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Definitions

• the present invention relates to 2-aryl oxazole and thiazole derivatives that are useful for the prevention, reduction of the risk of, amelioration and/or treatment of diseases associated with the activity of the Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (hereinafter TRPM8) also known as Cold Menthol Receptor 1 (CMR-1), and in particular for the prevention, reduction of the risk of, amelioration and/or treatment of itch, irritable bowel diseases, cold induced and/or exhacerbated respiratory disorders, ischaemia, pain, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disorders, stroke and urological disorders.
• TRPM8 Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily M member 8
• CMR-1 Cold Menthol Receptor 1
• the invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the above compounds.
• TRP channels are one of the largest group of ion channels and, based on their sequence homology, are classified into 6 sub-families (TRPV, TRPM; TRPA, TRPC, TRPP and TRPML).
• TRP channels are cation-selective channels activated by several physical (such as temperature, osmolarity and mechanical stimuli) and chemical stimuli.
• TRPM8 which was cloned in 2002, is a non-selective cation channel of the TRP family expressed on a subpopulation of somatic sensory nerves on dorsal root ganglion and trigeminal ganglia that causes sensory nerve excitation.
• TRPM8 is activated by mild cold temperatures and synthetic cool-mimetic compounds such as menthol, eucalyptol and icilin [McKemy D.D. et al., Nature (2002) 416, 52- 58; Peier A.M. et al. Cell (2002) 108, 705-715].
• TRPM8 is also gated by voltage [Nilius B. et al., J. Physiol. (2005) 567, 35-44].
• the voltage dependence of TRPM8 is characterized by a strong outward rectification at depolarized transmembrane potential and a rapid and potential-dependent closure at negative membrane potentials.
• Cooling agents and menthol application shifts the activation curve towards more negative potentials, increasing the possibility for the opening of the channel and boosting inward currents at physiological membrane potentials.
• Other endogenous factors such as phospholipase A2 products [Vanden Abeele F. et al., J. Biol.Chem. (2006) 281 , 40174-40182], endocannabinoids [De Petrocellis L et al., Exp.Cell. Res. (2007) 313, 1911-1920] and PIP2 [Rohacs T. et al., Nat. Neurosci. (2005) 8, 626-634] also participate in channel regulation.
• TRPM8 transduce reflex signals that are involved in the overactive bladder of patients with damaged or abnormal spinal reflex pathways [De Groat W.C. et al., Urology (1997) 50, 36-52].
• TRPM8 is activated by temperatures between 8°C and 28°C and expressed on the primary nociceptive neurons, including bladder urothelium, dorsal root ganglia, A-delta and C-fibers.
• TRPM8 is known to regulate Ca 2+ concentration influxes in response to cold temperature or pharmacological stimuli.
• the disorders or diseases that have been proven to be affected by the modulation of TRPM8 are pain such as chronic pain, neuropathic pain including cold allodynia and diabetic neuropathy, postoperative pain, osteoarthritic pain, rheumatoid arthritic pain, cancer pain, neuralgia, neuropathies, algesia, fibromyalgia, nerve injury, migraine, headaches; ischaemia, neurodegeneration, stroke, psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression, and itch, irritable bowel diseases, cold induced and/or exhacerbated respiratory disorders such as cold induced and/or exhacerbated pulmonary hypertension, asthma and COPD; urological disorders such as painful bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, detrusor overactivity (overactive bladder), urinary incontinence,
• WO 2006/040136, WO 2007/017092, WO 2007/017093, WO 2007/017094, and WO 2007/080109 describe benzyloxy derivatives as TRPM8 antagonists for the treatment of urological disorders;
• WO 2007/134107 describes phosphorous-bearing compounds as TRPM8 antagonists for the treatment of TRPM8-related disorders;
• WO 2009/012430 describes sulfonamides for the treatment of diseases associated with TRPM8;
• WO 2010/103381 describes the use of spirocyclic piperidine derivatives as TRPM8 modulators in prevention or treatment of TRPM8-related disorders or diseases; and, WO 2010/125831 describes sulfamoyl benzoic acid derivatives as modulators of the TRPM8 receptor and their use in the treatment of inflammatory, pain and urological disorders.
