WO2013041039A1 - 大分子物质清洁燃用方法及装置 - Google Patents

大分子物质清洁燃用方法及装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013041039A1
WO2013041039A1 PCT/CN2012/081714 CN2012081714W WO2013041039A1 WO 2013041039 A1 WO2013041039 A1 WO 2013041039A1 CN 2012081714 W CN2012081714 W CN 2012081714W WO 2013041039 A1 WO2013041039 A1 WO 2013041039A1
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Prior art keywords
gas
combustion
oxygen
burning
chamber
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PCT/CN2012/081714
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘伟奇
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Liu Weiqi
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Priority to EP12833368.9A priority Critical patent/EP2762778A4/en
Priority to US14/346,683 priority patent/US9951946B2/en
Priority to JP2014531089A priority patent/JP6130837B2/ja
Priority to EA201490685A priority patent/EA201490685A1/ru
Publication of WO2013041039A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013041039A1/zh

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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F23G5/0276Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage using direct heating
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/38Multi-hearth arrangements
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/04Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment drying
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/46Recuperation of heat
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/30Pyrolysing
    • F23G2201/303Burning pyrogases
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/30Pyrolysing
    • F23G2201/304Burning pyrosolids
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/40Gasification
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00Combustion
    • F23G2202/10Combustion in two or more stages
    • F23G2202/101Combustion in two or more stages with controlled oxidant supply
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00Combustion
    • F23G2202/60Combustion in a catalytic combustion chamber
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2206/00Waste heat recuperation
    • F23G2206/10Waste heat recuperation reintroducing the heat in the same process, e.g. for predrying
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2206/00Waste heat recuperation
    • F23G2206/20Waste heat recuperation using the heat in association with another installation
    • F23G2206/203Waste heat recuperation using the heat in association with another installation with a power/heat generating installation
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2209/00Specific waste
    • F23G2209/26Biowaste
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/50002Burning with downwards directed draft through the waste mass
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/12Heat utilisation in combustion or incineration of waste
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a biomass gasification combustion method and apparatus, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for efficient cleaning and burning of macromolecular substances, and belongs to the technical field of high-efficiency clean combustion utilization. Background technique:
  • Macromolecular substances include industrial wastes such as biomass and solid organic domestic waste and used tires. They are renewable energy substances. How to enable them to achieve efficient clean conversion and utilization has always been a hot research topic for science and technology workers all over the world.
  • biomass tar includes pyrolysis and catalytic cracking.
  • waste gasification incineration although "garbage gasification incineration” is the ultimate realization of solid organic waste”
  • the existing technology can not avoid the production of highly toxic toxic substances such as dioxin, which makes the waste incineration treatment in various countries in the world difficult.
  • the Chinese Patent No. 200810056512. 4 "a particulate fuel combustion method and a combustion device" cannot form a sufficient amount of a stable red hot carbon residue layer, and the pyrolysis gas of the particulate fuel has a considerable Part of the un-cracked, but in the form of tar-like macromolecular gaseous substances across its red hot carbon slag layer and directly into its "flame burning zone", so the secondary pollution of soot and tar will be inevitable.
  • the Chinese invention patent number is 200410098604.
  • "Biomass low N0 X combustion device and combustion method” although it has a good effect in reducing the N0 X emission, but it is from the pyrolysis chamber.
  • a considerable part of the pyrolysis gas is not cracked, but mainly in the form of tar-like macromolecular gaseous substances, through its "communication port” directly into its set “combustion chamber”, so its soot and tar secondary Pollution is also inevitable.
  • the Chinese invention patent No. 200610088987. 2 "the coal-burning furnace and coal combustion method for reducing the emission of coal-fired pollutants” adopts a double furnace type structure, the equipment cost is high, the degree of automation is low, and the operation is very troublesome. It can be used for manual coal combustion. It is not suitable for the combustion of biomass with high water content and solid organic waste. Otherwise, the pollution of soot and tar will be very serious, or even not working properly.
  • Chinese invention patent application number is 200910043224.
  • X integrated composite gasification furnace
  • its anoxic combustion zone is a conical narrow space, resulting in less content, easy to burn, difficult to form temperature Accumulate and produce a sufficient amount of red hot carbon slag layer, so that the primary combustion products from its anoxic combustion zone are easy to form non-combustible flue gas mainly composed of co 2 ; and the heat from its "furnace dry distillation layer and dry layer” Degassing, and because it can not obtain the catalytic cracking of red hot carbon residue, most of them still directly enter the "outlet chamber” in the form of tar-like macromolecular substances, so that a large amount of tar-like macromolecular substances "enter the gas and gas together""Gasstove” will inevitably produce secondary pollution of tar, and only dry materials can be used. If the moisture content of the materials used is high, the secondary pollution of soot and tar will be more serious, or even impossible. jobs.
  • Chinese invention patent application number is 201010152803. 0 "household suction type tar-free biomass gasification direct combustion furnace" due to the addition of biomass from the upper part, the tar-like macromolecular substance in the pyrolysis gas is not cracked Directly enter its oxyfuel Burning area, so the secondary pollution of soot and tar will be inevitable, and only dry materials can be used. If the moisture content of the materials used is high, the secondary pollution of soot and tar will be more serious, or even not working at all. .
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a dry material and a wet material according to the deficiencies of the prior art, and the process is simple, the cost is low, the operation is stable, the use is convenient, the fire speed is fast, and the operation cost is Small, non-produced tar wastewater, smokeless dust and tar pollution, and can achieve zero emission of "dioxin" in the process of waste incineration. It has the dual functions of high efficiency, energy saving and environmental friendliness. Compared with fossil energy, it has obvious comparable economy. And it is a highly safe cleaning method and device for operating macromolecules that are very safe to operate.
  • a method for efficient cleaning and burning of macromolecular substances comprising the following process steps:
  • Step (1) adding a certain amount of biomass carbon residue or charcoal or coke or a mixture thereof to the first combustion air at below its theoretical oxygen demand for anaerobic combustion to produce the first gaseous substance , the fly ash and the red hot carbon slag layer, the first gaseous substance mainly comprises C0, 3 ⁇ 4 and N 2 ; the first gaseous substance and the fly ash are in an electronically excited state;
  • Step (2) introducing the heat generated by the anaerobic combustion into the macromolecular substance, preheating and drying, and separating out part of the water, thereby increasing the reaction temperature and promoting pyrolysis gasification to produce the second a gaseous substance and a carbon residue, the second gaseous substance comprising "dioxin" and I or other "tar" macromolecular substances and a part of small molecule combustible gas and a small amount of water vapor;
  • Step (3) using red hot carbon slag as a cracking catalyst, introducing a second gaseous substance into the red hot carbon slag layer for catalytic catalytic cracking to generate a third gaseous substance and fly ash;
  • Gaseous substances do not contain "dioxin” and other "tar" macromolecules, but contain a certain amount of small molecule hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and some organic small molecule radicals; the third gaseous state Both the substance and the fly ash are in an electronically excited state;
  • Step (4) combining the third gaseous substance in an electronically excited state with the fly ash and the first gaseous substance and the fly ash, and mixing and insulating into the oxygen-rich combustion zone to be added to the higher than the theoretical oxygen demand.
  • the second combustion air is subjected to oxy-combustion combustion or heat recovery at the same time; or the third gaseous substance is combined with the fly ash and the first gaseous substance and the fly ash, and after being insulated and dusted, the heat is introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion zone to Adding the second combustion air above the theoretical oxygen demand for oxyfuel combustion or At the same time, heat recovery is performed to control the temperature of the combustion product above the melting point of the fly ash, or to control the temperature of the combustion product above the melting point of the fly ash and below the temperature at which the thermal nitrogen oxide N0 X is generated to generate slag and a fourth gaseous substance; the fourth gaseous substance is also in an electronically excited state;
  • step (4) the first gaseous substance and the third gaseous substance are completely burned, and the fly ash is not generated in a large amount or the N0 X and the fly ash are not generated in a large amount;
  • Step (5) discharging the fourth gaseous substance directly into the atmosphere or after being washed by water and I or heat recovered, and discharged into the atmosphere;
  • step (2) "preheating and drying, and separating part of the water” means that the macromolecular substance contains water, and most of the heat is vaporized and vaporized.
  • the form is separated from the material and discharged directly into the atmosphere; or the vaporized water mixed with the small molecule combustible gas is separated from the material in the form of mixed water vapor and directly introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion zone described in the step (4) to realize
  • the endothermic cooling of water vapor is combined with automatic separation and instant complete combustion of small molecule combustible gas; or the vaporized water mixed with small molecular combustible gas is separated from the material in the form of mixed water vapor and is higher than its theoretical oxygen demand.
  • the third combustion air is sufficiently premixed and then introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion zone described in the step (4) to achieve gas-to-gas conversion and endothermic cooling of the water vapor and instantaneous complete combustion of the small molecule combustible gas;
  • the small molecule combustible vaporized water is separated from the material in the form of mixed water vapor, and after being liquefied and automatically separated by water vapor, it is sufficiently premixed with the third combustion air above its theoretical oxygen demand, and then guide Into the oxygen-rich combustion zone described in step (4), to achieve a small amount of water vapor gas conversion and endothermic cooling and instant complete combustion of small molecule combustible gas;
  • the "third gaseous substance does not contain 'dioxin' and other 'tar' macromolecules" as described in step (3) is by controlling the temperature of the red hot carbon slag layer and the second gaseous substance
  • the residence time in the red hot carbon slag layer is achieved by controlling the first amount of combustion air, the effective thickness of the red hot carbon slag layer, and the moisture content of the second gaseous material;
  • the effective thickness of the red hot carbon slag layer Refers to the thickness of the carbon residue actually flowing through the red hot carbon slag layer;
  • the temperature of the red hot carbon residue layer in step (1) or step (3) is 850 ° C;
  • (2) or "dioxin" as described in step (3) includes "dioxin" and its precursors;
  • the "first gaseous substance and the third gaseous substance are completely burned" described in the step (4) is by controlling the supply amount of the second combustion air, that is, the excess air ratio of the second combustion air and the first, The degree of mixing of the third gaseous substance with the second combustion air is achieved; at the same time, the "not generating a large amount of fly ash or generating a large amount of N0 !
  • ⁇ P fly ash as described in the step (4) is controlled by The temperature of the combustion products in the oxy-combustion zone is achieved; at the same time the "heat recovery" described in step (iv) is directed to the direct heat recovery of the oxygen-rich combustion zone filled with mixed steam and I or by means of a partition wall heat exchanger Indirect heat recovery performed;
  • the "water” in the “washing purification” described in the step (5) includes ordinary tap water and an acid, a base, and a brine solution;
  • the supply amount of the third combustion air and/or the second combustion air is appropriate, and it is also possible to determine whether or not the oxyfuel combustion achieves flameless or short flame combustion without black smoke generation.
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device comprises an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, an anoxic combustion chamber, a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber, characterized in that: an oxygen supply device is arranged on the anoxic combustion chamber And a combustion product outlet; a dust removal chamber is disposed on the primary combustion product outlet; an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber is disposed on the dust chamber and/or the heat insulation conduit disposed on the dust chamber; a secondary oxygen supply device is disposed on the gas path of the combustion product outlet to the oxygen-rich combustion chamber; a ash chamber is disposed directly below the anoxic combustion chamber; and the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber and/or the oxygen-rich combustion chamber a heat recovery device is disposed; a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber are sequentially disposed directly above the anoxic combustion chamber; and an insulation insulation is disposed around the outer side of the dust removal chamber, the anoxic combustion chamber, the pyrolysis chamber, and the drying chamber a layer, at the same time, providing access to the
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device comprises an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, an anoxic combustion chamber, a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber, characterized in that: an oxygen supply device is arranged on the anoxic combustion chamber Providing a grate, a primary combustion product outlet, an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber and a ash chamber directly below the anoxic combustion chamber, and providing a secondary combustion product outlet on the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber; a secondary oxygen supply device is disposed on the gas grid on the grate and the first or first combustion product outlet to the oxygen-rich combustion chamber; a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber are sequentially disposed directly above the anoxic combustion chamber, and The drying chamber is provided with a water vapor separation and discharge device to the atmosphere and I or to the oxygen-rich combustion chamber; the drying chamber, the pyrolysis chamber, the anoxic combustion chamber, the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber and the ash chamber are connected And providing an insulating insulation layer around the outside of the drying chamber, the
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device comprises an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, an anoxic combustion chamber, a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber, characterized in that: an oxygen supply device is arranged on the anoxic combustion chamber Providing a grate, a primary combustion product outlet, an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, and a water washing and dusting chamber directly under the anoxic combustion chamber, and providing a secondary combustion product outlet on the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, and The secondary combustion product outlet is located below the liquid level of the water washing and dusting chamber; and a secondary oxygen supply device is disposed on the gas grid and/or the primary combustion product outlet to the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber; a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber are disposed in front of the anoxic combustion chamber; and a water vapor separation and discharge device to the atmosphere and/or to the oxygen-rich combustion chamber is disposed on the drying chamber; a drying chamber, a pyrolysis chamber, an anoxic combustion chamber, an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber and
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device comprises an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, an anoxic combustion chamber, a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber, characterized in that: an oxygen supply device is arranged on the anoxic combustion chamber Providing a primary combustion product outlet and an oxygen-rich combustion chamber directly above the anoxic combustion chamber, and disposed on the primary combustion product outlet and/or the primary combustion product outlet to the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber a secondary oxygen supply device; a pyrolysis chamber, a drying chamber and a feeding device are arranged in sequence under the anoxic combustion chamber; the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, the anoxic combustion chamber, the pyrolysis chamber and the drying chamber are connected; And providing a heat recovery device at the drying chamber, on the pyrolysis chamber, on the anoxic combustion chamber, on the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, and in the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber; in the anoxic combustion chamber, the heat a heat insulating layer is arranged around the outer side of the decontamination chamber and the drying chamber
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device comprises an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, an anoxic combustion chamber, a pyrolysis chamber and a drying chamber, wherein the anoxic combustion chamber is a sloped combustion chamber, and
  • the inclined combustion chamber is provided with a primary oxygen supply device; a primary combustion product outlet and an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber are sequentially disposed directly above the inclined combustion chamber, and at the primary combustion product outlet and/or the primary combustion product a secondary oxygen supply device is disposed on the gas path exiting the oxygen-rich combustion chamber;
  • a pyrolysis chamber, a drying chamber and a feeding device are sequentially disposed on a side opposite to the inner wall of the inclined bottom plate of the inclined combustion chamber;
  • An oxygen combustion chamber, an anoxic combustion chamber, a pyrolysis chamber, and a drying chamber are in communication, and are located on the drying chamber, on the pyrolysis chamber, on the anoxic combustion chamber, on the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber, and in the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber or
  • N0 X is one of the main pollutants that produce photochemical smog, acid rain, causing water and air pollution
  • N0 X floating in the atmosphere not only damages plants, but also has toxicity to animals. Therefore, the present inventors have proposed to implement the specific device of the method of the present invention, in addition to ensuring that all of its inventions are achieved, and strive to avoid or reduce the secondary pollution of N0 X as much as possible. For this reason, especially for N0 x and its related cases.
  • the description is as follows in order to better understand the entire contents of the present invention:
  • N0 X includes a nitrogen monoxide NO, nitrogen dioxide, N0 2 and nitrous oxide N 2 0, N0 X majority of the material produced in the combustion process NO accounts for about 90% or more, N0 2 accounts for about 5% to 10%, while 0 only accounts for about 1%.
  • N0 X is the fuel type N0 X which is formed by oxidation of nitrogen compounds in fuel during combustion of fuel. It is the main source of N0 X.
  • the thermal type N0 X produced by the nitrogen in the air staying in a high temperature aerobic environment above 1500 °C is the second largest source of N0 X ;
  • the third is that the nitrogen in the air has a high temperature of 1170-1460 ° C. oxygen environment and at great speed generated on the premise that the organic radical CH participation type N0 X fast, a secondary source of N0 X, accounting for about 5% N0 X total amounts of the following.
  • the carbon residue has a high porosity, a large specific surface area, and a small moisture content
  • temperature accumulation can be instantaneously formed near the carbon residue portion of the fire source, and a surface high temperature of 1000-1200 ° C is generated.
