WO2013114282A2 - Reducción de polisacáridos no almidones y alfa-galactósidos en harina de soya mediante fermentación en estado sólido usando bacterias celulolíticas aisladas de distintos ambientes. - Google Patents
Reducción de polisacáridos no almidones y alfa-galactósidos en harina de soya mediante fermentación en estado sólido usando bacterias celulolíticas aisladas de distintos ambientes. Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23L11/00—Pulses, i.e. fruits of leguminous plants, for production of food; Products from legumes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L11/05—Mashed or comminuted pulses or legumes; Products made therefrom
- A23L11/07—Soya beans, e.g. oil-extracted soya bean flakes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23L11/00—Pulses, i.e. fruits of leguminous plants, for production of food; Products from legumes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L11/50—Fermented pulses or legumes; Fermentation of pulses or legumes based on the addition of microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
- A61K36/48—Fabaceae or Leguminosae (Pea or Legume family); Caesalpiniaceae; Mimosaceae; Papilionaceae
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/10—Preparation or pretreatment of starting material
- A61K2236/19—Preparation or pretreatment of starting material involving fermentation using yeast, bacteria or both; enzymatic treatment
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
- C12R2001/465—Streptomyces
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the food industry, in particular, the animal feed industry and more particularly to the fish food industry, especially salmon. It is also related to solid state fermentation processes using lyric cell bacteria.
- soy flour a byproduct of soybean oil production
- soy flour has important advantages due to its low cost ( ⁇ 400 USD / Ton), adequate protein content close to 48% and a balanced amino acid profile (International Monetary Fund)
- International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund
- its inclusion in the diets for salmon does not exceed 25% (fishmeal replacement), because larger proportions of this input produce morphological alterations of the intestine that result in a reduction of fish production parameters / salmonids (growth).
- ANFs anti-nutritional factors
- Soy flour ANFs include some carbohydrates, such as alpha-galactosides and non-starchy polysaccharides (NSPs) (Choct, M .; rsjant-Li Y .; McLeish, J .; Peisker, M. 2010, I am Oligosaccharides and Soluble Non -starch Polysaccharides: A Review of Digestion, Nutritive and Anti-nutritive Effects in Pigs and Poultry. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 23, 1386-1398; Francis, G .; Makkar, H .; Becker, K. 2001, Antinutritional factors present in plant- derived altérnate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish.
- NSPs non-starchy polysaccharides
- NSPs This term (NSPs) groups three different types of polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins (Huisman, MMH; Schols, HA; Voragen, AGJ 1998, Cell wall polysaccharides from soybean (Glycine max.) Meal. Isolation and characterization.
- Carbohydrate Polymers 37, 87-95; Karr-Lilienthal, LK; Kadzere, CT; Grieshop, CM; Fahey, GC 2005, Chemical and nutritional properties of soybean carbohydrates as related to nonruminants: A review. Livestock Production Science, 97, 1-12 ; Knudsen, KEB 1997, Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 67, 319-338).
- NSPs alter the digestion of nutrients because the lack of digestive enzymes and the soluble part of NSPs creates a viscous condition in the small intestine, altering the activity of digestive enzymes.
- Alpha-galactosides decrease body weight, average daily weight gain and food conversion rate (Choct, M .; rsjant-Li Y .; McLeish, J .; Peisker, M.
- Biotechnological methods such as fermentation with bacteria, yeasts or fungi in solid state have also been proposed for lignocellulosic biodegradation of agricultural by-products, such as soybean meal (Graminha, EBN; Gongalves, AZL; Pirate, RDPB; Balsalobre, MAA; Da Silva, R.; Gomes, E. 2008, Enzyme production by solid-state fermentation: Application to animal nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144, 1-22).
- the fermentation of soybean meal is a process that allows reducing or degrading different national antinutrition factors, generating an input whose use in animal production (such as salmon, poultry and pigs) could offer important benefits over unfermented soybean meal. This situation would be especially attractive when considering the possibility of degrading thermostable ANFs.
- different microorganisms and types of fermentations have been proposed for the reduction of anti-nutritional factors. For example, fermentations with Debaryomyces hansenii or Lactobacillus brevis where the degradation of alpha-galactosides (GOSs) has been evaluated (Refstie, S. Sahlstrom; S., Brathen, E .; Baeverfjord, G.; Krogedal, P.