• a therapeutic area in which there is a particularly high need for the development of antagonists of TRPM8 is that of urological-related disorders.
• traditional drugs and medications currently available for the treatment of urinary incontinence and disorders are characterized by several side effects.
• the therapy of overactive bladder syndrome is based on the use of drugs, especially anticholinergic agents that affect peripheral neural control mechanisms or bladder detrusor smooth muscle contraction.
• These drugs inhibit parasympathetic nerves exerting a direct spasmolytic effect on the muscle of the bladder. The result of this action is the decrease of intravesicular pressure, an increase in capacity and a reduction in the frequency of bladder contraction.
• the aim of the present invention is to provide novel antagonists of TRPM8 with high selectivity for this specific receptor and an adequate pharmacokinetic profile for use in therapy.
• TRPM8 Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily M member 8
• Figure 1 shows a graphical representation of the 384 wells Compound Dilution Plate Layout used for the biological evaluation of the compounds of the invention as described in Example 119 wherein: in Column 1 wells contain assay buffer plus 0.5% DMSO; in Column 2: wells alternate Max signal control in first injection (Cooling agent 10 at 100 ⁇ , corresponding to ECTM) and Min signal control in first injection (assay buffer plus 0.5% DMSO final); in columns 3-22: wells contain assay buffer plus 0.5% DMSO final and to each of these wells a compound to be tested is added, at 3x concentrations; in Column 23 : wells alternate Max signal control in second injection (Assay Buffer) and Min signal control in second injection (Capsazepine at 50 mm, corresponding to IC100); in Column 24: wells contain Capsazepine at 8 different concentrations in duplicate as reported in Example 119.
• Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of the 384 wells Activator Plate Layout used for the biological evaluation of the compounds of the invention as described in Example 119 wherein in Column 1 wells contain Cooling Agent 10 at 8 concentrations dose-response in duplicate at different concentrations as reported in Example 119; in Columns 2-24 wells contain Cooling Agent 10 at at ECeo (3x concentrations, the highest being 20 ⁇ final).
• Figure 3 shows a graph with a typical kinetic response obtained in the test described in Example 119(b) for the compounds of Table 1.
• Signal expressed as Relative Light Units (y-axis) is reported vs time (sec. (x-axis) following the injection of a definite amount of control/ the test compounds.
• CA refers to the phase of Compound Addition, while TA to the Target Activation Phase perfomed in presence of the agonist, to increase the MAX Signal control, followed by the injection of a reference inhibitor for the complete abolition of the signal and the registration of the MIN Signal control.
• Figure 4 shows the value of Maximum Possible Effect, measured as described in Example 120(b), observed after 2 hours from treatment with Control (1), Compound 10 (2) or Compound 45 (3).
• a first object of the present invention are compounds of formula (I):
• X is selected from S or 0;
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of:
• R5 is selected from H; C1-C4 alkyl, trifl uoromethanesulfonyl , benzyl, (trifl uo ro methy I )be nzy I , (halo)benzyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl, N-benzylcarbamoyl, cyclohexyloxyacetoyi substituted with at least one C1-C3 alkyl group, (C1-C3 alkoxy)methyl, C1-C3 alkanoyl and CH2CH2NHR6, wherein
• R6 is selected from H and (f u ran-2-yl) methyl ;
• R7 is selected from H, tert-butoxycarbonyl, C1-C3 alkanoyl, (4-trifl uoro methyl )benzoyl , N- phenylaminoacarbonyl, CH2R8, wherein
• Re is selected from phenyl, benzo[d][1 ,3] dioxole, pyridin-3-yl, ( pyrrol id in- 1 -yl) methyl , -CH2NHR9 wherein
• R9 is selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl and cycloalkyl
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of
• R10 is selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl and cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with at least one C1-C3 alkyl group;
• R3 is selected from F or H
• R4 is selected from H; CH3; halogen; dimethylamino; pyridin-4yl; phenyl; 2- or 4- (halo)phenyl; 2- or 4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl; 2- and/or 4-halobenzyloxy.