  • the fly ash near the oxygen injection port becomes slag and is automatically separated from the combustion products, and on the other hand, the carbon residue in the entire anoxic combustion chamber is quickly turned into red heat.
  • the carbon residue layer so that a large number of activated carbon atoms in the free state are generated in the pores of the carbon residue, and these activated carbon atoms collide with another part of the oxygen radicals diffused from the surface of the carbon residue, due to oxygen radicals in the pores of the carbon residue
  • the concentration is relatively low, and as a result of its intense collision with oxygen radicals, it eventually escapes the surface of the carbon residue in the form of CO molecules.
  • the carbon residue since the carbon residue has a high porosity and a large specific surface area, the number of CO molecules that escape the surface of the carbon residue per unit time is much higher than the CO 2 fraction directly generated on the surface of the carbon residue near the oxygen injection port.
  • Sub-number additionally, CO 2 molecules generated on the surface of the carbon residue and part of the fuel type N0 X which may be generated by fuel combustion and a small amount of 3 ⁇ 40 molecules entering with the combustion air, and the hot carbon residue in the reducing atmosphere of the red hot carbon residue
  • the reduction reaction takes place and is finally reduced to C0, 3 ⁇ 4 and N 2 through a series of complicated chemical processes. Therefore, the biomass carbon residue or charcoal or coke of the present invention or a mixture thereof is incompletely burned, instantaneously. It can produce a sufficient amount of small molecule combustible gas and form a red hot carbon slag layer, thus having the advantages of fast fire speed, starting smokeless dust, and the like, and can effectively prevent the generation of fuel type N0 X.
  • the bound water and the free water in the macromolecular substance begin to compete for the intermolecular van der Waals force and the gasification escapes.
  • the macromolecular material mainly releases water vapor outward, and when most of its combined water and free water are vaporized, the macromolecular substance rapidly heats up. about
  • those small molecules that combine hydrogen and van der Waals forces in macromolecular matter begin to compete for the intermolecular van der Waals forces and their hydrogen-health constraints to escape.
  • the macromolecular material begins to depolymerize and the weak begins to break.
  • the temperature rises to 400-50 (TC) the macromolecular substances are all depolymerized into unsaturated organic macromonomer compounds and some small molecule hydrocarbons, thereby producing a large amount of tar-containing macromolecular gaseous substances and parts.
  • Pyrolysis gas of small molecule combustible gas and small amount of water vapor including phenols, acetic acid, methanol, methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc.
  • the present invention does not introduce the obtained pyrolysis gas into the burner or introduces it after "condensation purification".
  • the "oxygen catalytic cracking" product contains a certain amount of organic small molecule radicals and is in an electronically excited state, this "small molecule radical” will bind to the growing chain molecule once it leaves the high temperature region of the cracking reaction. And releasing heat to re-form the tar-like macromolecular substance. Therefore, the present invention does not directly use the small-molecule flammable gas as a stable state, and directly introduces it into a low-temperature gas storage tank for storage, or introduces it into the combustion by using a common condensing gas guiding device.
  • the insulation is introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion zone or after being insulated and dust-removed, and then introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion zone, and the combustion air is added to the oxyfuel combustion at a temperature higher than the theoretical oxygen demand.
  • Combustible mixture all of which are small molecules of flammable gas or organic small molecule radicals that have been in an electronically excited state. They do not need to undergo secondary cleavage of tar-like macromolecules in the oxy-combustion zone, and can directly occur with oxygen radicals.
  • the present invention has the following functions and advantages:
  • FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are schematic diagrams showing internal structures of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth embodiments of the present invention, which are the second type of implementation of the present invention. Five specific implementations in the programme;
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of a ninth embodiment of the present invention, which is a specific embodiment of the third type of embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 are schematic diagrams showing internal structures of the tenth and eleventh embodiments of the present invention, which are two specific embodiments of the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the pyrolysis or combustion product temperature and the excess air ratio and the gasification product effective coefficient of a macromolecular substance in the first type of embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 3; Is the pyrolysis or combustion product of a certain macromolecular substance in the second, third and fourth types of embodiments shown in Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
  • the upper abscissa indicates the effective coefficient of the gasification product, and the equivalent ratio of the small molecule combustible gas including the organic small molecule radical and its theoretical gasification value obtained by actual gasification of a certain amount of macromolecular substance is represented by ⁇ ;
  • the ordinate indicates the pyrolysis or combustion product temperature of the macromolecular substance, expressed in degrees Celsius;
  • Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 and Q 5 represent the macromolecular substance in the AB or AB ' segment, BC or B 'C segment, CD or C 'D segment, DD ' or The amount of combustion air obtained by DE or 05 1 or 05 'segment and DD 's segment;
  • "1 # , via 2 # , and 3 # " respectively indicate that the 1 # heat energy recovery device, the 2 # heat energy recovery device, and the 3 after the temperature characteristics of the heat recovery device # cooling;
  • by the water vapor means a temperature of the mixed steam heat recovery characteristics after direct cooling;
  • FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 are schematic diagrams showing the process blocks of two different embodiments of the present invention, respectively, but the heat transfer and indirect heat energy recovery processes are not indicated in the drawings.
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 1, includes an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6),
  • the utility model is characterized in that: a ash chamber (33) and a primary oxygen supply device (34) are arranged on a central axis directly below the anoxic combustion chamber (1); and an upper portion of the anoxic combustion chamber (1) is arranged.
  • a combustion product outlet (24) and an annular air passage (4) are provided in turn; and an air outlet (17) and a dust chamber (28) are sequentially disposed on one side of the annular air passage (4);
  • An infrared burning burner (19) is disposed on an upper portion of the dust removing chamber (28), an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) is disposed in the burner (19), and an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) is provided.
  • said I s thermal energy recovery device (18) is a common wok on which the burner (19) oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20) is placed during normal operation; a secondary oxygen supply device (26) is disposed in the dust removal chamber (28); a pyrolysis chamber (3) and a drying chamber (6) are sequentially disposed directly above the anoxic combustion chamber (1) and the three Between the straight-through structure; in the dust chamber (2 8) an insulating insulation layer (5) is arranged around the outer side of the anoxic combustion chamber (1), the pyrolysis chamber (3) and the drying chamber (6), and a furnace cover is arranged on the upper portion of the drying chamber (6).
  • a water vapor separation and discharge device is provided to the furnace (19) oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20); the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20) a combustion space located above the porous ceramic plate of the burner (19) and under the alloy wire mesh; the anoxic combustion chamber (1) is a lower space of the cylindrical inner furnace body (9); the heat The solution chamber (3) and the drying chamber (6) are respectively a lower half and an upper half space of a circular storage tank (10) coaxially disposed in an upper portion of the inner furnace body (9); The movable barrel is arranged between the barrel (10) and the inner furnace body (9).
  • the storage tank (10) is taken out from the inner furnace body (9); the primary oxygen supply device (34) is provided by an oxygen supply ash outlet (31) disposed on the central axis of the bottom of the inner furnace body (9) a grooved ash chamber (33) surrounded by a steel plate, and a sealing cover (35) An integrated grate (32), an air inlet (36) communicating with the annular duct (30), and a fan (2) mounted on the annular duct (30); the ring
  • the air passage (4) is composed of the inner furnace body (9) and a storage tank (10) coaxially disposed at an upper portion thereof, and is provided with an exhaust gas on an upper side of the annular air passage (4).
  • the mouth (7) and the exhaust valve (8); the air outlet (17) is disposed on the inner wall of the inner furnace body (9) adjacent to the dust removing chamber (28), and at the air outlet (17)
  • a gas valve (23) is a line contact type manual gyro valve, which has the advantages of: flexible opening, high temperature resistance, and stepless adjustment of the gas supply amount
  • the chamber (28) is a rectangular steel plate member disposed on one side of the inner furnace body (9), and is partitioned into left and right two parts by a suspended partition (21), and in the space on the right side thereof
  • carbon particles are mainly used for recycling; at the same time, a ash outlet and a heat insulating cover (27) are arranged on the bottom side of the dust removing chamber (28); and the secondary oxygen supply device (26) is guided.
  • the air duct (29), the secondary oxygen supply valve (25), the annular air duct (30) and the fan (2), the air duct (29) is a "7"-shaped metal conduit open at both ends, One end is abutted on the annular air passage (30), and the other end is disposed in the right space of the dust removal chamber (28) through the partition plate (21);
  • the secondary oxygen supply valve (25) is Line contact type manual gyro valve;
  • the water vapor separation and discharge device (15) is composed of an air guiding tube (16) and a steam valve (13) thereof and an oxygen supply tube (14) and a tertiary oxygen supply valve (12) .
  • the high-efficiency clean burning method for the macromolecular substance used in the embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1 , FIG. 14 and FIG. 16 includes the following process steps: [0051] Step (1): adding a certain amount of biomass carbon residue to the first combustion air below the theoretical oxygen demand for anaerobic combustion to generate the first gaseous substance, fly ash and red hot carbon slag layer
  • the first gaseous substance mainly comprises carbon monoxide CO, hydrogen gas 3 ⁇ 4 and nitrogen gas N 2 ; the first gaseous substance and the fly ash are both in an electronically excited state;
  • Step (2) introducing the heat generated by the anaerobic combustion into the macromolecular substance, preheating and drying, and separating part of the water, thereby increasing the reaction temperature and promoting pyrolysis gasification to generate the second gaseous state.
  • the second gaseous substance comprising "dioxin" and/or other "tar" macromolecular substances and a part of small molecule combustible gas and a small amount of water vapor;
  • Step (3) using red hot carbon slag as a cracking catalyst, introducing a second gaseous substance into the red hot carbon slag layer for catalytic catalytic cracking to generate a third gaseous substance and fly ash;
  • Gaseous substances do not contain "dioxin” and other "tar" macromolecules, but contain a certain amount of small molecule hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and some organic small molecule radicals; the third gaseous state Both the substance and the fly ash are in an electronically excited state;
  • Step (4) the third gaseous substance in an electronically excited state and the fly ash and the first gaseous substance and the fly ash are combined and mixed under the heat preservation condition, and then insulated and dusted, and then introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion zone. Adding the second combustion air to the oxy-enriched combustion above the theoretical oxygen demand, and performing heat recovery to control the temperature of the combustion product above the melting point of the fly ash and below the temperature at which the thermal nitrogen oxide N0 X is generated, thereby It is converted into slag and fourth gaseous matter as much as possible while reducing the formation of N0 X ;
  • the first gaseous substance and the third gaseous substance are completely burned, and the N0 X and the fly ash are not generated in a large amount;
  • Step (5) discharging the fourth gaseous substance after heat recovery directly into the atmosphere
  • step (2) wherein, in the step (2), "preheating and drying, and separating part of the water” refers to the moisture content of the macromolecular substance, most of which is vaporized by absorption and will be mixed.
  • the vaporized water with small molecular combustible gas is separated from the material in the form of mixed water vapor, and then fully premixed with the third combustion air above its theoretical oxygen demand, and then introduced into the rich described in step (4).
  • Oxygen combustion zone to achieve gas conversion and endothermic cooling of water vapor and instant complete combustion of small molecule combustible gas;
  • the "third gaseous substance does not contain 'dioxin' and other 'tar' macromolecular substances" described in the step (3) is controlled by the first combustion air amount, the red hot carbon residue layer
  • the effective thickness and the moisture content of the second gaseous substance are achieved;
  • the effective thickness of the red hot carbon residue layer refers to the thickness of the carbon residue actually flowing through the red hot carbon residue layer of the second gaseous substance;
  • the "first gaseous substance and the third gaseous substance are completely combusted" described in the step (4) by controlling the supply amount of the second combustion air and the first and third gaseous substances and the second combustion air
  • the degree of mixing is achieved, wherein "controlling the supply of the second combustion air” is achieved by controlling the secondary oxygen supply valve (25), wherein the tertiary oxygen supply valve (12) and the secondary oxygen supply valve are judged (25) Whether the control is appropriate is based on the oxyfuel combustion of the furnace (19) oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20), whether flameless combustion is achieved and no black smoke is produced; and in step (4) The "not a large amount of !!
  • fly ash is achieved by controlling the temperature of the combustion products of the furnace (19) rich oxygen combustion chamber (20), and the "burner (19) oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20)
  • the temperature of the combustion product is, in turn, charged to the furnace (19) oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) by direct heat recovery by mixing the mixed steam that has been completely premixed with the third combustion air, and head (19) on the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) of the general formula 1 # heat recovery pan (18) while indirect heat recovery Achieved.
  • FIG. 14 has three curves showing the relationship between pyrolysis or combustion product temperature and ⁇ and ⁇ of a macromolecular substance in different states, wherein:
  • the third curve ABCDD ' _E represents the pyrolysis or combustion product temperature curve of the macromolecular substance in the ordinary non-adiabatic state after the direct heat recovery of the mixed water vapor and the indirect heat recovery of the 1 # thermal energy recovery device.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 14 Please refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. 14 together, wherein the 8, (0, 0', D, and E points shown in FIG. 1 and A, B, C, D, and D in FIG. ', D ⁇ and E points have a one-to-one correspondence.
  • the amount of combustion air obtained from the biomass carbon residue of the macromolecular substance in the CD segment is smaller than the theoretical air amount, ⁇ ⁇ 1, Biomass carbon residue is in anoxic combustion state in the CD segment, and its combustion product temperature is often maintained at 850-900 °C and increases with the increase of ⁇ , but the increase is not large, indicating that there is anoxic combustion in the CD segment.
  • the reaction process is: combustion air from the fan (2), through the annular duct (30), the air inlet (36) and The ash chamber (33) finally enters the anoxic combustion chamber (1) through the oxygen supply ash outlet (31) through the grate (32).
  • ⁇ ⁇ 1 the biomass located in the anoxic combustion chamber (1) When carbon residue is burned by lack of oxygen, it can produce enough small molecules to ignite in an instant.
  • the gas mainly ⁇ and 3 ⁇ 4, emits heat, so that the burner (19) is quickly ignited and the smokeless dust is activated. Under normal circumstances, the fire time is generally no more than 1 minute.
  • the non-combustible inorganic substance is converted into fly ash near the oxygen supply ash discharge port (31), that is, near the first combustion air injection port, and forms slag at a high temperature of 1000-1200 ° C, and finally falls through oxygen supply.
  • the mouth (31) automatically falls into the ash chamber (33);
  • Extractable and produced in the temperature range of about 150-200 ° C near the B point of the BC section, in addition to some organic small molecule radicals derived from pyrolysis gas pyrolysis, It is generated in the temperature range of about 750-850 ° C near the point C of the BC section.
  • the amount of pyrolysis gas produced by the BC segment is large, most of them are in the form of tar macromonomer compounds constituting lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, which are present in pyrolysis gas.
  • the content of gas and organic small molecule radicals is small, so ⁇ is only 0.2, and the pyrolysis product temperature is often kept in the range of 150-850 °C.
  • the newly added material in the AB section produces a large amount of water vapor due to the endothermic gasification of its moisture.
  • the temperature of the gasification product is often maintained in the temperature range of 50-150 °C.
  • the dynamic distribution of the upper and lower layers of the mixed gas is roughly formed from the top to the bottom in the storage tank (10), wherein the upper layer AB segment is The coexistence zone of water vapor and some small molecule combustible gas and newly added material, the lower BC segment is a coexistence zone of tar macromolecular gaseous substances and organic small molecule free radicals and semi-coke dry heat materials, because the gaseous products are all Accumulated in the storage tank (10), as the pyrolysis gasification reaction of macromolecular substances in the barrel continues, the gaseous products increase continuously, and the gas pressure in the barrel gradually increases.
  • the pyrolysis gasification of the macromolecular substance in the storage tank (10) and the "oxygen catalytic cracking" of the tar-like macromolecular gaseous substance in the anoxic combustion chamber (1) are continuously performed.
  • the semi-coke dry heat material in the pyrolysis chamber (3) is gradually replaced by charcoal And into the lower part of the anoxic combustion chamber (1) to supplement the reaction consumption of the red hot carbon residue in the anoxic combustion chamber (1), resulting in the whole solid matter and gaseous substances in the storage tank (10)
  • the amount and volume of water vapor accumulated in the upper layer of the storage tank (10) is also increasing and showing a downward expansion.
  • the storage tank will be triggered (10).