- Soy bean fermentation for human feeding purposes is an ancient procedure in Asian cultures such as China, Japan, Thailand and India, among others. Fermentation can be carried out directly on ground soybeans or their derivatives such as soybean meal or soy milk and tofu, a rennet of soy milk. Fermentation of soybean curd ⁇ tofu) is produced by a solid state fermentation with some fungal strains such as Actinomuco sp, Mucorwutungkino sp, Mhimelis sp, and Rhizopuz sp. There are commercial strains that correspond to Actinomuco.
- Rhizopus oligosporus strains are more suitable because they grow better at temperatures of 40 ° C.
- a fermented soybean is also produced with Aspergillus and Mucor strains or with bacterial strains, known as douchi or touchi.
- this product is known as natto, there are 3 different products: Otohiki-natto that is made based on an inoculum of Bacillus natto that is a variant of Bacillus subtilis, in these cases, fermentation is carried out at temperatures between 40-45 ° C.
- yuki-wari which corresponds to a mixture of the previous one with rice, inoculated with koji.
- Koji means a "mushroom fluff" and generally corresponds to the growth on the grain of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae, in a fermentation for 20 days at 25 ° C to 35 ° C.
- the third product is known as the hama-natto that corresponds to a mixture of soybeans with rice, wheat and barley inoculated with koji, and then a pressure aging of one year is carried out.
- miso The fermentation of soybeans in Asia, is known as miso.
- the process also contains a mixture of soy beans soaked in water and then boiled.
- This soybean paste is mixed with koji and with other fungal and bacterial strains such as: Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Torulopsis, Pediococcus, Halophilus and Streptococcus faecalis.
- This paste is known as green miso and corresponds to anaerobic fermentation at temperatures from 25 ° C to 30 ° C, and going through an aging period that varies from one week in the case of the "white miso" to months or a year.
- This product is frequently used in soup preparation.
- Another very important Asian fermented soy product is soy sauce.
- soy sauce recognized in Japan and two production processes are described that vary in the type of fermentation, one with an aerobic fermentation and another with anaerobic fermentation.
- the most classic process is aerobic, which starts from soybean meal without oil. This is soaked and dried, cooked at 130 ° C for 45 minutes and mixed with roasted barley flour. This mixture is subsequently inoculated with koji, a brine is added and allowed to ferment for a few days. Subsequently there is an aging in controlled conditions of salt and temperature, the latter being from 35 ° C to 40 ° C for a period of 2 to 4 months.
- These widely known processes do not relate to either the process or the product of the present invention, which uses a specific combination of four cellulolytic bacteria to carry out a solid-state fermentation of soybean meal to decrease anti-nutritional factors.
- WO 2009065722 presents a method for fermenting a substrate containing a soy protein.
- the method comprises the steps of providing a sterile aqueous liquid containing 0.5 to 8% by weight of dissolved soy protein, 0 to 0.2% by weight of milk protein and less than 24% by weight of solids; inoculate the liquid with a culture comprising bacteria from the group of selected lactic or lactic acid bacteria consisting of Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Mesophatic Lactobacillus (with optimum temperature less than 35 ° C) and combinations thereof; ferment the inoculated liquid by incubating it at 20 ° C to 40 ° C for 0.5 to 11 hours; where during fermentation the following changes in concentrations occur: the concentration of diacetyl increases at least 0.2 ppm and / or the concentration of acetaldehyde increases at least 0.1 ppm; the concentration of at least one C5-C9 n-alkaline decreases at least 30% and / or the concentration of trans
- WO 2005032568 describes a soy product fermented by lactic acid fermentation that has a strong immunopotentiating effect and a favorable taste, and a process for producing it.
- the product is made by fermenting soy or a processed soy product through a co-culture of acid lactic acid bacteria with a yeast.
- the acid lactic bacterium is at least Enterococcus faecalis, optionally combined with another coccus, bacilli or bifidobacteria.
- the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae and / or Saccharomyces rosei.
- Fermented soybeans are produced by fermenting soy milk using the microorganisms mentioned, to deliver a fermented liquid product that is then neutralized with a calcium compound and then dried to result in a fermented powder product.