• R5 may be selected from H, C1-C4 alkyl, trifl uoromethanesulfonyl, benzyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzyl, (chloro)benzyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl, N-benzylcarbamoyl, cyclohexyloxyacetoyi substituted with at least one C1-C3 alkyl group, (methoxy) methyl, propanoyl and CH2CH2NHR6 wherein f3 ⁇ 4 is as above.
• R5 is selected from H, methyl, isobutyl, trifl uoromethanesulfonyl , benzyl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, (chloro)benzyl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl, N-benzylcarbamoyl, 2-isopropyl- 5-methylcyclohexyloxyacetoyl, (methoxy)methyl, propanoyl and CH2CH2NHR6 wherein R6 is as above.
• R7 may be selected from H, tert-butoxycarbonyl, acetyl, 4- (trifl uoro methyl) be nzoyl , N-phenylaminoacarbonyl, CH2R8, wherein
• Re is selected from phenyl, benzo[d][1 ,3] dioxole, pyridin-3-yl, ( pyrrol id in- 1 -yl) methyl , -CH2NHR9 wherein
• Rg is selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl and cyclopentyl.
• R10 in said compounds of formula I R10 may be selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl and 2- isopropyl-5-cyclohexyl.
• R4 in said compounds of formula I R4 may be selected from H, CH3, F, CI, dimethylamino, preferably in position para, pyridin-4yl, phenyl, 2-F-penyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl and 2- or 4- halobenzyloxy, wherein said halo is preferably F or CI.
• X is selected from S or 0;
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of:
• R5 is selected from H, C1-C4 alkyl, trifl uoromethanesulfonyl, benzyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzyl, (chloro)benzyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl, N-benzylcarbamoyl, cyclohexyloxyacetoyi substituted with at least one C1-C3 alkyl group, (methoxy)methyl, propanoyl and -CH2CH2NHR6, wherein
• R6 is selected from H and (furan-2-yl)methyl
• R7 is selected from H, tert-butoxycarbonyl, acetyl, (4-trifl uoro methyl )benzoyl , N- phenylaminocarbonyl, CH2R8, wherein
• Re is selected from phenyl, benzo[d][1 ,3] dioxole, pyridin-3-yl, (pyrrolid in-1 -yl)methyl , -CH2NHR9 wherein
• R9 is selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl and cyclopentyl
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of
• R10 is selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl and 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyloxycarbonyl,
• R3 is selected from F or H
• R4 is selected from H, F, CI, dimethylamino, preferably in position para, pyridin-4yl, phenyl, 2- F-penyl, 2- trifluoromethylphenyl, 2- and/or 4-F-benzyloxy.
• Particularly preferred compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I wherein Ri is selected from: -OR5, wherein R5 is selected from H, benzyl, (chloro)benzyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl, CH2-CH2NH2 ; and -NHCH2CH2R9 wherein Rg is selected from H and C1-C3 alkyl.
• Particularly preferred among the compounds of the invention are also compounds of formula I wherein R2 is selected from COOR10 wherein R10 is selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl.
• Particularly preferred among the compounds of the invention are also compounds of formula I wherein R3 is H.
• Particularly preferred among the above compounds are those compounds of formula I wherein:
• Ri is selected from:
• R5 is selected from H, benzyl, (chloro)benzyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl;
• NHCH2CH2R9 wherein Rg is selected from C1-C3 alkyl and H;
• R2 is COOR10 wherein R10 is selected from H, C1-C3 alkyl
• R3 is H.
• the compounds of formula I are selected from: 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (compound n. 1)
• ethyl 4- ⁇ [2-(methylamino)ethyl]amino ⁇ -2-(4-methylphenyl)-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate compound n. 71
• compound n. 72 ethyl 4-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-2-[2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (compound n.
• Example 119 the present inventors have found that the above compounds 1-118 are potent antagonists of TRPM8.
• a second object of the present invention are the above compounds of formula (I) for use as antagonists of TRPM8, preferably of human TRPM8.
• Example 120 and 121 compounds 10 and 45 have been tested in an isovolumetric bladder model, an animal model for the evaluation of drugs active on pain induced by contractions of bladder, and compounds 10, 45 and 118 in a Chronic Constriction Injury of sciatic nerve (CCI), an animal model of neuropathic pain.
