WO2013054476A1 - 非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物、その製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池及び電気化学キャパシタ - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物、その製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池及び電気化学キャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013054476A1 WO2013054476A1 PCT/JP2012/006015 JP2012006015W WO2013054476A1 WO 2013054476 A1 WO2013054476 A1 WO 2013054476A1 JP 2012006015 W JP2012006015 W JP 2012006015W WO 2013054476 A1 WO2013054476 A1 WO 2013054476A1
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- Prior art keywords
- silicon oxide
- negative electrode
- carbon
- secondary battery
- electrode material
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- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 110
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material having a high capacity and good cycle characteristics when used as a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a lithium ion using the same
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery and an electrochemical capacitor.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries with high energy density from the viewpoints of economy and downsizing and weight reduction of devices.
- negative electrode materials such as oxides such as B, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cr, Nb, and Mo and composites thereof
- Patent Document 4 A method using a silicon oxide as a negative electrode material (Patent Document 4), a method using Si 2 N 2 O, Ge 2 N 2 O and Sn 2 N 2 O as a negative electrode material (Patent Document 5), etc. are known. ing.
- silicon oxide can be expressed as SiOx (where x is slightly larger than the theoretical value 1 because of the oxide film), but it is about several nm to several tens of nm in the analysis by X-ray diffraction.
- the amorphous silicon is finely dispersed in silica. For this reason, although the battery capacity is small compared to silicon, it is 5 to 6 times higher by weight than carbon, furthermore, the volume expansion is small, and the cycle characteristics are relatively excellent, so it is close to practical use. It was considered a negative electrode material. However, for automotive use, the cycle characteristics are still insufficient, and it is necessary to improve the cycle characteristics to the same level as the carbon material that is the current negative electrode material.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and by using it as a negative electrode material, a silicon oxide capable of producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics and high battery capacity, a method for producing the same,
- An object is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery and an electrochemical capacitor using the same.
- the present invention is a silicon oxide for a negative electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, which is a carbon-containing silicon oxide obtained by co-precipitation from a SiO gas and a carbon-containing gas. Also provided is a silicon oxide for a negative electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein the carbon content of the carbon-containing silicon oxide is 0.5 to 30%.
- the carbon contained in the carbon-containing silicon oxide is not SiC.
- the carbon contained is a carbon-containing silicon oxide that has not been converted to SiC, it becomes a silicon oxide for a negative electrode material capable of producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having sufficiently high battery capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the carbon-containing silicon oxide preferably has an average particle size of 0.1 to 30 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 0.5 to 30 m 2 / g.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing a silicon oxide for a negative electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein a raw material that generates SiO gas is heated to generate SiO gas.
- Silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material characterized in that a carbon-containing gas is supplied in a temperature range of ⁇ 1100 ° C. to precipitate a carbon-containing silicon oxide having a carbon content of 0.5 to 30%.
- a method for manufacturing a product is provided.
- a carbon-containing silicon oxide having a carbon content of 0.5 to 30% can be efficiently deposited, the battery capacity is high, and the cycle characteristics are improved.
- a silicon oxide capable of producing an excellent nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material can be produced with high productivity.
- the raw material from which the SiO gas is generated is preferably silicon oxide powder or a mixture of silicon dioxide powder and metal silicon powder.
- the raw material from which the SiO gas is generated when heating the raw material from which the SiO gas is generated, it is preferably heated in the temperature range of 1100 to 1600 ° C. in the presence of an inert gas or under reduced pressure. By heating in this way, the reaction efficiently proceeds and SiO gas is sufficiently generated, and the productivity of the silicon oxide for the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material can be further improved.
- the lithium ion secondary battery characterized by using the silicon oxide for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode materials of this invention is provided.
- the silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material of the present invention is used, a lithium ion secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics is obtained.
- the present invention also provides an electrochemical capacitor using the silicon oxide for a negative electrode material of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention.
- an electrochemical capacitor using the silicon oxide for a negative electrode material of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention.