- the document does not relate to the fermentation of soy flour for the reduction of anti-nutritional factors using lyric cell bacteria.
- WO 2002085131 presents a method for producing a tasty product from a protein source using a combination of two different strains of bacteria.
- the protein source may be soy, wheat or rice, but milk or whey is preferable.
- the first strain is selected from Macrococcus, Micrococcus, Entercoccus, Staphylococcus, Brevibacterium, Anthrobacter and Corynebacterium, preferably Macrococcus caseolyticus.
- the second strain is selected from Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus or Leuconostoc.
- the protein source is fermented with the bacteria at a pH above the isoelectric point of the protein, preferably at a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.
- the document does not relate to the fermentation of soy flour for the reduction of anti-nutritional factors using cellulolytic bacteria.
- Document CN102210412 describes a food to improve the rate of Tilapia mossambica meat and a method to prepare it.
- the food mainly contains fermented raps meal and fermented soybean meal and is effectively absorbed during digestion. Both fermented flours are purchased commercially so details of the fermentation process used are not included.
- the aforementioned document does not disclose a way of carrying out fermentation, since the fermented flours used are commercially acquired.
- Dongguan Yinhua Biotechnology Co Ltd, Dongguan, China also markets fermented soybean meal.
- the process he uses to treat soy flour is also not completely clear, but in his patent application CN101161810 he reports that he ferments soybeans and other seeds using yeasts.
- the use of cellulolytic bacteria for the preparation of this company's products is not mentioned.
- the process of the invention does not use commercial or industrial enzymes, it uses selected bacteria that contribute their enzymes during growth on soybean meal.
- a solid fermentation process of soybean meal has been developed with the use of 4 selected native microorganisms (see Figure 1) that reduces the presence of alpha-galactosides by 90% and by about 20% non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs ) which are the largest thermostable ANFs in soybeans. Together the fermentation allows to increase the protein proportion by around 13.5%. This allows to project higher levels of inclusion of fermented soybean meal projecting a reduction in the costs of the formulation of food for aquaculture species. Soy flour reduced in anti-nutritional factors through solid-state fermentation using native cellulolytic bacteria allows for a nutritionally and functionally excellent and inexpensive food.
- An additional character is that the bacteria added in the bioprocess deliver components that remain in the input and can act as an immunostimulant, giving the developed input a functional character.
- Figure 1 Panel A presents photographs of the visualization of the selected strains under an electron microscope and panel B presents the cellulolytic activity measured with the Congo red technique in the selected strains, to: CR18 Streptomyces; b: S7 Cohnella; c: T5 Cellulosimicwbium; d: L39 Streptomyces.
- Figure 2 Strain richness obtained by analyzing the 16-23S rDNA intergenic spacer. The genetic distance presented was calculated using the DICE coefficient using the ITS profiles obtained. The dendograms were developed using GelCompar II software with a tolerance of 2%.
- C Corn silo.
- D Termite (Neotermes chilensis).
- E Decaying leaves.
- F Bovine rumen content.
- Figure 3 Comparison between the inoculated group (with selected bacteria) and the non-inoculated group in the content of A: stachyose, B: raffinose, C: non-starchy polysaccharides (NSPs) and D: pro teine.
- A stachyose
- B raffinose
- C non-starchy polysaccharides
- D pro teine.
- Figure 4 A: Chromatograms of stachyose and raffinose standards, B: chromatogram of unfermented soybean meal and C: chromatogram of fermented soybean meal. *: stachy; **: raffinose.
- Figure 5 Bar graph of the comparison in the amount of 19 amino acids (g in 100 g of soybean meal (MS)) between soybean meal and fermented soybean meal.
- Figure 6 Scanning electron microscopy showing the bacteria selected during fermentation.
- microorganisms for the solid state fermentation process of soy flour of the present invention are selected based on the approach that in natural environments, the degradation of complex polysaccharides occurs thanks to the concurrence of a mixture of microorganisms.
- each microorganism is directed towards its enzymatic specialization, seeking to obtain simple sugars for its metabolism.
