WO2013016940A1 - 基站天线 - Google Patents

基站天线 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013016940A1
WO2013016940A1 PCT/CN2011/084656 CN2011084656W WO2013016940A1 WO 2013016940 A1 WO2013016940 A1 WO 2013016940A1 CN 2011084656 W CN2011084656 W CN 2011084656W WO 2013016940 A1 WO2013016940 A1 WO 2013016940A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
metamaterial
refractive index
base station
station antenna
same
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2011/084656
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘若鹏
季春霖
岳玉涛
洪运南
Original Assignee
深圳光启高等理工研究院
深圳光启创新技术有限公司
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Publication date
Priority claimed from CN201110215573.2A external-priority patent/CN102904048B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201110215451.3A external-priority patent/CN102891370B/zh
Application filed by 深圳光启高等理工研究院, 深圳光启创新技术有限公司 filed Critical 深圳光启高等理工研究院
Publication of WO2013016940A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013016940A1/zh

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/246Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for base stations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of electromagnetic communications, and more particularly to a base station antenna. Background technique
  • the base station antenna is an important device for ensuring wireless access of the mobile communication terminal.
  • the distribution of base stations is becoming more and more dense, and higher requirements are placed on the directivity of base station antennas to avoid mutual interference and to allow electromagnetic waves to travel farther.
  • half power angle In general, we use a half power angle to indicate the directivity of the base station antenna.
  • the angle between the two points at which the relative maximum radiation direction power flux density is reduced to half (or less than the maximum value of 3 dB) in a plane containing the maximum radiation direction of the main lobe is called half power. angle.
  • the angle at which the field strength relative to the maximum radiation direction is reduced to 0.707 times in a plane containing the maximum radiation direction of the main lobe is also called the half power angle.
  • the half power angle is also known as the half power bandwidth.
  • the half power bandwidth includes the horizontal half power bandwidth and the vertical plane half power bandwidth.
  • the propagation distance of the electromagnetic wave of the base station antenna is determined by the vertical plane half power bandwidth. The smaller the half-power bandwidth of the vertical plane, the larger the gain of the base station antenna and the farther the electromagnetic wave travels. Conversely, the smaller the gain of the base station antenna, the closer the electromagnetic wave propagation distance is. Summary of the invention
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a base station antenna with a small half power bandwidth and good directivity.
  • the present invention provides a base station antenna comprising an antenna module having a plurality of vibrators arranged in an array and a meta-material module corresponding to the vibrators, the meta-material module comprising at least one meta-material layer, each super-material layer A refractive index distribution region is formed in a region of each of the vibrators, and each of the refractive index distribution regions forms a plurality of refractive index circles at a center of a position facing the center of the corresponding vibrator, and a plurality of concentric refractive index circles form a circular ring region.
  • the minimum radius of each annular region in each refractive index distribution region and the refractive index of the maximum radius refractive index circle are equal.
  • the metamaterial module comprises a plurality of super material sheets stacked along the X axis, and each of the super material sheets forms the same refractive index distribution area corresponding to the same vibrator.
  • the same annular region is formed in each of the metamaterial sheets corresponding to the same transducer.
  • the refractive index circles of the same radius of the corresponding ring regions of the same vibrator on the respective metamaterial sheets have the same refractive index.
  • each impedance matching film comprises a plurality of impedance matching layers
  • each impedance matching layer is a uniform hook medium having a single refractive index
  • the refraction of each impedance matching layer The rate varies in a direction proximate to the metamaterial module from a refractive index that is close to or equal to air to a level that is close to or equal to the refractive index of the metamaterial sheet closest to the impedance matching film on the metamaterial module.
  • the impedance matching layer of the metamaterial module has a serial number of m.
  • each of the metamaterial sheets is arranged by a plurality of metamaterial units, and each of the metamaterial units is attached with an artificial microstructure having the same topological shape, and the artificial microstructures are arranged in each refractive index distribution area.
  • a plurality of concentric circular metamaterial units centered on the center of each vibrator are formed by a plurality of concentric circular metamaterial units forming one of said annular regions, arranged in each annular region.
  • the geometrical dimensions of the artificial microstructures on the respective metamaterial units of the same concentric circle are the same, and the geometrical dimensions of the artificial microstructures arranged on the superconducting unit of each concentric circle are reduced in a direction away from the center of the circle;
  • Artificial microstructures on individual metamaterial elements with concentric circles of minimum radius and maximum radius in the ring region The geometric dimensions are equal.
  • the artificial microstructures having the same geometrical dimensions are arranged on the super-material units of the concentric circles having the same radius in the plurality of annular regions corresponding to the same vibrator on each of the super-material sheets.
  • the artificial microstructure is a planar metal trace structure.
  • the metamaterial unit has a geometry smaller than one fifth of a wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave.
  • the metamaterial unit has a geometric size equal to one tenth of a wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave.
  • the artificial microstructure is made of copper wire or silver wire.
  • the artificial microstructure is made by any one of etching, electroplating, drilling, photolithography, electron engraving and ion engraving.
  • the artificial microstructure is in the shape of a snowflake.
  • each of the refractive index distribution regions, the geometrical dimensions of the artificial microstructures disposed on the respective concentric circular metamaterial units are proportionally reduced in a direction away from the poles.
  • each of the metamaterial sheets is arranged by a plurality of metamaterial units, and a plurality of concentric circles are formed at a center of each of the metamaterial units in the refractive index distribution region facing the center of the corresponding vibrator, so that The respective metamaterial units in the refractive index distribution region are respectively located on the concentric circles, and one annular region is formed by the metamaterial units located in a plurality of concentric circles; each of the metamaterial units is formed with small holes.
  • each of the metamaterial units is formed with one of the small holes, and the small holes on each of the metamaterial units are circular holes of equal length and filled with air; arranged in each annular region in each refractive index distribution region.
  • the diameters of the small holes on the respective metamaterial units of the same concentric circle are the same, and the diameters of the small holes arranged on the super-material units of the respective concentric circles increase in a direction away from the center of the circle, and the smallest in each ring area
  • the diameters of the small holes on the respective metamaterial units of the diameter and the largest diameter concentric circle are respectively equal.
  • each of the metamaterial units forms one of the small holes
  • the small holes on each of the metamaterial units are circular holes of equal diameter and filled with air; arranged in each annular region in each refractive index distribution region.
  • the lengths of the small holes on the respective metamaterial units of the same concentric circle are the same, and the lengths of the small holes arranged on the super-material units of the respective concentric circles increase in a direction away from the center of the circle, and the smallest in each ring area
  • the lengths of the small holes on the respective metamaterial units of the diameter and the largest diameter concentric circle are respectively equal.
  • each of the metamaterial units is formed with more than one of the small holes, and the small holes on each of the metamaterial units are circular holes of the same geometrical size and filled with air; each ring arranged in each refractive index distribution area
  • the number of small holes in each metamaterial unit of the same concentric circle in the region is the same, and the number of d and holes arranged on the super-material units of each concentric circle increases in a direction away from the center of the circle, and each ring region
  • the number of small holes in each metamaterial unit of the smallest diameter and the largest diameter concentric circle in the domain are respectively equal.
