WO2012159839A2 - Elektrolysezelle und kathode mit unregelmässiger oberflächenprofilierung - Google Patents
Elektrolysezelle und kathode mit unregelmässiger oberflächenprofilierung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012159839A2 WO2012159839A2 PCT/EP2012/057524 EP2012057524W WO2012159839A2 WO 2012159839 A2 WO2012159839 A2 WO 2012159839A2 EP 2012057524 W EP2012057524 W EP 2012057524W WO 2012159839 A2 WO2012159839 A2 WO 2012159839A2
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- liquid aluminum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic cell, in particular for the production of aluminum, as well as a cathode, which is suitable for use in such an electrolytic cell.
- Electrolysis cells are used, for example, for the electrolytic production of aluminum, which is usually carried out industrially by the Hall-Heroult process.
- a melt composed of alumina and cryolite is electrolyzed.
- the cryolite, Na3 [AlF6] serves to reduce the melting point from 2,045 ° C for pure alumina to approximately 950 ° C for a cryolite,
- Lower alumina and additives such as aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride containing mixture.
- the electrolysis cell used in this process has a cathode bottom, which consists of a plurality of adjacent, the
- Cathode forming cathode blocks may be composed.
- the cathode In order to withstand the thermal and chemical conditions prevailing in the operation of the cell, the cathode is usually composed of a carbonaceous material.
- grooves are usually provided, in each of which at least one bus bar is arranged, through which the current supplied via the anodes is removed.
- an anode formed of individual anode blocks is arranged between the surface and the surface the aluminum is the electrolyte, ie the melt containing aluminum oxide and cryolite.
- the aluminum formed is deposited below the electrolyte layer due to its greater density compared to that of the electrolyte, ie as an intermediate layer between the upper side of the cathode and the electrolyte layer.
- the dissolved in the melt aluminum oxide is split by electric current flow to aluminum and oxygen. From an electrochemical point of view, the layer of liquid aluminum is the actual cathode, since aluminum ions are reduced to elemental aluminum on its surface.
- cathode will not be understood below to mean the cathode from an electrochemical point of view, ie the layer of liquid aluminum, but rather the component forming the base of the electrolytic cell, for example composed of one or more cathode blocks.
- a major disadvantage of the Hall-Heroult method is that it is very energy intensive.
- the production of 1 kg of aluminum requires about 12 to 15 kWh of electrical energy, which accounts for up to 40% of the production costs.
- electrolysis cells with cathodes have also recently been proposed whose surface facing the liquid aluminum and the melt facing the molten aluminum during operation of the electrolytic cell has a surface profiling.
- a cathode is disclosed with a regularly configured surface profiling. Due to the regularly designed surface profiling, the horizontal and vertical fluctuations in the layer of liquid aluminum are to be reduced, which is why the stability of the layer of liquid aluminum should be increased.
- the wave formation in the layer of liquid aluminum is reduced only to a limited extent and in particular not uniformly over the entire cathode surface.
- EP 0 938 598 B1 and DE 101 64 008 C1 disclose electrolysis cells with cathodes which, with regard to their electrical contacting from outside or with respect to their specific electrical material resistance, are adapted such that they are located at the top side of the cathode gives a very homogeneous distribution of the electric current density.
- a comparatively strong wave formation takes place in the layer of liquid aluminum, which is why a reduction of the specific energy consumption in the electrolysis cell and an increase in its service life are not possible.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an electrolysis cell which has a reduced specific energy consumption and an increased service life during its operation.
- an electrolysis cell is to be provided, in which the thickness of the melt layer is reduced, without instabilities, such as short circuits or reoxidations of the aluminum formed, that occur as a result of increased wave formation tendency in the layer of liquid aluminum.
- the electrolysis cell according to the invention should ensure sufficient mixing in the melt layer during its operation.
- an electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum comprising a cathode, on top of the cathode, a layer of liquid aluminum, thereon a melt layer containing aluminum oxide and cryolite , and above the melt layer an anode, wherein the cathode has on its upper side a surface profiling formed from two or more elevations, wherein the surface profiling of the cathode is designed and arranged such that an elevation is provided on at least two of the twenty locations of the surface of the upper side of the cathode, which are each disposed vertically below those areas of the interface between the liquid aluminum layer and the melt layer in which the peaks having the twenty highest maximum values are present in the interface of the reference waveguiding potential, wherein a reference waving potential is the Wellen Strukturspotential is defined, which in the operation of the electrolytic cell with - instead of the cathode with surface profiling - a reference cathode without surface profiling, but
- the cathode of the electrolysis cell has a surface profiling, which is specifically adapted in particular with regard to the position, the dimension and the shape of the individual components of the surface profiling, such that during operation of the electrolysis cell in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer, the formation of pronounced peaks in the wave formation potential is specifically avoided and thereby, seen over this interface, uniform and low wave formation potential distribution results than would be the case with the use of a corresponding cathode without surface profiling.