  • the upper layer of water vapor floods into the lower pyrolysis chamber (3), so that it finally enters the red hot carbon slag layer of the anoxic combustion chamber (1), resulting in normal pyrolysis gasification reaction in the pyrolysis chamber (3).
  • the normal "oxygen catalytic cracking" reaction in the red hot carbon slag layer collapses, and the tar waste water is thus produced, thereby causing a large amount of soot to be generated in the burner (19), or even unable to work normally, and only smoke does not catch fire. Bad situation.
  • the present embodiment is provided with a water vapor separation and discharge device (15) on the upper furnace cover (11) of the storage tank (10). a steam valve (13) on the cover (11) and a tertiary oxygen supply valve (12), the water vapor accumulated in the upper portion of the storage tank (10) together with the small molecule combustible gas that may be entrained, and the third combustion air
  • the furnace (19) oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) is introduced to realize the gas conversion and endothermic cooling of water vapor and the instant complete combustion of small molecule combustible gas, thereby effectively avoiding the various possibilities described above.
  • the beneficial effect of this is that the mixed water vapor is introduced into the burner head (19), and the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) can realize the gas conversion of water vapor and increase the gas production amount, and can also be reduced by the high temperature of the water vapor.
  • the thermal reaction effectively reduces the temperature of the oxy-combustion product, so that the temperature of the combustion product is controlled above the melting point of the fly ash and below the temperature at which the thermal type N0 X is generated, so that the gasification product does not generate a large amount in the process of oxyfuel combustion. N0 X and fly ash.
  • the steam valve (13) should be placed in a "properly open” state to ensure that the water vapor in the furnace does not flow back into the pyrolysis chamber with the pyrolysis gas ( 3)
  • the furnace is always kept at a certain pressure, which promotes the tar-like macromolecular gaseous substances, and the "oxygen catalytic cracking" in the red hot carbon slag layer can be stably and stably carried out.
  • a small molecule combustible gas mixture from an anoxic combustion chamber (1) includes a first gaseous substance, a third gaseous substance, and fly ash, in this embodiment, a primary combustion product outlet ( 24), the annular air passage (4) and the air outlet (17) are introduced into the dust removal chamber (28) by heat preservation, and after the majority of the fly ash is removed by the dust removal chamber (28), the second air supply device (26) is supplied The second combustion air is sufficiently premixed and finally introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20) located in the upper furnace head (19) of the dust removal chamber (28) for oxyfuel combustion.
  • the mixed water vapor from the drying chamber (6) and completely premixed with the third combustion air is introduced into the burner (19) oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20), and at the same time said burner (19) provided with oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) # 1 heat recovery (18), so that the burner (19) of the final combustion product temperature in the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), a 1700 ° C
  • the E' point is instantaneously lowered to the E point of 1000 °C, so that the final combustion product temperature is successfully controlled above the melting point of the fly ash of about 800 °C, and the thermal type of 1500 °C !!
  • the secondary pollution of fly ash and N0 X is reduced to a minimum, achieving high efficiency and environmental friendliness.
  • the device is always operated at a low pressure or a normal pressure, and its small molecule combustible gas is ready-to-use, its operation is very safe.
  • the beneficial effect of the embodiment is that: since the furnace head (19) provided in the present example is an infrared balanced combustion burner, the temperature of the burner head is high and the balance is stable. Therefore, when the abnormality occurs in this embodiment, Induction of heat into the small-molecule combustible mixture of the furnace (19) oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), even if a small amount of tar-like macromolecular gaseous substances are entrained, secondary cracking and complete combustion can be realized, thereby effectively avoiding the occurrence of tar Secondary pollution.
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 2, comprising an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6),
  • the difference of the embodiment is that the movable connection between the storage tank (10) and the inner furnace body (9) is set outside the upper part of the inner furnace body (9).
  • the annular water tank (38) is realized by a sealing ring (39) that abuts the upper portion of the storage tank (10) and projects into the bottom of the annular water tank (38).
  • the storage bucket (10) can be pushed by the handle provided on the furnace cover (11). Rotating in the inner furnace body (9) to reduce the normal gas production with the animal material as a whole, except that the rest is the same as in the first embodiment.
  • the method for efficiently cleaning and burning a macromolecular substance used in the embodiment has the same process steps as in the first embodiment.
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 3, comprising an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6), Compared with the first embodiment, the difference of the embodiment is that the inner furnace body (9) is integrated with the storage tank (10), and a one-way air passage (41) is provided on one side thereof.
  • the one-way air passage (41) is provided with an air outlet (17), and a one-way air passage (40) is disposed directly below the one-way air passage (41), and the dust chamber (28) is disposed at One side of the one-way air passage (41), and six baffles (22) are disposed in the right space of the dust removal chamber (28), except for the arrangement of the lower two baffles and [Embodiment 1] Similarly, the other four baffles (22) are combined into a funnel shape and placed on the air outlet of the secondary oxygen supply device (26), except that the rest are the same as in the first embodiment.
  • the high-efficiency clean burning method for the macromolecular substance used in the embodiment has the same process steps as in the first embodiment.
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 6, includes an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6),
  • the utility model is characterized in that: a primary oxygen supply device (34) is arranged on the anoxic combustion chamber (1); a grate (32) and a primary combustion product are arranged in sequence directly below the anoxic combustion chamber (1).
  • An outlet (24), an oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20), and a ash chamber (33), and a secondary oxygen supply device is disposed on the gas path of the primary combustion product outlet (24) to the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20) ( 26); a pyrolysis chamber (3) and a drying chamber (6) are sequentially disposed directly above the anoxic combustion chamber (1); the ash chamber (33), the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20), The anoxic combustion chamber (1), the pyrolysis chamber (3) and the drying chamber (6) are connected and a through structure, and a secondary combustion product outlet (44) is disposed on the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), and a connecting flange (43) and heat resistance are sequentially disposed on the secondary combustion product outlet (44).
  • a furnace cover (11) is arranged on the drying chamber (6), and a water vapor separation and discharge device (15) to the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) is arranged on the furnace cover (11);
  • Water vapor separation and draining device (15) consists of air guiding pipe (16), steam valve (13), oxygen supply pipe (14), tertiary oxygen supply valve (12), multi-function centralized control valve (42) and fan (2) composition.
  • the high-efficiency clean burning method for the macromolecular substance used in the embodiment as shown in FIG. 6, FIG. 15, and FIG. 17, the process steps are different from the third embodiment, the difference is that the embodiment is In the step (4), the first gaseous substance and the fly ash and the third gaseous substance and the fly ash are immediately insulated into the oxygen-rich combustion zone in the form of a small-molecule combustible mixture, and the second combustion-supporting The air is mixed and burned in the instant, which eliminates the process of heat preservation and dust removal and heat preservation of the small molecule combustible mixture, thus completely avoiding the small organic radicals in the small molecule combustible mixture, in the process of heat preservation and dust removal and heat preservation.
  • the combustion mode of small-molecule combustible mixture in the oxy-combustion zone is characterized by air-mixed flame combustion, as shown in the DE section of the ABCDE temperature curve in Figure 15,
  • Complete combustion is achieved at 15 o'clock; in addition, as shown by the ABCDE temperature profile in Fig.
  • this embodiment not only performs direct heat recovery and indirect heat of mixed water vapor when the final gasification product is subjected to oxyfuel combustion. Recycling, and in the process of drying, pyrolysis and anaerobic combustion of macromolecular substances, an indirect heat recovery is also carried out at the same time; compared with [Example 3], the beneficial effects are as follows: The second gaseous substance containing the tar-like macromolecular substance from the pyrolysis chamber (3), when flowing backward through the anoxic combustion chamber (1), has a larger contact area with the red hot carbon residue. The residence time is longer, so the cracking of the tar-like macromolecular substance is more complete.
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 7, includes an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6), Compared with [Fourth Embodiment], the difference in this embodiment is that it is in the ash chamber (33), the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20), the anoxic combustion chamber (1), and the pyrolysis chamber (3). There is no indirect heat recovery device on the drying chamber (6), and the rest is the same as [Example 4].
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device includes an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6), [] compared with the fourth embodiment differs from the present embodiment is that: in the combustion product outlet of the secondary (44) # 2 is also provided with heat recovery (55); the heat # 2
  • the recovery device (55) is a water jacket (53); at the same time, a ash separator (46) is arranged in the ash chamber (33);
  • the lower side of the mouth (44) is provided with a fire sight (54) and a heat insulating cover (27); and a heat insulating bucket (50) serving as a high groove is provided at an upper portion of the water jacket (53), in addition to The rest is the same as [Fourth Embodiment].
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 9, includes an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6), Compared with [Fourth Embodiment], the present embodiment is different in that it is provided with a ash separator (46) in the ash chamber (33); on the secondary combustion product outlet (44) , in turn, a porous ceramic plate (57), a heat resistant alloy wire mesh (56), and a common fry pan type 2 # thermal energy recovery device (55); and at the same time, an upper portion of the water jacket (53) is used as a high position groove.
  • the heat preservation bucket (50); the rest is the same as [Example 4].
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 10, comprising an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6), Compared with the seventh embodiment, the difference in this embodiment is that the furnace cover (11) is not provided on the upper port of the drying chamber (6), but the preparation tank (60) is sequentially disposed above the upper portion of the drying chamber (6).
  • a feed hopper (62), and a pneumatic valve (59) is simultaneously provided at the top and bottom of the preparation tank (60), while at the lower side of the pneumatic valve (59) at the top of the preparation tank (60) a compressed air introduction device (61); an annular air passage (4) is disposed on the upper port of the drying chamber (6); and an oxygen-rich combustion chamber is provided on the annular air passage (4) (20)
  • a water washing and dusting chamber (also referred to as a ash chamber (33)) is provided. ) and in its a baffle (22), an overflow pipe (51), a water replenishing valve (58), a draining vane (47), and a mixed water vapor outlet (68), and a secondary combustion product of the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20)
  • the high-efficiency clean burning method for the macromolecular substance used in the embodiment as shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 15 and FIG. 17, the process steps are different from those in the seventh embodiment: the difference is: from oxyfuel combustion
  • the secondary combustion product after the direct heat recovery of the mixed water vapor and the indirect heat recovery and the secondary indirect heat recovery, that is, the fourth gaseous substance, in this embodiment, is then completely introduced into the cooling water for quenching.
  • the water is washed and dedusted, so that the temperature of the secondary combustion products is instantaneously reduced to the G point of 100 °C from the point F of 700 °C as shown in Fig. 15, and then the acid removal treatment and the three indirect heat recovery are sequentially performed.
  • the temperature of the final product is lowered to reach the H point and then discharged into the atmosphere; the pyrolysis or combustion product temperature curve is as shown by ABCDEFGH in Fig. 15, except that the other process steps are the same as those in [Example 7].
  • the beneficial effect of the embodiment is that: due to the setting of the water washing and dusting chamber (69), on the one hand, the fly ash in the secondary combustion product is removed, and the obstacle is removed for the subsequent alkali washing and acid removing process, and on the other hand, it is ensured.
  • the temperature of the secondary combustion products from the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20) and after cooling is instantaneously reduced from 700 °C to 100 °C, which not only effectively avoids the rapid type N0 X and 1500 °C of 1170 ⁇ 1460 °C.
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 11, includes an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6),
  • the utility model is characterized in that: a primary oxygen supply device (34) is arranged on the anoxic combustion chamber (1); and a primary combustion product outlet (24) and a rich one are arranged in front of the anoxic combustion chamber (1).
  • An oxygen combustion chamber (20), and a secondary oxygen supply device (26) is disposed on the primary combustion product outlet (24); and a pyrolysis chamber is sequentially disposed directly below the anoxic combustion chamber (1) 3), drying chamber (6) and feeding device (72); said oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20), anoxic combustion chamber (1), pyrolysis chamber (3) and drying chamber (6) are connected and the fourth Between the anoxic combustion chambers (1), the pyrolysis chamber (3) and the drying chamber (6), an insulating insulation layer (5) is arranged, and in the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20) having a # 1 heat recovery device (18); at the same time, a water vapor separation and discharge device (15) to the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) is provided on the drying chamber (6), the water The steam separation and discharge device (15) is I.e. steam valve the control valve (13) of the duct (16).
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 12, comprising an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6), Compared with [Ninth Embodiment], the difference in this embodiment is that the anoxic combustion chamber (1) is a slope combustion chamber, the pyrolysis chamber (3), the drying chamber (6) and the feeding.
  • the device (72) is disposed on the side opposite to the inclined bottom plate (73) of the bevel combustor in turn, and all of the four are horizontally arranged, and the rest are the same as those in the [Example 9].
  • a macromolecular substance high-efficiency cleaning and burning device as shown in FIG. 13, includes an oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), an anoxic combustion chamber (1), a pyrolysis chamber (3), and a drying chamber (6), Compared with the tenth embodiment, the difference is that the water vapor separation and discharge device (15) provided in the drying chamber (6) of the embodiment is a feed control valve for directly discharging water vapor into the atmosphere.
  • a feed hopper (62) of the switch (79), and the feeding device (72) is a chain grate (77), and a scrap collection chamber (78) is disposed below the chain grate (77);
  • the inclined bottom plate (73) of the inclined combustion chamber is provided with a pneumatic switch (74), and the inclined bottom plate (73) is a rotating shaft movable bottom plate, and the pneumatic switch (74) can be used to push and rotate along the rotating shaft.
  • the multifunctional control valve (42) is disposed in the In the ash chamber (33), the upper air outlet communicates with the annular air passage (30) through the air guiding tube, and the lower air outlet port points to the bottom of the ash chamber (33), so that Effectively improve the carbon conversion of residual carbon in the ash; additionally equipped with thermal insulation cavity (81) in which the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20), and equipped with a heat recovery device 1 # (18) in said cavity (81)
  • a water film dust collector (75) is arranged on the exhaust port (7) of the furnace (81), and an air blower (76) is arranged on the water film dust collector (75), and other than that,
  • the parts are the same as those in [Example 10].
  • the "simultaneous heat recovery" described in step (4) means only one indirect heat recovery at the same time; the pyrolysis or combustion product temperature curve is as shown in Figure 15 AB ' -C -D- Except for Ei, the other process steps are the same as those of [Example 10].
  • the method and apparatus for efficient cleaning and burning of macromolecular substances utilizes anoxic combustion to produce a temperature higher than the ash melting point and lower than the thermal type N0 X forming temperature, that is, greater than 800 ° C and less than
  • the combustion products at 1500 °C, including fly ash and various gaseous substances on the one hand, the fly ash forms slag and separates from the combustion products, on the other hand, the heat-type N0 X can be effectively avoided, and at the same time,
  • the fuel type N0 X which may be generated when the material is burned is reduced to non-toxic and harmless N 2 under the high-temperature reduction of red hot carbon residue, thereby effectively avoiding the large amount of fly ash and N0 X ;
  • the pyrolysis gas containing the tar-like macromolecular gaseous substance accumulated in the lower portion of the storage tank (10) is introduced into the red hot carbon slag layer at 850 ° C or higher, and is made of red hot carbon residue.
  • the catalyst is cracked to complete the oxygenation catalytic cracking in the anoxic environment of the red hot carbon residue, so that the tar macromolecular gaseous substance is completely converted into a small molecule combustible gas and an organic small molecule free radical, and then the small amount is obtained.
  • Molecular combustible gas and organic small molecule free radicals are all introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20) for oxyfuel combustion.
  • the present invention is provided with a water vapor separation and discharge device (15) to the atmosphere and I or to the oxygen-enriched combustion chamber (20) on the drying chamber (6),
  • the negative reaction of the steam to the pyrolysis gasification reaction temperature of the pyrolysis chamber (3) and the oxygenation catalytic cracking reaction temperature of the anoxic combustion chamber (1) are avoided, and the pyrolysis chamber (3) and the anoxic combustion chamber are ensured ( 1) Stable operation at a predetermined reaction temperature;
  • the water vapor separation and discharge device (15) the mixed water vapor is introduced into the oxygen-rich combustion chamber (20), and the temperature of the oxygen-rich combustion product can be effectively reduced, so that finally
  • the temperature of the combustion product is controlled above the melting point of the fly ash and below the temperature at which the thermal type N0 X is generated, so that the large amount of fly ash and N0 X is effectively prevented again; at the same time, the water vapor separation and discharge device is passed (15).
