Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
  • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
  • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
  • A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/661—Phosphorus acids or esters thereof not having P—C bonds, e.g. fosfosal, dichlorvos, malathion or mevinphos
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/683—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/683—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols
  • A61K31/685—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols one of the hydroxy compounds having nitrogen atoms, e.g. phosphatidylserine, lecithin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/28—Steroids, e.g. cholesterol, bile acids or glycyrrhetinic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0048—Eye, e.g. artificial tears
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents

Definitions

• the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a combination of lipid cake and a steroid solution to reduce the side effects of steroid and methods of their use in treating ophthalmic diseases.
• Macular edema produces loss of central vision and is a clinical manifestation of diabetic retinopathy. It is due to retinal microvascular changes, and the pathogenesis is not only related to VEGF dependency but also to other inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine levels that can be suppressed by corticosteroids.
• Sohn HJ et al Changes in aqueous concentrations of various cytokines after intravitreal triamcinolone versus bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. Oct 2011; 152(4):686-94.
• Intravitreal corticosteroid injection can be a treatment option for some cases of chronic macular edema not reacting to classic treatment such as laser photocoagulation, periocular and systemic steroids or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
• Intravitreal corticosteroid injection is also used to treat uveitis and to improve the visual acuity in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion or central retina vein occlusion.
• repetitive intravitreal injection is required to maintain the optimal and efficient corticosteroid concentration in the eye, and this is associated with complications such as infectious endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, traumatic cataract and increase intra-ocular pressure (IOP).
• IOP intra-ocular pressure
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination of a lipid cake mixture comprising a phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with or without cholesterol; and a steroid solution comprising an ocular steroid, a derivative thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a prodrug thereof; wherein the total amount of phospholipids is less than about 2.5umol per 50ul of said pharmaceutical composition and reduces the side effects of said ocular steroid, said derivative, said pharmaceutically acceptable salt or said prodrug relative to a composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids per 50ul of pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared by mixing the lipid cake with a steroid solution, wherein the steroid solution comprises an ocular steroid, a derivative thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a prodrug thereof.
• the present invention is also directed to methods of treating ophthalmic diseases in a subject in need thereof.
• the methods comprise the steps of: administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition described herein, whereby the symptoms in the subject are reduced.
• the present invention is particularly useful for treating ophthalmic diseases confined to the posterior segment of the eye by ocular delivery.
• liposome as used herein means vesicles comprised of concentrically ordered lipid bilayers encapsulating an aqueous phase, or small or large unilammellar vesicles.
• an "effective amount,” as used herein, refers to a dose of the pharmaceutical composition that is sufficient to reduce the symptoms and signs of ophthalmic disease, such as blurry, washed out vision.
• treating includes preventative (e.g. prophylactic), palliative, and curative uses or results.
• the term "subject” includes a vertebrate having ophthalmic diseases.
• the subject is a warm-blooded animal, including mammals, preferably humans.
• prodrug refers to a precursor compound that, following administration, releases the biologically active compound in vivo via some chemical or physiological process (e.g., a prodrug on reaching physiological pH or through enzyme action is converted to the biologically active compound).
• a prodrug itself may either lack or possess the desired biological activity.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of the ocular steroid of the present invention are salts of an acidic steroid formed with bases, namely base addition salts such as alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, as well as 4 ammonium salts, such as ammonium, trimethyl-ammonium, diethylammonium, and tris- (hydroxymethyl)-methyl-ammonium salts.
• bases namely base addition salts such as alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, as well as 4 ammonium salts, such as ammonium, trimethyl-ammonium, diethylammonium, and tris- (hydroxymethyl)-methyl-ammonium salts.
• acid addition salts such as of mineral acids, organic carboxylic and organic sulfonic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, methanesulfonic acid, maleic acid, are also possible provided to a basic ocular steroid.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination of a lipid cake mixture comprising a phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with or without cholesterol; and a steroid solution comprising an ocular steroid, a derivative thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a prodrug thereof in double-distilled water (ddH 2 0) or a suitable buffer, wherein the total amount of phospholipids in said composition is less than about 2.5umol per 50ul of pharmaceutical composition and reduces the side effects of said steroid, said derivative, said pharmaceutically acceptable salt or said prodrug relative to a composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids per 50ul of pharmaceutical composition.
• Another aspect of the present invention is directed to methods of treating ophthalmic diseases, comprises the administration of an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition describe herein to a subject in need thereof, whereby the symptoms and signs of the ophthalmic diseases in the subject are reduced.
• the lipid cake in the present invention refers to a solid lipid mixture in a cake, film or powder.
• the phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with or without cholesterol are pre-formed into liposomes before further processing into a lipid cake.
• the phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with or without cholesterol are not pre-formed into liposomes before further processing into a lipid cake
• the liposomes are nano-sized and comprise a particle-forming component and an agent- carrying component.