  • the base station antenna of the present invention has the following advantageous effects: by forming a plurality of refractive index circles having a refractive index satisfying the above formula on the metamaterial sheet layer, and the refractive index is distributed in a segmented manner, the electromagnetic waves emitted by the vibrator are generated When passing through the metamaterial module, the propagation path of the electromagnetic wave can be controlled, the half power bandwidth of the base station antenna is reduced, the directivity and gain are improved, and the electromagnetic wave is transmitted farther.
  • a plurality of small holes are formed in the super-material sheet layer, and a plurality of refractive indexes having a refractive index satisfying the above formula are formed by using the small holes arranged in a refractive index distribution region corresponding to each of the vibrators
  • the circle has a refractive index distributed in a segmented manner, so that the electromagnetic wave emitted by the vibrator can control the propagation path of the electromagnetic wave when passing through the metamaterial module, thereby reducing the half power bandwidth of the base station antenna and improving its directivity and gain. , let electromagnetic waves travel farther.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a base station antenna according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is an enlarged front elevational view of the antenna module of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is an enlarged front elevational view of a metamaterial sheet of the metamaterial module of Figure 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a front elevational view of the metamaterial sheet corresponding to one vibrator of FIG. 3 divided into a plurality of annular regions;
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram showing a distribution of refractive index circles corresponding to a plurality of annular regions shown in Figure 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional enlarged view of a refractive index distribution region corresponding to one vibrator on a super-material sheet;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a metal wiring structure corresponding to a refractive index distribution rule of one vibrator;
  • FIG. 8 is a corresponding diagram of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the convergence of electromagnetic waves when the two sides of the metamaterial module corresponding to one vibrator of the present invention are respectively covered with an impedance matching film;
  • Figure 10 is a first plan view showing a small hole in a refractive index distribution region corresponding to one vibrator in the second embodiment
  • Figure 11 is a second row of small holes in the refractive index distribution region corresponding to one vibrator in the second embodiment
  • the names of the labels in the schematic diagram are:
  • the present invention provides a base station antenna that reduces the half power bandwidth by providing a metamaterial module in the electromagnetic wave transmitting or receiving direction of the antenna to improve its directivity and gain.
  • the refractive index is equal to, that is, the refractive index of the medium depends on its dielectric constant and magnetic permeability.
  • Metamaterial is an artificial composite material with artificial microstructure as the basic unit and spatial arrangement in a specific way and with special electromagnetic response. People often use the topological shape and geometric size of artificial microstructure to change the points in space. Dielectric constant and magnetic permeability, we can use the topological shape and / or geometric size of the artificial microstructure to modulate the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of each point in the space, so that the refractive index of each point in the space is some kind Regular changes to control the propagation of electromagnetic waves and apply to applications with special electromagnetic response requirements.
  • the dielectric constant can be modulated by satisfying a certain rule of the geometrical size of the artificial microstructure at each point of the metamaterial space, thereby The refractive index is discharged to achieve the purpose of changing the propagation path of the electromagnetic wave.
  • the base station antenna 10 includes an antenna module 12 and a metamaterial module 20, and the antenna module 12 includes a bottom plate 14 and an array arrangement.
  • the vibrator 16 of the bottom plate 14. The figure shows a 4 x 9 array in which two adjacent rows of vibrators 16 are staggered with each other. In other embodiments, any number of vibrators 16 may be arranged in any manner, such as a matrix arrangement.
  • the metamaterial module 20 includes a plurality of directions along a surface perpendicular to the sheet layer (ie, The super-material sheet 22 of the superposition of the electromagnetic wave emission or reception direction of the base station antenna is shown in the figure.
  • the three super-material sheets 22 are directly bonded to each other directly to the front and back surfaces.
  • the number of the super-material sheets 22 may be increased or decreased according to requirements, and each of the super-material sheets 22 may be arranged and assembled at equal intervals. Since the refractive index distribution pattern of each of the metamaterial sheets 22 is the same, only one metamaterial sheet 22 is selected as an example below.
  • each metamaterial sheet 22 includes a substrate 222 and a plurality of artificial microstructures 224 attached to the substrate 222.
  • the substrate 222 may be made of a high molecular polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene or a ceramic material.
  • the artificial microstructure 224 is usually a planar or three-dimensional structure having a certain topography formed by a metal wire such as a copper wire or a silver wire, and is attached to the substrate 222 by a certain processing process, such as etching, plating, and drilling. , lithography, electron engraving, ion engraving, etc. Since the artificial microstructure 224 is too small, it is approximated as a point in FIG.
  • the electromagnetic wave emitted from each of the vibrators 16 can be approximated as a spherical wave, and to be transmitted over a long distance, it needs to be converted into a plane wave. That is, the metamaterial module 20 converges and converts electromagnetic waves in the form of spherical waves into electromagnetic waves in the form of plane waves.
  • a plurality of concentric annular regions 24 are formed on the metamaterial sheet 22 at a position facing the center of each of the vibrators 16 so that the refractive index distribution of each point in the space of each annular region 24 satisfies the following Regularity: a plurality of concentric refractive index circles are formed with the center of each vibrator 16 as the center of the circle, and the refractive index of each point on the same refractive index circle is the same, and as the radius of the refractive index circle increases, each refraction The refractive index of the rate circle decreases and the amount of decrease increases, and the refractive indices of the minimum radius and the maximum radius index circle in each of the annular regions 24 are respectively equal.
  • a refractive index distribution region 26 is formed on the super-material sheet layer 22 by the annular regions 24 corresponding to each of the vibrators 16, as shown by the broken lines in Fig. 3.
  • Figure 4 depicts four concentric circles in dashed lines, with three annular regions 24 formed between two adjacent concentric circles. Since the radius of the concentric circle closest to the position of the metamaterial sheet 22 facing the center of the vibrator 16 is zero, the figure is indicated by a dot.
  • the three annular regions 24 that are further and further away from the center of the corresponding vibrator 16 as the first, second and third annular regions 24, respectively, and the first annular region 24 with the refractive index circle
  • the increase in radius has an index of refraction of n max , n u , ...
  • the refractive index of the second circular ring region 24 is n max as the radius of the refractive index circle increases.
  • n 21 , ..., n 2m , n min the refractive index of the refractive index circle increases in the third annular region 24, and the refractive indices thereof are n max , n 31 , n 3n , n min , respectively Relationship:
  • FIG. 6 it is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a refractive index distribution region 26 corresponding to one of the vibrators 16 on a metamaterial sheet 22.
  • a refractive index distribution region 26 corresponding to one of the vibrators 16 on a metamaterial sheet 22.
  • a circle with the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system as a center and a radius of y that is, a refractive index circle having the same refractive index at each point in the refractive index distribution region 26.
  • One of the circular ring regions 24 is formed by a plurality of refractive index circles, and the refractive indices of the minimum radius and the maximum radius refractive index circle in each of the annular regions 24 are respectively equal.
  • the individual metamaterial sheets 22 are superposed on the X axis. Therefore, the same vibrating elements 16 are formed on the respective super-material sheets 22 to form the same refractive index distribution region 26, and the refractive index circles of the respective super-material sheet layers 22 having the same radius of the same vibrator 16 have the same refractive index. .
  • each metal trace structure 28 and its attached substrate 222 portion as a metamaterial unit 223, and each metamaterial unit 223 should be less than one-fifth the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave required to respond.