  • the pyrolysis gas containing tar-like macromolecular gaseous substances can be controlled to operate in the opposite direction through the speed of the anoxic combustion chamber (1) red hot carbon slag layer, thereby
  • the invention can effectively extend the residence time of the tar-like macromolecular gaseous substance in the red hot carbon slag layer, ensure the complete cracking thereof, and provide material guarantee for the subsequent complete combustion of the flammable oxygen-rich gas; in addition, due to the "gasification” of the present invention "Combustion" is ready-to-use under low pressure or normal pressure, so its operation is very safe. At the same time, since all the reactions described above are completed in the same furnace, the operation process is simplified and the equipment cost is reduced. Compared with the prior art, there is a clear comparable economy.
  • the dust chamber (28) can be designed into a cyclone dust chamber, an inertia dust chamber, a dry electrostatic precipitator or a combination thereof in addition to the gravity sedimentation chamber;
  • the water jacket (53) can also be designed as an air-cooled warm stove structure to allow fresh air from the blower and/or indoors from the draft fan.
  • the circulating air flows spirally from top to bottom in the water jacket (53), and finally forms a warm air directly into the room to meet the needs of winter indoor heating in cold regions, and can also be used for heating various greenhouses.
  • the field of energy use such as industrial baking; in the embodiment shown in Fig.
  • the inner furnace body (9) can also be changed from a circular structure to a rectangular structure to maximize the waste incineration power generation process. Limit the waste incineration capacity and power generation capacity to a limit.
  • the pneumatic valve (59) can also be a solenoid valve or other form of electric valve; in the embodiment shown in Figures 11 and 12, the feeding device (72) can also be designed as a screw-propelled, pneumatic pressure. Pusher type, hydraulic push type, hydraulic push type, spring energy storage push type, manual push type, lift frame push type and combined screw feed type, etc.; in the embodiment shown in Fig. 13, it can also be removed.
  • the feed hopper (62) with feed switch (79) makes the feed port a mouth-washing structure to accommodate combustible materials of different lengths and sizes.

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Abstract

一种大分子物质清洁燃用方法,该大分子物质包括生物质和固态有机垃圾,该方法包括以下步骤:生物质炭渣或木炭火焦炭或其他混合物经缺氧燃烧产生第一气态物质与红热炭渣层;将缺氧燃烧所产热量导入大分子物质,使其预热干燥并热解气化,以产生第二气态物质;以红热炭渣作裂解催化剂,将第二气态物质导入红热炭渣层进行加氧催化裂解,以产生第三气态物质;将第三气态物质与第一气态物质保温导入富氧燃烧室(20)进行富氧燃烧,以实现其全部气化产物实质上的完全燃烧,不产生焦油、废水,无烟尘、焦油污染;还提供了一种可实现上述方法的装置,该装置用于垃圾焚烧处理时,可实现"二恶英"零排放。

Description

说 明 书 大分子物质清洁燃用方法及装置 技术领域:
[0001 ] 本发明涉及一种生物质气化燃用方法及装置,尤其是一种大分子物质高效清洁燃 用方法及装置,属物质高效清洁燃烧利用技术领域。 背景技术:
[0002] 大分子物质包括生物质和固态有机类生活垃圾及废旧轮胎等工业垃圾,属可再生 能源物质,如何让其实现高效清洁转化利用,一直是世界各国科技工作者的热门研究课题。
[0003] 众所周知,目前大分子物质的能源利用方式有三:其一是传统的直接燃烧利用方 式,但因其热效率低,二次污染严重,已到了非淘汰不可的程度;其二是液化利用方式,但因 其投资大,制造成本高,质量不稳定,对物料要求严,与化石能源无可比经济性,目前还无法 普及应用;其三是气化利用方式,包括生物质气化燃用和垃圾气化焚烧处理二方面,是目前 最现实,也是最有希望的能源利用方式。 然而,在生物质气化燃用方面,由于"焦油"的二次 污染问题一直得不到有效解决,致使我国生物质气化利用工作进展缓慢。 例如,曾一度在 我国农村广为推广并被喻为 "一人生火,全村做饭"的生物质集中供气装置,尽管对生物质 焦油的处理采用了包括高温裂解和催化裂解在内的各种技术手段,但焦油污染问题最终仍 然是导致生物质集中供气装置走向瘫痪的主要罪魁祸首;而在垃圾气化焚烧处理方面,尽 管"垃圾气化焚烧 "是固态有机垃圾最终实现 "无害化、资源化和减量化"处理的必由之路, 但由于现有技术无法避免"二恶英 "类剧毒致癌物质的产生,致使世界各国的垃圾焚烧处理 举步维艰。有资料显示,凡建有垃圾焚烧处理厂的地方,其附近居民的呼吸系统癌症发病率 一般均在原有基础上骤升了近 70倍,"二恶英 "污染已成为世界各国谈虎色变的一大公害。 为此,早在 1985年美国就被迫取消了 137座垃圾焚化炉兴建计划;1996年北美洲五大湖区 的 52个垃圾焚化炉也相继叫停,随后德国、荷兰、比利时等欧盟各国和加拿大也相继颁布 了"垃圾焚化炉禁建令"。 我国自 2000年 8月广州第一座垃圾焚烧发电厂诞生以来,因"二 恶英"污染致癌而引发的民众不满也时有耳闻。一项本应是利国利民的工程,却因现有技术 不过关而成了产生民怨的焦点。面对每天滚滚而来的待处理垃圾,各级政府在"垃圾焚烧处 理厂"的"建"与"不建"的问题上,实际上进入了一个"二难"的局面。 为了消灭"二恶英", 有的垃圾焚烧处理厂被迫在其尾气处理工段,设置了液化气喷烧工序和部分尾气回炉循环 燃烧工序,但此举不仅增加了设备造价,提高了运行费用,而且事实证明其处理效果并不十 分理想。 究其原因,本发明人认为:无论是"生物质气化燃用"还是"垃圾气化焚烧处理",主 要是现有技术均有一个共同的思想误区,那就是普遍认为"只要将焦油类大分子物质完全 裂解,就能从根本上解决焦油污染问题,现有生物质燃气中之所以均含有一定量的生物质 焦油,都是由于其焦油裂解不完全所致"。 正因如此,多年来各种焦油裂解方法与裂解装置 如雨后春笋般涌现,然而,生物质气化燃用过程中的焦油污染问题和垃圾焚烧处理过程中 的"二恶英 "污染问题却依然存在,且从未得到过有效解决。 其实,无论你采用的是"催化裂 解"还是"高温裂解"或是"核磁共振技术 ",也无论你的焦油裂解是否完全,那些由焦油类大 分子物质裂解而成的 "小分子物质",并非全是稳定态的小分子物质,实际上,其中必有部分 是含不饱和健且呈活化状态的有机类小分子自由基,这些"小分子自由基 "一旦离开裂解反 应的高温区,就会彼此结合成长链分子并放出热量,从而再次形成焦油类大分子物质,只是 这种二次生成的焦油类大分子物质较从前减少了一些罢了。为了使焦油类大分子物质全部 转化成稳定态的小分子物质,我们曾试图将石化工业普遍采用的"加氢催化裂解 "技术应用 到生物质气化焦油的裂解转化中,以期能通过"加氢催化裂解 "从根本上解决"焦油"的二 次污染问题。 但是,由于"加氢催化裂解 "需要特定催化剂、氢源和高温高压等诸多较为苛 刻的反应条件,不仅设备昂贵,生产工艺复杂,安全系数低,而且操作麻烦,运行费用高,与 化石能源无可比经济性,因此, "加氢催化裂解"在大分子物质高效清洁转化应用屮亦无多 大实用价值。
[0004] 如中国发明专利号为 200810056512. 4的 "一种颗粒燃料燃烧方法及燃烧装置 ", 因其不能形成足量而稳定的红热炭渣层,且其颗粒燃料的热解气有相当部分未经裂解,而 是以焦油类大分子气态物质的形式越过其红热炭渣层而直接进入其"火焰燃烧区",因而其 烟尘和焦油的二次污染将不可避免。
[0005] 中国发明专利号为 200410098604. 0的"生物质的低 N0X燃烧装置及燃烧方法",虽 说其在降低 N0X排放量方面有较好的作用,但曲于来自其热解室的热解气有相当部分未经 裂解,而是主要以焦油类大分子气态物质的形式,通过其所设 "连通口 "直接进入其设定的 "燃烧室",因而其烟尘和焦油的二次污染亦不可避免。
[0006] 中国发明专利号为 200510043836. 0的"一种低焦油生物质气化方法和装置 "和中 国发明专利号为 200720047795. 9的"三段式生物质气化炉",因其生物质热解气经高温裂 解后的小分子可燃气中尚有部分为不饱和有机类小分子自由基,并非全为稳定态的小分子 物质,因此当其离开高温裂解反应区时,又将二次结合成焦油类大分子物质,因此,其焦油 污染依然不可避免。
[0007] 中国发明专利号为 200610088987. 2的"降低燃煤污染物排放的煤炭子母燃烧炉 及煤炭燃烧方法",采用双炉型结构,设备造价高,自动化程度低,操作十分麻烦,只能适用 于手工作业的煤炭燃烧,不适用于含水率较高的生物质及固态有机垃圾的燃烧利用,否则, 烟尘和焦油污染也将十分严重,甚至根本无法正常工作。
[0008] 中国发明专利号为 200610032389. 3的 "一种低氧高温空气燃烧方法及其装置", 虽说能在一定程度上降低 N0X和烟气的排放量,但仍不可避免地存在烟尘和焦油的二次污 染,尤其是将其用于生物质和固态有机垃圾的燃烧利用时,其烟尘和焦油的二次污染将更 为严重。
[0009] 中国发明专利申请号为 200910043224. X的"一体式复合气化炉",因其缺氧燃烧 区为倒锥形狭小空间,致使其内容物较少,易烧空,很难形成温度蓄积并产生足量的红热炭 渣层,致使来自其缺氧燃烧区的一次燃烧产物容易形成以 co2含为主的不燃性烟气;而来自 其"炉膛干馏层和干燥层"的热解气,又因不能获得红热炭渣的催化裂解而大部分仍以焦油 类大分子物质的形式直接进入其"出气腔",使大量焦油类大分子物质"呈气态和燃气一同 进入"其 "燃气灶",从而不可避免地会产生焦油的二次污染,而且还只能使用干料,如所用 物料含水率较高,则烟尘和焦油的二次污染将更为严重,甚至根本无法正常工作。
[0010] 中国发明专利申请号为 201010152803. 0的"户用上吸式无焦油生物质气化直燃 炉"因生物质从上部加入,其热解气中的焦油类大分子物质未经裂解就直接进入其富氧燃 烧区,因而其烟尘和焦油的二次污染将不可避免,而且还只能使用干料,如所用物料含水率 较高,则烟尘和焦油的二次污染将更为严重,甚至根本无法正常工作。
[001 1 ] 中国发明专利申请号为 201010134070. 5的"一种消除气化炉焦油废水及提高产 气率的方法",首先其"气化炉腔体"内的生物质,因其中心"反应室 "的设置而易形成内部空 烧,并产生大量的焦油类大分子物质及不燃性二氧化碳和水蒸汽,仅靠其中心"反应室 "裂 解转化是无法达到其设计目的的;同时,当需要开盖加料时,必然会产生大量的烟尘和焦油 污染;更何况,即便其中心 "反应室"在其内设"电热器 "的助力作用下,能将炉内产生的焦 油气、水蒸汽和二氧化碳全部转化成小分子可燃气,但因其小分子可燃气屮大部分为不饱 和有机类小分子自由基,当其随 "输气管"导出后,又会彼此结合成焦油类大分子物质,从而 产生焦油污染。 另外,其只能使用干料,如所用物料含水率较高,则烟尘和焦油的二次污染 将更为严重,甚至根本无法正常工作,因而这是一种无任何实用价值的技术方案。
[0012] 事实上,在国际范围内,一种既可使用干料,又可使用湿料,且工艺简单,造价低 廉,操作稳定,使用方便,起火速度快,运行费用小,不产焦油废水,无烟尘和焦油污染,并在 垃圾焚烧处理过程中可实现 "二恶英"零排放,具有高效节能和环境友好双重功效,与化石 能源相比,具有明显可比经济性,而且运行操作十分安全的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法 及装置,至今还未见报道。 发明内容:
[0013] 本发明的目的在于:针对现有技术之不足而提供一种既可使用干料,又可使用湿 料,且工艺简单,造价低廉,操作稳定,使用方便,起火速度快,运行费用小,不产焦油废水, 无烟尘和焦油污染,并在垃圾焚烧处理过程中可实现"二恶英 "零排放,具有高效节能和环 境友好双重功效,与化石能源相比,具有明显可比经济性,而且运行操作十分安全的大分子 物质高效清洁燃用方法及装置。
[0014] 为达上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
[0015] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,包括以下工艺步骤:
[0016] 步骤(一) :将一定量的生物质炭渣或木炭或焦炭或它们的混合物,在低于其理论 需氧量下加入第一助燃空气进行缺氧燃烧,以产生第一气态物质、飞灰和红热炭渣层,该第 一气态物质主要包括 C0、 ¾和 N2;所述的第一气态物质与飞灰均呈电子激发状态;
[001 7] 步骤(二) :将缺氧燃烧所产热量导入大分子物质,使其预热干燥,并分离出部分 水份,借此提高反应温度,促进热解气化,以产生第二气态物质与炭渣,该第二气态物质包 含 "二恶英"和 I或其它 "焦油"类大分子物质及部分小分子可燃气和少量水蒸汽;
[0018] 步骤(三) :以红热炭渣作裂解催化剂,将第二气态物质导入所述的红热炭渣层进 行加氧催化裂解,以产生第三气态物质与飞灰;该第三气态物质不含"二恶英 "和其它"焦 油"类大分子物质,但含有一定量的小分子碳氢化合物、一氧化碳、氢气、氮气和部分有机类 小分子自由基;所述的第三气态物质与飞灰均呈电子激发状态;
[0019] 步骤(四) :将呈电子激发状态的第三气态物质与飞灰和第一气态物质与飞灰,合 并混合并保温导入富氧燃烧区,以高于其理论需氧量加入第二助燃空气进行富氧燃烧或同 时进行热回收;或将所述的第三气态物质与飞灰和第一气态物质与飞灰合并混合,并经保 温除尘后再保温导入富氧燃烧区,以高于其理论需氧量加入第二助燃空气进行富氧燃烧或 同时进行热回收,以便将燃烧产物的温度控制在飞灰的熔点以上,或将燃烧产物的温度控 制在飞灰的熔点以上、热力型氮氧化物 N0X的生成温度以下,以产生熔渣和第四气态物质; 该第四气态物质亦呈电子激发状态;