- a surface profiling is the sum of all that is provided on the ground plane of the cathode Surveys understood.
- the term "ground plane” designates the horizontal plane of the cathode that is furthest in the direction of the anode and runs through the entire cross-sectional area of the cathode without cutting the surface-profiled top side of the cathode. All elevations provided on this ground plane are therefore oriented towards the anode and are surrounded by the layer of liquid aluminum. The height of an elevation of the surface profiling is therefore the distance of the uppermost point of the elevation from that of the vertically underlying point of the ground plane of the cathode.
- the undulation potential as defined below in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer in the operation of the electrolytic cell is the driving force for the wave formation in the layer of liquid aluminum, and in particular that the Wave formation potential distribution in conventional electrolysis cells across the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer is not uniform, but rather strongly heterogeneous.
- the thickness of the melt layer can be reduced as compared with conventional electrolytic cells and thereby the efficiency of the electrolytic cell of the invention is considerably increased.
- Another essential finding of the present invention is that in conventional electrolysis cells in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer present heterogeneous wave potential distribution can be directly influenced by the provision and the specific design of the surface profile at the top of the cathode of the electrolysis cell and thus pronounced peaks of the wave formation potential can be selectively avoided at individual points of the interface.
- the wave-forming potential at a particular location in the aforesaid interface depends on the vectorial product at that location, electrical current density, and magnetic flux density.
- melt layer and also the cathode material have a higher electrical resistivity than the liquid aluminum, and, because the individual current paths have different path lengths in the cathode block, in the layer of liquid aluminum and have in the melt layer, the total electrical resistances along the individual paths and thus also the individual current densities across the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer in conventional electrolysis cells are heterogeneous, so that individual points of the interface have pronounced current density peaks.
- the path lengths of the individual current paths in the various sections ie cathode block, layer of liquid aluminum and melt layer, adjusted so that adjusts a current density distribution in the region of the interface, which is adjusted so that in the operation of the electrolytic cell in the interface between of the
- the present invention proceeds from the reference wave generation potential distribution which results from the operation of the electrolytic cell with a conventional unprofiled reference cathode, and looks specifically at the locations of the cathode surface Bumps, which are arranged vertically below the points of the interface, at which in the reference wave formation potential distribution pronounced peaks, ie Tips, present.
- the electrical current density is reduced and thus reduces the wave formation potential in these areas.
- the reference wave formation potential is the wave formation potential which, in the operation of the electrolytic cell with - instead of the cathode with surface profiling - a reference cathode without surface profiling, ie with a horizontal cathode surface, but otherwise the same configuration as the cathode with surface profiling results.
- the reference electrolysis cell used to determine the reference wave formation potential is connected to the electrolytic cell according to the invention.
- a reference cathode is used in which this surface profiling is not provided, in which the resulting by omitting the surface profiling additional volume on top of the cathode by liquid aluminum or melt - depending in which layer the corresponding material is located at the surface profiled cathode - is filled.
- the reference wave formation potential relates to a reference electrolysis cell having the same bath volume as the electrolysis cell according to the invention
- the thus determined reference wave formation potential is more meaningful than that determined according to claim 1, if the volume of the elevations of the surface profiling of the cathode is at least 10 %, preferably at least 20%, and more preferably at least 30% of the volume of the cathode makes up.
- the wave formation potential and thus the wave formation potential distribution can be simulated by computer-assisted electrical, magnetic and magne- to-hydrodynamic simulation of the motion and wave formation in the Layer of liquid aluminum and in the melt of the respective E- lektrolysezelle be determined.
- the interface is assumed to be permeable, so that the wave formation potential represents a local measure of the wave-driving flow directed against the interface.
- the flow of the melt in this case can not be determined experimentally, which is why the wave formation potential is preferably determined according to the simulation method described below.
- the electric and magnetic fields are first calculated by simulation using a finite element method (FEM), and the resulting fields are then used in the calculation of the flow conditions, which are also simulated using a finite element method (FEM ) he follows.
- FEM finite element method
- the simulated electrolytic cell containing the busbars, the power supply of the electrolytic cell including any magnetic compensation geometry, the cathode, the layer of liquid Aluminum, the melt layer, the anode, possibly including an anode tree connecting the anodes and air as the surrounding medium, is component-wise geometrically divided into finite volume elements. If the cell to be simulated, taking into account the above components, has one or more planes of symmetry, only the part of the electrolytic cell located on one side of each plane of symmetry is simulated and the symmetry relationships are taken into account by appropriate boundary conditions, as will be explained in more detail below.
- the simulation assumes a simplification of stationary conditions in the electrolysis cell, so that the simulation is based on the respective stationary physical equations. Furthermore, an isothermal electrolysis cell is assumed, which is at operating temperature (970 ° C).