  • the tenth is such that the metamaterial sheet 22 produces a continuous response to electromagnetic waves.
  • each metamaterial sheet 22 can be considered to be arranged from an array of a plurality of metamaterial units 223.
  • the size of the metamaterial unit 223 is generally small and can be approximated as a point, so that the round can be seen as being stacked circumferentially by a plurality of metamaterial units 223. Therefore, we have arranged the metal wiring structures 28 having the same topographical shape in a plurality of concentric circles substantially centered in each of the refractive index distribution regions 26 at a position centered on the center of each of the vibrators 16. On the material unit 223, one of the annular regions 24 is formed by a plurality of concentric circular metamaterial units 223, and the metal wiring structures are arranged on the respective concentric units 223 of the same concentric circle in each annular region 24.
  • the geometry of 28 is the same, the geometry of the metal trace structure 28 disposed on each concentric metamaterial unit 223 decreases in a direction away from the center of the circle; the minimum radius and the maximum radius concentric within each annular region 24 The geometrical dimensions of the metal trace structures 28 on each of the metamaterial units 223 are each equal.
  • the metal trace structures 28 on the respective metamaterial units 223 of different radius concentric circles together with the corresponding portions of the substrate 222 characterize different dielectric constants and magnetic permeability, thereby forming on each of the metamaterial sheets 22
  • the annular area 24 of the same range is changed.
  • FIG. 7 it is an arrangement diagram of the metal wiring structure 28 corresponding to one of the vibrators 16, and the metal wiring structure 28 is scaled down. In fact, there are many ways in which the metal trace structures 28 are arranged, and we can make the widths of the metal lines constituting the metal trace structure 28 equal, which simplifies the manufacturing process.
  • each of the supermaterial sheets 22 converges and transforms into a schematic diagram of electromagnetic wave emission in the form of a plane wave. It can be seen that by having the metamaterial module 20 have a certain top shape and/or geometric size The metal trace structure 28 is disposed on each of the metamaterial sheets 22 in accordance with a certain arrangement pattern, thereby modulating the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of each of the metamaterial units 223, thereby forming a plurality of refractions on the metamaterial sheet 22.
  • the annular region 24 whose rate decreases as the radius of the refractive index circle increases and the range of variation is the same, deflects the electromagnetic wave in a specific direction, thereby causing the electromagnetic wave in the form of a spherical wave to be concentrated and converted into an electromagnetic wave in the form of a plane wave, which is reduced.
  • the half power bandwidth of the base station antenna becomes smaller, which improves its directivity and gain, and allows electromagnetic waves to travel farther.
  • the metamaterial module 20 forms an impedance matching film 30 on each side of a portion of a vibrator 16.
  • Each impedance matching film 30 includes a plurality of impedance matching layers 32 pressed together, each impedance matching.
  • Layer 32 is a uniform medium having a single index of refraction, each impedance matching layer 32 having a different index of refraction, and as it approaches the metamaterial module 20, its refractive index changes from close to or equal to the refractive index of air to near Or equal to a certain refractive index of the metamaterial sheet 22 of the metamaterial module 20 closest to the impedance matching film 30.
  • the refractive indices of the respective impedance matching layers 32 satisfy the following formula:
  • n(i) (( « max + « mm )/2r ( 5 )
  • m represents the total number of layers of the impedance matching film 30
  • i represents the number of the impedance matching layer 32, closest to the metamaterial module 20
  • the impedance matching layer 32 has a serial number of 111. From the equation (5), the total layer number m of the impedance matching layer 32 and the maximum refractive index "and minimum refractive index" of the metamaterial sheet 22 of the metamaterial module 20 are obtained.
  • the formula (5) represents the refractive index of the impedance matching layer 32 in contact with the air, which should be close to or equal to the refractive index of the air, visible, as long as the "dish and" is determined, it can be determined
  • the total number of layers of the impedance matching layer 32 is 111
  • the structures of the respective impedance matching layers 32 are similar to the super-material sheets 22, respectively comprising a substrate and an artificial microstructure attached to the substrate, by modulating the geometrical dimensions and/or top shapes of the artificial microstructures.
  • the refractive index of the impedance matching layer 32 meets the desired requirements to achieve matching from air to the metamaterial sheet 22.
  • the impedance matching film 30 may be made of a plurality of materials having a single refractive index existing in nature.
  • the above-mentioned refractive index distribution law and its variation relationship can also be realized by the topological shape or the shape of the metal wiring structure 28 combined with the geometrical size.
  • a base station antenna according to a second embodiment of the present invention is provided.
  • the station antenna is substantially the same as the base station antenna 100 in the first embodiment, except that the location of the base station antenna provided by the second embodiment of the present invention corresponding to the artificial microstructure in the base station antenna 100 is the aperture 424.
  • the small holes 424 may be formed on the substrate 422 according to different materials of the substrate 422 by using a suitable process. For example, when the substrate 422 is made of a high molecular polymer, the small holes 424 may be formed on the substrate 422 by a process such as drilling, punching, or injection molding, and when the substrate 422 is made of a ceramic material. When finished, the small holes 424 may be formed on the substrate 422 by drilling, drilling, or high temperature sintering.
  • each aperture 424 and its substrate 422 portion as a metamaterial unit 423 (Fig. 10), and each metamaterial unit 423 should be less than one-fifth the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave.
  • the tenth is such that the metamaterial sheet produces a continuous response to electromagnetic waves.
  • the aperture 424 is very small and is equivalent to one of the points in Figure 3.
  • the small holes 424 of the respective metamaterial units 423 are the same and the refractive index thereof is smaller than the refractive index of the substrate 422, the small holes 424 occupy the volume of the entire metamaterial unit 423, The refractive index of the metamaterial unit 423 is smaller.
  • the small holes 424 occupying the entire volume of the metamaterial unit 423 can be realized by forming a small hole 424 having a different geometrical size on the metamaterial unit 423, or by forming a plurality of sizes on the metamaterial unit 423. The same aperture 424 is implemented. Below - for explanation.
  • each of the metamaterial sheets can be regarded as being arranged by a plurality of metamaterial units 423, and each of the metamaterial units 423 is generally small in size and can be approximated as a point, thus, a circle It can be seen as being formed by stacking a plurality of metamaterial units 423 along the circumference. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 10, we form a plurality of concentric circles on the meta-material sheet layer at a position facing the center of each vibrator, so that the respective meta-material units 423 are located substantially on the concentric circles.
  • the lengths and diameters of the small holes 424 arranged on the respective metamaterial units 423 of the same concentric circle are the same, and the diameter of the small holes 424 arranged on the respective concentric circular metamaterial units 423 increases in a direction away from the center of the circle.
  • Large, and the length is constant, and a plurality of concentric metamaterial units 423 form a circular ring region, and the diameter of the small hole 424 on each of the metamaterial units 423 having the smallest diameter and the largest diameter concentric circle in each annular region They are all equal.
  • a different refractive index corresponding to each vibrator is formed on each of the metamaterial sheets.
  • a plurality of refractive index circles, and the refractive indices of the refractive index circles exhibit a segmented or discontinuous distribution to form a plurality of concentric rings having a refractive index that decreases as the diameter of the refractive index circle increases and the range of variation is the same
  • the regions from which the concentric annular regions form a refractive index distribution region corresponding to the respective vibrators As shown in FIG. 10, it is a schematic diagram of an arrangement of small holes corresponding to one vibrator.