- a high-quality nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of producing a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having high battery capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be produced.
- a silicon oxide for a secondary battery negative electrode material can be provided.
- the present inventors pay attention to a silicon oxide negative electrode material that is an active material that exceeds the battery capacity of a carbon material, and a silicon-based active material that can have a cycle characteristic similar to that of a carbon material while maintaining a high capacity. investigated. As a result, it was found that by forming a conductive network in the negative electrode material of silicon oxide, which is an insulating material, the cycle characteristics are remarkably improved, and it has been found that there is a high possibility that the above object can be achieved. Furthermore, as a result of intensive studies on a method of forming a conductive network on a silicon oxide negative electrode material, the present inventors have found that SiO gas is deposited and a silicon-containing gas is used to produce silicon oxide.
- the silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material of the present invention is obtained by supplying and co-depositing a carbon-containing gas serving as a carbon source when depositing SiO gas, and the carbon content is 0.5. It is a carbon-containing silicon oxide of ⁇ 30%. With such a carbon-containing silicon oxide, when used as a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a high capacity can be obtained, and at the same time, excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the carbon content of the carbon-containing silicon oxide of the present invention is less than 0.5%, when used as a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, improvement in cycle characteristics is not confirmed as compared with normal silicon oxide. Conversely, when the carbon content is more than 30%, although the improvement of the cycle characteristics is confirmed, the battery capacity is lowered. In order to surely improve the cycle characteristics, the carbon content is preferably 1 to 25%, more preferably 1.5 to 20%.
- the carbon content of the carbon-containing silicon oxide of the present invention is not converted to SiC.
- the battery capacity and cycle characteristics can be reliably prevented from deteriorating, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery exhibiting excellent battery capacity and cycle characteristics can be produced. .
- the physical properties other than the carbon content of the carbon-containing silicon oxide in the present invention are not particularly limited, but the average particle diameter is preferably 0.1 to 30 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 0.2 to 20 ⁇ m. Particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more, particularly 0.2 ⁇ m or more are easy to produce, have a small specific surface area, and a small proportion of silicon dioxide on the particle surface. Therefore, when used as a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the battery capacity becomes higher. Further, if the average particle diameter is 30 ⁇ m or less, particularly 20 ⁇ m or less, it is difficult to become a foreign substance when applied to the electrode, and deterioration of battery characteristics can be prevented. Such an average particle diameter can be represented by, for example, a weight average particle diameter in particle size distribution measurement by a laser light diffraction method.
- the BET specific surface area of the carbon-containing silicon oxide of the present invention is preferably 0.5 to 30 m 2 / g, particularly 1 to 20 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area is 0.5 m 2 / g or more, particularly 1 m 2 / g or more, the adhesiveness when applied to the electrode is good, and the battery characteristics are good.
- it is 30 m 2 / g or less, particularly 20 m 2 / g or less, the proportion of silicon dioxide on the particle surface becomes small, and the battery capacity becomes high when used as a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material.
- a method for producing the silicon oxide for a negative electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention will be described.
- a raw material from which SiO gas is generated is heated to generate SiO gas, and a carbon-containing gas is supplied to the generated SiO gas in a temperature range of 500 to 1100 ° C. 0.5-30% carbon-containing silicon oxide is deposited.
- a high-quality non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be obtained by efficiently depositing a carbon-containing silicon oxide having a carbon content of 0.5 to 30%, with high productivity.
- a silicon oxide for a negative electrode material can be produced.
- the carbon content is measured, for example, by an oxyfuel combustion method, and a specific measuring device is Horiba Seismic Medium Carbon Analyzer EMIA-110.
- SiO gas (silicon oxide gas) is obtained by heating a raw material from which SiO gas is generated.
- the raw material from which SiO gas is generated is reduced to silicon oxide powder or silicon dioxide powder. It is preferable to use a mixture with powder.
- SiO gas is sufficiently generated.