• CCI Chronic Constriction Injury of sciatic nerve
• the compounds showed significant efficacy in inhibiting rhythmic bladder contractions and micturition frequency. Moreover, both the compounds did not change Amplitude of Micturition (AM) when compared to basal values, suggesting that they are selective for the afferent arm of micturition reflex with no effect on the efferent pathway.
• AM Amplitude of Micturition
• the tested compounds showed a significant antiallodynic activity both in mechanical and cold allodynia.
• the compounds of the invention show a high selectivity for TRPM8 and are thus devoid of side effects due to interference with other ion channels and GPCRs.
• both 10, 45 and 118 have been demonstrated to be selective in a wide range of ion channel and GPCRs.
• Example 123 the compounds of the invention have an optimal pharmacokinetic profile.
• the compounds of the invention are particularly suitable to be used in therapy.
• a third object of the present invention are the above compounds for use as medicaments.
• a fourth object of the present invention are the above compounds for use in the prevention, reduction of the risk of, amelioration and/or treatment of a disease associated with activity of TRPM8.
• Disease that is associated with activity of TRPM8 it is preferably meant a disease selected from pain, itch, irritable bowel diseases, cold induced and/or exhacerbated respiratory disorders, ischaemia, neurodegeneration, stroke, urological disorders, and psychiatric disorders.
• said pain is selected from chronic pain, cancer pain, neuropathic pain, which is meant to include cold allodynia and diabetic neuropathy, postoperative pain, osteoarthritic pain, rheumatoid arthritic pain, neuralgia, neuropathies, fibromyalgia, algesia, nerve injury, migraine, headaches.
• said cold-induced and/or exhacerbated respiratory disorder is selected from cold-induced and/or exhacerbated pulmonary hypertension, COPD and asthma.
• said urological disorders are selected from painful bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, detrusor overactivity (also known as overactive bladder), urinary incontinence, neurogenic detrusor overactivity (also known as detrusor hyperflexia), idiopathic detrusor overactivity (also known as detrusor instability), benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract disorders and lower urinary tract symptoms.
• said psychiatric disorders are selected from anxiety and depression.
• a fifth object of the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the at least one of the above said compounds of formula I in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or diluents.
• said pharmaceutical composition is for the prevention, reduction of the risk of, amelioration and/or treatment of a disease associated with activity of TRPM8.
• said pharmaceutical composition contains at least one of the above compounds of formula I as the sole active principle(s). According to an alternative embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition contains at least one of the above compounds of formula I in association with at least one other active principle.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be for intravescical, intravenous, topical or oral administration.
• the compounds of the invention of formula (I) are conveniently formulated in pharmaceutical compositions using conventional techniques and excipients such as those described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Handbook” MACK Publishing, New York, 18th ed., 1990.
• a sixth object of the present invention is a therapeutic method for the prevention, reduction of the risk of, amelioration and/or treatment of said diseases associated with activity of TRPM8 comprising the administration of the above compound of Formula I in a subject in need thereof.
• the compounds of the invention can be administered as the sole active principles or in combination with other therapeutically active compounds.
• the administration of the compounds of the invention can be effected by intravesical instillation, by intravenous injection, as a bolus, in dermatological preparations (creams, lotions, sprays and ointments), by inhalation as well as orally in the form of capsules, tablets, syrup, controlled- release formulations and the like.
• the average daily dose depends on several factors such as the severity of the disease, the condition, age, sex and weight of the patient.
• the dose will vary generally from 1 to 1500 mg of compounds of formula (I) per day optionally divided in multiple administrations.
• the compound was prepared according to the experimental procedure described for compound 15 and starting from ethyl 2-(3'-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (0.14 g, 0.43 mmol) and 2 fluorophenylboronic acid (0.12 g, 0.86 mmol).
• Compound 16 was obtained as a yellow oil after HPLC purification (106 mg, 72%).
• the compound was prepared according to the experimental procedure described for compound 15 and starting from ethyl 2-(4-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (0.12 g, 0.36 mmol) and 2- trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid (136 mg, 0.72 mmol).
