethylenediamine adduct comprising the reaction product of ethylenediamine and propylene oxide, diethylenetriamine adduct comprising the reaction product of diethylenetriamine with propylene oxide, and similar polyamide type polyether polyols.
  • Copolyethers can also be utilized in the current invention.
  • Typical copolyethers include the reaction product of THF and ethylene oxide or THF and propylene oxide. These are available from BASF as Poly THF B, a block copolymer, and poly THF R, a random copolymer.
  • the various polyether intermediates generally have a number average molecular weight (Mn) as determined by assay of the terminal functional groups which is an average molecular weight greater than about 700, such as from about 700 to about 10,000, from about 1000 to about 5000, or from about 1000 to about 2500.
  • a particular desirable polyether intermediate is a blend of two or more different molecular weight polyethers, such as a blend of 2000 M n and 1000 M n PTMEG.
  • Suitable hydroxyl terminated polycarbonates include those prepared by reacting a glycol with a carbonate.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4, 131 ,731 is hereby incorporated by reference for its disclosure of hydroxyl terminated polycarbonates and their preparation.
  • Such polycarbonates are linear and have terminal hydroxyl groups with essential exclusion of other terminal groups.
  • the essential reactants are glycols and carbonates.
  • Suitable glycols are selected from cycloaliphatic and aliphatic diols containing 4 to 40, and or even 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and from polyoxyalkylene glycols containing 2 to 20 alkoxy groups per molecular with each alkoxy group containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Diols suitable for use in the present invention include aliphatic diols containing 4 to 12 carbon atoms such as butanediol-1 ,4, pentanediol-1 ,4, neopentyl glycol, hexanediol-1 ,6, 2,2,4- trimethylhexanediol-1 ,6, decanediol-1, 10, hydrogenated dilinoleylglycol, hydrogenated dioleylglycol; and cycloaliphatic diols such as cyclohexanediol-1,3, dimethylolcyclohexane-1 ,4, cyclohexanediol-1 ,4, dimethylolcyclohexane-1 ,3, 1 ,4- endomethylene-2-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl cyclohexane, and polyalkylene glycols.
  • aliphatic diols containing 4 to 12 carbon atoms such as butan
  • the diols used in the reaction may be a single diol or a mixture of diols depending on the properties desired in the finished product.
  • Polycarbonate intermediates which are hydroxyl terminated are generally those known to the art and in the literature. Suitable carbonates are selected from alkylene carbonates composed of a 5 to 7 member ring.
  • Suitable carbonates for use herein include ethylene carbonate, trim ethylene carbonate, tetram ethylene carbonate, 1 ,2- propylene carbonate, 1 ,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1 ,2-ethylene carbonate, 1 ,3-pentylene carbonate, 1 ,4-pentylene carbonate, 2,3-pentylene carbonate, and 2,4-pentylene carbonate.
  • suitable herein are dialkylcarbonates, cycloaliphatic carbonates, and diarylcarbonates.
  • the dialkylcarbonates can contain 2 to 5 carbon atoms in each alkyl group and specific examples thereof are diethylcarbonate and dipropylcarbonate.
  • Cycloaliphatic carbonates can contain 4 to 7 carbon atoms in each cyclic structure, and there can be one or two of such structures.
  • the other can be either alkyl or aryl.
  • the other can be alkyl or cycloaliphatic.
  • suitable diarylcarbonates which can contain 6 to 20 carbon atoms in each aryl group, are diphenylcarbonate, ditolylcarbonate, and dinaphthylcarbonate.
  • the rigid TPU is made by reacting the polyisocyanate shown above with the chain extender, without any polyol being present. If polyols are used, they should be used in small amounts of less than about 5 weight percent of the total TPU weight. If used, the polyols, also known as hydroxyl terminated intermediates, are used in very small amounts as stated above to increase processability and impact strength.
  • the polyols which can be used are any of the normal polyols used in making TPU polymers. These include hydroxyl terminated polyesters, hydroxyl terminated polyethers, hydroxyl terminated poly(ester-ether), and hydroxyl terminated polycarbonates.
  • the level of polyisocyanate, preferably diisocyanate, used is the equivalent weight of diisocyanate to the equivalent weight of hydroxyl containing components (i.e., hydroxyl terminated intermediate, if used, and the chain extender glycol).
  • the ratio of equivalent weight of polyisocyanate to hydroxyl containing components may be from about 0.95 to about 1.10, or from about 0.96 to about 1.02, or even from about 0.97 to about 1.005.
  • the reactants to make the rigid TPU may be reacted together in a "one shot" polymerization process wherein all of the components, including reactants are added together simultaneously or substantially simultaneously to a heated extruder and reacted to form the TPU polymer.