  • the apertures 424 having the same diameter may also be arranged on a plurality of concentric circles centered at a position facing the center of each of the vibrators, as the diameter of the concentric circles increases.
  • the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability are modulated only by adjusting the length of the small hole 424, so that different concentric circles of different diameters have different refractive indexes, thereby forming a plurality of annular regions having the same refractive index variation range.
  • a circular hole of the same geometry i.e., equal in diameter and length
  • the number distribution of the small holes 424 on the respective metamaterial units 423 in the refractive index distribution region of each of the vibrating layers on the metamaterial sheet is: the small holes 424 are arranged at the same
  • the number of small holes 424 arranged on the respective concentric units 423 of the same concentric circle is the same in the plurality of concentric circular metamaterial units 423 in the refractive index distribution region 46 centered on the center of the corresponding vibrator.
  • the number of small holes 424 arranged on each concentric circular metamaterial unit 423 increases in a direction away from the center of the circle, and a plurality of concentric metamaterial units 423 form one of the annular regions, in each annular region.
  • the number of small holes 424 on each of the metamaterial units 423 of the smallest diameter and the largest diameter concentric circle are respectively equal. Since more than one circular hole having the same geometrical size is formed on each of the metamaterial units 423, the process of forming the small holes 424 on the substrate 422 can be simplified.
  • the small holes 424 are filled with air, and the refractive index thereof is certainly smaller than the refractive index of the substrate 422.
  • the small holes 424 may also be filled with a medium having a refractive index greater than that of the substrate 422. At this time, the variation of the small holes 424 is opposite to the aforementioned rule.
  • the circular ring region deflects electromagnetic waves in a specific direction, so that electromagnetic waves in the form of spherical waves are concentrated and converted into electromagnetic waves in the form of plane waves, which reduces the half power bandwidth of the base station antenna, and improves its directivity and gain. Electromagnetic waves travel farther.
  • the aperture 424 can also be a hole of any shape.

Abstract

本发明涉及一种基站天线,包括天线模块及对应这些振子设置的超材料模块,所述超材料模块包括多个超材料片层,每个超材料片层正对每一振子的区域形成一折射率分布区,每个折射率分布区内以正对相应振子的中心的位置为圆心形成多个折射率圆,若干折射率圆形成一个圆环区域,以每个折射率分布区内正对相应振子的中心的位置为原点、分别以垂直于和平行于所述超材料片层的直线为x轴、y轴建立直角坐标系,则每一折射率圆的折射率如下式 1:(式1)式中,l为振子到超材料片层的距离;λ为振子发射出的电磁波的波长;d,λ为超材料片层的厚度, (式a), nmax和nmin分别表示圆环区域内折射率的最大值和最小;(式b),k表示圆环区域由圆心向外扩散的序号,floor是向下取整函数。

Description

基站天线
本申请要求于 2011年 7月 29日提交中国专利局、申请号为 201110215451.3 , 发明名称为 "基站天线" 的中国专利申请的优先权, 2011年 7月 29日提交中国 专利局、 申请号为 201110215573.2, 发明名称为 "基站天线" 的中国专利申请 的优先权, 其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。 技术领域
本发明涉及电磁通信领域, 更具体地说, 涉及一种基站天线。 背景技术
基站天线是保证移动通信终端实现无线接入的重要设备。 随着移动通信网 络的发展, 基站的分布越来越密集, 对基站天线的方向性提出了更高的要求, 以避免相互干 4尤, 让电磁波传播的更远。
一般, 我们用半功率角来表示基站天线的方向性。 功率方向图中, 在包含 主瓣最大辐射方向的某一平面内, 把相对最大辐射方向功率通量密度下降到一 半处(或小于最大值 3dB )的两点之间的夹角称为半功率角。 场强方向图中, 在 包含主瓣最大辐射方向的某一平面内,把相对最大辐射方向场强下降到 0.707倍 处的夹角也称为半功率角。 半功率角亦称半功率带宽。 半功率带宽包括水平面 半功率带宽和垂直面半功率带宽。 而基站天线的电磁波的传播距离是由垂直面 半功率带宽决定的。 垂直面半功率带宽越小, 基站天线的增益越大, 电磁波的 传播距离就越远,反之,基站天线的增益就越小, 电磁波的传播距离也就越近。 发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题在于, 提供一种半功率带宽小、 方向性好的基站 天线。