- the additional inclusion of a fast-growing strain in soybean NSPs helps to consume the products of enzymatic reactions to prevent possible product inhibitions. This is an important advantage when compared to processes based on a single microorganism.
- NSPs have a more complex structure than alpha-galactosides, because they are a mixture of polymers: cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins.
- cellulose is a homogeneous polysaccharide composed of D-glucose subunits linked by beta (l-4) glycosidic bonds, which is degraded by cellulase systems that specifically hydrolyze these bonds (Pérez, J .; Mu ⁇ oz-Dorado, J. ; de la Rubia, T .; Mart ⁇ nez, J. 2002, Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin: an overview. International Microbiology, 5, 53-63). Because cellulose corresponds to 30% w / w of the NSPs in soybean meal (Knudsen, KEB 1997, Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 67, 319-338) , this homopolymer was the first target considered to degrade NSPs using a solid state fermentation process.
- hemicelluloses and pectins are heterogeneous polysaccharides, which require several different hydrolase enzymes for degradation. Therefore, it is considered that endo-1, 4- beta-xylanase, which hydrolyzes the xylose skeleton present in hemicellulose is a complementary activity useful in the degradation of NSPs.
- endo-1, 4- beta-xylanase which hydrolyzes the xylose skeleton present in hemicellulose is a complementary activity useful in the degradation of NSPs.
- Alpha-galactosides are oligosaccharides consisting mainly of one or two linked 1,6-alpha galactose units, linked by 1,3-alpha bonds to a sucrose terminal (Karr-Lilienthal, LK; Kadzere, CT; Grieshop, CM ; Fahey, GC 2005, Chemical and nutritional properties of soybean carbohydrates as related to nonruminants: A review. Livestock Production Science, 97, 1-12).
- the hydrolysis of the sucrose disaccharide occurs in the digestive tract of animals by the action of the enzyme sucrose. Therefore, the reduction of alpha-galactosides is focused on the hydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-galactose bonds by alpha-galactosidase.
- a solid state soybean fermentation process was designed where bacteria having cellulase, beta-xylanase and alpha-galactosidase activities are used, in order to degrade sequentially, and in a controlled and controlled manner.
- rational anti-nutritional factors present in soybean meal that cause disease and decrease of growth in fish.
- the combination of the enzymatic activities of the selected bacteria, together with a bacterium that has a high growth in NSPs extracted from soybeans, which helps to consume the products of enzymatic reactions to prevent possible product inhibitions, provides a fermentation process in solid state of soybean meal that generates a product with a reduction of about 90% of the presence of alpha-galactosides and a reduction of about 20% of NSPs, since in the first place the simplest sugars are degraded and then the most complex and additionally, due to other enzymatic activities of the selected bacteria, a protein digestion occurs, which generates a varied range of peptides that contain a balanced amino acid profile, suitable for feeding animals, especially fish, particularly salmon .
- the selected strains were deposited with the United States Agricultural Research Service (ARS), on November 25, 2011, where they received the following access numbers: NRRL B-50604 strain of the genus Cohnella sp, NRRL B-50603 strain of the genus Cellulosimicrobium sp, NRRL B-50602 strains of the genus Streptomyces sp, and NRRL B-50601 strains of the genus Streptomyces sp.
- ARS United States Agricultural Research Service
- the NRRL B-50604 strain of the genus Cohnella sp is Gram positive, fusiform and has high total cellulolytic activity and high alpha-galactosidase activity.
- the NRRL B-50602 strain of the genus Streptomyces sp is Gram positive, has a cocobacillus form and has high total cellulolytic activity and high alpha-galactosidase activity.
- the NRRL B-50603 strain of the genus Cellulosimicrobium sp is Gram positive, coconut-shaped and has high endo-1, 4- beta-xylanase activity.
- the NRRL B-50601 strain of the genus Streptomyces sp It is Gram positive, it has a mycelium shape and has a rapid growth on NSPs extracted from soybeans.
- strains studied and selected are native and their molecular characters make them traceable and distinguishable from other strains of collection, which ensures their novelty, especially in the combined use of the four strains for a process of fermentation of soybean meal for the decrease of anti-nutritional factors
- the solid state fermentation process of the present invention comprises the steps of: a) preparation of the fermentation substrate; b) substrate inoculation with the selected bacterial strains; and c) incubation. In a particular embodiment the process further comprises the step of d) drying the product.