[0020] 在步骤(四)中,第一气态物质和第三气态物质得以完全燃烧,且不会大量产生飞 灰或不会大量产生 N0X和飞灰;
[0021 ] 步骤(五) :将所述的第四气态物质直接排入大气或经水洗净化和 I或热回收后 排入大气;
[0022] 其屮,在步骤(二) 屮所述的"使其预热干燥,并分离出部分水份"是指大分子物 质所含水份,大部分经吸热气化并以水蒸汽的形式与物料分离后直接排入大气;或将混有 小分子可燃气的汽化水,以混合水蒸汽的形式与物料分离后直接导入步骤(四) 中所述的 富氧燃烧区,以实现水蒸汽的吸热降温与自动分离和小分子可燃气的即时完全燃烧;或将 混有小分子可燃气的汽化水,以混合水蒸汽的形式与物料分离并与高于其理论需氧量的第 三助燃空气进行充分预混,然后再导入步骤(四)中所述的富氧燃烧区,以实现水蒸汽的燃 气转化与吸热降温和小分子可燃气的即时完全燃烧;或将混有小分子可燃气的汽化水,以 混合水蒸汽的形式与物料分离,并经水蒸汽的冷凝液化和自动分离后,与高于其理论需氧 量的第三助燃空气进行充分预混,然后再导入步骤(四)中所述的富氧燃烧区,以实现少量 水蒸汽的燃气转化与吸热降温和小分子可燃气的即时完全燃烧;
[0023] 在步骤(三) 中所述的"第三气态物质不含 '二恶英'和其它 '焦油'类大分子物 质"是通过控制红热炭渣层的温度和第二气态物质在所述红热炭渣层内的停留时间或通过 控制第一助燃空气量、红热炭渣层的有效厚度和第二气态物质的含水率来实现的;所述红 热炭渣层的有效厚度是指第二气态物质在所述红热炭渣层内实际流过的炭渣厚度;在步骤 (一)或步骤(三) 中所述红热炭渣层的温度 850°C ;同时在步骤(二)或步骤(三) 中 所述的 "二恶英"包括"二恶英 "及其前体物;
[0024] 在步骤(四) 中所述的 "第一气态物质和第三气态物质得以完全燃烧"是通过控 制第二助燃空气的供应量,即第二助燃空气的过量空气系数和第一、第三气态物质与所述 第二助燃空气的混合程度来实现的;同时在步骤(四)中所述的"不会大量产生飞灰或不会 大量产生 N0!^P飞灰"是通过控制富氧燃烧区燃烧产物的温度来实现的;同时在步骤(四) 中所述的"热回收 "是指向富氧燃烧区充入混合水蒸汽的直接热回收和 I或借助间壁式换 热器所进行的间接热回收;
[0025] 在步骤(五) 中所述 "水洗净化"中的 "水"包括普通自来水和酸、碱、盐水溶液;
[0026] 另外判断上述第三助燃空气和 /或第二助燃空气的供应量是否恰当,也可以以富 氧燃烧是否实现无焰或短焰燃烧且无黑烟产生为标准。
[0027] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,包括富氧燃烧室、缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥 室,其特征在于:在所述缺氧燃烧室上设有一次供氧装置和一次燃烧产物出口;在所述一 次燃烧产物出口上设有除尘室;在所述除尘室上和 /或设于该除尘室上的保温导管上设有 富氧燃烧室;并在所述一次燃烧产物出口至富氧燃烧室的气路上设有二次供氧装置;在所 述缺氧燃烧室的正下方设有灰渣室;在所述富氧燃烧室内和 /或富氧燃烧室上设有热能回 收器;在所述缺氧燃烧室的正上方依次设有热解室和干燥室;在所述除尘室、缺氧燃烧室、 热解室和干燥室的外侧四周设有绝热保温层,同时在所述干燥室上设有通往大气和 /或通 往富氧燃烧室的水蒸汽分离排泄装置;所述的 "水蒸汽分离排泄装置"为 "水蒸汽冷凝液化 分离装置"、 "趟口式进料斗"、 "带控制阀的进料斗"、 "单一导气管"、 "带控制阀的导气管 "和 "在导气管上同时设有控制阀和带控制阀的补氧管"中的一种或二种的组合。
[0028] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,包括富氧燃烧室、缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥 室,其特征在于:在所述缺氧燃烧室上设有一次供氧装置;在所述缺氧燃烧室的正下方依 次设有炉栅、一次燃烧产物出口、富氧燃烧室和灰渣室,并在所述富氧燃烧室上设有二次燃 烧产物出口;同时在所述炉栅上和 I或一次燃烧产物出口至富氧燃烧室的气路上设有二次 供氧装置;在所述缺氧燃烧室的正上方依次设有热解室和干燥室,同时在所述干燥室上设 有通往大气和 I或通往富氧燃烧室的水蒸汽分离排泄装置;所述的干燥室、热解室、缺氧燃 烧室、富氧燃烧室和灰渣室相通,并在所述干燥室、热解室、缺氧燃烧室、富氧燃烧室和灰渣 室的外侧四周设有绝热保温层,或同时在所述 "干燥室上、热解室上、缺氧燃烧室上、富氧燃 烧室上、灰渣室上和富氧燃烧室内及其二次燃烧产物出口上"的一处或几处设有热能回收 器;所述的 "水蒸汽分离排泄装置"为 "水蒸汽冷凝液化分离装置"、 "趟口式进料斗"、 "带控 制阀的进料斗"、 "单一导气管"、 "带控制阀的导气管 "和 "在导气管上同时设有控制阀和带 控制阀的补氧管"中的一种或二种的组合。
[0029] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,包括富氧燃烧室、缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥 室,其特征在于:在所述缺氧燃烧室上设有一次供氧装置;在所述缺氧燃烧室的正下方依 次设有炉栅、一次燃烧产物出口、富氧燃烧室和水洗除尘室,并在所述的富氧燃烧室上设有 二次燃烧产物出口,且该二次燃烧产物出口位于所述水洗除尘室的液面之下;同时在所述 的炉栅上和 /或一次燃烧产物出口至富氧燃烧室的气路上设有二次供氧装置;在所述缺氧 燃烧室的正上方依次设有热解室和干燥室;并在所述干燥室上设有通往大气和 /或通往富 氧燃烧室的水蒸汽分离排泄装置;所述的干燥室、热解室、缺氧燃烧室、富氧燃烧室和水洗 除尘室相通,且在所述干燥室、热解室、缺氧燃烧室和富氧燃烧室的外侧四周设有绝热保温 层,同时在所述的水洗除尘室上设有混合水蒸汽出口;或同时在该混合水蒸汽出口上设有 洗气塔;或同时在所述洗气塔上、干燥室上、热解室上、缺氧燃烧室上、富氧燃烧室上和富氧 燃烧室内的一处或几处设有热能回收器;所述的 "水蒸汽分离排泄装置"为 "水蒸汽冷凝液 化分离装置"、"趟口式进料斗"、"带控制阀的进料斗"、 "单一导气管"、 "带控制阀的导气管" 和"在导气管上同时设有控制阀和带控制阀的补氧管 "中的一种或二种的组合。
[0030] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,包括富氧燃烧室、缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥 室,其特征在于:在所述缺氧燃烧室上设有一次供氧装置;在所述缺氧燃烧室的正上方依 次设有一次燃烧产物出口和富氧燃烧室,并在所述一次燃烧产物出口上和 /或一次燃烧产 物出口至富氧燃烧室的气路上设有二次供氧装置;在所述缺氧燃烧室的正下方依次设有热 解室、干燥室和送料装置;所述的富氧燃烧室、缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥室相通;且在所 述干燥室上、热解室上、缺氧燃烧室上、富氧燃烧室上和富氧燃烧室内的一处或几处设有热 能回收器;在所述缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥室的外侧四周设有绝热保温层,同时在所述干 燥室上设有通往大气和 I或通往富氧燃烧室的水蒸汽分离排泄装置;所述的 "水蒸汽分离 排泄装置"为"水蒸汽冷凝液化分离装置"、"趟口式进料斗"、"带控制阀的进料斗"、 "单一导 气管"、"带控制阀的导气管"和 "在导气管上同时设有控制阀和带控制阀的补氧管"中的一 种或二种的组合。 [0031 ] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,包括富氧燃烧室、缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥 室,其特征在于:所述的缺氧燃烧室为斜面燃烧室,并在所述斜面燃烧室上设有一次供氧装 置;在所述斜面燃烧室的正上方依次设有一次燃烧产物出口和富氧燃烧室,并在所述一次 燃烧产物出口上和 /或一次燃烧产物出口至富氧燃烧室的气路上设有二次供氧装置;在与 所述斜面燃烧室的斜形底板内壁相对的一侧依次设有热解室、干燥室和送料装置;所述的 富氧燃烧室、缺氧燃烧室、热解室和干燥室相通,且在所述干燥室上、热解室上、缺氧燃烧室 上、富氧燃烧室上和富氧燃烧室内的一处或几处设有热能回收器,并在所述缺氧燃烧室、热 解室和干燥室的外侧四周设有绝热保温层,同时在所述干燥室上设有通往大气和 I或通往 富氧燃烧室的水蒸汽分离排泄装置;所述的 "水蒸汽分离排泄装置"为 "水蒸汽冷凝液化分 离装置"、 "趟口式进料斗"、 "带控制阀的进料斗"、 "单一导气管"、 "带控制阀的导气管 "和"在 导气管上同时设有控制阀和带控制阀的补氧管"中的一种或二种的组合。
[0032] 说明:因 N0X是产生光化学烟雾,形成酸雨,造成水体和大气污染的主要污染物之 一,飘浮在大气中的 N0X不仅对植物有损害,而且对动物亦有致毒作用。 因此,本发明人在 提出实现本发明方法的具体装置时,除确保实现其全部发明目的外,还力求尽可能避免或 减少 N0X的二次污染,为此,特对 N0x及其相关情况说明如下,以便能更好地理解本发明的全 部内容:
[0033] 我们通常所说的 N0X主要包括一氧化氮 NO、二氧化氮 N02和一氧化二氮 N20,在物 质燃烧过程中产生的大部分 N0X中 NO约占 90 %以上, N02约占 5 %〜 10 %,而 0只占 1 % 左右。其产生途径有三:一是燃料中含氮化合物在燃料燃烧时氧化而成的燃料型 N0X,是 N0X 的主要来源,因燃料的不同,最高时可达 N0X总生成量的 90 % ;二是空气中的氮在 1500°C以 上的高温有氧环境中停留片刻产生的热力型 N0X,是 N0X的第二大来源;三是空气中的氮在 1170-1460°C的高温有氧环境中,并在有机类 CH自由基参与的前提下以极快的速度生成的 快速型 N0X,是 N0X的次要来源,约占 N0X总生成量的 5 %以下。
[0034] 利用本发明实现大分子物质高效清洁燃烧利用的作用机理在于:
[0035] 首先,生物质炭渣或木炭或焦炭或其混合物的不完全燃烧属异相表面扩散燃烧。 由于 分子的共价健健能最低,仅 146. 7kJ/mol,远小于 ¾0分子中的 H-0健健能 467kJ/ mol、 H2分子中的 H-H健健能 436kJ/mol和有机化合物分子中的 C-C健健能 347kJ/mol及 C-H健健能 413kJ/mol,加上氧气的化学性质比较活泼,因而在引火火源的热力作用下, 02分 子的 0-0健瞬间即可断裂并产出大量的氧自由基,其中一部分氧自由基在靠近火源的炭渣 表面直接参与化学反应,与因引火火源的热力作用而已成电子激发状态的活化碳原子发生 激烈碰撞,由于在炭渣表面的氧自由基浓度较高,因此在靠近引火火源的炭渣表面瞬间即 可生成 C02和飞灰并放出热量。由于炭渣的孔隙率高,比表面积大,水份含量少,因而在靠近 火源的炭渣部位瞬间即可形成温度蓄积,产生 1000-1200°C的表面高温。 在高温作用下,由 于连锁反应,一方面在氧气注入口附近的飞灰变成熔渣并自动从燃烧产物中分离出去,另 一方面又把整个缺氧燃烧室内的炭渣快速变成红热炭渣层,以致在炭渣孔隙内产生大量呈 游离状态的活化碳原子,这些活化碳原子与从炭渣表面扩散进入的另一部分氧自由基发生 激烈碰撞,由于在炭渣孔隙内氧自由基的浓度相对较低,因而其与氧自由基激烈碰撞的结 果,最终以 CO分子的形式逸出炭渣表面。 同样,由于炭渣的孔隙率高,比表面积大,因而单 位时间逸出炭渣表面的 CO分子数,远多于在氧气注入口附近的炭渣表面直接产生的 C02分 子数;另外在炭渣表面产生的 C02分子和部分因燃料燃烧可能产生的燃料型 N0X以及随助燃 空气进入的少量 ¾0分子,又在红热炭渣的还原气氛中与炽热的炭渣发生还原反应,并经一 系列复杂的化学过程,最终被还原成 C0、 ¾和 N2,因此,本发明所述的生物质炭渣或木炭或 焦炭或它们的混合物在不完全燃烧时,瞬间即可产出足量的小分子可燃气,并形成红热炭 渣层,因而具有起火速度快,启动无烟尘等优点,并可有效防止燃料型 N0X的产生。
[0036] 与此同时,在炭渣缺氧燃烧所产热量的作用下,大分子物质中的结合水和游离水 开始争脱分子间范德华力的约束而气化逸出。 当温度 ioo °c时,大分子物质主要向外释 放水蒸汽,而且当其大部分结合水和游离水被气化逸出后,大分子物质便迅速升温。 大约
160°C时,那些靠氢健和范德华力结合在大分子物质中的小分子物质,便开始争脱分子间范 德华力及其氢健的约束而气化逸出。 当温度升到 200°C以后,大分子物质便开始解聚,弱健 开始断裂。 而当温度升到 400-50(TC时,大分子物质基本上全部被解聚成不饱和有机类大 分子单体化合物和部分小分子碳氢化合物,从而产出大量含焦油类大分子气态物质和部分 小分子可燃气及少量水蒸汽的热解气,包括酚类、醋酸、甲醇、甲烷、氢气和一氧化碳等。 此 时,本发明没有将所得热解气导入燃烧器或经 "冷凝净化"后导入燃烧器,而是将其保温导 入 850°C以上的红热炭渣层,并以高温炭渣作裂解催化剂进行"加氧催化裂解",从而迫使不 饱和有机类大分子单体化合物,即焦油类大分子气态物质中的强健迅速断裂,并将其全部 化为有机类小分子自由基,其中,一部分与氢原子结合成稳定态的小分子碳氢化合物,另一 部分在充足碳源的还原气氛中与氧原子作用,并经一系列复杂的化学反应,最终化为 CO和 ¾,还有一部分仍以有机类小分子自由基的形式存在。 由于"加氧催化裂解"产物中含有一 定量的有机类小分子自由基且均呈电子激发状态,这种 "小分子自由基"一旦离开裂解反应 的高温区,就会彼此结合成长链分子并放出热量,从而再次形成焦油类大分子物质。 因此, 本发明没有将其全部当成稳定态的小分子可燃气而直接导入低温贮气罐贮存备用,或将其 利用普通冷凝导气装置导入燃烧器,而是将其保温导入富氧燃烧区或经保温除尘后再保温 导入富氧燃烧区,并以高于其理论需氧量加入助燃空气进行富氧燃烧。 由于保温导入富氧 燃烧区的可燃混合气,全为已呈电子激发状态的小分子可燃气或有机类小分子自由基,它 们在富氧燃烧区无须经过焦油类大分子物质的二次裂解,即可与氧自由基直接发生氧化燃 烧反应,因而在富氧条件下很容易实现完全燃烧,从而有效避免了有机类小分子自由基在 低温贮气罐或普通冷凝导气装置中,二次结合形成焦油类大分子物质等不利情况的发生, 实现了大分子物质的高效清洁转化利用。 "二恶英"及其前体物属焦油类大分子物质,因而 当本发明应用于垃圾焚烧发电时,可实现 "二恶英"零排放。
[0037] 本发明与现有技术相比,具有如下功能与优点:
[0038] 既可使用干料,又可使用湿料,且工艺简单,造价低廉,操作稳定,使用方便,起火 速度快,运行费用小,不产焦油废水,无烟尘和焦油污染,并在垃圾焚烧处理过程中可实现 "二恶英"零排放,具有高效节能和环境友好的双重功效,与化石能源相比,具有明显的可比 经济性,而且运行操作十分安全。 附图说明:
[0039] 图 1、图 2、图 3是本发明第一、第二和第三种具体实施方案的内部结构示意图,为 本发明第一类实施方案中的三个具体实施方案; [0040] 图 4和图 5是本发明所述"炭火点火器"的内部结构示意图,其中图 5为俯视图, 图 4为图 5的 A-A剖视图,但图中没有全部标注剖面线;
[0041 ] 图 6、图 7、图 8、图 9和图 10是本发明第四、第五、第六、第七和第八种具体实施方 案的内部结构示意图,为本发明第二类实施方案中的五个具体实施方案;
[0042] 图 11是本发明第九种具体实施方案的内部结构示意图,为本发明第三类实施方 案中的一个具体实施方案;
[0043] 图 12、图 13是本发明第十和第十一种具体实施方案的内部结构示意图,为本发明 第四类实施方案屮的二个具体实施方案;
[0044] 图 14是某大分子物质在如图 1至图 3所示第一类实施方案中的热解或燃烧产物 温度与过量空气系数和气化产物有效系数之间的关系示意图;而图 15则是某大分子物质 在图 6、图 7、图 8、图 9、图 10、图 11、图 12和图 13所示第二、第三和第四类实施方案中的热 解或燃烧产物温度与过量空气系数和气化产物有效系数之间的关系示意图;图中下方横坐 标表示过量空气系数,为一定量的大分子物质在气化燃烧过程中实际供给的空气量与其理 论空气量之比,用 α 表示;上方横坐标表示气化产物有效系数,为一定量的大分子物质实 际气化所得小分子可燃气包括有机类小分子自由基与其理论气化值的当量比,用 β 表示; 纵坐标表示大分子物质热解或燃烧产物温度,以摄氏温度表示; Q2、 Q3、 Q4和 Q5分别表示 大分子物质在 AB或 AB ' 段、 BC或 B ' C 段、 CD或 C ' D段、 DD ' 或 DE或 051或05 ' 段和 DD "段所获得的助燃空气量;"经 1#、经 2#、经 3# "分别表示经 1#热能回收器、经 2#热能回收 器和经 3#热能回收器降温后的温度特性;"经水蒸汽"表示经混合水蒸汽直接热回收降温后 的温度特性;"经骤冷 "表示二次燃烧产物被导入冷却水中,经骤冷式直接水洗降温后的温 度特性;