• Compound 17 was obtained as a yellow solid after purification of the crude product by trituration with acetonitrile (106 mg, 75%).
• the compound was prepared according to the experimental procedure described for compound 15 and starting from ethyl 2-(4-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (0.12 mg, 0.36 mmol) and 2- fluorophenylboronic acid (0.1 mg, 0.72 mmol).
• Compound 18 was obtained as a white solid after purification of the crude product by trituration with acetonitrile (105 mg, 85%).
• Pd2(dba)3 (15 mg, 0.015 mmol) and Xantphos (27 mg, 0.046 mmol) were dissolved in dry THF (6 mL) under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. 0.100 g (0.240 mmol) of ethyl 2-(4- fluorophenyl)-4- ⁇ [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy ⁇ -1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate 21 (0.2 g, 0.5 mmol) was then added, and after 5 minutes, tert-butyl carbamate (70.4 mg, 0.6 mmol) was added.
• the mixture was irradiated by microwave (250 W, 135°C) for 1 h, whereupon the mixture was filtered on a celite pad and the solvent was removed under vacuum.
• the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent hexane/ethyl acetate mixture of increasing polarity) to yield the compound 62 as a yellow solid (157 mg, 86%).
• the mixture was diluted with toluene (10 mL) and transferred to a separatory funnel; the organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown oil which was used in the next step without further purification.
• the oil was dissolved in toluene (10 mL), added to a microwave vial and irradiated by MW at 170 °C for 20 min. After consumption of the starting material, 2 mL of 6 N HCI were added and vigorous stirring continued for 1 h. The organic layer was isolated and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 10 mL).
• a microwave vial was charged with 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(methoxymethoxy)-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carbonitrile 94 (250 mg, 0.89 mmol), acetic acid (5 mL), hydroxylamine (117 mg, 3.56 mmol) and 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxane- 4,6-dione (Meldrum's acid) (131 mg, 0.91 mmol). The mixture was irradiated by MW for 10 min at 130 °C, then quenched with 10 mL of water and the precipitate was filtered and dried under vacuum at 50 °C.
• the intermediate 1 (476 mg, 1.78 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (5 mL) and 2 mL of aqueous hydrochloric acid (37%) were added. The mixture was heated at 80°C for 16 h. After solvent removal under vacuum and the crude product was purified by HPLC to yield 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1 ,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid as a white solid (0.315 g, 74%).
• a functional cell-based assay for the identification of TRPM8 receptor antagonists optimised to allow high throughput screening at FLIPR TETRA , was developed in HEK293 cells by stable pure clone selection and functional characterization with a fluorescent calcium sensitive dye.
• TRPM8 was cloned into the multiple clonig site of pcDNA3 mammalian expression vector; the obtained construct pcDNA3/hTRPM8 was fully sequence verified and used for the transfection of HEK293 cell line.
• HEK293 cells stably transfected with TRPM8 gene were maintained in Minimum essential medium. The cells were transfected with the pcDNA3/hTRPM8 vector by electroporation and then selected with medium containing 0.8 mg/ml G418 for 10-15 days.
• HEK293/hTRPM8 cell line for both agonist and antagonist activity HEK293/hTRPM8 cell line for both agonist and antagonist activity:
• the experimental activities were performed using FLIPR instruments.
• the functional clones were selected at FLIPR 384 on the basis of 1 mM menthol response. Two best responder clones were selected, diluted at a cell density of 1 cell/well and analysed at FLIPR 384 with 1 mM menthol. The TRPM8 receptor was analysed for the response to reference agonist, menthol, using a calcium- dependent fluorescence signal.
• Cooling Agent 10 (Takasago CAS N. 87061-04-9)
• the experimental activities were performed using FLIPR TETRA instruments.
• HEK293 cells stably transfected with TRPM8 gene were maintained in Minimum essential medium.
• the TRPM8 cell line was analysed for the response to a library of compounds using a Ca 2+ mobilization- dependent fluorescence signal in 384 wells microtiter plate format. The analysis was performed using the FLIPRTETRA (MDC) with the ICCD Camera.