- the soy flour required for this process should ideally have a particle size between 200 and 600 ⁇ .
- the particle size of soybean meal is 400 ⁇ .
- Stage a) preparation of the fermentation substrate consists of mixing the soy flour with water and then with the fermentation solution.
- the stage of preparation of the substrate begins with the conditioning of soybean meal in a closed container or chamber, where water and a fermentation solution comprising different minerals and salts that favor the fermentation process are incorporated.
- the fermentation solution for preparing 10 kilos of soy flour / water contains: 5 g of MgSC, 1.22 g of CaCl, 13.6 g of NH 4 CI, 2,233 g of KC1, 10 mg of FeSC pentahydr bound, 10 mg of MnCl tetrahydrate, 10 mg of ZnSC> 4 pentahydrate, 1.2 ml of H 3 PO 4 and 21.13 g of Na 2 HP0 4 .
- Water is added in a proportion of water / soy flour between 2: 1 and 3: 1 (v / p).
- the weight ratio of water to soybean meal is 2.4: 1 (v / p).
- stage b) inoculation of the substrate with the selected bacterial strains is carried out: NRRL B-50604 strain of the genus Cohnella sp; NRRL B- 50603 strain of the genus Cellulosimicrobium sp; NRRL B-50602 and NRRL B-50601 strains of the genus Streptomyces sp. (see Figure 1).
- NRRL B-50604 strain of the genus Cohnella sp NRRL B- 50603 strain of the genus Cellulosimicrobium sp
- In the step of inoculating the substrate with selected bacterial strains they are inoculated between lxl0 7 and lxlO 11 cells per gram of substrate, of each selected strain. In a particular embodiment, 9 x 10 cells per gram of substrate are
- step c) incubation is performed.
- the incubation stage is performed at 37 ° C for 6 to 14 days with rotary movements (between 3 and 7 rpm, preferably 5 rpm). In a particular embodiment the incubation is performed for 10 days.
- it is sought to regulate the pH of the process by adding a buffer in the fermentation solution. This buffer has a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. In a particular embodiment the pH of the buffer is 7.0.
- fermented soybean meal can be marketed in different levels of humidity, however, for better conservation it may be necessary to reduce the water content by means of an optional drying process.
- the step of d) drying the product can be carried out by any known technique, for example, spray drying by spray dryer, by sublimation, vacuum oven, or others, or a combination thereof.
- the above process does not use commercial or industrial enzymes, it only uses the microorganisms that contribute their enzymes during growth on soybean meal. This represents an important advantage in the sense of reducing costs.
- the process does not affect the amino acid profile of soybean meal (see Figure 5), presenting even after fermentation a balanced profile suitable for the nutrition of animals, especially fish, particularly salmon. Additionally, the process has the comparative advantage that Selected bacteria do not generate toxic compounds such as biogenic amines or toxins, as occurs in processes that use fungi.
- Another important characteristic of the process is that it is carried out with a very low substrate water weight rate, between 2: 1 and 3: 1 (v / p), which reduces subsequent drying costs.
- An additional character is that the bacteria added in the fermentation bioprocess deliver components that remain in the input and can act as an immunostimulant, giving the developed input a functional character.
- the specific area of application of the present invention is the food industry, in particular, the animal feed industry and more particularly in the fish feed industry, especially salmon.
- Soy flour fermented by the process of the invention can be applied for the improvement of protein inputs of vegetable origin, specifically soybean meal. These inputs are used with restrictions for the formulation of animal diets, especially diets in aquaculture. Its improvement through the process of the invention generates an input enriched in proteins and free of the antinutritional factors associated with oligosaccharides.
- the projection of the input improved by fermentation can be applied not only to the aquaculture area, it can also be used in the production of pigs and birds, and also in the area of pets.
- Example 1 Isolation of bacteria.
- the first stage of this development corresponded to the targeted isolation of bacteria from different environments and their subsequent molecular characterization.
- the following environments were selected: garden soil, earthworms (Eisenia foetida), corn silo, termites (Neotermes chilensis), decaying leaves and bovine ruminal content.