- Specific reduction powders include metal silicon compounds, carbon-containing powders, and the like, particularly those using metal silicon powders are effective in terms of (1) increasing the reactivity and (2) increasing the yield. And is preferably used.
- the mixing ratio of the metal silicon powder and the silicon dioxide powder is appropriately selected, but considering the surface oxygen of the metal silicon powder and the presence of a trace amount of oxygen in the reactor, the mixing molar ratio is 1 ⁇ metal silicon powder. It is desirable that / silicon dioxide powder ⁇ 1.1, particularly 1.01 ⁇ metal silicon powder / silicon dioxide powder ⁇ 1.08.
- the SiO gas when generating the SiO gas by heating the raw material as described above, it is preferable to heat and hold the raw material at a temperature of 1100 to 1600 ° C., particularly 1200 to 1500 ° C. to generate the SiO gas. If the reaction temperature is 1100 ° C. or higher, particularly 1200 ° C. or higher, the reaction proceeds efficiently and the amount of SiO gas generated is sufficient. Moreover, if it is 1600 degrees C or less, especially 1500 degrees C or less, a raw material will not melt
- the furnace atmosphere is preferably in the presence of an inert gas or under reduced pressure, and thermodynamically under reduced pressure is more preferable because it has higher reactivity and enables low-temperature reaction. Therefore, it is particularly desirable to heat the raw material under reduced pressure at 1 to 200 Pa, particularly 5 to 100 Pa.
- the deposition of the carbon-containing silicon oxide can be performed by supplying the carbon-containing gas when the SiO gas is deposited, for example, co-deposited on the deposition substrate, and the temperature range for deposition is set to 500 to 1100 ° C.
- the thermal decomposition rate of the carbon-containing gas is reduced, so that silicon oxide containing no carbon is precipitated, or the carbon-containing silicon oxide having the carbon content of the present invention is used. It takes a long time and is not realistic.
- the deposition temperature is particularly preferably 700 to 1000 ° C.
- the temperature of the deposition chamber can be appropriately controlled by heating with a heater, heat insulating performance (heat insulating material thickness), forced cooling, or the like.
- the type of the deposition base on which the carbon-containing silicon oxide is deposited is not particularly limited, but refractory metals such as SUS, molybdenum, and tungsten are preferably used from the viewpoint of workability.
- the carbon content of the produced carbon-containing silicon oxide can be easily controlled by the flow rate, time, etc. of the carbon-containing gas to be supplied.
- the carbon-containing silicon oxide deposited on the deposition substrate as described above can be pulverized by an appropriate means if necessary, for example, to obtain the above-described preferred average particle diameter and BET specific surface area.
- the silicon oxide for secondary battery negative electrode material is preferably coated with carbon by chemical vapor deposition or mechanical alloying.
- a hydrocarbon-based compound gas and / or vapor at a temperature of 600 to 1200 ° C., preferably 800 to 1100 ° C. under normal pressure or reduced pressure, and performing a known thermal chemical vapor deposition treatment, etc.
- Silicon composite particles in which a carbon film is formed on the surface of the carbon-containing silicon oxide particles and at the same time, a silicon carbide layer is formed at the silicon-carbon layer interface may be used.
- hydrocarbon-based compound one that is pyrolyzed at the above heat treatment temperature to generate carbon is selected.
- hydrocarbon-based compound one that is pyrolyzed at the above heat treatment temperature to generate carbon is selected.
- methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, etc. carbonization of ethylene, propylene, butylene, acetylene, etc.
- Hydrogen alone or as a mixture or alcohol compounds such as methanol and ethanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylbenzene, diphenylmethane, naphthalene, phenol, cresol, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, indene, coumarone, pyridine, anthracene, phenanthrene, etc. Examples thereof include 1 to 3 aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof.
- gas gas oil, creosote oil, anthracene oil, and naphtha cracked tar oil obtained in the tar distillation step may be used alone or in a mixture.
- the carbon coating amount is preferably 1 to 50% by mass, particularly 1 to 20% by mass on the silicon oxide coated with carbon.