• MDC FLIPRTETRA
• the execution of the assay involved the use of three microtiter plates:
• Dye loaded cell plates were incubated for 1 h at room temperature.
• Cooling Agent 10 (Agonist) at 8 concentrations dose response in duplicate at final concentrations of 100 ⁇ , 31.6 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 3.16 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 316 ⁇ , 100 ⁇ , 31.6 ⁇ in Assay buffer; Columns 2-24: Cooling Agent 10 (Agonist) at ECeo (3 fold concentrated, 20 ⁇ final) in Assay buffer.
• the test was carried out according to a procedure comprising the following steps:
• Figure 3 respresents a typical kinetic response graph obtained with all the compounds of Table IV.
• the injection of the reference agonist at ECeo gave an increase of fluorescent signal in MAX Signal control wells in which the assay buffer in CA was preinjected, while the response was completely inhibited in MIN Signal control wells due to the preinjection of the reference inhibitor Capsazepine.
• the goal of the assay was to find antagonists of TRPM8 activity; to this aim the change of fluorescent signal during TA phase was measured.
• capsazepine reference antagonist
• Threshold Volume (TV)
• MF Micturition Frequency
• AM Amplitude of Micturition
• the threshold volume (TV) was significantly increased compared to the group treated with the solvent reaching 1.5 mL of volume whereas, in the vehicle group, RBC occurred in all rats with a mean volume of 0.7 ⁇ 0.09 mL.
• Compound 10 did not change AM. No effect on the total MF (measured during 90 min) was observed.
• Compound 118 (10 mg/kg; 5 mg/ml; 0.5 ml/iv/rat) was dissolved in 10% solutol-HS15 and N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (SOLUTOLNMP 2:1 w/v) and 90% Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) 1X, and was administered at day 3 rd , 7 th and 14 th following sciatic nerve ligation. Antiallodynic effects were assessed at 1 and 3 h post dose. Control animals received vehicle alone (0.5 ml/iv/rat; 10% solutol-NMP and 90% PBS).
• NMP N-Methylpyrrolidone
• PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline
• CCI Chronic constriction injury
• Neuropathic pain behavior was induced by ligation of the sciatic nerve according to the method described by Bennett and Xie [Bennett G.J. and Xie Y.K. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man, Pain, (1988) 33:87-107]. Briefly, rats were anaesthetized (100 mg/kg ketamine and 10 mg/kg xylazine i.p.) and the left sciatic nerve was exposed at the level of the thigh by blunt dissection through the biceps femoris.
• sensitivity to tactile stimulation was measured using the Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer (DPA, Ugo Basile, Italy). Ligated animals were placed in a chamber with a mesh metal floor covered by a plastic dome that enabled the animal to walk freely, but not to jump. The mechanical stimulus was then delivered in the mid-plantar skin of the hind paw. The cut-off was fixed at 50 g, while the increasing force rate (ramp duration) was settled at 20 sec. The DPA automatically records the force at which the foot was withdrawn and the withdrawal latency. Each paw was tested twice per session. This test did not require any special pre-training, just an acclimation period to the environment and testing procedure. Testing was performed on both the ispsilateral (ligated) and contralateral (unligated) paw before ligation (day 0) and then on 3 rd , 7 th and 14 th days after ligation.
• DPA Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer
• Cold sensitivity was measured as the number of foot withdrawal responses after application of acetone to the dorsal surface of the paw.
• a drop of acetone (15-20°C) was applied to the dorsal surface of the ligated paw with a syringe connected to a thin polyethylene tube while the rats were standing on a metal mesh.
• Basal response was measured on the days before treatment (2 nd , 6 th and 13 th ). Data represents meaniSEM of 3 measurements performed at an interval of approximately 5 min.
• each test compound was evaluated with a calcium influx assay.
• the signal elicited in the presence of the positive control agonist (10 ⁇ GSK1016790A) was set to 100% and the signal in the presence of the antagonist (5 ⁇ ruthenium red) was set to 0.
• the normalized % inhibition of the test articles is shown in Table below. Values were considered significant if the test compound mean was three or more standard deviations away from the positive control agonist mean (i.e., greater than 31.70% inhibition for plate 1 and 24.60% inhibition for plate 2).

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