本发明提供一种基站天线, 包括具有多个呈阵列排布的振子的天线模块及 对应这些振子设置的超材料模块, 所述超材料模块包括至少一个超材料片层, 每个超材料片层正对每一振子的区域形成一折射率分布区, 每个折射率分布区 内以正对相应振子的中心的位置为圓心形成多个折射率圓, 若干同心的折射率 圓形成一个圓环区域, 以每个折射率分布区内正对相应振子的中心的位置为原 点, 以垂直于所述超材料片层的直线为 x轴、平行于所述超材料片层的直线为 y 轴建立直角坐标系, 则每一折射率圓的折射率如下式: 式中, Z为振子到超材料片层的距离; λ为入射电磁波的波长; d为超材料 片层
内所
分布
Figure imgf000004_0001
其中, 每个折射率分布区内的各个圓环区域的最小半径和最大半径折射率 圓的折射率均分别相等。
其中, 所述超材料模块包括多个沿 X轴叠加的超材料片层, 各个超材料片 层上对应同一振子形成相同的折射率分布区。
其中, 各个超材料片层上对应同一振子的折射率分布区内形成相同的圓环 区域。
其中, 各个超材料片层上对应同一振子的相应圓环区域内的半径相同的折 射率圓的折射率均相同。
其中, 所述超材料模块的两侧分别设置有阻抗匹配薄膜, 每一阻抗匹配薄 膜包括多个阻抗匹配层, 每一阻抗匹配层是具有单一折射率的均勾介质, 各个 阻抗匹配层的折射率沿靠近所述超材料模块的方向, 由接近于或等于空气的折 射率变化至接近于或等于所述超材料模块上最靠近所述阻抗匹配薄膜的超材料 片层的折射率。 ,
其中, 每个阻抗匹配层的折射率 n(i) = (("max + "mm)/2)^ 式中, m表示阻抗匹 配薄膜的总层数, i表示阻抗匹配层的序号, 最靠近所述超材料模块的阻抗匹配 层的序号为 m。
其中, 每个超材料片层由多个超材料单元排列而成, 各个超材料单元上附 着有拓朴形状相同的人工微结构, 让所述人工微结构排布于位于每个折射率分 布区内以正对每一振子的中心的位置为圓心的多个同心圓的超材料单元上, 由 位于若干同心圓的超材料单元形成一个所述圓环区域, 排布于每个圓环区域内 的同一同心圓的各个超材料单元上的人工微结构的几何尺寸均相同, 排布于各 个同心圓的超材料单元上的人工微结构的几何尺寸沿远离所述圓心的方向减小; 各个圓环区域内最小半径和最大半径同心圓的各个超材料单元上的人工微结构 的几何尺寸均分别相等。
其中, 各个超材料片层上的对应同一振子的多个圓环区域内的半径相同的 同心圓的超材料单元上排布几何尺寸均相同的人工微结构。
其中, 所述人工微结构是平面的金属走线结构。
其中, 所述超材料单元的几何尺寸小于入射电磁波的波长的五分之一。 其中, 所述超材料单元的几何尺寸等于入射电磁波的波长的十分之一。 其中, 所述人工微结构为铜线或银线制成。
其中, 所述人工微结构通过蚀刻、 电镀、 钻刻、 光刻、 电子刻和离子刻中 的任意一种工艺制成。
其中, 所述人工微结构呈雪花状。
其中, 每个折射率分布区, 位于各个同心圓的超材料单元上排布的所述人 工微结构的几何尺寸沿远离所述极点的方向等比例减小。
其中, 每个超材料片层由多个超材料单元排列而成, 以每个折射率分布区 内正对相应振子的中心的位置所在的超材料单元为圓心形成多个同心圓, 让所 述折射率分布区内的各个超材料单元分别位于这些同心圓上, 由位于若干同心 圓的超材料单元形成一个所述圓环区域; 每个超材料单元上形成有小孔。
其中, 每个超材料单元上形成一个所述小孔, 各个超材料单元上的小孔是 长度相等的圓孔并填充有空气; 排布于每个折射率分布区内的各个圓环区域内 的同一同心圓的各个超材料单元上的小孔的直径相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超 材料单元上的小孔的直径沿远离所述圓心的方向增大, 而各个圓环区域内最小 直径和最大直径同心圓的各个超材料单元上的小孔的直径均分别相等。
其中, 每个超材料单元上形成一个所述小孔, 各个超材料单元上的小孔是 直径相等的圓孔并填充有空气; 排布于每个折射率分布区内的各个圓环区域内 的同一同心圓的各个超材料单元上的小孔的长度相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超 材料单元上的小孔的长度沿远离所述圓心的方向增大, 而各个圓环区域内最小 直径和最大直径同心圓的各个超材料单元上的小孔的长度均分别相等。
其中, 每个超材料单元上形成一个以上所述小孔, 各个超材料单元上的小 孔是几何尺寸相同的圓孔并填充有空气; 排布于每个折射率分布区内的各个圓 环区域内的同一同心圓的各个超材料单元上的小孔的数量相同, 排布于各个同 心圓的超材料单元上的 d、孔的数量沿远离所述圓心的方向增多, 而各个圓环区 域内最小直径和最大直径同心圓的各个超材料单元上的小孔的数量均分别相等。 本发明的基站天线具有以下有益效果: 通过在所述超材料片层上形成多个 具有满足上述公式的折射率的折射率圓, 且折射率呈分段式分布, 使由振子发 射出的电磁波穿过所述超材料模块时可控制电磁波的传播路径, 减小了基站天 线的半功率带宽, 提高了其方向性和增益, 让电磁波传播的更远。
另外, 通过在所述超材料片层上形成多个小孔, 并利用所述小孔的排布于 对应每一振子的折射率分布区内形成多个具有满足上述公式的折射率的折射率 圓, 且折射率呈分段式分布, 使由振子发射出的电磁波穿过所述超材料模块时 可控制电磁波的传播路径, 减小了基站天线的半功率带宽, 提高了其方向性和 增益, 让电磁波传播的更远。 附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案, 下面将对实施 例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍, 显而易见地, 下面描述 中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例, 对于本领域普通技术人员来讲, 在不付 出创造性劳动的前提下, 还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图 1是本发明第一实施方式基站天线的结构示意图;
图 2是图 1中的天线模块的正面放大图;
图 3是图 1中的超材料模块的一个超材料片层的正面放大图;
图 4是图 3 中对应一个振子的超材料片层被分割为多个圓环区域的正面放 大图;
图 5是对应图 4所示的多个圓环区域的一个折射率圓分布示意图;
图 6是一个超材料片层上对应一个振子的折射率分布区的截面放大图; 图 7是对应一个振子的折射率分布规律的金属走线结构的排布示意图; 图 8是本发明对应一个振子的超材料片模块对电磁波的汇聚示意图; 图 9是本发明对应一个振子的超材料模块的两侧分别覆盖上一阻抗匹配薄 膜时对电磁波的汇聚示意图;
图 10是第二实施方式中对应一个振子的折射率分布区内的小孔的第一排布 示意图;
图 11是第二实施方式中是对应一个振子的折射率分布区内的小孔的第二排 布示意图 图中各标号对应的名称为:
10基站天线、 12天线模块、 14底板、 16 振子、 20超材料模块、 22超材 料片层、 222、 422基板、 223、 423 超材料单元、 224人工微结构、 24 圓环区 域、 26、 46折射率分布区、 28金属走线结构、 424 小孔、 30 阻抗匹配薄膜、 32 阻抗匹配层 具体实施例
本发明提供一种基站天线, 通过在天线的电磁波发射或接收方向上设置一 超材料模块来使半功率带宽变小, 以提高其方向性和增益。
我们知道, 电磁波由一种均勾介质传播进入另外一种均勾介质时会发生折 射, 这是由于两种介质的折射率不同而导致的。 而对于非均匀介质来说, 电磁 波在介质内部也会发生折射且向折射率比较大的位置偏折。 而折射率等于 也即介质的折射率取决于其介电常数和磁导率。
超材料是一种以人工微结构为基本单元并以特定方式进行空间排布、 具有 特殊电磁响应的人工复合材料, 人们常利用人工微结构的拓朴形状和几何尺寸 来改变空间中各点的介电常数和磁导率, 可见, 我们可以利用人工微结构的拓 朴形状和 /或几何尺寸来调制空间各点的介电常数和磁导率, 从而使空间各点的 折射率以某种规律变化, 以控制电磁波的传播, 并应用于具有特殊电磁响应需 求的场合。 且实验证明, 在人工微结构的拓朴形状相同的情况下, 在单位体积 上人工微结构的几何尺寸越大, 超材料空间各点的介电常数越大; 反之, 介电 常数越小。 也即, 在人工微结构的拓朴形状确定的情况下, 可以通过让超材料 空间各点的人工微结构的几何尺寸的大小满足一定的规律来调制介电常数, 从 而对超材料空间各点的折射率进行排制而达到改变电磁波的传播路径的目的。