- the silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material obtained in the present invention can be processed to produce a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery to be produced is characterized in that the silicon oxide for the negative electrode material of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is used.
- Other positive electrode, electrolyte, separator and other materials, battery shape, etc. A known material can be used, and is not limited.
- oxides of transition metals such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , V 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 , chalcogen compounds, and the like are used.
- electrolyte for example, a non-aqueous solution containing a lithium salt such as lithium perchlorate is used.
- non-aqueous solvent propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, etc. The above is used in combination.
- Various other non-aqueous electrolytes and solid electrolytes can also be used.
- a conductive agent such as graphite can be added to the secondary battery negative electrode material.
- the kind of the conductive agent is not particularly limited, and may be an electron conductive material that does not cause decomposition or alteration in the configured battery.
- metal powder such as Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sn, Si, metal fiber or natural graphite, artificial graphite, various coke powders, mesophase carbon, vapor grown carbon fiber, Graphite such as pitch-based carbon fiber, PAN-based carbon fiber, and various resin fired bodies can be used.
- the electrochemical capacitor when obtaining an electrochemical capacitor, is characterized in that the silicon oxide (active material) of the present invention is used for an electrode.
- Other materials such as an electrolyte and a separator and a capacitor shape are It is not limited.
- a nonaqueous solution containing a lithium salt such as lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium borofluoride, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, etc. is used as the electrolyte.
- nonaqueous solvent examples include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, It is used alone or in combination of two or more kinds such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
- nonaqueous electrolytes and solid electrolytes can also be used.
- the battery characteristics such as battery capacity and cycle characteristics are excellent. Become.
- Example 1 The carbon-containing silicon oxide was manufactured using the horizontal tubular furnace 10 of FIG.
- the reaction tube 1 is made of alumina having an inner diameter of 80 mm, and an equimolar mixture of metal silicon powder having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and fumed silica powder (BET specific surface area: 200 m 2 / g) is used as a raw material 2. 50 g of raw material 2 was charged.
- the temperature was raised to 1400 ° C. by the heater 6 at a temperature rising rate of 300 ° C./hour while the inside of the furnace was evacuated to 20 Pa or less while being evacuated by the vacuum pump 7.
- the precipitation part heater 8 was heated to keep the precipitation part where the precipitation base 3 was disposed at 700 ° C.
- CH 4 gas was introduced from the gas introduction pipe 5 through the flow meter 4 at a flow rate of 1 NL / min (the furnace pressure increased to 100 Pa).
- the inflow of CH 4 gas and the heater heating were stopped and cooled to room temperature. After cooling, when the deposit deposited on the deposition substrate 3 was collected, the deposit was a black lump and the collected amount was 41 g.
- silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material.
- the obtained silicon oxide was a powder having an average particle size of 7.5 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 4.3 m 2 / g, and a carbon content of 5.3%.
- a battery evaluation using the obtained silicon oxide treated powder as a negative electrode active material was performed by the following method.
- 45 wt% of artificial graphite (average particle diameter 10 ⁇ m) and 10 wt% of polyimide are added to the obtained treated powder, and further N-methylpyrrolidone is added to form a slurry, which is applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 12 ⁇ m.
- the electrode was pressure-formed by a roller press, and this electrode was vacuum-dried at 350 ° C. for 1 hour, and then punched out to 2 cm 2 to obtain a negative electrode.
- a lithium foil was used as a counter electrode, and lithium hexafluoride was mixed with 1/1 (volume ratio) of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate as a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation using a non-aqueous electrolyte solution dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / L and a polyethylene microporous film having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m as a separator was prepared.
- the prepared lithium ion secondary battery was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature, and then charged with a secondary battery charge / discharge tester (manufactured by Nagano Co., Ltd.) until the test cell voltage reached 0 V at 0.5 mA / cm 2 .
- Charging was performed at a constant current, and after reaching 0V, charging was performed by decreasing the current so as to keep the cell voltage at 0V. Then, the charging was terminated when the current value fell below 40 ⁇ A / cm 2 .