[0045] 图 16和图 17分别是本发明二种不同具体实施方式的工艺方框示意图,但图中均 未标注保温输送和间接热能回收工序。
[0046] 附图中各组成部分的名称与序号如下:(其中同类组成部分使用了同一名称与序 号)缺氧燃烧室(1)、风机(2)、热解室(3)、环形气道(4)、绝热保温层(5)、干燥室(6)、排气 口 (7)、排气闽(8)、内炉体(9)、贮料桶(10)、炉盖(11)、三次供氧闽(12)、蒸汽闽 (13)、补 氧管(14)、水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15)、导气管(16)、出气口 (17)、1#热能回收器(18)、炉头 (19)、富氧燃烧室(20)、隔板(21)、挡板(22)、燃气闽 (23)、一次燃烧产物出口 (24)、二次 供氧闽(25)、二次供氧装置(26)、保温盖(27)、除尘室(28)、导风管(29)、环形风道(30)、 供氧落灰口 (31)、炉栅(32)、灰渣室(33)、一次供氧装置(34)、密封盖(35)、进风口 (36)、 封火塞(37)、环形水槽(38)、密封环(39)、单向风道(40)、单向气道(41)、多功能集控闽 (42)、连接法兰(43)、二次燃烧产物出口 (44)、耐热密封圈 (45)、灰渣分离器(46)、排污闽 (47)、进水闽(48)、出水闽 (49)、保温桶 (50)、溢流管 (51)、二次燃烧产物导管 (52)、水夹套 (53)、观火口 (54)、2#热能回收器 (55)、耐热合金丝网(56)、多孔陶瓷板 (57)、补水闽 (58)、 气动闽 (59)、备料桶 (60)、压縮空气导入装置(61)、进料斗(62)、喷头(63)、洗气塔(64)、 填料(65)、碱液补充闽(66)、耐蚀热水泵(67)、混合水蒸汽出口 (68)、水洗除尘室(69)、碱 液槽(70)、3#热能回收器(71)、送料装置(72)、斜形底板(73)、气动开关(74)、水膜除尘器 (75)、引风机 (76)、链条炉排 (77)、碎料收集室 (78)、进料开关 (79)、链轮 (80)、炉膛 (81)、 炭火点火器(82)、贮料腔(83)、密封垫片 (84)。 具体实施方式:
[0047] 以下结合附图对本发明的原理和特征进行具体描述,所举实例只用于解释本发 明,并非用于限定本发明实际保护的范围。
[0048] 【实施例一】
[0049] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 1所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧 室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),其特征在于:在所述缺氧燃烧室(1)正下方的中心轴线上 设有灰渣室(33)和一次供氧装置(34) ;在所述缺氧燃烧室(1)的上部四周,依次设有一次 燃烧产物出口(24)和环形气道(4) ;并在所述环形气道(4)的一侧依次设有出气口(17)和 除尘室(28) ;在所述除尘室(28) 的上部设有红外燃烧炉头(19),在所述炉头(19) 内设有 富氧燃烧室(20) ;在所述富氧燃烧室(20)上设有 1#热能回收器(18),所述的 Is热能回收器 (18)为所述炉头(19)富氧燃烧室(20)正常工作时置于其上的普通炒锅;同时在所述除尘 室(28)内设有二次供氧装置(26) ;在所述缺氧燃烧室(1)的正上方依次设有热解室(3)和 干燥室(6)且此三者之间为直通结构;在所述除尘室(28)、缺氧燃烧室(1)、热解室(3)和 干燥室(6)的外侧四周设有绝热保温层(5),同时在所述干燥室(6)的上部设有炉盖(11), 并在该炉盖(11)上,设有通往炉头(19)富氧燃烧室(20)的水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15) ;所 述的富氧燃烧室(20)为位于炉头(19)多孔陶瓷板之上、合金丝网之下的燃烧空间;所述的 缺氧燃烧室(1)为圆筒状内炉体(9) 的下部空间;所述的热解室(3)和干燥室(6)分别为 同轴设置在所述内炉体(9)中上部的圆形贮料桶(10)的下半部和上半部空间;所述的贮料 桶(10)与内炉体(9)之间为活动组合式结构,当其环形气道(4)或所述出气口(17)内积有 灰渣影响正常通气时,可方便地将贮料桶(10)从内炉体(9) 中取出;所述的一次供氧装置 (34)由设置在所述内炉体(9)底部中心轴线上的供氧落灰口(31)、由钢板围成的槽形灰渣 室(33)、与密封盖(35)连为一体的炉栅(32)、与环形风道(30)连通的进风口 (36)和安装 在所述环形风道(30)上的风机(2)组合而成;所述的环形气道(4)由所述内炉体(9)和同 轴设置在其中上部的贮料桶(10)组合而成,并在所述环形气道(4)的上部一侧设有排气口 (7)和排气阀 (8) ;所述的出气口 (17)设置在与所述除尘室 (28)相临的内炉体 (9)炉壁上, 并在该出气口 (17)上设有燃气阀 (23) ;所述的燃气阀 (23)为线接触式手动陀螺阀,其优 点是:开启灵活,耐高温,对供气量可实现无级调节;所述的除尘室(28)为设置在所述内炉 体(9)一侧的长方体内空钢板构件,并用一悬置隔板(21)将其分隔成下部连通的左右二部 分,且在其右侧空间内设有四块斜形挡板(22),其目的是借助飞灰的重力沉降作用,通过改 变气流方向,尽可能减少燃气中的飞灰含量,防止产生二次污染,该飞灰在本实施例中主要 是炭微粒,可回收利用;同时在所述除尘室(28) 的底部一侧设有出灰口和保温盖(27) ;所 述的二次供氧装置 (26) 由导风管(29)、二次供氧阀(25)、环形风道 (30)和风机 (2)组成, 所述导风管(29)为一根两端开口的" 7 "字形金属导管,其一端对接在所述环形风道(30) 上,另一端穿过隔板(21)设置在所述除尘室(28) 的右侧空间内;所述的二次供氧阀 (25) 为线接触式手动陀螺阀;所述的水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15) 由导气管(16)及其蒸汽阀(13) 和补氧管(14)及其三次供氧阀 (12)组合而成。
[0050] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 1、图 14和图 16所示,包括 以下工艺歩骤: [0051 ] 步骤(一) :将一定量的生物质炭渣在低于其理论需氧量下加入第一助燃空气进 行缺氧燃烧,以产生第一气态物质、飞灰和红热炭渣层,该第一气态物质主要包括一氧化碳 CO、氢气 ¾和氮气 N2;所述的第一气态物质与飞灰均呈电子激发状态;
[0052] 步骤(二) :将缺氧燃烧所产热量导入大分子物质,使其预热干燥,并分离出部分 水份,借此提高反应温度,促进热解气化,以产生第二气态物质与炭渣,该第二气态物质包 含"二恶英 "和 /或其它"焦油"类大分子物质及部分小分子可燃气和少量水蒸汽;
[0053] 步骤(三) :以红热炭渣作裂解催化剂,将第二气态物质导入所述的红热炭渣层进 行加氧催化裂解,以产生第三气态物质与飞灰;该第三气态物质不含"二恶英 "和其它"焦 油"类大分子物质,但含有一定量的小分子碳氢化合物、一氧化碳、氢气、氮气和部分有机类 小分子自由基;所述的第三气态物质与飞灰均呈电子激发状态;
[0054] 步骤(四) :将呈电子激发状态的第三气态物质与飞灰和第一气态物质与飞灰,在 保温条件下合并混合并经保温除尘后再保温导入富氧燃烧区,以高于其理论需氧量加入第 二助燃空气进行富氧燃烧,同时进行热回收,以便将燃烧产物的温度控制在飞灰的熔点以 上、热力型氮氧化物 N0X的生成温度以下,从而使其尽可能在减少 N0X生成的前提下转化成 熔渣和第四气态物质;
[0055] 在步骤(四) 中,第一气态物质和第三气态物质得以完全燃烧,且不会大量产生 N0X和飞灰;
[0056] 步骤(五) :将热回收后的第四气态物质直接排入大气;
[0057] 其中,在步骤(二) 中所述的"使其预热干燥,并分离出部分水份",是指大分子物 质所含水份,大部分经吸热气化,并将混有小分子可燃气的汽化水,以混合水蒸汽的形式与 物料分离,再与高于其理论需氧量的第三助燃空气进行充分预混,然后再导入步骤(四) 中所述的富氧燃烧区,以实现水蒸汽的燃气转化与吸热降温和小分子可燃气的即时完全燃 烧;
[0058] 在步骤(三) 中所述的"第三气态物质不含 '二恶英'和其它 '焦油'类大分子物 质",是通过控制第一助燃空气量、红热炭渣层的有效厚度和第二气态物质的含水率来实现 的;所述红热炭渣层的有效厚度是指第二气态物质在所述红热炭渣层内实际流过的炭渣厚 度;所述的控制 "第一助燃空气量"和 "第二气态物质的含水率",其目的是确保所述红热炭 渣层的温度 850°C,其中控制"第二气态物质的含水率",又是通过控制设在炉盖(11)上 的水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15),即通过控制蒸汽阀(13)和三次供氧阀(12)来实现的;
[0059] 在步骤(四) 中所述的"第一气态物质和第三气态物质得以完全燃烧",是通过控 制第二助燃空气的供应量和第一、第三气态物质与第二助燃空气的混合程度来实现的,其 中"控制第二助燃空气的供应量 "是通过控制二次供氧阀 (25)来实现的,其中判断所述三 次供氧阀 (12)和二次供氧阀 (25) 的控制是否恰当,是以炉头 (19)富氧燃烧室 (20) 的富 氧燃烧,是否实现无焰燃烧且无黑烟产生为标准的;同时在步骤(四) 中所述的"不会大量 产生 !!和飞灰"是通过控制炉头(19) 富氧燃烧室(20)燃烧产物的温度来实现的,而所 述"炉头(19)富氧燃烧室(20)燃烧产物的温度",又是通过向炉头(19) 富氧燃烧室(20) 充入已与第三助燃空气完全预混的混合水蒸汽进行直接热回收,和与设置在所述炉头(19) 富氧燃烧室(20)上的普通炒锅式 1#热能回收器(18) 同时进行间接热回收来实现的。
[0060] 下面再对照图 1和图 14,就本实施例所述大分子物质高效清洁燃用过程作进一步 说明。
[0061 ] 如图 14所示,当过量空气系数 α = 0时,表示实际供给的助燃空气量为 0,大分 子物质处于预热干燥或干馏热解状态,如图 1和图 14中的 ΑΒ或 BC段所示;当 0 < α < 1 时,表示实际供给的助燃空气量小于其理论空气量,生物质炭渣处于缺氧燃烧状态,燃烧产 物温度随 α 的增加而增加,但在本实施例中的增加幅度不大,如图 1和图 14中的 CD段所 示,说明在 CD段除存在缺氧燃烧的放热反应外,同时还存在裂解与还原等吸热反应;当 α = 1时,表示实际供给的空气量等于其理论空气量,燃烧产物温度可达到其理论最高燃烧 温度,如图 14屮的 Ε " 点所示,但实际情况并非如此,实际上从图 14可知:其最终气化产物 在 α = i和 β = 1条件下的空气预混燃烧,其燃烧产物的 β值并非为 0而是 0. 4,说明其 最终气化产物中的小分子可燃气包括有机类小分子自由基并未实现完全燃烧,因而,其理 论最高燃烧温度 Ε " 点,实际上是不存在的。 由于实际燃烧工况并非理想绝热状态,因此, 实际燃烧产物的最高温度 E ' 必将低于其理论最高燃烧温度 Ε " ,而且要使实际燃烧产物 温度达到其可能达到的最高温度点 E ' ,还必须供给超过其理论空气量的过量助燃空气,即 α 〉 1。 从图 14可知,当 α = 1. 15时,实际燃烧产物温度方可达到其最高燃烧温度 E ' , 而当 α 〉 1. 15时,过量的助燃空气反而会使其燃烧产物温度降低,此时,其燃烧产物温度 随 α 值的增加而下降。
[0062] 图 14共有三条曲线,表示在不同状态下某大分子物质热解或燃烧产物温度与 α 和 β 的关系示意图,其中:
[0063] 第一条曲线 A-B-C-D-D " _Ε〃 代表该大分子物质在绝热状态下的理论热解或燃 烧产物温度曲线,其最终气化产物的燃烧方式为绝热状态下的空气预混无焰燃烧,且 α = 1. 0;
[0064] 第二条曲线 A-B-C-D-D ' _Ε ' 代表该大分子物质在普通非绝热状态下的热解或 燃烧产物温度曲线,其最终气化产物的燃烧方式为普通非绝热状态下的空气预混无焰燃 烧,且 α = 1. 15;
[0065] 第三条曲线 A-B-C-D-D ' _E代表该大分子物质在普通非绝热状态下,经混合水蒸 汽直接热回收和 1#热能回收器间接热回收降温后的热解或燃烧产物温度曲线,其最终气化 产物的燃烧方式为普通非绝热状态下的空气预混无焰燃烧,且 α = 1. 15;
[0066] 图 14中的91、92、93、94和 分别表示某大分子物质在48段 (段 0段、00 ' 段 和 DD "段所获得的助燃空气量;"经水蒸汽和 1# "表示经混合水蒸汽直接热回收和 1#热能 回收器间接热回收降温后的温度特性;而图 14所示的阴影区则表示热力型 Ν0Χ的生成区, 该区域产生于 1500°C以上的高温有氧环境中。
[0067] 下面请一并参考图 1和图 14,其中图 1所示的 、8、(、0、0 ' 、D〃禾卩 E点与图 14 中的 A、B、 C、D、D ' 、D〃和 E点为一一对应关系。 从图 1和图 14可知,来自大分子物质的 生物质炭渣在 CD段所获得的助燃空气量 小于其理论空气量, α < 1,因此生物质炭渣 在 CD段处于缺氧燃烧状态,其燃烧产物温度常保持在 850-900°C且随 α 的增加而增加,但 其增加幅度不大,说明在 CD段除存在缺氧燃烧的放热反应外,同时还存在裂解与还原等吸 热反应。 如图 1所示,其反应过程为:来自风机(2) 的助燃空气 ,经环形风道(30)、进风 口 (36)和灰渣室(33),最后穿过炉栅(32)经供氧落灰口 (31)进入缺氧燃烧室(1)。 由于 α < 1,位于缺氧燃烧室(1)内的生物质炭渣因缺氧燃烧,瞬间即可产出足量的小分子可燃 气,主要是∞和¾,并放出热量,从而实现炉头(19)快速点火,且起动无烟尘。正常情况下, 起火时间一般不超过 1分钟。 这些小分子可燃气连同其它因反应所伴生的不燃性混合气, 我们统称为第一气态物质,主要包括∞、¾和 。不燃性无机物则在供氧落灰口(31)附近, 即第一助燃空气注入口附近转化成飞灰,并在 1000-1200°C的高温条件下形成熔渣,最后通 过供氧落灰口 (31) 自动落入灰渣室(33) 内;
[0068] 与此同时,在缺氧燃烧室(1)所产热量包括辐射热和传导热的作用下,位于 BC段 的半焦类干热物料,因紧临 CD段缺氧燃烧室(1),热辐射强烈,加上其水份含量少,因而 BC 段升温迅速,很快即可达到其热解气化温度,并产出大量含焦油类大分子气态物质的热解 气,包括部分小分子可燃气和少量水蒸汽,我们称之为第二气态物质,所述的小分子可燃气 主要来源于靠氢键和分子间范德华力的作用而结合在大分子聚合物中的果胶类可提取物, 并产生于 BC段的 B点附近约 150-200°C的温度区间内,除此之外,还有一部分来源于热解气 经高温裂解而成的有机类小分子自由基,并产生于 BC段的 C点附近约 750-850°C的温度区 间内。 从图 14可知, BC段所获得的助燃空气量 ¾为0,即 α = 0,大分子物质在 BC段主要 进行干馏热解反应。 尽管 BC段所产生的热解气气量较大,但其大多数是以组成木质素、纤 维素和半纤维素的焦油类大分子单体化合物的形态存在于热解气中,其中小分子可燃气及 有机类小分子自由基的含量却较少,因此 β仅为 0. 2,其热解产物温度常保持在 150-850°C 的范围内。
[0069] 与此同时,位于 AB段的新加物料,因其所含水份吸热气化而产出大量的水蒸汽。 从图 14可知, AB段所获得的助燃空气量 与所产出的小分子可燃气均为 0,即 α = 0, β = 0,大分子物质在 ΑΒ段主要表现为预热干燥,属物理变化阶段,其气化产物温度常保持在 50-150°C的温度范围内。
[0070] 如图 1所示,受气化产物产生部位及其相对密度的影响,在贮料桶 (10) 内从上到 下,大致形成上下二层混合气体的动态分布,其中上层 AB段为水蒸汽和部分小分子可燃气 与新加物料的共存区,下层 BC段为焦油类大分子气态物质和有机类小分子自由基与半焦 类干热物料的共存区,因所述气态产物全部蓄积在贮料桶 (10) 内,随着桶内大分子物质热 解气化反应的不断进行,气态产物不断增加,桶内气压逐渐升高,当达到一定压力时,位于 贮料桶 (10)下层 BC段的焦油类大分子气态物质和部分有机类小分子自由基,包括可能夹 带的少量水蒸汽,便在桶内气压的作用下被迫缓慢向下漂移,最后进入 CD段缺氧燃烧室 (1) 内的红热炭渣层,并在所述红热炭渣层内完成焦油类大分子气态物质的"加氧催化裂 解"和有机类小分子自由基及少量水蒸汽的催化重整和高温还原反应。 结果焦油类大分子 气态物质全部转化成有机类小分子自由基,其中,一部分与氢原子结合成稳定态的小分子 碳氢化合物,另一部分在充足碳源的还原气氛中与氧原子作用,并经一系列复杂的化学反 应,最终化为∞和¾,还有一部分仍以有机类小分子自由基的形式存在,最终形成以 CH4、C0 和 ¾等小分子可燃气为主,有机类小分子自由基为辅,并含有一定量 C02和 N2等不燃性气 体的小分子可燃混合气,我们称之为第三气态物质。 如图 14所示,大分子物质在本实施例 中,其气化反应过程经由 A、 B、 C、 D各点,最终在 D点位置所获得的小分子可燃气包括有机 类小分子自由基,终于达到了其应有的理论气化值,因此其 β = 1。