如图 1和图 2所示, 为本发明第一实施方式所提供的基站天线 10, 所述基 站天线 10包括天线模块 12和超材料模块 20, 所述天线模块 12包括底板 14及 阵列排布于所述底板 14的振子 16。 图中所示为每相邻两排振子 16相互交错排 列的 4 x 9阵列, 在其他的实施例中, 可以为任何数量的振子 16以任意方式排 列, 如矩阵排布。 所述超材料模块 20包括多个沿垂直于片层表面的方向 (也即 基站天线的电磁波发射或接收方向) 叠加而成的超材料片层 22, 图中所示为 3 个超材料片层 22两两相互之间直接前、 后表面相粘接在一起的情形。 具体实施 时, 所述超材料片层 22的数目可依据需求来增减, 各个超材料片层 22也可等 间距地排列组装在一起。 由于每个超材料片层 22的折射率分布规律均相同, 故 在下面仅选取一个超材料片层 22作为示例进行说明。
如图 3所示, 每个超材料片层 22包括基板 222和附着在所述基板 222上的 多个人工微结构 224。所述基板 222可由聚四氟乙烯等高分子聚合物或陶瓷材料 制成。 所述人工微结构 224通常为金属线如铜线或者银线构成的具有一定拓朴 形状的平面或立体结构, 并通过一定的加工工艺附着在所述基板 222上, 例如 蚀刻、 电镀、 钻刻、 光刻、 电子刻、 离子刻等。 由于所述人工微结构 224过于 微小, 在图 3中将其近似画作一个点。
一般, 从每一振子 16发射出的电磁波可近似看作为球面波, 而要远距离传 播, 需要将其转变为平面波。 也就是说, 所述超材料模块 20要将球面波形式的 电磁波汇聚并转变为平面波形式的电磁波。 故, 在所述超材料片层 22上以正对 每一振子 16的中心的位置为圓心形成多个同心的圓环区域 24,让每一圓环区域 24内空间各点的折射率分布满足如下规律:以正对每一振子 16的中心的位置为 圓心形成多个同心的折射率圓, 同一折射率圓上各点的折射率相同, 而随着折 射率圓的半径的增大, 各个折射率圓的折射率减小且减小量增大, 且各个圓环 区域 24内的最小半径和最大半径折射率圓的折射率均分别相等。 如此, 在所述 超材料片层 22上对应每一振子 16由这些圓环区域 24形成一折射率分布区 26, 如图 3中由虚线分隔形成的区域。
作为示例, 图 4用虚线画出四个同心圓, 其中两两相邻同心圓之间共形成 三个所述圓环区域 24。 由于最靠近所述超材料片层 22正对振子 16的中心的位 置处的同心圓的半径为零, 图中用一个点表示。 假如我们将距离相应振子 16的 中心越来越远的三个圓环区域 24分别称为第一、 第二和第三圓环区域 24, 且第 一圓环区域 24内随着折射率圓的半径的增大其折射率分别为 nmax, nu , ... , nlp, nmm,第二圓环区域 24内随着折射率圓的半径的增大其折射率分别为 nmax, n21 , ..., n2m, nmin,第三圓环区域 24内随着折射率圓的半径的增大其折射率分别为 nmax, n31 , n3n,nmin, 则有如下关系式:
nmax > nn > ... > nlp > nmin ( 1 ) n > η2ι > ... > n2m > nmin ( 2 ) nmax > n31 > ... > n3n > nmin ( 3 ) 式(1 )、 (2 )、 (3 ) 均不能同时取等号, 且 、 m n均为大于 0的自然数。 优选, =m=n„
为了直观地表示所述超材料片层 22的对应一个振子 16的折射率分布区 26 内的多个圓环区域 24的折射率分布规律, 我们以正对振子 16的中心的位置为 圓心画出多个同心圓来表示折射率圓, 用线的疏密表示折射率的大小, 线越密 折射率越大, 线越疏折射率越小, 则对应一个振子 16的折射率分布区 26内的 多个圓环区域 24的折射率分布规律如图 5所示。
此外, 我们可让所述各个超材料片层 22上对应同一振子 16形成相同的圓 环区域 24及折射率分布区 26, 且所述各个超材料片层 22上的相应圓环区域 24 内的半径相同的折射率圓的折射率均相同。
下面我们给出一种让所述各个超材料片层 22上的各个折射率分布区 26内 的折射率圓的折射率满足前述分布规律的公式。
如图 6所示, 为一个超材料片层 22上对应一个振子 16的折射率分布区 26 的截面放大图。 我们以所述超材料片层 22上正对每一振子 16的中心的位置为 原点, 以垂直于所述超材料片层 22的直线为 X轴、 平行于所述超材料片层 22 的直线为 y轴建立直角坐标系, 则对于所述超材料片层 22上对应每一振子 16
Figure imgf000009_0001
是向下取整函数, 即直接去掉小数部分所剩的最大整数。
我们以直角坐标系的原点为圓心、 以 y为半径作一个圓即在所述折射率分 布区 26形成各点的折射率都相同的折射率圓。 由若干折射率圓形成一个所述圓 环区域 24,各个圓环区域 24内的最小半径和最大半径折射率圓的折射率均分别 相等。
形成所述超材料模块 20时,让所述各个超材料片层 22沿 X轴叠加在一起, 从而,所述各个超材料片层 22上对应同一振子 16形成相同的折射率分布区 26, 且所述各个超材料片层 22上对应同一振子 16的半径相同的折射率圓的折射率 均相同。
根据人工微结构对超材料的折射率的影响原理, 下面我们举例说明如何在 每个超材料片层 22的基板 222上附着平面的金属走线结构 28 (仅为人工微结构 224的一种类型)来形成前述所需要的折射率的分布规律。 一般, 我们将每个金 属走线结构 28及其所附着的基板 222部分人为定义为一个超材料单元 223 , 且 每个超材料单元 223 的尺寸应小于所需响应的电磁波波长的五分之一, 优选为 十分之一, 以使所述超材料片层 22对电磁波产生连续响应。 这样, 每个超材料 片层 22便可看作是由多个超材料单元 223阵列排布而成的。 我们知道, 所述超 材料单元 223 的尺寸一般都很微小, 可以近似看作一个点, 这样, 圓便可以看 作是由多个超材料单元 223 沿圓周堆叠而成的。 因此, 我们让具有相同拓朴形 状的所述金属走线结构 28排布于大致位于每个折射率分布区 26 内以正对每一 振子 16的中心的位置为圓心的多个同心圓的超材料单元 223上, 由位于若干同 心圓的超材料单元 223形成一个所述圓环区域 24 ,排布于每个圓环区域 24内的 同一同心圓的各个超材料单元 223上的金属走线结构 28的几何尺寸相同, 排布 于各个同心圓的超材料单元 223上的金属走线结构 28的几何尺寸沿远离所述圓 心的方向减小; 各个圓环区域 24内最小半径和最大半径同心圓的各个超材料单 元 223上的金属走线结构 28的几何尺寸均分别相等。 由于不同半径同心圓的各 个超材料单元 223上的金属走线结构 28与所述基板 222的相应部分一起表征了 不同的介电常数和磁导率, 从而在每个超材料片层 22上形成对应每一振子 16 的具有不同折射率的多个折射率圓, 且这些折射率圓的折射率呈现分段或不连 续分布, 以便形成多个折射率随折射率圓的半径增大而减小且变化范围相同的 圓环区域 24。 如图 7所示即为对应一个振子 16的金属走线结构 28的一个排布 示意图, 且所述金属走线结构 28是等比例缩小的。 事实上, 所述金属走线结构 28的排布方式还有很多种,且我们可让构成所述金属走线结构 28的金属线的宽 度相等, 这样可简化制造工艺。
如图 8所示, 为球面波形式的电磁波穿过本发明对应一个振子 16的超材料 模块 20时各个超材料片层 22对其进行汇聚并转变为平面波形式的电磁波射出 的示意图。 可见, 通过让所述超材料模块 20上具有一定拓朴形状及 /或几何尺寸 的金属走线结构 28按照一定的排布规律设置在各个超材料片层 22上, 得以调 制各个超材料单元 223的介电常数和磁导率, 进而在超材料片层 22上形成多个 折射率随折射率圓的半径增大而减小且变化范围相同的圓环区域 24, 使电磁波 向特定的方向偏折, 从而让球面波形式的电磁波汇聚并转变为平面波形式的电 磁波, 减小了基站天线的半功率带宽变小, 提高了其方向性和增益, 让电磁波 传播的更远。