• the particle-forming component forms an enclosed lipid barrier.
• the lipid cake can be prepared from a variety of lipids capable of either forming or being incorporated into a unilayer or bilayer structure.
• the lipids used in the present invention include one or more phospholipids, with or without cholesterol.
• Examples of the phospholipid used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol (PI), egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), egg phosphatidylglycerol (EPG), egg phosphatidylethanolamine (EPE), egg phosphatidylserine (EPS), egg phosphatidic acid (EPA), egg phosphatidylinositol (EPI), soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), soy phosphatidylglyce
• the lipid cake mixture comprises of DOPC, DOPG and cholesterol at a molar ratio of 29.5% to 90%:3% to 37.5%: 10 % to 33%. In another embodiment, the lipid cake mixture comprises of about 15% to less than about 30% molar ratio of cholesterol. In another embodiment, the lipid cake mixture comprises about 18 to about 28% molar ratio of cholesterol. In yet another embodiment, the lipid cake mixture comprises about 20 to about 25 % molar ratio of cholesterol.
• the particle-forming component is free of fatty acid or cationic lipid (i.e. a lipid carrying a net positive charge a physiological pH).
• the particle-forming component includes a hydrophilic polymer with a long chain of highly hydrated flexible neutral polymer attached to a phospholipid molecule.
• the hydrophilic polymer is believed to stabilize the liposome and result in a longer circulation time in vivo.
• hydrophilic polymer examples include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a molecular weight about 2,000 to about 5,000 daltons, methoxy PEG (mPEG), ganglioside GMi, polysialic acid, polylactic (also termed polylactide), polyglycolic acid (also termed polyglycolide), apolylacticpolyglycolic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethoxazoline, polyethyloxazoline, polyhydroxyethyloxazoline, polyhydroxypropyloxazoline, polyaspartamide, polyhydroxypropyl methacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polydimethylacrylamide, polyvinylmethylether, polyhydroxyethyl acrylate, derivatized celluloses such as hydroxymethylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose and synthetic polymers.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• mPEG methoxy PEG
• the particle-forming component may further comprise a lipid-conjugate of an antibody or a peptide that acts as a targeting moiety to enable the liposome to specifically bind to a target cell bearing a target molecule.
• target molecules include, but are not limited to, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and erbB-2/neu (HER2).
• the liposomes prepared in this invention can be generated by conventional techniques used to prepare vesicles. These techniques include the ether injection method (Deamer et al., Acad. Sci. (1978) 308: 250), the surfactant method (Brunner et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 455: 322), the freeze-thaw method (Pick et al, Arch. Biochim. Biophys. (1981) 212: 186), the reverse-phase evaporation method (Szoka et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta.
• the preformed liposomes are placed aseptically into a container and then lyophilized to form a powder or a cake. Because the lipid cake mixture comprising pre-formed liposomes in the present invention are lyophilized, at least one cryoprotectant is required for the preparation of the lipid cake.
• the lipid cake mixture further comprises one or more buffers.
• the cryoprotectants include, but are not limited to, mannitol, glycerol, dextrose, sucrose, and/or trehalose.
• One preferred cryoprotectant is mannitol.
• the buffers include, but are not limited to, sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous.
• the lipid cake comprises lipids that are not pre-formed into liposomes
• the lipid cake can be prepared by dissolving in a suitable organic solvent, including, but not limited to, ethanol, methanol, t-butyl alcohol, ether and chloroform, and can be dried by heating, vacuum evaporation, nitrogen evaporation, lyophilization, or other conventional means of solvent removal.
• a suitable organic solvent including, but not limited to, ethanol, methanol, t-butyl alcohol, ether and chloroform
• the steroid solution in the present invention comprises of an ocular steroid, a derivative thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a prodrug thereof.
• the ocular steroid useful in the present invention includes any naturally occurring steroid hormones, synthetic steroids and their derivatives.
• examples of the ocular steroid include, but are not limited to, cortisone, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, tixocortol pivalate, fluocinolone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone, mometasone, amcinonide, budesonide, desonide, fluocinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, halcinonide, betamethasone, betamethasone sodium phosphate, dexamethasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP), fluocortolone, hydrocortisone- 17-butyrate, hydrocortisone- 17-valerate, aclometasone dipropionate, betamethasone vale
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the ocular steroid include non-toxic salts formed from non-toxic inorganic or organic bases.
• non-toxic salts can be formed with inorganic bases such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, e.g., potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium; and with organic bases such as an amine and the like.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the ocular steroid also include non-toxic salts formed from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
• organic and inorganic acids are, for example, hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, succinic, citric, lactic, maleic, fumaric, palmitic, cholic, pamoic, mucic, D-glutamic, glutaric, glycolic, phthalic, tartaric, lauric, stearic, salicylic, sorbic, benzoic acids and the like.