- the simulation relies on the following variables and parameters:
- V electrical voltage
- n normal vector to the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer
- the created grids are dimensioned sufficiently fine, so that when evaluating the wave potential no artifacts of the grating are more visible. These include e.g. pronounced peaks or noticeable changes along the lattice edges.
- the dependence of the simulated values on the set grating fineness and slow or limited convergence of the simulations point to insufficient grating fineness in relevant areas.
- grid quality creation requires a quality factor of at least 0.15 for the entire grid, with the quality factor q defined as follows in the Comsol Multiphysics software manual:
- the grid creation is as follows:
- the air surrounding the electrolytic cell is modeled with an unrestricted size of grid cells that can vary between fine areas (e.g., at the melt layer) and coarse areas (e.g., surrounding edges of the overall array).
- the magnification factor between two adjacent grid cells is limited to 1.65 to avoid distorted grid elements.
- the power supplies and discharges are replicated with grid cells having an edge length in the range of about 30 cm.
- the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer are modeled so that the grid cells forming the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt each have an edge length in the range of about 3 cm.
- the melt layer is modeled so that the average extent of a grid cell in the vertical direction corresponds to a maximum of half the thickness of the melt layer.
- Normal vector n is assumed as the vertical unit vector e z and The wave formation potential is accordingly defined as the absolute value of the vertical component u z of the flow velocity in the interface.
- the layer of liquid aluminum and the cathode are modeled so that the grid cells forming the interface between the cathode and the layer of liquid aluminum have an edge length in the range of about 5 cm.
- the anodes and cathodes are otherwise modeled with unrestricted size grid cells, with the size of the grid cells being able to vary between fine areas (eg at the melt layer) and coarse areas (eg at the inlets and outlets).
- the magnification factor between two adjacent grid cells is limited to a maximum of 1.65 in order to avoid distorted grid elements.
- the solid interfaces between the individual components of the electrolytic cell are modeled at lattice position by so-called inflation boundary layers available in Comsol Multiphysics, which consist of prismatic cells (in contrast to, for example tetrahedral elements).
- the individual lattice cells of the lattice structure produced in this way are then provided with corresponding material properties, ie the lattice cells are provided in particular with values for the specific electrical resistance and, in addition, the lattice cells, which represent the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer, have values for the lattice layer Viscosity and density of the aluminum or the melt provided.
- Table 2 The following values are used for the material properties: Table 2
- the - in reality - abrupt transition of the material properties at the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer in the simulated structure in a range of + 3 cm is smoothed, ie the cells of the Layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer
- the lattice structure which is within a range of 3 cm below and above the interface, are provided with values for the material properties which are selected such that a substantially linear property transition in this range is obtained from the properties given in Table 2 above the cells representing the aluminum layer give the properties given in Table 2 of the cells representing the melt layer.
- the air surrounding the electrolysis cell is provided with an artificially high specific electrical resistance of 1 ohm-m, so that it does not contribute to the transport of electricity.
- Lagrangian functions (1st order for V and 2nd order for A) are used as starting functions for the finite element methods. These partial differential equations are solved for the entire geometry by numerical computation.
- the boundary conditions to be used will be explained in more detail below; In particular, the operating current supplied by the cathode and anode of the electrolysis cell is included in the calculation as operating parameters specified from the outside.
- the Lorentz force density calculated in this way is then used to calculate the fluid mechanics in the bath of the electrolysis cell.
- the flow-mechanical calculation is based on different equations.
- the known Reynold's number is used and, depending on this, the following
- Lagrangian functions (1st order for p and 2nd order for u) are used as starting functions for the finite element methods.
- Lagrangian functions (1st order for p and 2nd order for u, k and ep) are used as starting functions for the finite element methods.
- Lagrangian functions (1st order for p and 2nd order for u, k and ep) are used as starting functions for the finite element methods.
- Used wall model which takes into account the friction between the respective liquid layer and the solid interface.
- the calculated flow velocity u is continuous.
- the electromagnetic quantities V, ⁇ , A y , A z , j x, j y and j z are first calculated from the Maxwell equations, and the resulting Lorentz force density is then used in the respective fluid-mechanical equations used to derive the flow field quantities u x , u y , u z and p to calculate.
- the electromagnetic calculation and the fluid mechanical calculation are thus coupled together in a unidirectional manner.
- GMRES iterative solvers
- GLS ComSol Multiphysics available Streamline Diffusion
- Crosswind diffusion use and the calibration of the vector potential in the electromagnetic calculation.
- the surface profiling of the cathode according to the invention has two or more elevations, one elevation being provided on at least two of the twenty locations of the surface of the top of the cathode, each vertically below those areas of the interface between the liquid aluminum layer and the melt layer are those in which the distribution of the reference wave formation potential present in the interface has the peaks with the twenty highest maximum values.