  • the reaction temperature utilizing urethane catalyst are generally from about 175°C to about 245°C, and in some embodiments from about 180°C to about 220°C.
  • the equivalent ratio of the diisocyanate to the total equivalents of the hydroxyl terminated intermediate and the diol chain extender is generally from about 0.95 to about 1.05, desirably from about 0.97 to about 1.03, or from about 0.98 to about 1.01.
  • TPU TPU
  • additives can be added to the TPU as is known in the art, such as stabilizers, impact modifiers, and various process aids, which are described in greater detail below.
  • Suitable rigid TPU are available commercially as Isoplast ® available from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
  • the rigid TPU suitable for use in the invention have one or more of the following properties: (i) a Vicat softening point, as measured by ISO306/A50, of at least 140°C; (ii) a partial discharge, as measured by IEC 60664-1 , of greater than 1000 volts; (iii) a Shore D hardness of at least 70. In some embodiments, the rigid TPU has all of these properties. In some embodiments, the rigid TPU has a Shore D hardness of at least 75, 80, or 81 , or at least 82, 83 or 83.5.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention includes a rigid aliphatic TPU composition prepared from: (a) one or more aliphatic polyisocyanates; and (b) one or more cyclic aliphatic diol chain extenders; and optionally (c) one or more cyclic aliphatic polyols.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention is substantially free of, or even completely free of, rigid aromatic TPU.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention includes a rigid aromatic TPU composition prepared from: (a) one or more aromatic polyisocyanates; and (b) one or more cyclic aliphatic and/or aromatic diol chain extenders; and optionally (c) one or more cyclic aliphatic and/or aromatic polyols.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention is substantially free of, or even completely free of, rigid aliphatic TPU.
  • the mole ratio of (a) isocyanate functional groups to (b) hydroxyl functional groups in the rigid TPU is between 0.95 : 1 to 1.07: 1 , or from 0.95 : 1 to 1.10: 1 , or from 0.96: 1 to 1.02: 1 , or from 0.97: 1 to 1.005 : 1.
  • These ratios may also be expressed as ranges, for example, a ratio of from 0.95 to 1.10 may also be expressed herein as a ratio of 0.95 : 1 to 1.10: 1.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention is prepared from: (a) one or more aromatic polyisocyanates that includes methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; and (b) one or more cyclic aliphatic diol chain extenders that includes 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM).
  • the mole ratio of (a) isocyanate functional groups to (b) hydroxyl functional groups in the rigid TPU, expressed as the mole ratio (a):(b) is between 0.95 : 1 to 1.07: 1 , or from 0.95 : 1 to 1.10: 1 , or from 0.96: 1 to 1.02: 1 , or from 0.97: 1 to 1.005 : 1.
  • These ratios may also be expressed as ranges, for example a ratio of from 0.95 to 1.10 may also be expressed herein as a ratio of 0.95 : 1 to 1.10: 1.
  • the rigid TPU is made from materials that are substantially free of, or even completely free of, cyclic polyols (where the polyol is a separate optional component from the chain extender). In some embodiments, the rigid TPU is made from materials that are substantially free of, or even completely free of, any polyols (where the polyol is separate optional component from the chain extender).
  • the weight ratio of (a), the one or more aromatic polyisocyanates, to (b), the one or more cyclic aliphatic and/or aromatic diol chain extenders, present in the reaction to produce the rigid TPU expressed as the weight ratio (a):(b) is from 1 : 1.5 to 1 :2 or from 1 : 1.7 to 1 : 1.8 or even above 1 : 1.75.
  • any of the rigid TPU described above may also include one or more additives. These additives may be present with the components that react to form the rigid TPU, or these additives may be added to the rigid TPU after it has been prepared. Suitable additives include pigments, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, antioxidants, lubricity agents, heat stabilizers, hydrolysis stabilizers, cross-linking activators, flame retardants, layered silicates, fillers, colorants, reinforcing agents, adhesion mediators, impact strength modifiers, antimicrobials, and of course any combination thereof.
  • Suitable pigments include white pigments such as titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, as well as black pigments such as carbon black.
  • the TPU includes at least one pigment.
  • the TPU is substantially free of, or even completely free of, any pigments.
  • Suitable impact strength modifiers include carbonyl modified polyolefins and acrylic impact modifiers, for example, PARALOIDTM EXL materials commercially available from Dow®. When present the impact modifier may make up from 1 to 20 percent by weight of the TPU, or from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 percent by weight of the TPU.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention may be blended with other materials, for example, with polyamides.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention is substantially free of, or even completely free of, polyamides.