• the steroid solution of the preset invention can be prepared either in ddH 2 0 or a suitable buffer.
• the Pharmaceutical Composition
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is suitable for ocular delivery of a steroid and comprises a combination of a lipid cake mixture comprising a phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with or without cholesterol; and a steroid solution comprising an ocular steroid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein the total amount of phospholipids is about 0.1 wmol to about less than about 2.5 «mol per 50ul of pharmaceutical composition and wherein the side effects of said composition is reduced relative to the side effects of a pharmaceutical composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids per 50ul of pharmaceutical composition.
• the total amount of phospholipids is about 0.5 umol to less than about 2.0 umol per 50ul of pharmaceutical composition. In another embodiment, the total amount of phospholipids is about 1 umol to less than about 1.5 umol per 50ul of pharmaceutical composition
• the pharmaceutical composition further comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, vehicle, carrier, medium for the active ingredient, a preservative, cryoprotectant or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared by mixing one or more phospholipids, with or without cholesterol, and one or more buffers to form liposomes, lyophilizing the liposomes with one or more cryoprotectants to form a lipid cake in a powder form.
• the powdered lipid cake is reconstituted with the steroid solution to form an aqueous suspension.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared by mixing one or more phospholipids, with or without cholesterol, in a solvent then removing the solvent to form a lipid cake.
• the lipid cake is reconstituted with the steroid solution to form an aqueous suspension
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.6 to about 0.7mg of dexamethasone. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.19 to about 0.59mg of fluocinolone acetonide. In yet another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 4mg of triamcinolone acetonide.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises about 10% to about 50% of lipid-associated DSP or about 50% to about 90% of non-associated DSP.
• Non-associated DSP is easily cleared in the vitreous humor with a half-life of about 3.5 hours while the lipid-associated DSP is not readily cleared in the vitreous humor and can be retained in vitreous humor for several months depending on the pharmaceutical compositions.
• compositions of the invention may be used to treat a patient suffering from ophthalmic diseases.
• the ophthalmic disease is confined to the posterior segment of the eye.
• the ophthalmic disease is any one of the following: macular edema, uveitis, branch retinal vein occlusion or central retina vein occlusion, and age-related macular degeneration.
• Another aspect of this invention is a method of treating ophthalmic diseases in a subject, which comprises the administration an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition as described herein to a subject in need thereof, whereby the symptoms and signs of the ophthalmic diseases in the subject are reduced.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be constituted into any form suitable for the mode of administration selected.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for ocular administration.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for intravitreal administration.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for topical administration.
• the dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be determined by the skilled person in the art according to the embodiments. Unit doses or multiple dose forms are contemplated, each offering advantages in certain clinical settings. According to the present invention, the actual amount of the pharmaceutical composition to be administered can vary in accordance with the age, weight, condition of the subject to be treated, and depends on the discretion of medical professionals.
• the lipid cake was prepared by the ethanol injection method.
• the lipids including DOPC, DOPG (both are commercially available from NOF Corporation, Japan and Lipoid LLC, USA) and cholesterol (commercially available from ⁇ , France), were combined at a molar ratio of 67.5:7.5:25 and dissolved in 99.9% ethanol at about 40°C in a flask.
• a tabletop ultrasonic bath was used for lipid dissolution.
• the dissolved lipid solution was added to sodium phosphate solution at lOOmL/min by a peristaltic pump and the two solutions were mixed. The lipid mixture was then passed 6-10 times through a polycarbonate membrane with a pore size of 0.2wm. Liposomes (or large unilamellar vesicles) were formed and the average vesicle diameter was about 120-140 nm (measured by Malvern ZetaSizer Nano ZS-90).
• the liposome mixture was dialyzed and concentrated by a tangential flow filtration system with Millipore Pellicon 2 Mini Ultrafiltration Module Biomax-lOOC (0.1m 2 ), and mannitol was added to obtain a final mannitol concentration of 20mg/mL.
• the liposome mixture was then sterilized using a 0.2 u sterile filter and the sterilized liposome mixture was filled aseptically into vials and then lyophilized to form lipid cake.
• the main compositions of the lipid cake is summarized in Table 1.
• the pharmaceutical composition was prepared by reconstituting the lyophilized lipid cake in Example 1 with a DSP solution to form multilammellar vesicles.
• Example 1 For 50ul of pharmaceutical composition with 0.6mg of DSP and 5 wnol phospholipids, one vial of lyophilized lipid cake in Example 1 was reconstituted with a 0.3 ml of DSP solution wherein the concentration of DSP is 13.2 mg/ml.
• Example 3 In Vivo Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Composition in Reducing the Ocular Side Effects of Steroid
• Group 1 5 rabbits each received 50ul of the pharmaceutical composition comprising preformed liposomes and 0.05 mg of DSP, wherein total phospholipid of the pharmaceutical composition was about 5umol.