- Discharging was performed at a constant current of 0.5 mA / cm 2 , discharging was terminated when the cell voltage exceeded 2.0 V, and the discharge capacity was determined.
- the above charge / discharge test was repeated, and a charge / discharge test after 50 cycles of the evaluation lithium ion secondary battery was performed.
- the initial charge capacity was 1440 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity was 1090 mAh / g
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency was 75.7%
- the discharge capacity at the 200th cycle was 1070 mAh / g
- the cycle retention rate after 200 cycles was 98%.
- Example 2 A silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that acetylene gas was used instead of CH 4 gas and the precipitation temperature was 550 ° C.
- the obtained silicon oxide was a powder having an average particle size of 7.6 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 14.3 m 2 / g, and a carbon content of 2.2%.
- a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the battery was evaluated.
- the initial charge capacity was 1460 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity was 1100 mAh / g
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency was 75.3%
- the discharge capacity at the 200th cycle was 1080 mAh / g
- the cycle retention rate after 200 cycles was 98%.
- Example 3 A silicon oxide for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the amount of acetylene gas was 1.5 NL / min and the precipitation temperature was 1000 ° C.
- the obtained silicon oxide was a powder having an average particle size of 7.5 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 2.8 m 2 / g, and a carbon content of 22.5%.
- a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the battery was evaluated.
- the initial charge capacity was 1320 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity was 1020 mAh / g
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency was 77.3%
- the discharge capacity at 200th cycle was 1000 mAh / g
- the cycle retention after 200 cycles was 98%.
- Example 1 A silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that silicon oxide was deposited without supplying the carbon-containing gas.
- the obtained silicon oxide was an average particle size: 7.6 ⁇ m, BET specific surface area: 5.6 m 2 / g, and a powder containing no carbon.
- a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the battery was evaluated.
- the initial charge capacity was 1460 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity was 1100 mAh / g
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency was 75.3%
- the discharge capacity at the 200th cycle was 990 mAh / g
- the cycle retention after 200 cycles was 90%.
- the lithium ion secondary battery was inferior in cycle characteristics.
- Example 2 A silicon oxide for a negative electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the amount of acetylene gas was 1 NL / min and the precipitation temperature was 450 ° C.
- the obtained silicon oxide was a powder having an average particle size of 7.5 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 34.2 m 2 / g, and a carbon content of 0.2%.
- a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and battery evaluation was performed.
- the initial charge capacity was 1410 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity was 1060 mAh / g
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency was 75.1%
- the discharge capacity at 200th cycle was 940 mAh / g
- the cycle retention after 200 cycles was 89%.
- the lithium ion secondary battery was clearly inferior in cycle characteristics.
- Example 3 A silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the amount of acetylene gas was 2 NL / min and the precipitation temperature was 1000 ° C.
- the obtained silicon oxide was a powder having an average particle size of 7.5 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 3.2 m 2 / g, and a carbon content of 33.4%.
- a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the battery was evaluated.
- the initial charge capacity was 1260 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity was 980 mAh / g
- the initial charge and discharge efficiency was 77.8%
- the discharge capacity at the 200th cycle was 960 mAh / g
- the cycle retention after 200 cycles was 98%. It was confirmed that the lithium ion secondary battery was clearly inferior in battery capacity compared to 1-3.
- Example 4 A silicon oxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the precipitation temperature was 1150 ° C.
- the obtained silicon oxide had an average particle diameter of 7.5 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 1.1 m 2 / g, and it was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis that SiC was generated.
- a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the battery was evaluated.
- the initial charge capacity was 1300 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity was 950 mAh / g
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency was 73.2%
- the discharge capacity at the 200th cycle was 720 mAh / g
- the cycle retention ratio after 200 cycles was 76%.