- a survey of at least X of the Y locations of the surface of the top of the Cathode is provided, which are each arranged vertically below those areas of the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer in which present in the present in the interface distribution of the reference wave formation potential, the peaks with the Y highest maximum values
- Wave formation potential distribution is achieved if the geometric outline shape of at least one of the elevations in plan view is at least substantially similar to or essentially corresponds to the geometric outline shape of the respective peak of the distribution of the reference wave formation potential in plan view.
- the two outline shapes can be converted into one another by a geometric image which can be composed of centric elongations and congruence images, in particular displacements, rotations or reflections.
- both outlines may substantially correspond to a circle.
- the two outline shapes may essentially form two triangles which have two substantially identical angles, or substantially two rectangles with at least approx. form substantially equal side ratios or form substantially two ellipses with at least approximately equal numerical eccentricities. It is particularly preferred if the geometric outline shapes of all elevations in plan view are at least essentially similar to the geometric outline shape of the respective peaks of the distribution of the reference wave formation potential in plan view or essentially correspond to it.
- Such elevations are particularly easy to implement and are particularly suitable for effectively compensating for a peak of the reference wave formation potential.
- a survey that is particularly easy to implement results when the elevation 3, 4, 5 or 6 formed as a polygon has corners.
- the outline shape of a survey viewed vertically from above can advantageously be selected such that it can be generated by simplifying the outline shape of the respective peak of the distribution of the reference wave formation potential viewed vertically from above.
- At least one of the elevations preferably has an outline shape viewed in plan view, which is geometrically simpler than the outline shape of the distribution of the reference wave formation potential arranged vertically above the elevation in the boundary surface. It is preferred if the sum of the numbers of all corners and of all differently curved regions of the outline area of the elevation considered from above is less than the sum of all corners and of all differently curved regions of the above-considered outline area of the corresponding peak of the distribution of the reference wave formation potential. In this case, all sections of the outline shape that follow one another in the circumferential direction are counted as differently curved regions of an outline shape, between which there is a point of inflection.
- the three-dimensional shape of at least one of the elevations at least substantially the three-dimensional shape of the respective peak of the distribution of the reference Wave potential or is substantially equivalent.
- the three-dimensional shapes of all elevations are at least substantially similar to or essentially correspond to the three-dimensional shape of the respective peak of the distribution of the reference wave formation potential.
- At least one of the elevations has a three-dimensional shape tapering upwards in the vertical direction.
- This embodiment leads to a particularly effective prevention of wave formation in the region of a peak of the distribution of the reference wave formation potential.
- the at least one elevation may, for example, when viewed laterally, have a substantially polygonal and preferably substantially trapezoidal outline shape.
- it is proposed that at least one of the elevations in the vertical direction is bounded above by a top surface, which viewed in plan view has a smaller area than the considered in plan view base of the survey.
- the survey may be formed, for example, at least approximately conical or truncated pyramidal.
- At least one of the elevations has a three-dimensional shape, which can be generated starting from the base area of the elevation by rotation of the base area about an axis of rotation bounding the base area.
- the rotation axis preferably runs essentially horizontally.
- Such survey geometries are particularly suitable for an effective equalization of the wave formation potential distribution and, moreover, are particularly easy to produce.
- the at least one elevation can be generated by rotation of the base around the axis of rotation by an angle of at least 75 ° and at most 180 °.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that at least one of the elevations has a three-dimensional shape which can be generated starting from the base of the elevation by geometric extrusion of the base of the elevation in the vertical direction upwards.
- the extrusion direction is preferably at least approximately vertical or deviates up to 45 ° from the vertical direction.
- the survey is preferred in the course of
- the cathode may be composed of two or more cathode blocks and / or the anode may be composed of two or more anode blocks.
- the cathode blocks in the transverse direction of the cathode blocks can be arranged next to one another consecutively and connected along their longitudinal sides via a ramming mass.
- an anode block covers two cathode blocks and viewed in the longitudinal direction of the cathode block two anode blocks cover a cathode block.
- a particularly high energy efficiency of the electrolytic cell can be achieved if the distance between the anode and the layer of liquid aluminum between 15 and 45 mm, preferably between 15 and 35 mm and particularly preferably between 15 and 25 mm. This small distance is achieved by the reduction of the wave formation potentials and by the equalization of the wave formation potential distribution.
- the surface profiling of the cathode is adapted in such a way that pronounced peaks of the wave formation potential at individual points of the interface between the
- the present invention furthermore relates to a cathode for an aluminum electrolysis cell, the upper side of which has a surface profiling with two or more first webs extending at least substantially in a first direction of the cathode and at least one at least substantially in the direction perpendicular to the first direction Cathode extending second web has.
- a web is considered to be an at least substantially straight extension in the longitudinal direction.
- a cathode with such a surface profiling is suitable for achieving a wave formation potential distribution in electrolysis cells when operating the respective electrolysis cell in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer Tips of the wave formation potential at individual points of the interface can be effectively avoided.