- Phylogenetic identification of cellulolytic strains was performed, by amplifying their 16S rDNA sequence. Genomic DNA was isolated from bacterial cultures with the Promega genomic DNA purification kit. The 16s amplified corresponds from position 341 to 907 (numbering of E.coli) and then for a better identification of the selected cellulolytic strains, the 16S rDNA was almost completely amplified, from position 27 to 1492 (numbering of E. coli).
- the PCR reaction was performed in a 30 ⁇ reaction mixture containing 0.2 mM of each dNTP (Invitrogen), 0.05 UmL “1 of recombinant Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen), polymerase reaction buffer, 2 mM MgCi 2 and 0.25 pM mL "1 of each splitter and 1.0 ⁇ of genomic DNA of the strain.
- the splitters were 341, SEQ ID NO 1: CCT ACG GGA GGC AGC AG and 907, SEQ ID NO 2: CCG TCA ATT CMT TTG AGT TT for short sequence or 27F, SEQ ID NO 3: AGAGGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG and 1492R, SEQ ID NO 4 : GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT for long sequence.
- the thermal cycler program was: initial pre-denaturation, 3 minutes at 95 ° C, then 30 cycles of denaturation for 1 minute at 95 ° C, alignment of splitters for 1 minute at 58 ° C, extension for 1 minute at 72 ° C and final extension cycle for 7 minutes at 72 ° C.
- the sequencing was previously edited and compared to the Ribosomal Data Project database (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu) to identify the bacterial genus.
- a PCR amplification of the intergenic spacer (STI) was performed between the 16-13S rDNA genes.
- the PCR reaction was performed with the same protocol described above, but the starting points were Ll, SEQ ID NO 5: GAA GTC GTA ACA AGG and Gl, SEQ ID NO 6: CAA GGC ATC CAC CGT.
- PCR conditions were as follows: initial pre-denaturation, 3 minutes at 95 ° C, then 30 cycles of denaturation for 30 minutes at 95 ° C, alignment of splitters for 1 minute at 58 ° C, extension for 1 minute at 72 ° C and final extension cycle for 7 minutes at 72 ° C.
- PCR products were visualized in silver-stained polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels (González, N.; Romero, J .; Espejo, RT 2003, Comprehensive detection of bacterial populations by PCR amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 55, 91-97).
- ITS 16S-23S rDNA profiles (ribosomal integergenic region between 16S and 23S genes, corresponds to an internal transcribed spacer, ITS for its initials in English: internal transcribed spacer) were analyzed with the Gel compare software (Applied Maths) with a tolerance of 2% position. The genetic distance was calculated based on the DICE coefficient using DNA fragments.
- Total cellulolytic activity and endo-l, 4-beta-xylanase activity were analyzed in an examination assay evaluating bacterial isolates. Subsequently, selected strains were evaluated in a comparative trial making 8 replicates for each strain.
- Total cellulolytic activity and endo-l, 4-beta-xylanase activity were analyzed with a supernatant from a bacterial culture in a minimal medium with soybean meal extract. This extract is obtained through the NSP extraction process proposed by Englyst et al.
- the enzyme culture medium contained: Englyst 20 mg soybean meal extract, NH 4 CI 12 mg, Na 2 HPC> 4 1 mg in 2 ml of water. 1 x 10 7 cells of each cellulolytic strain were inoculated in 2 ml of the previous medium and were incubated for 4 days at 25 ° C. Total cellulolytic activity was evaluated by the filter paper method with modifications, with a 24-hour incubation period at 50 ° C (Ghose, T. 1987, Measurement of cellulase activities. Puré & applied Chemistry, 59, 257-268) .
- the unit of total cellulolytic activity was defined as the amount of ⁇ of glucose released per minute per one ml of bacterial culture supernatant (Nitisinprasert, S .; Temmes, A. 1991, The Characteristics of A New Non-Spore-Forming Cellulolytic Mesophilic Anaerobe Strain Cml26 Isolated from Municipal Sewage-Sludge, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 71, 154-161).
- the endo-l, 4-beta-xylanase activity was evaluated by the p-nitrophenyl derivatives method: p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside.