- the battery capacity, initial charge / discharge efficiency, and cycle characteristics were clearly inferior to the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention, and any device that exhibits the same function and effect is the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、車載用としては、サイクル特性は未だ不十分であり、現行の負極材料である炭素材料並みのサイクル特性にまで向上させる必要がある。
このように含有炭素がSiC化していない炭素含有珪素酸化物であれば、電池容量が十分に高く、サイクル特性の優れた非水電解質二次電池を作製可能な負極材用珪素酸化物となる。
このような炭素含有珪素酸化物であれば、非水電解質二次電池負極材を作製した場合に、電極に塗布した際の接着性が良好で、電池容量を十分に高くすることができる非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物となる。
このような原料を用いることで、SiOガスを効率的に発生させることができ、非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物の生産性をより向上できる。
このように加熱することで、反応が効率的に進行してSiOガスが十分に発生し、非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物の生産性をより向上できる。
このような炭化水素ガスであれば、コスト的に有利であるため、非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を安価に製造できる。
このように、本発明の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を使用したものであれば、高容量でサイクル特性に優れたリチウムイオン二次電池となる。
このように、本発明の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を使用したものであれば、高容量でサイクル特性に優れた電気化学キャパシタとなる。
その結果、絶縁材料である珪素酸化物の負極材に導電ネットワークを形成することで、著しくサイクル特性が向上することが判明し、上記目的を達成できる可能性が高いことを見出した。さらに、本発明者らは、珪素酸化物の負極材に導電ネットワークを形成させる方法について鋭意検討を行った結果、SiOガスを析出させ、珪素酸化物を製造する際に、炭素含有ガスにて共析出させることで、比較的容易に、導電性を有する炭素含有珪素酸化物を得ることができ、この炭素含有珪素酸化物を活物質として非水電解質二次電池負極材に用いることで、高容量でサイクル特性に優れた非水電解質二次電池を得られることを知見し、以下のような本発明をなすに至った。
このような炭素含有珪素酸化物であれば、非水電解質二次電池負極材として用いた場合に高容量とすることができると同時に、優れたサイクル特性を得ることができる。
このように、含有された炭素がSiC化していないものであれば、電池容量やサイクル特性の劣化を確実に防止して、優れた電池容量とサイクル特性を示す非水電解質二次電池を作製できる。
平均粒子径が0.1μm以上、特には0.2μm以上である粒子は、製造が容易であり、比表面積が小さく、粒子表面の二酸化珪素の割合が小さくなる。従って、非水電解質二次電池負極材として用いた際に電池容量がより高くなる。また、平均粒子径が30μm以下、特には20μm以下であれば、電極に塗布した際に異物となりにくく、電池特性の低下を防止できる。
このような平均粒子径は、例えばレーザー光回折法による粒度分布測定における重量平均粒子径で表すことができる。
BET比表面積が0.5m2/g以上、特に1m2/g以上であれば、電極に塗布した際の接着性が良く、電池特性が良好になる。一方、30m2/g以下、特に20m2/g以下であれば、粒子表面の二酸化珪素の割合が小さくなり、非水電解質二次電池負極材として用いた際に電池容量が高くなる。
本発明の製造方法では、SiOガスが発生する原料を加熱してSiOガスを発生させ、該発生したSiOガスに、500~1100℃の温度域で炭素含有ガスを供給して、炭素含有量が0.5~30%の炭素含有珪素酸化物を析出させる。
なお、炭素含有量は、例えば酸素燃焼法によって測定され、具体的な測定装置としては、堀場製作所金属中炭素分析装置EMIA-110が挙げられる。
このように、酸化珪素粉末や、二酸化珪素粉末と還元粉末の混合物であれば、SiOガスが十分に発生する。具体的な還元粉末としては、金属珪素化合物、炭素含有粉末等が挙げられるが、特に金属珪素粉末を用いたものが、(1)反応性を高める、(2)収率を高めるといった点で効果的であり、好ましく用いられる。
反応温度が1100℃以上、特に1200℃以上であれば、反応が効率的に進行し、SiOガスの発生量が十分になる。また、1600℃以下、特に1500℃以下であれば、原料が溶融することもなく、反応性が高い状態で維持でき、SiOガスが十分な量で発生し、また、あまり高温にならないため炉材が限定されない。
従って、減圧下、1~200Pa、特に5~100Paで原料を加熱することが特に望ましい。