[0071 ] 如图 1所示,随着贮料桶(10) 内大分子物质的热解气化和缺氧燃烧室(1) 内焦油 类大分子气态物质"加氧催化裂解"的不断进行,热解室(3) 内的半焦类干热物料逐步被炭 化并落入其下部的缺氧燃烧室(1),以补充缺氧燃烧室(1) 内红热炭渣的反应消耗,从而导 致贮料桶(10)内全部固态物质与气态物质的整体下移,同时,蓄积在贮料桶(10)上层的水 蒸汽数量和体积也在跟随不断增加并呈现出向下扩张之势,此时,如不采取措施,必将引发 贮料桶(10)上层水蒸汽大量涌入其下部热解室(3) 内,以致最后进入缺氧燃烧室(1)的红 热炭渣层,从而导致热解室(3) 内正常的热解气化反应和红热炭渣层内正常的"加氧催化 裂解"反应全部崩溃,并由此产出焦油废水,从而引发炉头(19)产生大量烟尘,甚至根本无 法正常工作,出现只冒烟不着火等恶劣情况。为了有效避免此种不利情况的发生,本实施例 在贮料桶 (10)上部炉盖(11)上,特为此设置了水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15),此时,只要适当 开启位于炉盖(11)上的蒸汽阀(13)和三次供氧阀(12),将蓄积在贮料桶(10)上部的水蒸 汽连同可能夹带的小分子可燃气,与所述的第三助燃空气充分预混后,导入炉头(19) 富氧 燃烧室(20),以实现水蒸汽的燃气转化与吸热降温和小分子可燃气的即时完全燃烧,就可 有效避免以上所述各种可能不利情况的发生,从而使得本装置即便使用湿料,也能确保安 全稳定运行。 另外,此举的有益效果还在于:混合水蒸汽导入炉头(19) 富氧燃烧室(20), 除可实现水蒸汽的燃气转化、提高产气量外,还可因水蒸汽的高温还原吸热反应,有效降低 富氧燃烧产物温度,使其燃烧产物温度被控制在飞灰的熔点以上、热力型 N0X的生成温度以 下,从而使得气化产物在富氧燃烧的过程中不会大量产生 N0X和飞灰。
[0072] 值得注意的是:在分离排泄炉内水蒸汽的过程中,应使蒸汽阀 (13)处于"适当开 启"状态,以确保在炉内水蒸汽不随热解气倒流进入热解室(3)和缺氧燃烧室(1) 的前提 下,使炉内始终保持一定气压,从而促使焦油类大分子气态物质,在红热炭渣层内的"加氧 催化裂解"可持续稳定进行,防止因蒸汽阀(13)开启过大,一方面破坏炉头(19)富氧燃烧 室(20) 内混合水蒸汽的燃气转化,另一方面又导致焦油类大分子气态物质,未经裂解就顺 势经水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15)而直接进入炉头(19)富氧燃烧室(20),从而引发焦油污染。
[0073] 如图 1所示,来自缺氧燃烧室(1) 的小分子可燃混合气,包括第一气态物质、第三 气态物质和飞灰,在本实施例中,经一次燃烧产物出口 (24)、环形气道(4)和出气口 (17), 被保温导入除尘室(28),经除尘室(28)清除大部分飞灰后,与二次供氧装置(26)供给的第 二助燃空气进行充分预混,最后又被保温导入位于所述除尘室(28)上部炉头(19) 的富氧 燃烧室(20) 内进行富氧燃烧。
[0074] 从图 14可知,小分子可燃混合气在 DD ' 段所获得的助燃空气量 Q4大于其理论空 气量, α = 1. 15,但其燃烧产物温度却始终恒定在 900 °C,且小分子可燃混合气的 β 值亦 始终保持恒定值 " 1 ",表示在 DD ' 段所获得的助燃空气和小分子可燃气均未被消耗, DD ' 段实质上成了小分子可燃混合气与助燃空气的预混区及其保温输送区;由于小分子可燃混 合气在 DD ' 段所获得的助燃空气和其所含小分子可燃气均未被消耗,故其进入 D ' Ε段的 瞬间,与其在 DD ' 段的 α 值和 β值相同,均为 α = 1. 15、 β = 1,但是,我们从图 14中同 时发现,当其进入 D ' Ε段后,其 β 值瞬间被降为 0,说明其所含小分子可燃气在 D ' Ε段, 即图 1所示的炉头(19)富氧燃烧室(20) 内,瞬间实现了完全燃烧,且其燃烧方式为空气预 混式红外无焰燃烧。 这一现象同时还表明:小分子可燃气包括有机类小分子自由基的化学 能在 D ' Ε段,即在图 1所示的炉头(19)富氧燃烧室(20) 内瞬间转化成了热能,实现了小 分子可燃气的热升华,因而,与现有公知技术相比,本实施例不仅其最终气化产物实现了完 全燃烧,避免了一氧化碳及烟尘和焦油的二次污染,同时还具有更高的热效率。 [0075] 同时,由于本实施例将来自干燥室(6),并与第三助燃空气完全预混的混合水蒸 汽,导入了炉头(19) 富氧燃烧室(20),同时又在所述炉头(19) 富氧燃烧室(20)上设有 1# 热能回收器(18),从而使得炉头(19)富氧燃烧室(20) 内的最终燃烧产物温度,由 1700°C 的 E ' 点被瞬间降到了 1000°C的 E点,使其最终燃烧产物温度被成功地控制在了 800°C左右 的飞灰熔点以上、 1500°C的热力型 !!生成温度以下,从而又在炉头(19)部位将飞灰和 N0X 的二次污染降到了最低限度,实现了高效节能和环境友好的双重功效。
[0076] 再说,由于本装置始终在低压或常压下运行,且其小分子可燃气为即产即用型,因 而其运行操作十分安全。
[0077] 另外,本实施例的有益效果还在于:由于本实例所设炉头(19)为红外均衡燃烧炉 头,炉头温度高且均衡稳定,因此,当本实施例因故出现异常,致使保温导入炉头(19) 富氧 燃烧室(20) 的小分子可燃混合气中,即便夹带少量焦油类大分子气态物质,亦可实现二次 裂解完全燃烧,从而可有效避免出现焦油的二次污染。
[0078] 【实施例二】
[0079] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 2所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧 室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例一】相比,本实施例的不同点在于:所述贮料桶 (10)与内炉体(9)之间的活动连接,是通过设置在内炉体(9)上部外侧的环形水槽(38)和 对接在所述贮料桶 (10)上部且伸入所述环形水槽(38)底部的密封环(39)来实现的。 实 际运行过程中,当贮料桶 (10) 内的物料出现因落料不畅而影响正常产气时,可通过设置在 所述炉盖(11)上的手柄,推动贮料桶 (10)在内炉体(9) 内旋转,以带动物料整体下降,从 而恢复正常产气,除此之外,其余部分均与【实施例一】相同。
[0080] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,其工艺步骤与【实施例一】相 同。
[0081 ] 【实施例三】
[0082] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 3所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧 室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例一】相比,本实施例的不同点在于:内炉体(9) 与贮料桶(10)合为一体,并在其一侧设有单向气道(41),在所述单向气道(41)上设有出气 口 (17),同时在所述单向气道(41) 的正下方设有单向风道(40),另外除尘室(28)设置在 所述单向气道(41)的一侧,而且在位于除尘室(28)的右侧空间内设有 6块挡板(22),除下 部 2块挡板的设置与【实施例一】相同外,其余 4块挡板(22)组合成漏斗状并置于二次供 氧装置(26) 出风口上,除此之外,其余部分均与【实施例一】相同。
[0083] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,其工艺步骤与【实施例一】相 同。
[0084] 【实施例四】
[0085] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 6所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧 室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),其特征在于:在所述缺氧燃烧室(1)上设有一次供氧装置 (34) ;在所述缺氧燃烧室(1)的正下方依次设有炉栅(32)、一次燃烧产物出口(24)、富氧燃 烧室(20)和灰渣室(33),并在所述一次燃烧产物出口(24)至富氧燃烧室(20)的气路上设 有二次供氧装置(26) ;在所述缺氧燃烧室(1)的正上方依次设有热解室(3)和干燥室(6) ; 所述的灰渣室(33)、富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6)相通且为 直通结构,并在所述富氧燃烧室(20)上设有二次燃烧产物出口 (44),同时在该二次燃烧产 物出口 (44)上依次设有连接法兰(43)和耐热密封圈 (45) ;在所述灰渣室(33)、富氧燃烧 室(20)、缺氧燃烧室(1)、热解室 (3)和干燥室 (6)的外侧四周设有 1#热能回收器(18),所 述的 1#热能回收器(18)即为水夹套(53),并在所述水夹套(53)的外侧四周设有绝热保温 层(5),同时在所述干燥室(6)上设有炉盖(11),并在该炉盖(11)上设有通往富氧燃烧室 (20) 的水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15) ;所述的水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15) 由导气管(16)、蒸汽 阀 (13)、补氧管(14)、三次供氧阀(12)、多功能集控阀 (42)和风机 (2)组成。
[0086] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 6、图 15和图 17所示,其 工艺步骤与【实施例三】相比,不同点在于:本实施例在步骤(四) 中,所述的第一气态物质 与飞灰和第三气态物质与飞灰,一经产生即以小分子可燃混合气的形式被立刻保温导入富 氧燃烧区,并与第二助燃空气进行即时混合燃烧,省去了小分子可燃混合气的保温除尘和 保温输送的工艺环节,因而完全避免了小分子可燃混合气中的有机类小分子自由基,在保 温除尘及保温输送过程中二次结合成焦油类大分子物质的可能;同时,小分子可燃混合气 在富氧燃烧区的燃烧方式表现为空气即时混合式火焰燃烧,如图 15中 A-B-C-D-E温度曲线 的 D-E段所示,其燃烧产物温度随 α 的增加而升高,但其 β值却随 α 的增加而下降,且当 α = L 15时 β = 0,表示进入富氧燃烧区的小分子可燃混合气在 α = 1. 15时实现了完 全燃烧;另外,如图 15中的 A-B-C-D-E温度曲线所示,本实施例不仅在其最终气化产物进 行富氧燃烧时进行了混合水蒸汽的直接热回收和一次间接热回收,而且在大分子物质的干 燥、热解和缺氧燃烧的过程中,也同时进行了一次间接热回收;与【实施例三】相比,其有益 效果是:如图 6所示,其来自热解室(3) 的含焦油类大分子物质的第二气态物质,在反向流 过所述的缺氧燃烧室(1) 时,因其与红热炭渣的接触面积更大,停留时间更长,因而其焦油 类大分子物质的裂解更完全,因此,当本实施例应用于垃圾焚烧处理时,能更好地消灭 "二 恶英",正常情况下,可确保实现 "二恶英"零排放,其热解或燃烧产物温度曲线如图 15中的 A-B-C-D-E所示,除此之外,其余工艺步骤与【实施例三】相同。
[0087] 【实施例五】
[0088] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 7所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧 室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例四】相比,本实施例的不同点在于:其在所述的 灰渣室(33)、富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6)上未设间接热能 回收器,除此之外,其余部分与【实施例四】相同。
[0089] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 7、图 15和图 17所示,其工 艺步骤与【实施例四】相比,不同点在于:本实施例除在其最终气化产物进行富氧燃烧时,向 富氧燃烧区充入混合水蒸汽进行了直接热回收外,在大分子物质的干燥、热解、缺氧燃烧及 的其最终气化产物进行富氧燃烧的过程中均未进行间接热回收,其热解或燃烧产物温度曲 线如图 15中的 A-B ' -C -D-Ei所示,除此之外,其余工艺步骤与【实施例四】相同。
[0090] 【实施例六】
[0091 ] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 8所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧 室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例四】相比,本实施例的不同点在于:其在所述的 二次燃烧产物出口 (44)上同时还设有 2#热能回收器(55) ;所述的 2#热能回收器(55) 即 为水夹套(53) ;同时在所述灰渣室(33) 内设有灰渣分离器(46) ;在所述二次燃烧产物出 口 (44) 的下部一侧设有观火口 (54)及其保温盖(27) ;在所述水夹套(53) 的上部设有用 作高位槽的保温桶(50),除此之外,其余部分与【实施例四】相同。
[0092] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 8、图 15和图 17所示,其工 艺步骤与【实施例四】相比,不同点在于:来自富氧燃烧区并经混合水蒸汽直接热回收及一 次间接热回收降温后的二次燃烧产物,即第四气态物质,在本实施例中再经二次间接热回 收后排入大气;其热解或燃烧产物温度曲线如图 15中的 A-B-C-D-E-F所示,除此之外,其余 工艺步骤与【实施例四】相同。
[0093] 【实施例七】
[0094] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 9所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃烧 室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例四】相比,本实施例的不同点在于:其在所述灰 渣室(33) 内设有灰渣分离器(46) ;在所述二次燃烧产物出口 (44)上,依次设有多孔陶瓷 板(57)、耐热合金丝网 (56)和普通炒锅式 2#热能回收器(55) ;同时在所述水夹套(53)的 上部设有用作高位槽的保温桶(50) ;除此之外,其余部分与【实施例四】相同。
[0095] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 9、图 15和图 17所示,其工 艺步骤与【实施例四】相比,不同点在于:来自富氧燃烧区并经混合水蒸汽直接热回收及一 次间接热回收降温后的二次燃烧产物,即第四气态物质,在本实施例中再经二次间接热回 收后排入大气;其热解或燃烧产物温度曲线如图 15中的 A-B-C-D-E-F所示,除此之外,其余 工艺步骤与【实施例四】相同。
[0096] 【实施例八】
[0097] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 10所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃 烧室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例七】相比,本实施例的不同点在于:其在所述 干燥室(6)的上端口上未设炉盖(11),但在其^上方依次设有备料桶(60)和进料斗(62), 并在所述备料桶(60) 的顶部和底部同时设有气动阀(59),同时在所述备料桶 (60)顶部气 动阀(59)的下方一侧,设有压縮空气导入装置(61) ;在所述干燥室(6)的上端口上设有环 形气道(4) ;在该环形气道(4)上设有通往富氧燃烧室(20) 的水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15) ; 另外,本实施例未在其二次燃烧产物出口 (44)上设置如图 9所示的多孔陶瓷板(57)、耐热 合金丝网(56)和普通炒锅式 2#热能回收器(55),而是在其所述的富氧燃烧室(20)的正下 方,设有兼做灰渣室(33) 的水洗除尘室(69),并在其上设有挡板(22)、溢流管(51)、补水 阀 (58)、排污岡 (47)和混合水蒸汽出口 (68),且所述富氧燃烧室(20) 的二次燃烧产物出 口 (44),设置在所述水洗除尘室(69) 的液面以下;同时在所述水洗除尘室(69) 的一侧设 有碱液槽(70),并在其上设有混合水蒸汽出口 (68)、挡板(22)、碱液补充阀(66)、耐蚀热水 泵(67)和排污阀 (47),同时在所述混合水蒸汽出口 (68)上设有洗气塔(64),并在该洗气 塔(64) 内设有填料(65),在所述洗气塔(64) 内的填料(65)上方,设有循环碱液喷头(63) 和 3#热能回收器(71),除此之外,其余部分与【实施例七】相同。