  • substantially free of it is meant that the overall TPU composition, or even the backsheet made from the TPU, contains no more than 5 percent by weight polyamide materials, or even no more than 4, 3, 2, 1 , or 0.5 percent by weight polyamide materials.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention is a rigid aromatic TPU that is a rigid TPU containing aromatic groups in the backbone of the TPU.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention is a rigid aliphatic TPU that is a rigid TPU that does not contain any aromatic groups in the backbone of the TPU.
  • the rigid TPU of the invention is a rigid cyclic aliphatic TPU that is a rigid TPU that does not contain any aromatic groups in the backbone of the TPU but which does contain cyclic non-aromatic groups in the backbone of the TPU.
  • the encapsulant includes one or more non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU).
  • TPU thermoplastic polyurethanes
  • Such non-rigid TPU are made by reacting a polyisocyanate with at least one diol chain extender, and one or more hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates.
  • Suitable polyisocyanates for use in making the non-rigid TPU include any of those described above in the rigid TPU section.
  • Suitable diol chain extenders suitable for making the non-rigid TPU include any of those described above in the rigid TPU section.
  • Suitable hydroxyl terminated polyether intermediates include any of those described above in the rigid TPU section.
  • the non-rigid TPU includes a TPU made from (i) a diisocyanates that includes 4,4 ' -methyl enebis-(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), m-xylene diisocyanate (XDI), dicyclohexylmethane-4,4 ' -diisocyanate (H12MDI), or some combination thereof; (ii) a chain extender that includes ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,3- butanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, neopentylglycol, or some combination thereof; and (iii) a polyether polyols that includes poly( ethylene glycol) comprising ethylene oxide reacted with ethylene glycol, poly(prop
  • the encapsulant includes a non-rigid TPU made from (i) MDI, (ii) 1,4-butanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, or a combination thereof, and (iii) PTMEG.
  • the encapsulant includes a non-rigid TPU made from (i) H12MDI, (ii) 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,6- hexanediol, or a combination thereof, and (iii) PTMEG.
  • the non-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane of the photovoltaic encapsulant has one or more of the following properties: (i) a haze value, as measured by ASTM D1003 of less than 0.5 percent, or less than 0.4, 0.35, 0.3 percent, or from 0.0 or 0.01 up to 0.3; (ii) a transmission value, as measured by ASTM D1003 of at least 80 percent, or at least 85, or even 90 percent, or from 85 to 95 or 85 to 90 percent; (iii) a yellowness index, as measured by ASTM D 1925 , or less than 1 ; and (iv) a refractive index, as measured by ASTM D542-95, from 1.4 to 1.6, or from 1.45 to 1.55 , or of about 1.5.
  • a haze value as measured by ASTM D1003 of less than 0.5 percent, or less than 0.4, 0.35, 0.3 percent, or from 0.0 or 0.01 up to 0.3
  • a transmission value as measured by ASTM D100
  • the non-rigid TPU may be made by the same methods and processes described for the rigid TPU above, and in some embodiments may include one or more additional additives and/or be blended with one or more other polymeric materials.
  • Suitable additional additives include any of those described above.
  • Suitable polymeric materials include any of those described above, especially those described as alternative encapsulant materials.
  • a set of backsheet examples is prepared by extruding a rigid thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composition into a form, resulting in a TPU backsheet for a photovoltaic module.
  • TPU thermoplastic polyurethane
  • a set of photovoltaic modules is prepared using the backsheet examples of Example Set A.
  • the modules are assembled, by layering a transparent frontsheet (also referred to as a transparent superstrate), a front encapsulant layer (also referred to as the upper or first encapsulant layer), a photovoltaic metallization layer, a back encapsulant layer (also referred to as the lower or second encapsulant layer), and the specified backsheet.
  • modules are identified as Examples B-1 to B-12, with B-1 using the A-1 backsheet and B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, B-9, B-10, B-l l , and B-12 using backsheets A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7, A-8, A- 9, A-10, A-l l , and A-12 respectively.
  • FIG. 1 Another set of photovoltaic modules is prepared using the backsheet examples of Example Set A.
  • the modules are assembled, by layering a transparent frontsheet (also referred to as a transparent superstrate), a front encapsulant layer (also referred to as the upper or first encapsulant layer), a photovoltaic metallization layer, a thin film substrate (also referred to as a polymeric mat), a back encapsulant layer (also referred to as the lower or second encapsulant layer), and the specified backsheet.
  • These modules are identified as Examples B-101 to B- 1 12, with B-101 using the A-1 integrated encapsulant and backsheet and B-102 to B-1 12 each using the corresponding integrated encapsulant and backsheet from A-2 to A-12.
  • Example Set C Example Set C
  • a set of integrated encapsulant and backsheet examples is prepared by co-extruding an encapsulant with a backsheet material into a form, resulting in an integrated encapsulant and backsheet for a photovoltaic module.