此外, 由于空气与所述超材料模块 20的折射率不同, 电磁波入射和出射所 述超材料模块 20还会发生发射, 这时, 我们通常在所述超材料模块 20两侧设 置阻抗匹配薄膜来减少电磁波反射。 如图 9所示, 所述超材料模块 20对应一个 振子 16的部分两侧分别形成一阻抗匹配薄膜 30, 每一阻抗匹配薄膜 30包括多 个压制在一起的阻抗匹配层 32, 每一阻抗匹配层 32是均匀介质, 具有单一的折 射率, 各个阻抗匹配层 32具有不同的折射率, 且随着越靠近所述超材料模块 20 其折射率由接近于或等于空气的折射率变化至接近于或等于所述超材料模块 20 的最靠近所述阻抗匹配薄膜 30的超材料片层 22的某一折射率。 各个阻抗匹配 层 32的折射率均满足以下公式:
n(i) = ((«max + «mm)/2r ( 5 ) 式中, m表示阻抗匹配薄膜 30的总层数, i表示阻抗匹配层 32的序号, 最 靠近所述超材料模块 20的阻抗匹配层 32的序号为111。 从式(5 )可知, 所述阻 抗匹配层 32的总层数 m与所述超材料模块 20的超材料片层 22的最大折射率 " 与最小折射率 " 有直接关系; 当 i=l时, 式(5 )表示与空气接触的阻抗匹配层 32的折射率, 其应接近于或等于空气的折射率, 可见, 只要"皿与" 确定, 就 可以确定所述阻抗匹配层 32的总层数111
所述各个阻抗匹配层 32的结构类似于所述超材料片层 22,分别包括基板和 附着在所述基板上的人工微结构, 通过调制人工微结构的几何尺寸和 /拓朴形状 来使各个阻抗匹配层 32的折射率达到所需的要求, 从而实现从空气到所述超材 料片层 22的匹配。 当然, 所述阻抗匹配薄膜 30可以是由自然界中存在的多个 具有单一折射率的材料制成的。
上述折射率分布规律及其变化量关系还可通过所述金属走线结构 28的拓朴 形状或拓 4卜形状结合几何尺寸来实现。
请一并参阅图 10及图 11 , 为本发明第二实施方式提供的基站天线, 所述基 站天线与第一实施方式中的基站天线 100基本相同, 其不同之处在于, 为本发 明第二实施方式提供的基站天线对应所述基站天线 100 中的人工微结构的位置 是小孔 424。所述小孔 424可根据所述基板 422的材质不同对应采用合适的工艺 形成于所述基板 422上。 例如当所述基板 422由高分子聚合物制成时, 可通过 钻床钻孔、 冲压成型或者注塑成型等工艺在所述基板 422上形成所述小孔 424, 而当所述基板 422 由陶瓷材料制成时则可通过钻床钻孔、 冲压成型或者高温烧 结等工艺在所述基板 422上形成所述小孔 424。
一般, 我们将每个小孔 424及其所在的基板 422部分人为定义为一个超材 料单元 423 (如图 10 ), 且每个超材料单元 423的尺寸应小于入射电磁波波长的 五分之一, 优选为十分之一, 以使所述超材料片层对电磁波产生连续响应。 由 此可见, 所述小孔 424非常微小, 故相当于所述图 3中的一个点。
实验证明, 当各个超材料单元 423上的小孔 424内填充的介质相同且其折 射率小于所述基材 422的折射率时, 所述小孔 424占整个超材料单元 423的体 积越大, 所述超材料单元 423的折射率越小。 所述小孔 424 占整个超材料单元 423的体积可通过在所述超材料单元 423上形成一个几何尺寸不同的小孔 424来 实现,也可以通过在所述超材料单元 423上形成多个尺寸相同的小孔 424实现。 下面——进行说明。
由前可知, 每个超材料片层可看作是由多个超材料单元 423排布而成, 而 每个超材料单元 423 的尺寸一般都很微小, 可以近似看作一个点, 这样, 圓便 可以看作是由多个超材料单元 423沿圓周堆叠而成的。 因此, 如图 10所示, 我 们在所述超材料片层上以正对每一振子的中心的位置为圓心形成多个同心圓, 从而让各个超材料单元 423 大致位于这些同心圓上。 排布于同一同心圓的各个 超材料单元 423上的小孔 424的长度和直径均相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超材 料单元 423上的小孔 424的直径沿远离所述圓心的方向增大, 而长度不变, 并 由若干同心圓的超材料单元 423 形成一个所述圓环区域, 各个圓环区域内最小 直径和最大直径同心圓的各个超材料单元 423上的小孔 424的直径均分别相等。 由于不同直径同心圓上的小孔 424与所述基板 422的相应部分一起表征了不同 的介电常数和磁导率, 从而在每个超材料片层上形成对应每一振子的具有不同 折射率的多个折射率圓, 且这些折射率圓的折射率呈现分段或不连续分布, 以 便形成多个折射率随折射率圓的直径增大而减小且变化范围相同的同心的圓环 区域, 由这些同心的圓环区域形成对应相应振子的折射率分布区。 如图 10所示 即为对应一个振子的小孔的一个排布示意图。
在其他的实施例中, 也可以让具有相同直径的所述小孔 424排布于以正对 每一振子的中心的位置为圓心的多个同心圓上, 随着同心圓的直径的增大, 只 通过调整所述小孔 424 的长度来调制其介电常数和磁导率, 让不同直径的同心 圓上具有不同的折射率, 从而形成多个折射率变化范围相同的圓环区域。
另外, 我们也可在一个超材料单元 423 内形成一个以上几何尺寸 (即直径 和长度均相等)相同的圓孔, 通过每个超材料单元 423 上开设的圓孔的多少来 调整其折射率。 如图 11所示, 所述超材料片层上对应每一振子的折射率分布区 内的各个超材料单元 423上的小孔 424的数量分布规律是: 让所述小孔 424排 布于位于所述折射率分布区 46内以正对相应振子的中心为圓心的多个同心圓的 超材料单元 423上, 排布于同一同心圓的各个超材料单元 423上的小孔 424的 数量相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超材料单元 423上的小孔 424的数量沿远离所 述圓心的方向增多,并由若干同心圓的超材料单元 423形成一个所述圓环区域, 各个圓环区域内最小直径和最大直径同心圓的各个超材料单元 423上的小孔 424 的数量均分别相等。 由于各个超材料单元 423 上形成一个以上几何尺寸相同的 圓孔, 这样能简化在所述基材 422上形成所述小孔 424的工艺。
以上的几个实施例中, 所述小孔 424 内填充的均是空气, 其折射率肯定小 于所述基板 422的折射率。 事实上, 也可在所述小孔 424内填充折射率大于所 述基板 422的折射率的介质, 此时, 所述小孔 424的变化规律与前述的规律刚 好相反。
通过在所述超材料模块的各个超材料片层上形成具有某种排布规律的小孔 导率, 进而在所述超材料片层上形成多个具有折射率分布不连续的折射率圓的 圓环区域, 使电磁波向特定的方向偏折, 从而让球面波形式的电磁波汇聚并转 变为平面波形式的电磁波, 减小了基站天线的半功率带宽变小, 提高了其方向 性和增益, 让电磁波传播的更远。 层所需的分段式或不连续的折射率分布。所述小孔 424也可以是任何形状的孔。
上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述, 但是本发明并不局限于上述 的具体实施方式, 上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的, 而不是限制性的, 本 领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下, 在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保 护的范围情况下, 还可做出很多形式, 这些均属于本发明的保护之内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种基站天线, 其特征在于, 包括具有多个呈阵列排布的振子的天线模 块及对应这些振子设置的超材料模块, 所述超材料模块包括至少一个超材料片 层, 每个超材料片层正对每一振子的区域形成一折射率分布区, 每个折射率分 布区内以正对相应振子的中心的位置为圓心形成多个折射率圓, 若干同心的折 射率圓形成一个圓环区域, 以每个折射率分布区内正对相应振子的中心的位置 为原点, 以垂直于所述超材料片层的直线为 X轴、 平行于所述超材料片层的直 线为 y轴建立直角坐标系, 则每一折射率圓的折射率如下式: 式中, Z为振子到超材料片层的距离; λ为入射电磁波的波长; d为超材料 片层