この中で、特に、CnH2n+2(n=1~3)で表される炭化水素ガスは、コスト的にも有利であることより、好適に使用することができる。
析出温度が500℃より低いと、炭素含有ガスの熱分解速度が低下し、全く炭素を含有しない珪素酸化物が析出したり、また、本発明の炭素含有量の炭素含有酸化珪素とするのに長時間を要し、現実的ではない。逆に1100℃より高いと、SiOガスと炭素含有ガスとの反応でSiCが生成してしまい、負極材として用いた際に、容量、サイクル特性といった電池特性が著しく低下する。また、析出効率等を考慮すると、析出温度は700~1000℃が特に好ましい。
また、炭素含有珪素酸化物を析出させる析出基体の種類も特に限定されないが、加工性の点で、SUSやモリブデン、タングステンといった高融点金属が好適に用いられる。
この場合、常圧下又は減圧下で600~1200℃、好ましくは800~1100℃の温度で炭化水素系化合物のガス及び/又は蒸気を導入して、公知の熱化学蒸着処理等を施すことにより、炭素含有珪素酸化物の粒子表面にカーボン膜を形成し、それと同時に、珪素-炭素層の界面に炭化珪素層が形成された珪素複合体粒子としてもよい。
なお、炭素被覆する場合、炭素被覆量は、炭素被覆された珪素酸化物に1~50質量%、特に1~20質量%であることが好ましい。
この場合、製造するリチウムイオン二次電池は、本発明の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を用いる点に特徴を有し、その他の正極、電解質、セパレータ等の材料及び電池形状などは公知のものを用いることができ、限定されない。
(実施例1)
図1の横型管状炉10を用い、炭素含有珪素酸化物を製造した。反応管1は内径80mmのアルミナ製であり、平均粒子径が5μmの金属珪素粉末とヒュームドシリカ粉末(BET比表面積;200m2/g)の等モル混合物を原料2とし、反応管1内に原料2を50g仕込んだ。
冷却後、析出基体3上に析出した析出物を回収したところ、析出物は黒色塊状物であり、回収量は41gであった。
得られた珪素酸化物は、平均粒子径;7.5μm、BET比表面積;4.3m2/g、炭素含有量が5.3%の粉末であった。
次に、得られた珪素酸化物の処理粉末を負極活物質として用いた電池評価を、以下の方法で行った。
まず、得られた処理粉末に、人造黒鉛(平均粒子径10μm)を45wt%、ポリイミドを10wt%加え、更にN-メチルピロリドンを加えてスラリーとし、このスラリーを厚さ12μmの銅箔に塗布し、80℃で1時間乾燥後、ローラープレスにより電極を加圧成形し、この電極を350℃で1時間真空乾燥した後、2cm2に打ち抜き、負極とした。
CH4ガスに代えてアセチレンガスを用い、析出部温度を550℃とした他は、実施例1と同様な方法で、非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を製造した。
得られた珪素酸化物は、平均粒子径;7.6μm、BET比表面積;14.3m2/g、炭素含有量が2.2%の粉末であった。
アセチレンガス量を1.5NL/minとし、析出部温度を1000℃とした他は、実施例2と同様な方法で非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を製造した。
得られた珪素酸化物は、平均粒子径;7.5μm、BET比表面積;2.8m2/g、炭素含有量が22.5%の粉末であった。
炭素含有ガスを供給せずに珪素酸化物を析出させた他は、実施例1と同様な方法で非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を製造した。
得られた珪素酸化物は、平均粒子径;7.6μm、BET比表面積;5.6m2/g、炭素を含まない粉末であった。
アセチレンガス量を1NL/minとし、析出部温度を450℃とした他は、実施例2と同様な方法で非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を製造した。
得られた珪素酸化物は、平均粒子径;7.5μm、BET比表面積;34.2m2/g、炭素含有量が0.2%の粉末であった。
次に、実施例1と同様な方法で負極を作製し、電池評価を行った。その結果、初回充電容量1410mAh/g、初回放電容量1060mAh/g、初回充放電効率75.1%、200サイクル目の放電容量940mAh/g、200サイクル後のサイクル保持率89%となり、実施例1-3に比べ、明らかにサイクル特性に劣るリチウムイオン二次電池であることが確認された。
アセチレンガス量を2NL/minとし、析出部温度を1000℃とした他は、実施例2と同様な方法で非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を製造した。
得られた珪素酸化物は、平均粒子径;7.5μm、BET比表面積;3.2m2/g、炭素含有量が33.4%の粉末であった。
析出部温度を1150℃とした他は、実施例1と同様な方法で非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を製造した。
得られた珪素酸化物は、平均粒子径;7.5μm、BET比表面積;1.1m2/gであり、X線回折分析により、SiCが生成している事が確認された。
Claims (9)
- 非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物であって、SiOガスと炭素含有ガスとから共析出させることで得られる炭素含有珪素酸化物であり、該炭素含有珪素酸化物の炭素含有量が0.5~30%であることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物。