  • the following table shows the encapsulant and backsheet materials used for each example.
  • H12MDI 1,6-hexanediol
  • PTMEG poly(tetramethylene glycol)
  • C-13 same as C-9's backsheet made via OSP from 4,4'-methylenebis- (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), HDO, PTMEG
  • a set of photovoltaic modules is prepared using the integrated encapsulant and backsheet examples of Example Set C.
  • the modules are assembled, by layering a transparent frontsheet (also referred to as a transparent superstrate), a front encapsulant layer (also referred to as the upper or first encapsulant layer), a photovoltaic metallization layer, and the specified integrated encapsulant and backsheet.
  • These modules are identified as Examples D-l to D-32, with D-l using the C-l integrated encapsulant and backsheet and D-2 to D-32 each using the corresponding integrated encapsulant and backsheet from C-2 to C-32.
  • FIG. 1 Another set of photovoltaic modules is prepared using the backsheet examples of Example Set C.
  • the modules are assembled, by layering a transparent frontsheet (also referred to as a transparent superstrate), a front encapsulant layer (also referred to as the upper or first encapsulant layer), a photovoltaic metallization layer, a thin film substrate (also referred to as a polymeric mat), and the specified integrated encapsulant and backsheet.
  • These modules are identified as Examples D-l 01 to D-132, with D-101 using the C-l integrated encapsulant and backsheet and D-102 to D-132 each using the corresponding integrated encapsulant and backsheet from C-2 to C-32.
  • each chemical component is presented exclusive of any solvent or diluent oil, which may be customarily present in the commercial material, unless otherwise indicated. It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention can be used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements. As used herein, the expression "consisting essentially of permits the inclusion of substances that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition under consideration.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des feuilles arrière de modules photovoltaïques obtenues à partir d'au moins un polyuréthane thermoplastique rigide obtenu par réaction d'au moins un polyisocyanate avec au moins un allongeur de chaîne diol, et facultativement un ou plusieurs intermédiaires à terminaison hydroxyle. L'invention concerne également une feuille arrière de module photovoltaïque intégrée et un agent d'encapsulation photovoltaïque, dans lequel une couche d'agent d'encapsulation photovoltaïque est présente sur la surface tournée vers l'avant de la feuille arrière. L'invention concerne également des modules photovoltaïques obtenus avec les feuilles arrière décrites et la feuille arrière intégrée et l'agent d'encapsulation photovoltaïque, ainsi que divers procédés et utilisations les concernant.
PCT/US2013/035215 2012-04-09 2013-04-04 Feuilles arrière de modules photovoltaïques et ensembles les comprenant WO2013154897A1 (fr)

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JP2014039066A (ja) * 2013-11-12 2014-02-27 Sumika Bayer Urethane Kk 封止材組成物およびそれを硬化させてなる太陽電池モジュール封止材ならびにそれを用いてなる太陽電池モジュールの製造方法
CN105399919A (zh) * 2015-11-12 2016-03-16 南通虹波工程装备有限公司 油砂管内衬用高性能聚氨酯弹性体材料及其制备方法
CN109321049A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2019-02-12 上海维凯光电新材料有限公司 用于太阳能背板的涂料组合物及其制备方法
CN110358375A (zh) * 2019-05-31 2019-10-22 宁波激智科技股份有限公司 一种耐刮擦的氟碳层涂布液及使用该涂布液的太阳能背板

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US4131731A (en) 1976-11-08 1978-12-26 Beatrice Foods Company Process for preparing polycarbonates
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US20080128018A1 (en) * 2006-12-04 2008-06-05 Richard Allen Hayes Solar cells which include the use of certain poly(vinyl butyral)/film bilayer encapsulant layers with a low blocking tendency and a simplified process to produce thereof
US20110315223A1 (en) * 2010-06-25 2011-12-29 Honeywell International Inc. Coating having improved hydrolytic resistance

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2014039066A (ja) * 2013-11-12 2014-02-27 Sumika Bayer Urethane Kk 封止材組成物およびそれを硬化させてなる太陽電池モジュール封止材ならびにそれを用いてなる太陽電池モジュールの製造方法
CN105399919A (zh) * 2015-11-12 2016-03-16 南通虹波工程装备有限公司 油砂管内衬用高性能聚氨酯弹性体材料及其制备方法
CN109321049A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2019-02-12 上海维凯光电新材料有限公司 用于太阳能背板的涂料组合物及其制备方法
CN110358375A (zh) * 2019-05-31 2019-10-22 宁波激智科技股份有限公司 一种耐刮擦的氟碳层涂布液及使用该涂布液的太阳能背板

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