内所
分布
Figure imgf000015_0001
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个折射率分布区内的 各个圓环区域的最小半径和最大半径折射率圓的折射率均分别相等。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述超材料模块包括多 个沿 X轴叠加的超材料片层, 各个超材料片层上对应同一振子形成相同的折射 率分布区。
4. 根据权利要求 3所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 各个超材料片层上对应 同一振子的折射率分布区内形成相同的圓环区域。
5. 根据权利要求 4所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 各个超材料片层上对应 同一振子的相应圓环区域内的半径相同的折射率圓的折射率均相同。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述超材料模块的两侧 分别设置有阻抗匹配薄膜, 每一阻抗匹配薄膜包括多个阻抗匹配层, 每一阻抗 匹配层是具有单一折射率的均匀介质 , 各个阻抗匹配层的折射率沿靠近所述超 材料模块的方向, 由接近于或等于空气的折射率变化至接近于或等于所述超材 料模块上最靠近所述阻抗匹配薄膜的超材料片层的折射率。
7. 根据权利要求 6所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个阻抗匹配层的折射 率 n(i) = (("max +"mm)/2 , 式中, m表示阻抗匹配薄膜的总层数, i表示阻抗匹配 层的序号, 最靠近所述超材料模块的阻抗匹配层的序号为 m。
8. 根据权利要求 1-7任一项所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个超材料片 层由多个超材料单元排列而成, 各个超材料单元上附着有拓朴形状相同的人工 微结构, 让所述人工微结构排布于位于每个折射率分布区内以正对每一振子的 中心的位置为圓心的多个同心圓的超材料单元上, 由位于若干同心圓的超材料 单元形成一个所述圓环区域, 排布于每个圓环区域内的同一同心圓的各个超材 料单元上的人工微结构的几何尺寸均相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超材料单元上 的人工微结构的几何尺寸沿远离所述圓心的方向减小; 各个圓环区域内最小半 径和最大半径同心圓的各个超材料单元上的人工微结构的几何尺寸均分别相等。
9. 根据权利要求 8所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 各个超材料片层上的对 应同一振子的多个圓环区域内的半径相同的同心圓的超材料单元上排布几何尺 寸均相同的人工微结构。
10. 根据权利要求 8所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述人工微结构是平面 的金属走线结构。
11. 根据权利要求 8所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述超材料单元的几何 尺寸小于入射电磁波的波长的五分之一。
12. 根据权利要求 11所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述超材料单元的几 何尺寸等于入射电磁波的波长的十分之一。
13. 根据权利要求 8所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述人工微结构为铜线 或银线制成。
14. 根据权利要求 8所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述人工微结构通过蚀 刻、 电镀、 钻刻、 光刻、 电子刻和离子刻中的任意一种工艺制成。
15. 根据权利要求 8所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 所述人工微结构呈雪花 状。
16. 根据权利要求 8所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个折射率分布区, 位 于各个同心圓的超材料单元上排布的所述人工微结构的几何尺寸沿远离所述极 点的方向等比例减小。
17. 根据权利要求 1-7任一项所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个超材料片 层由多个超材料单元排列而成, 以每个折射率分布区内正对相应振子的中心的 位置所在的超材料单元为圓心形成多个同心圓, 让所述折射率分布区内的各个 超材料单元分别位于这些同心圓上, 由位于若干同心圓的超材料单元形成一个 所述圓环区域; 每个超材料单元上形成有小孔。
18. 根据权利要求 17所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个超材料单元上形 成一个所述小孔, 各个超材料单元上的小孔是长度相等的圓孔并填充有空气; 排布于每个折射率分布区内的各个圓环区域内的同一同心圓的各个超材料单元 上的小孔的直径相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超材料单元上的小孔的直径沿远离 所述圓心的方向增大, 而各个圓环区域内最小直径和最大直径同心圓的各个超 材料单元上的 d、孔的直径均分别相等。
19. 根据权利要求 17所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个超材料单元上形 成一个所述小孔, 各个超材料单元上的小孔是直径相等的圓孔并填充有空气; 排布于每个折射率分布区内的各个圓环区域内的同一同心圓的各个超材料单元 上的小孔的长度相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超材料单元上的小孔的长度沿远离 所述圓心的方向增大, 而各个圓环区域内最小直径和最大直径同心圓的各个超 材料单元上的小孔的长度均分别相等。
20. 根据权利要求 17所述的基站天线, 其特征在于, 每个超材料单元上形 成一个以上所述小孔, 各个超材料单元上的小孔是几何尺寸相同的圓孔并填充 有空气; 排布于每个折射率分布区内的各个圓环区域内的同一同心圓的各个超 材料单元上的小孔的数量相同, 排布于各个同心圓的超材料单元上的小孔的数 量沿远离所述圓心的方向增多, 而各个圓环区域内最小直径和最大直径同心圓 的各个超材料单元上的小孔的数量均分别相等。
PCT/CN2011/084656 2011-07-29 2011-12-26 基站天线 WO2013016940A1 (zh)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101542838A (zh) * 2006-08-25 2009-09-23 雷斯潘公司 基于超材料结构的天线
CN101707286A (zh) * 2009-11-27 2010-05-12 东南大学 波束下倾的高增益扇区天线单元及其一体化天线
CN101719593A (zh) * 2010-01-04 2010-06-02 西安电子科技大学 宽频多频全向阵列天线
CN101919114A (zh) * 2007-10-11 2010-12-15 雷斯潘公司 单层金属化并且无过孔的超材料结构

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CN101542838A (zh) * 2006-08-25 2009-09-23 雷斯潘公司 基于超材料结构的天线
CN101919114A (zh) * 2007-10-11 2010-12-15 雷斯潘公司 单层金属化并且无过孔的超材料结构
CN101707286A (zh) * 2009-11-27 2010-05-12 东南大学 波束下倾的高增益扇区天线单元及其一体化天线
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