- beta-xylanase activity was defined as the amount of ⁇ of p-niotrophenol released per minute by one ml of bacterial culture supernatant at 25 ° C (Tirado, O .; Rosado, W .; Govind, NS 2005, Characterization of bacteria with carbohydrase activities from tropical ecosystems. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 269-275). The key to the selection of the strains was the presence of significant and high enzyme activities.
- Alpha-D-galactosidase activity was evaluated by the p-nitrophenyl derivative method: p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (Tirado, O .; Rosado, W .; Govind, NS 2005, Characterization of bacteria with carbohydrase activities from tropical ecosystems. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 269-275).
- a minimum medium was used containing: raffinose pentahydrate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) 20 g, NH 4 CI 6 g, Na 2 HPC> 4 0.6 g and 2.5 g, Bacto Yeast Extract in 1L of water.
- the unit of alpha-D-galactosidase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that released 1 ⁇ of p-nitrophenol per minute per ml of bacterial culture supernatant at 25 ° C (Tirado, O .; Rosado, W .; Govind, NS 2005, Characterization of bacteria with carbohydrase activities from tropical ecosystems. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 269-275).
- Example 2 Solid state fermentations on a laboratory scale.
- the conditions of the fermentations were the following: in glass bottles with filtered aeration 30 g of soy flour (with particle size of 400 ⁇ and sterilized by gamma irradiation with 25 kilogray) and fermentation solution were added at a weight rate of water to substrate of 2.4: 1 (v / p) with a relative humidity close to 85%. This was considered the substrate.
- the culture solution contained: 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with MgS0 4 ⁇ 7H 2 0 150 ⁇ g, CaCl 2 36.5 ⁇ g, NELCl 408 ⁇ g, KC1 67 ⁇ g, FeS0 4 ⁇ 7H 2 0 30 ⁇ g, MnCl 2 ⁇ 4H 2 0 30 ⁇ g, and ZnSC ⁇ 7H 2 0 30 ⁇ g for 30 g of substrate.
- the bottles were incubated with rotary movements (5 rmp) for 10 days at 37 ° C.
- NSPs were quantified by spectrophotometric measurement (Englyst, HN ;, Quigley, ME; Hudson, GJ 1994, Determination of Dietary Fiber As Nonstarch Polysaccharides with Gas-Liquid-Chromatographic, High-Performance Liquid-Chromatographic Or Spectrophotometric Measurement of Constituent Sugars. Analyst , 119, 1497-1509), raffinose and stachyose were extracted according to the method of Giannoccaro et al.
- HPLC grade water was used as eluent with a flow rate of 0.2 ml min "1 (LeBlanc, JG; Garro, MS; de Giori, GS 2004; Effect of pH on Lactobacillus fermentum growth, raffinose remo val, alpha- galactosidase activity and fermentation products. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65, 119-123) and the protein was quantified by the Kjeldahl method method (AOAC, 1990, Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemistry 15 th Edition. Arlington VA, Method 960.52).
- Example 3 Solid state fermentations on a larger scale.
- the fermentation solution was prepared according to Table 1.
- Table 1 Fermentation solution for 10 kilos of soy flour / water, with 7 liters of water.
- Table 2 Proximal chemical analysis of unfermented soybean meal and fermented soybean meal.
- Table 3 Reduction of anti-nutritional factors in the fermentation of soybean meal compared to unfermented soybean meal.
- FIG. 4 shows a chromatogram of A: stachynous and raffinose standards, B: unfermented soybean meal and C: fermented soybean meal, obtained from HPLC analysis. The reduction of NSPs was 13.73%.
- the bacterial strains used for the fermentation of soybean meal of the present invention were evaluated in their stimulation of the innate immune system of fish, using the model axenic zebrafish (germ free). In this model, 3-day postfertilization larvae (dpf) were exposed to bacteria until day 6 dpf, when they were analyzed in their gene expression by quantitative PCR.
- dpf 3-day postfertilization larvae
- the strains selected in the process are two of the genus Streptomyces, both induce the expression of the C3 gene, which belongs to the complement system which is one of the important responses of innate immunity in fish. This protein favors the opsonization of the microbes and their subsequent phagocytosis. This indicates that molecules derived from the bacteria included in the process ( Figure 6) and that are incorporated into the final input, exert an immunostimulant effect on fish.