- the surface profiling described concretely is adapted to the conditions which prevail in a large number of conventional electrolysis cells and is designed to achieve a uniform wave formation potential distribution in these electrolysis cells taking into account these conditions.
- Such a cathode may in particular be part of one of the above-described electrolysis cells according to the invention.
- the cathode according to the invention is outstandingly suitable for achieving the advantages of improved energy efficiency and increased service life in electrolysis cells and at the same time ensuring adequate mixing of the melt in the electrolysis cell.
- the at least two first webs extend at least approximately in the transverse direction of the cathode.
- the top side of the cathode has a substantially rectangular outline in plan view, wherein at least in one of the four corners of the substantially rectangular outline shape an elevation of the cathode is provided.
- the elevation arranged in the corner region preferably has a substantially triangular outline in plan view.
- the recess formed in the form of a V-shaped trough serves to increase the current density in the lateral edge regions of the cathode, which otherwise increases due to the contacting of the conductor rails used in the cathode bottom is to decrease and thereby reduce the wave formation potential in these areas.
- the at least two first webs and the at least one second web are preferably arranged on the surface of the substantially V-shaped depression.
- connection point between the two legs of the cross section of the substantially V-trough-shaped recess, seen in cross section of the cathode, at least approximately in the center of the cathode is arranged. That way we get the electrical
- the depression extends over at least 75%, preferably over at least 90%, more preferably over at least 95% and most preferably over 100% of the surface of the cathode. In this way, an equalization of the wave formation potential distribution is achieved over the entire cathode surface, when the cathode is used in an electrolysis cell.
- the at least one second web viewed in the second direction of the cathode, is preferably arranged at least approximately in the middle of the cathode. Otherwise, an excessively high wave formation potential is expected, thereby a particularly favorable influence on the wave formation potential is achieved.
- the upper edge of at least one of the first webs has a spacing, seen in the transverse direction of the cathode, towards the center of the cathode from the bottom of the V-shaped trough.
- This increase in the distance toward the center of the cathode block serves to avoid excessive peaks of the wave formation potential in the center of the cathode block and thus increased waviness in the layer of liquid aluminum in this area when the cathode block is used in an electrolytic cell.
- a further subject matter of the present invention is an electrolysis cell, in particular for the production of aluminum, which comprises at least one cathode as described above, a layer of liquid aluminum on top of the cathode, a melt layer on top and an anode above the melt layer.
- the anode comprises at least two adjacent anode blocks, wherein a gap extends between the at least two anode blocks and wherein at least one of the first lands of the cathode is vertically below and at least substantially parallel to the gap formed between the two anode blocks is arranged.
- the angular deviation between the orientation of the web and the orientation of the joint is at most 20 °.
- a further subject of the present invention is a method for producing an electrolysis cell having the features of patent claim 31.
- the process for producing an electrolysis cell in particular an electrolysis cell for producing aluminum, which comprises a cathode, a layer of liquid aluminum on top of the cathode, a melt layer on top and an anode above the melt layer, comprises the following steps:
- a reference wave formation potential is defined as the wave formation potential, which in the operation of the electrolytic cell with - instead of the cathode with surface profiling - a reference cathode without Surface profiling, but otherwise the same configuration as the cathode with surface profiling, is present at a point in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer.
- Another object of the present invention is according to claim 32, a method for producing an electrolytic cell, in particular an electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum, which comprises a cathode, on the top of the cathode, a layer of liquid aluminum, thereon a melt layer and above the melt layer an anode the method comprising the steps of:
- a multi-ply surface profiling on the top of the cathode each providing an elevation at at least two of the twenty locations of the surface of the top of the cathode, each vertically below those portions of the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer in which the peaks with the twenty highest maximum values are present in the distribution of the reference wave formation potential present in the interface, wherein a reference wave formation potential is defined as the wave formation potential, which in the operation of the electrolysis cell with - instead of the cathode with surface profiling - a reference cathode without surface profiling, but otherwise the same configuration as the cathode with surface profiling, the reference cathode with respect to their height in the electrolysis cell so is arranged between the reference cathode and the anode, the same volume for the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer is provided as in the electrolysis cell with the surface profiling cathode, at a location in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer.
- FIG. 1 shows an electrolytic cell according to an embodiment of the invention in a perspective view.