[0098] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 10、图 15和图 17所示,其 工艺步骤与【实施例七】相比,不同点在于:来自富氧燃烧区并经混合水蒸汽直接热回收及 一次间接热回收和二次间接热回收降温后的二次燃烧产物,即第四气态物质,在本实施例 中随即又被全部导入冷却水中,进行骤冷式水洗除尘,以将其二次燃烧产物温度由如图 15 所示 700°C的 F点,瞬间降至 100 °C的 G点,然后再依次经过碱洗除酸处理和三次间接热回 收,使其最终产物温度下降到达 H点后再排入大气;其热解或燃烧产物温度曲线如图 15中 的 A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H所示,除此之外,其余工艺步骤与【实施例七】相同。
[0099] 本实施例的有益效果是:因水洗除尘室(69) 的设置,一方面二次燃烧产物中的飞 灰被清除,为后续碱洗除酸工序扫除了障碍,另一方面又保证了来自富氧燃烧室(20)并经 降温后的二次燃烧产物温度从 700°C瞬间降至 100°C,从而不仅有效避开了 1170〜 1460°C 的快速型 N0X和 1500 °C以上的热力型 N0X的形成温度,同时又有效避开了 250〜 450 °C的 "二恶英"前体物二次合成"二恶英 "的最佳温度区间,从而一方面成功地避免了 N0X的二次 污染,另一方面又成功地避免了偶尔因操作异常,可能导致的 "二恶英"前体物二次合成"二 恶英"等不利情况的发生;同时"碱洗除酸"工序的设置,又可有效消除二次燃烧产物中可能 存在的不燃性酸性气体的二次污染;因而将本实施例应用于垃圾焚烧处理时,不仅可实现 "二恶英"零排放,同时还可有效避免飞灰、氮氧化物和不燃性酸性气体的二次污染。
[0100] 【实施例九】
[0101 ] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 11所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃 烧室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),其特征在于:在所述缺氧燃烧室(1)上设有一次供氧装 置(34) ;在所述缺氧燃烧室(1) 的正上方依次设有一次燃烧产物出口 (24)和富氧燃烧室 (20),并在所述一次燃烧产物出口 (24)上设有二次供氧装置(26) ;在所述缺氧燃烧室(1) 的正下方依次设有热解室(3)、干燥室(6)和送料装置(72) ;所述的富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧 燃烧室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6)相通且此四者之间为直通结构;在所述缺氧燃烧室 (1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6) 的外侧四周设有绝热保温层(5),且在所述富氧燃烧室(20) 上设有 1#热能回收器(18) ;同时在所述干燥室(6)上设有通往富氧燃烧室(20) 的水蒸汽 分离排泄装置(15),所述的水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15)为带控制阀即蒸汽阀(13) 的导气管 (16)。
[0102] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 11、图 15和图 17所示,其 工艺步骤与【实施例五】相比,不同点在于:本实施例在步骤(二)中所述的"使其预热干燥, 并分离出部分水份",是指将混有小分子可燃气的汽化水,以混合水蒸汽的形式与物料分离 后直接导入步骤(四) 中所述的富氧燃烧区,以实现水蒸汽的吸热降温与自动分离和小分 子可燃气的即时完全燃烧;在步骤(四)中所述的"同时进行热回收",本实施例包括向富氧 燃烧区充入混合水蒸汽的直接热回收和通过设于其上的普通炒锅式间接热回收;其热解或 燃烧产物温度曲线如图 15中的 A-B-C-D-E所示,除此之外,其余工艺步骤与【实施例五】相 同。
[0103] 【实施例十】
[0104] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 12所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃 烧室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例九】相比,本实施例的不同点在于:其所述的 缺氧燃烧室(1)为斜面燃烧室,所述的热解室(3)、干燥室(6)和送料装置(72)依次设置在 与所述斜面燃烧室斜形底板(73)相对的一侧,且此四者均为水平布置,除此之外,其余部 分均与【实施例九】相同。
[0105] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 12、图 15和图 17所示,其 工艺步骤与【实施例九】相同。
[0106] 【实施例 ^一】 [0107] 一种大分子物质高效清洁燃用装置,如图 13所示,包括富氧燃烧室(20)、缺氧燃 烧室(1)、热解室(3)和干燥室(6),与【实施例十】相比,不同点在于:本实施例在其干燥 室(6)上所设水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15),为将水蒸汽直接排入大气的带控制阀即进料开关 (79) 的进料斗(62),且其送料装置(72)为链条炉排(77),并在该链条炉排(77) 的下方设 有碎料收集室(78) ;同时在所述斜面燃烧室的斜形底板(73)上设有气动开关(74),所述 的斜形底板(73)为转轴式活动底板,通过气动开关(74)可推动其沿转轴旋转与闭合,从 而可将积存在斜面燃烧室内的灰渣,定期转入位于其斜形底板(73)正下方的灰渣室(33) 内;所述的多功能集控阀(42)设置在所述灰渣室(33)上,其上出气口通过导气管与环形风 道(30)相连通,其下出气口指向灰渣室(33)的底部,这样可有效提高灰渣中残炭的碳转化 率;另外在其富氧燃烧室(20)上设有保温炉膛(81),并在所述炉膛(81) 内设有 1#热能回 收器(18),同时在所述炉膛(81)的排气口(7)上设有水膜除尘器(75),在水膜除尘器(75) 上设有引风机(76),除此之外,其余部分均与【实施例十】相同。
[0108] 本实施例所采用的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法,如图 13、图 15和图 17所示,其 工艺步骤与【实施例十】相比,不同点在于:本实施例在步骤(二)中所述的"使其预热干燥, 并分离出部分水份",是指大分子物质所含水份,大部分经吸热气化并以水蒸汽的形式与物 料分离后直接排入大气;在步骤(四)中所述的"同时进行热回收",仅指同时进行一次间接 热回收;其热解或燃烧产物温度曲线如图 15中的 A-B ' -C -D-Ei所示,除此之外,其余工 艺步骤与【实施例十】相同。
[0109] 综上所述,本发明所述的大分子物质高效清洁燃用方法及装置,利用缺氧燃烧产 生高于灰熔点而低于热力型 N0X形成温度,即大于 800°C而小于 1500°C的燃烧产物,包括飞 灰和各种气态物质,从而一方面使飞灰形成熔渣并从燃烧产物中分离出去,另一方面又可 有效避免热力型 N0X的产生,同时还可使物料燃烧时可能产生的燃料型 N0X,在红热炭渣的 高温还原作用下,被还原成无毒无害的 N2,从而有效避免了飞灰和 N0X的大量产生;
[01 10] 与此同时,通过将蓄积于贮料桶(10)下部含焦油类大分子气态物质的热解气,导 入 850 °C以上的红热炭渣层,并以红热炭渣作裂解催化剂,使其在所述红热炭渣的缺氧环 境下完成加氧催化裂解,从而使焦油类大分子气态物质全部化为小分子可燃气和有机类小 分子自由基,接着将所得小分子可燃气和有机类小分子自由基,全部保温导入富氧燃烧室 (20)进行富氧燃烧。由于进入富氧燃烧室(20)的可燃气,全为小分子可燃气或有机类小分 子自由基,它们在富氧燃烧室(20) 内无需经过焦油类大分子物质的二次裂解,即可与氧自 由基直接发生氧化燃烧反应,因而在富氧条件下,很容易实现完全燃烧,从而有效避免了现 有公知技术在其气化燃烧利用过程中,可能存在的各种二次污染。
[01 1 1 ] 另外,由于本发明在干燥室(6)上均设有通往大气和 I或通往富氧燃烧室(20)的 水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15),从而,一方面有效避免了水蒸汽对热解室(3)热解气化反应温 度,和缺氧燃烧室(1)加氧催化裂解反应温度的负面冲击,确保了热解室(3)和缺氧燃烧室 (1)始终在预定反应温度下稳定运行;另一方面,通过水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15),将混合水 蒸汽导入富氧燃烧室(20),还可有效降低富氧燃烧产物温度,使得最终燃烧产物温度被控 制在飞灰的熔点以上、热力型 N0X的生成温度以下,从而再一次有效地避免了飞灰和 N0X的 大量产生;与此同时,通过对水蒸汽分离排泄装置(15) 的合理调控,还可使含焦油类大分 子气态物质的热解气,在反向流过缺氧燃烧室(1)红热炭渣层的速度实现可控操作,从而 可有效延长焦油类大分子气态物质在所述红热炭渣层内的停留时间,确保其裂解完全,为 后续可燃气的富氧完全燃烧提供了物质保障;另外,由于本发明的 "气化燃用"均为低压或 常压下的即产即用,因而其运行操作十分安全;同时,由于以上所述全部反应均在同一炉内 完成,因而简化了操作工艺,降低了设备造价,与现有公知技术相比,具有明显的可比经济 性。
[01 1 2] 最后需特别说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的部分具体实施方案,但要实现本发 明还有其它多种具体实施方案,且对于本专业范围的普通技术人员来说均是显而易见的, 只是限于篇幅,本说明书没有全部列举。 例如,在如图 1、图 2和图 3所示的实施例屮,还可 在其内炉体(9) 的周向外侧设置双炉头或多炉头结构,以适应不同用户的实际需要,同时 所述的除尘室(28),除采用重力沉降室外,还可将其设计成旋风除尘室、惯性除尘室、干式 静电除尘室或其组合等多种结构形式;在如图 6、图 8、图 9和图 10所示的实施例中,也可 将其水夹套(53)设计成风冷式暖风炉结构,使其来自鼓风机的新鲜空气和 /或来自引风机 的室内循环空气,在所述的水夹套(53) 内由上到下呈螺旋流动,最后形成暖风直接吹入室 内,以适应寒冷地区冬天室内供暖的需要,亦可用于各种大棚疏菜供暖和工业烘烤等用能 领域;在如图 10所示的实施例中,也可将其内炉体(9) 由圆形结构改成长方体结构,以使 其在垃圾焚烧发电过程中,最大限度地提高其垃圾焚烧处理能力和发电能力,其所述的气 动阀 (59)也可采用电磁阀或其它形式的电动阀;在如图 11和图 12所示的实施例中,也可 将其送料装置(72)设计成螺杆推进式、气压推进式、水压推进式、液压推进式、弹簧贮能推 进式、手动推进式、升降架推进式和组合螺旋送料式等多种结构形式;在图 13所示的实施 例中,也可去掉带进料开关(79) 的进料斗(62),使其进料口成为趟口式结构,以适应不同 长短与大小的可燃物料。另外,还可根据用户具体情况,将本发明所述的各种装置设计成家 用、商用和工业应用等多种结构形式。因此,凡是不违背本发明总体构思的各种具体实施方 案,包括其它各种变形方案或等同替换方案,均为本发明的有效保护方案。

Claims

核. 利 要 泶 书
1. 辨大分子物纖高:效翁 燃用:: 法,.包括以下 Φ·骤 .>
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歩骤 ' (.二 );将缺氣繳纖: 邏:导入:大分乎物痰 ^懊其预热 燥 分离' ¾ 分水撿. ¾提高 度 餒通热解气化, ¾产生第二 态德 a与 渔,该第二气¾物繊鍾: " 雌 "Mi 議其' ¾ 焦減 "类:大分予物 及部:分小分子' 气:和少貴:求無 ή?
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子自 惑;衡 ®第 气态物 :滅 飞灰 电^^
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粮据狭利蟹求 Ϊ節 的 分子衡质露效清洁燃用方: ½« ;::ί::在:歩爛(二)中 i vx , 、'.' ' '-j ^ik ;. '、、 K 1 ( - 中所:途前富氣燃烧: ,以实现水蒸 降濕与 ¾分禽邾小 :5 可纖 '气
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或将混有小分乎 :可燃气的汽 水 f ¾混:合水:魏¾約形式与物斜 海,.并鏺水舊汽的冷 凝液化和宵潘分慕 . 与高于- 霧^
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第 · 助燃: 气纖、 热繁 有效 楚和雷二气 ; 建叙翁 遴愿酌有效厚 ¾.逢撒簾二气态雜威在所逑红¾炭纖 i 实际流过 ft炭盡薄 ¾d 时^ (::. 或編: ί ) 逑翁 "二森萬 1 ^二恶 晨其鎮係翁
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¾设有:―次 ¾烧 養 ]« 氣燃烧:室 并翻 » ·····次燃難 , :·ϋ::.»/或 谁燃烧产 "\ Η"、 '、、、 s \- I '、 Ί 、 、i、sf L ¾' i 、 、、 '、 、 ' 》
»¾、:: ¾觀透料 覽 所逑的雷载燃翁 ¾、缺氣纏烧:靈、 解¾和千燥 祖逮; 通干燥 ¾上热賈¾ i:. , m t,翁¾燃纖 上 富氣鹩烧¾内翁:■ 处載几 设有热 籠國—收澳;在霸 ¾缺¾:燃烧 意: :FF燥窥釣 姆簡周敏有绝热保鍵雇
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¾;¾所述斜面燃 侬次 有 次:燃烧产飽 口和富氧爆烧 并在避 ϋ的 :一 w ί ^ 1 w x f 、 " 、 ''、 'm'、 f逑:斜面燃烧靈〖 寐嚷撤: 相 的■ -麵依次设翁 « >:: »送料凝 約赏氧燃烧進、 · ¾通逢靈 ,¾腐直和 ::::ΡΛ¾:相邋,: i 通. :: 燥室
繁上 寓教燃像室 £溯富 ft燃烧 〖¾酌一处或几:½ 有熱翻 ^
热解食 子操 ¾的 傲亂 ¾絶 v!iS!i, i : 在所 /或邋: h ¾ " " 、 hi \ I.
i¾權据权利槳求 Β ϋ 6或?璣 S或 9祈 太食于物纖高效清¾還用装置:,其特¾ 于 氷義汽分 徘機賤置 "为' 蒸. 分离.狻
餘灣 ¾料斗 、"學一导气餐' ' 'φ控制:謂的 ½ "和 气管上同时 有控 摘靡锻 控制顏 特氣管 "中的 ·- ·种或二种 ί!¾ l'l .
PCT/CN2012/081714 2011-09-24 2012-09-21 大分子物质清洁燃用方法及装置 WO2013041039A1 (zh)

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CN107057725A (zh) * 2017-03-17 2017-08-18 唐财安 垃圾生物质高温低压热解气化系统
CN108045862A (zh) * 2018-01-18 2018-05-18 洛阳理工学院 一种悬浮燃烧炉用垃圾下料阀
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CN111637463A (zh) * 2020-06-18 2020-09-08 东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司 自热式垃圾热解气化系统及其运行方法
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