- 前記炭素含有珪素酸化物の含有炭素が、SiC化していないものであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物。
- 前記炭素含有珪素酸化物が、平均粒子径0.1~30μm、BET比表面積0.5~30m2/gであることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物。
- 非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を製造する方法であって、SiOガスが発生する原料を加熱してSiOガスを発生させ、該発生したSiOガスに、500~1100℃の温度域で炭素含有ガスを供給して、炭素含有量が0.5~30%の炭素含有珪素酸化物を析出させることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記SiOガスが発生する原料を、酸化珪素粉末、又は、二酸化珪素粉末と金属珪素粉末との混合物とすることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記SiOガスが発生する原料を加熱する際、不活性ガスの存在下もしくは減圧下、1100~1600℃の温度範囲で加熱することを特徴とする請求項4又は請求項5に記載の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記炭素含有ガスを、CnH2n+2(n=1~3)で表される炭化水素ガスとすることを特徴とする請求項4乃至請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物の製造方法。
- 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を使用したものであることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の非水電解質二次電池負極材用珪素酸化物を使用したものであることを特徴とする電気化学キャパシタ。
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WO2015077892A1 (fr) * | 2013-11-28 | 2015-06-04 | HYDRO-QUéBEC | Procédé de préparation de siox à structure filamentaire nanométrique et son utilisation comme matériau d'anode de batterie lithium-ion |
CN105793194A (zh) * | 2013-11-28 | 2016-07-20 | 魁北克电力公司 | 具有纳米级丝状结构的SiOx的制备方法和其在锂离子蓄电池中作为阳极材料的用途 |
US10329157B2 (en) | 2013-11-28 | 2019-06-25 | HYDRO-QUéBEC | Process for the preparation of SiOx having a nanoscale filament structure and use thereof as anode material in lithium-ion batteries |
JP2023523660A (ja) * | 2021-03-31 | 2023-06-07 | 寧徳新能源科技有限公司 | 負極活物質並びにそれを含む電気化学装置及び電子装置 |
JP7470696B2 (ja) | 2021-03-31 | 2024-04-18 | 寧徳新能源科技有限公司 | 負極活物質並びにそれを含む電気化学装置及び電子装置 |
WO2022236985A1 (zh) * | 2021-05-13 | 2022-11-17 | 溧阳天目先导电池材料科技有限公司 | 一种均匀改性的氧化亚硅负极材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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JP5675546B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
KR101947620B1 (ko) | 2019-02-14 |
IN2014CN02704A (ja) | 2015-07-03 |
CN103857623A (zh) | 2014-06-11 |
JP2013089364A (ja) | 2013-05-13 |
EP2768050A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
EP2768050B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
EP2768050A4 (en) | 2015-06-03 |
US20140302395A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
KR20140090599A (ko) | 2014-07-17 |
CN103857623B (zh) | 2016-07-06 |
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