- FIG. 2 shows the topographical distribution of the reference wave formation potential of the electrolytic cell of FIG. 1 in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer in plan view;
- FIG. 3 shows the surface-profiled cathode of the electrolysis cell of FIG. 1 in plan view
- FIG. 4 shows the cathode of FIG. 3 in a perspective view
- FIG. FIG. 5 shows the local distribution of the wave formation potential 1 in the interface between the layer of liquid aluminum and the melt layer of the electrolysis cell of FIGS. 1 to 4
- FIG. 6a-i exemplary elevations for a surface profiling according to the invention
- Fig. 7a-i further exemplary surveys for an inventive
- FIG. 1 shows an electrolytic cell 10 for the production of aluminum comprising a cathode 12, on the upper side of the cathode 10 a layer
- the cathode 12 is composed of a plurality of elongate cathode blocks, which extend in the transverse direction y of the electrolytic cell 10 and which are arranged side by side in the longitudinal direction x of the electrolytic cell 10 and connected to each other via a ramming mass joint, not shown.
- a bus bar 20 extending in the longitudinal direction y of the cathode block through the cathode block is used, which electrically contacts the cathode block.
- the busbars 20 are combined electrically via a current discharge 22, which is geometrically designed such that a magnetic field compensation is effected, ie that the distribution of the through the Current flow caused magnetic flux density B is equalized to a certain degree.
- the anode 18 consists of a plurality of anode blocks 24 which are connected to each other via a power supply 28 comprising an anode tree 26.
- the cathode 12 of the electrolytic cell 10 has a plurality of elevations 30 comprehensive surface profiling, which, as explained below, is adapted to the distribution of the reference wave formation potential of the electrolytic cell 10 in the interface 15.
- the circumstance that the electrolysis cell 10 shown in FIG. 1 is mirror-symmetrical with respect to the plane of symmetry 32 can be used for the calculation of the reference wave formation potential.
- the reference wave formation potential therefore, only the half of the electrolysis cell located on one side of the plane of symmetry 32 must be explicitly included in the simulated volume, the symmetry being taken into account by appropriate boundary conditions at the edge of the simulation volume corresponding to the plane of symmetry 32.
- FIG. 2 shows the distribution of the reference wave formation potential present in the interface 15 of the electrolytic cell 10 of FIG. 1 from above for one of the two symmetrical halves of the electrolytic cell 10, with FIG. 2 specifically showing equipotential lines of the reference wave formation potential are.
- the outline of the cathode 12 of the electrolytic cell 10 is also shown.
- the reference wave formation potential of the electrolysis cell 10 has a plurality of peaks 34, the maximum height of which can be seen in FIG. 2 from the number of closed, closed equipotential lines.
- FIG. 3 shows one of the symmetrical halves of the cathode 12 of the electrolytic cell 10 of FIG. 1 in plan view.
- elevations 30 of the surface profiling of the cathode 12 are arranged vertically below the peaks 34 of the reference wave formation potential, the peaks 34 and the elevations 30 being substantially congruent one above the other when viewed from above are arranged.
- the correspondence between the peaks 34 in Fig. 2 and the protrusions 30 in Fig. 3 are indicated by the corresponding letter endings of reference numerals 30 and 34, i. Survey 30a corresponds to peak 34a etc.
- the shape of the bumps 30 conforms to the shape of the respective associated peak 34 of the reference wave forming potential, the bumps 30 approximating the shape of the respective associated peak 34 by geometrically simplified shapes, such as two substantially ovate bumps 34g and 34j with an elliptical outline, a truncated pyramidal elevation 30h, a plurality of truncated pyramid-shaped elevations 34b, c, e, 1, m, n, o and two quarter-pyramidal stump-like elevations 34a and 34c in the corner regions of the cathode 12 ,
- geometrically simplified shapes such as two substantially ovate bumps 34g and 34j with an elliptical outline, a truncated pyramidal elevation 30h, a plurality of truncated pyramid-shaped elevations 34b, c, e, 1, m, n, o and two quarter-pyramidal stump-like elevations 34a and 34c in the corner regions of the cathode 12
- FIG. 4 illustrates the three-dimensional shape of the elevations 30, which is adapted to the reference wave formation potential, in a perspective view.
- the grooves 37 for the busbars 20 (FIG. 1) arranged on the underside of the cathode 12 can also be seen here.
- FIG. 5 shows the wave formation potential distribution of the electrolytic cell 10 with the surface-profiled cathode 16 present in the interface 15 between the layer 14 of liquid aluminum and the melt layer 16.
- the surface profiling achieves a significant equalization or smoothing and a reduction in the height of the peaks 34 of the wave formation potential distribution. Concretely, in FIG.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 show exemplary elevations 30 which are particularly suitable for surface profiling of an electrolysis cell 10 according to the invention.
- the elevations 30 shown in FIG. 6 can each be produced by geometric extrusion.
- Fig. 6a-c show each polygonal, elliptical and other base surfaces 36, starting from which a survey 30 is extruded. As indicated by an arrow 39, the extrusion takes place in each case in the vertical direction z.
- FIG. 6 d shows a truncated pyramidal projection 30 extruded from the base of FIG. 6 a.
- the geometric extrusion in the vertical direction z comprises a scaling of the surface with increasing vertical height, so that the resulting elevation 30 is continuously tapered upwards.