- the solid state fermentation process with the selected cellulolytic bacteria allows to reduce some of the thermostable ANFs of soy such as alpha-galactosides (stachyose and raffinose) and NSPs. It also increases the protein content by approximately 13.5%, while maintaining the amino acid profile. This increase in protein impacts the diet formulation process. Given that in the fermented soybean meal there is a higher proportion of protein, this input manages to deliver the protein levels considered in a diet using a smaller volume of the input. This brings as a consequence that all the anti-nutritional factors of soybean meal decrease their presence in the final food. This benefit adds to the degradation of the GOSs and NSPs that fermentation produces.
- the functional character granted by including bacterial molecules in the input ( Figure 6) and demonstrated in zebrafish, allows the input to be projected beyond a simple replacement of soybean meal, because it is also presented as an immunostimulant functional input.
- Example 6 Properties of soybean meal free of alpha-galactoside oligosaccharides and reduced in non-starch polysaccharides obtained with the method of the invention.
- Table 4 shows the characteristics of soy flour free of alpha-galactoside oligosaccharides and reduced in non-starch polysaccharides obtained with the method of the invention.
- Table 4 Physical, chemical properties and content of anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal free of alpha-galactoside oligosaccharides and reduced in non-starch polysaccharides obtained with the method of the invention.
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US14/376,214 US9497980B2 (en) | 2012-02-03 | 2013-01-29 | Reduction of non-starch polysaccharides and alpha-galactosides in soy flour by means of solid-state fermentation using cellulolytic bacteria isolated from different environments |
EP13743077.3A EP2810563B1 (en) | 2012-02-03 | 2013-01-29 | Reduction of non-starch polysaccharides and alpha-galactosides in soy flour by means of solid-state fermentation using cellulolytic bacteria isolated from different environments |
BR112014018803A BR112014018803A8 (pt) | 2012-02-03 | 2013-01-29 | Redução de polissacarídeos que não de amido e alfa-galactosídeos na farinha de soja pela fermentação em estado sólido ao usar bactérias celulolíticas isoladas de diferentes ambientes |
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CL2012000296A CL2012000296A1 (es) | 2012-02-03 | 2012-02-03 | Metodo de fermentacion de harina de soya en estado solido para reducir polisacaridos no almidones y alfa galactosidos, el cual utiliza cepas bacterianas cohnella sp., cellulosimicrobium sp. y streptomyces sp.; harina de soya fermentada; y dichas cepas aisladas. |
CL2012-00296 | 2012-02-03 |
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US20150342221A1 (en) * | 2014-05-29 | 2015-12-03 | Ohio Soybean Council | Mitigation of anti-nutritional substances in plant meal |
WO2016097638A1 (fr) | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-23 | Veolia Proprete | Biostimulation in-situ de l'hydrolyse de la matière organique pour optimiser sa valorisation énergétique |
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WO2018231565A1 (en) * | 2017-06-15 | 2018-12-20 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Green biomass modification |
CN109007306A (zh) * | 2018-08-06 | 2018-12-18 | 博益德(北京)生物科技有限公司 | 一种发酵大豆饲料及其制备方法和应用 |
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US20150342221A1 (en) * | 2014-05-29 | 2015-12-03 | Ohio Soybean Council | Mitigation of anti-nutritional substances in plant meal |
US10945452B2 (en) * | 2014-05-29 | 2021-03-16 | Ohio Soybean Council | Mitigation of anti-nutritional substances in plant meal |
WO2016097638A1 (fr) | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-23 | Veolia Proprete | Biostimulation in-situ de l'hydrolyse de la matière organique pour optimiser sa valorisation énergétique |
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EP2810563A4 (en) | 2016-01-06 |
EP2810563A2 (en) | 2014-12-10 |
BR112014018803A2 (es) | 2017-06-20 |
BR112014018803A8 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
WO2013114282A3 (es) | 2013-10-31 |
WO2013114282A9 (es) | 2014-01-09 |
CL2012000296A1 (es) | 2014-09-26 |
US20150030637A1 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
EP2810563B1 (en) | 2019-07-03 |
US9497980B2 (en) | 2016-11-22 |
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