• Group 2 5 rabbits each received 50ul of the pharmaceutical composition comprising preformed liposomes and 0.2 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP), wherein total phospholipid of the pharmaceutical composition was about 5umol.
• DSP dexamethasone sodium phosphate
• Group 3 5 rabbits each received 50ul of the pharmaceutical composition comprising preformed liposomes and 0.6 mg of DSP, wherein total phospholipid of the pharmaceutical composition was about 5umol.
• Group 4 5 rabbits were initially assigned to this group but 1 rabbit died under anesthesia prior to the intravitreal injection. Hence, 4 rabbits each received 50ul of the pharmaceutical composition comprising pre-formed liposomes and 0.6 mg of DSP, wherein total phospholipid of the pharmaceutical composition was about 2.5umol.
• Group 5 5 rabbits were initially assigned to this group but 1 rabbit died under anesthesia prior to the intravitreal injection. Hence, 4 rabbits each received 50ul of the pharmaceutical composition comprising pre-formed liposomes and 0.6 mg of DSP, wherein total phospholipid of the pharmaceutical composition was about 1.25umol.
• the pharmaceutical composition was administered to the rabbit by intravitreal injection.
• the dose of DSP and the total amount of phospholipid administered to each eye, the number of eyes injected, the DSP strength and the phospholipid concentration of the pharmaceutical composition, and the volume of the pharmaceutical composition administered to each eye are summarized in Table 2. Table 2.
• Ocular adverse signs such as moderate cornea edema, corneal opacity, softened cornea (defined as the loss of corneal resilience using the tonometer on the cornea), and conjunctiva hyperemia.
• the eyes of the rabbits were examined on the following days: 0,4,7,1 1,14,21,25,28,32,35,39,42 radical46,49,53,56,60,63,67,70, 74,77, 82,85,89,92,96,99,103,106,110,113,117,120,124,127,131,134,138,141,145,148, 152, 155,159,162, 166,169,173,176 and 180.
• IOP Raised Intraocular pressure
• the IOP was measured by Reichert Tono-Pen ® XL Tonometer (Reichert, Inc. 3362 Walden Avenue, Depew, NY 14034 USA) before intravitreal administration of the pharmaceutical composition and on the following days after the intravitreal administration: 0, 4, 7, 1 1, 14, 18, 21 ,25, 28, 32, 35, 39, 42, 46, 49, 53, 56, 60, 63, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 85, 89, 92, 96, 99, 103, 106, 1 10, 1 13, 1 17, 120, 124, 127, 131, 134, 138, 141, 145, 148, 152, 155, 159, 162, 166, 169, 173, 176 and 180. Mice were determined to have raised IOP if the IOP was more than 15mmHg.
• the vitreous clarity was given a score of 0-4 (0 indicates a clear view of the retinal vessels; 1 indicates the retinal vessels are easily visualized through the pharmaceutical composition; 2 indicates a hazy view of the retinal vessels wherein vessels cannot be easily identified; 3 indicates a more hazy view wherein only a few retinal vessels can be identified; and 4 indicates vitreal haziness caused by the pharmaceutical composition).
• the distribution of the pharmaceutical composition in the vitreous humor was evaluated using an ophthalmoscope.
• a fundus score was given between 0 (fundus visualized and was not covered by the pharmaceutical composition), 1 (one sixth of the fundus was covered by the pharmaceutical composition), 2 (one third of the fundus was covered by the pharmaceutical composition), 3 (one half of the fundus was covered by the pharmaceutical composition), 4 (two third of the fundus was covered by the pharmaceutical composition), 5 (five sixth of the fundus was covered by the pharmaceutical composition) to 6 (fundus was not visualized and fully covered by the pharmaceutical composition).
• the pharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5umol of phospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) are better distributed in the vitreous humor, due to a more rapid clearance in the vitreous humor relative to the pharmaceutical composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids (Group 3).
• rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5umol of phospholipid displayed less corneal opacity relative to the rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids Group 3).
• the incidence of softened cornea was over 50% in Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 rabbits, whereas the incidence of softened cornea was less than 50% in Group 4 and Group 5 rabbits.
• rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5umol of phospholipid displayed less softened cornea relative to the rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids (Group 3).
• Raised IOP is a well known side effect of ocular steroid injection.
• the signs of raised IOP were detected in 60% of Group 1 rabbits, 80% of Group 2 rabbits and 40% of Group 3 rabbits, whereas raised IOP was not detected in Group 4 rabbits and was detected in 37.5% of Group 5 rabbits.
• rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5umol of total phospholipid displayed less raised IOP relative to the rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids (Group 3).
• the pharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5umol of phospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) are better distributed in the rabbit's vitreous humor relative to the pharmaceutical composition having at least about 5umol of phospholipids (Group 3).

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