- Reference axis of scaling is included the outgoing from the centroid 38 of the base 36 vertical axis.
- the elevation 30 shown in FIG. 6d results from an isotropic scaling in which the surface is shrunk in all directions perpendicular to the extrusion direction equally towards the extrusion axis.
- Fig. 6e also shows an elevation 30 extruded from the base 36 of Fig.
- the elevation 30 of Fig. 6e also corresponds to a survey which was extruded along an axis deviating from the vertical by a small angular amount.
- the area centroid 38 of the top surface 40 of the resulting elevation 30 in FIG. 6e is accordingly displaced horizontally relative to the centroid 38 of the base surface 36 in contrast to the centroid 28 of the top surface 40 in FIG. 6d.
- FIGS. 6f and 6g each show an elevation 30 extruded starting from the ellipsoidal base surface 36 shown in FIG. 6b, the elevation 30 shown in FIG. 6f consisting of an isotropic elevation and the elevation shown in FIG. 6g being anisotropic Scaling of the surface in the extrusion direction results.
- FIG. 6h and FIG. 6i respectively show an elevation 30 extruded starting from the base surface 36 shown in FIG. 6c, the elevation 30 shown in FIG. 6h consisting of an isotropic elevation and the elevation shown in FIG. 6i being anisotropic scaling of the surface results in the extrusion direction.
- FIGS. 7 a - i show further exemplary elevations 30 that can be generated by geometrical rotation of a base surface 36.
- 7a-c show different base areas 36, namely a polygonal one Base surface 30 in FIG. 7a, a semi-elliptical base 30 in FIG. 7b and a freely selected base 30 in FIG. 7c.
- An edge line of the base surfaces 36 in each case forms the rotation axis 42 for the rotation.
- FIG. 7d and FIG. 7e each show elevations 30, which are generated starting from the polygonal base 36 in FIG. 7a, where according to FIG. 7d the rotation body is generated exclusively by rotation and according to FIG. 7e the rotation body formed again with respect to FIG the base 36 and the perpendicular direction is scaled anisotropically.
- FIGS. 7f and 7g each show elevations 30, which are generated starting from the semi-elliptical base surface 36 in FIG. 7b, wherein in FIG. 7f the rotation body is produced exclusively by rotation and in FIG. 7g the resulting rotation body is again anisotropically scaled with respect to the base 36 and the direction perpendicular thereto.
- FIG. 7h and FIG. 7i respectively show elevations 30, which are generated starting from the base surface 36 in FIG. 7c, wherein in FIG. 7h the rotation body is produced exclusively by rotation and in FIG. 7i the resulting rotation body again with respect to FIG Base 36 and the perpendicular direction is scaled anisotropically LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201280025419.1A CN103635610A (zh) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | 电解槽以及具有不规则表面造型的阴极 |
JP2014511798A JP2014517876A (ja) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | 電解セルおよび不規則な表面プロファイリングを有するカソード |
CA2836838A CA2836838A1 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | Electrolysis cell and cathode with irregular surface profiling |
AU2012261136A AU2012261136A1 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | Electrolysis cell and cathode with irregular surface profiling |
BR112013029998A BR112013029998A2 (pt) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | célula de eletrólise e catodo com perfil de superfície irregular |
EP12719621.0A EP2714965A2 (de) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | Elektrolysezelle und kathode mit unregelmässiger oberflächenprofilierung |
RU2013156866/02A RU2013156866A (ru) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | Электролизер и катод с нерегулярным поверхностным профилированием |
ZA2013/08689A ZA201308689B (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2013-11-20 | Electrolysis cell and cathode with irregular surface profiling |
US14/088,887 US20140076723A1 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2013-11-25 | Electrolysis cell and cathode with irregular surface profiling |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102011076302.3 | 2011-05-23 | ||
DE102011076302A DE102011076302A1 (de) | 2011-05-23 | 2011-05-23 | Elektrolysezelle und Kathode mit unregelmäßiger Oberflächenprofilierung |
Related Child Applications (1)
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US14/088,887 Continuation US20140076723A1 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2013-11-25 | Electrolysis cell and cathode with irregular surface profiling |
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WO2012159839A2 true WO2012159839A2 (de) | 2012-11-29 |
WO2012159839A3 WO2012159839A3 (de) | 2013-03-28 |
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PCT/EP2012/057524 WO2012159839A2 (de) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-04-25 | Elektrolysezelle und kathode mit unregelmässiger oberflächenprofilierung |
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US (1) | US20140076723A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2714965A2 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2014517876A (de) |
CN (1) | CN103635610A (de) |
AU (1) | AU2012261136A1 (de) |
BR (1) | BR112013029998A2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2836838A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102011076302A1 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2013156866A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2012159839A2 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA201308689B (de) |
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NO20141572A1 (no) * | 2014-12-23 | 2016-06-24 | Norsk Hydro As | En modifisert elektrolysecelle og en fremgangsmåte for modifisering av samme |
KR101996479B1 (ko) * | 2017-02-09 | 2019-07-03 | 정진호 | 전해질의 전기분해장치 |
CN108221004B (zh) * | 2018-02-07 | 2019-06-04 | 中南大学 | 一种铝液界面波动的测量方法 |
Citations (3)
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EP0938598B1 (de) | 1996-06-18 | 2002-10-02 | Comalco Aluminium, Ltd. | Kathodenkonstruktion |
DE10164008C1 (de) | 2001-12-28 | 2003-04-30 | Sgl Carbon Ag | Graphitierte Kathodenblöcke |
US20110056826A1 (en) | 2008-10-10 | 2011-03-10 | Naixiang Feng | Aluminum electrolytic cell with new type of cathode structure for shortening vertical fluctuations and horizontal fluctuations |
Family Cites Families (12)
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JPS5853717B2 (ja) * | 1979-04-02 | 1983-11-30 | 三菱軽金属工業株式会社 | アルミニウム電解槽アルミニウムメタル層の安定化法 |
US4308114A (en) * | 1980-07-21 | 1981-12-29 | Aluminum Company Of America | Electrolytic production of aluminum using a composite cathode |
JPS5767184A (en) * | 1980-10-08 | 1982-04-23 | Mitsubishi Keikinzoku Kogyo Kk | Stabilizing method for metallic bed of aluminum in electrolytic cell for aluminum |
ZA824256B (en) * | 1981-06-25 | 1983-05-25 | Alcan Int Ltd | Electrolytic reduction cells |
WO1992003598A1 (en) * | 1990-08-20 | 1992-03-05 | Comalco Aluminium Limited | Ledge-free aluminium smelting cell |
EP0782636B1 (de) * | 1994-09-08 | 1999-05-06 | MOLTECH Invent S.A. | Aluminium-elektrogewinnungszelle mit verbesserten kohlenstoff-kathodeblöcken |
US5472578A (en) * | 1994-09-16 | 1995-12-05 | Moltech Invent S.A. | Aluminium production cell and assembly |
AU746427B2 (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2002-05-02 | Moltech Invent S.A. | Drained cathode aluminium electrowinning cell with improved alumina distribution |
DE60003683T2 (de) * | 1999-04-16 | 2004-06-03 | Moltech Invent S.A. | Aluminium-elektrogewinnungszelle mit v-förmigem kathodenboden |
CN100478500C (zh) * | 2007-03-02 | 2009-04-15 | 冯乃祥 | 一种异形阴极碳块结构铝电解槽 |
CN201261809Y (zh) * | 2008-08-12 | 2009-06-24 | 高德金 | 带有铝液磁旋流调整装置的阴极内衬 |
CN102115895B (zh) * | 2009-12-31 | 2013-02-27 | 贵阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 | 一种铝电解槽的阴极配置方法 |
-
2011
- 2011-05-23 DE DE102011076302A patent/DE102011076302A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-04-25 WO PCT/EP2012/057524 patent/WO2012159839A2/de active Application Filing
- 2012-04-25 AU AU2012261136A patent/AU2012261136A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-04-25 BR BR112013029998A patent/BR112013029998A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-04-25 JP JP2014511798A patent/JP2014517876A/ja active Pending
- 2012-04-25 CN CN201280025419.1A patent/CN103635610A/zh active Pending
- 2012-04-25 EP EP12719621.0A patent/EP2714965A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-04-25 RU RU2013156866/02A patent/RU2013156866A/ru unknown
- 2012-04-25 CA CA2836838A patent/CA2836838A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2013
- 2013-11-20 ZA ZA2013/08689A patent/ZA201308689B/en unknown
- 2013-11-25 US US14/088,887 patent/US20140076723A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0938598B1 (de) | 1996-06-18 | 2002-10-02 | Comalco Aluminium, Ltd. | Kathodenkonstruktion |
DE10164008C1 (de) | 2001-12-28 | 2003-04-30 | Sgl Carbon Ag | Graphitierte Kathodenblöcke |
US20110056826A1 (en) | 2008-10-10 | 2011-03-10 | Naixiang Feng | Aluminum electrolytic cell with new type of cathode structure for shortening vertical fluctuations and horizontal fluctuations |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2012261136A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
BR112013029998A2 (pt) | 2017-01-31 |
JP2014517876A (ja) | 2014-07-24 |
RU2013156866A (ru) | 2015-06-27 |
US20140076723A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
EP2714965A2 (de) | 2014-04-09 |
WO2012159839A3 (de) | 2013-03-28 |
DE102011076302A1 (de) | 2013-01-03 |
CA2836838A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
CN103635610A (zh) | 2014-03-12 |
ZA201308689B (en) | 2014-07-30 |
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