WO2012132685A1 - Système optique à allongement focal et système d'imagerie - Google Patents

Système optique à allongement focal et système d'imagerie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012132685A1
WO2012132685A1 PCT/JP2012/054563 JP2012054563W WO2012132685A1 WO 2012132685 A1 WO2012132685 A1 WO 2012132685A1 JP 2012054563 W JP2012054563 W JP 2012054563W WO 2012132685 A1 WO2012132685 A1 WO 2012132685A1
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Prior art keywords
focus
mtf
image
coefficient
optical system
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PCT/JP2012/054563
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
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慶延 岸根
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富士フイルム株式会社
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0075—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. increasing, the depth of field or depth of focus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
    • G02B13/18—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/02—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces
    • G02B3/04—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces with continuous faces that are rotationally symmetrical but deviate from a true sphere, e.g. so called "aspheric" lenses

Definitions

  • the present invention provides an optical system that expands the depth of focus of an optical lens (hereinafter referred to as a focus expansion optical system), and an image that is sharpened by performing restoration processing (deconvolution processing) on an image captured through the depth of focus expansion optical system. About the system.
  • a digital camera mounted on a cellular phone or the like is an image that is several tens of centimeters away from a subject such as a person or landscape several meters away, or a subject that is several meters away, for reading characters or two-dimensional codes. It is also used for imaging. To shoot at a wide range of subject distances, it is necessary to focus according to the shooting distance. However, a digital camera mounted on a mobile phone or the like must be small and inexpensive. It is difficult to provide a focus adjustment mechanism.
  • EDoF Extended ⁇ Depth
  • EDoF imaging system uses a phase expansion plate or the like to pick up an image using a focus expansion optical system having a different focal length depending on the distance from the optical axis (incident height), and sharpens the resulting defocused image by restoration processing.
  • This is an imaging system that obtains an image equivalent to that captured by a lens having a wide depth.
  • the EDoF imaging system has the advantage of being able to capture an image with an extended depth of field by a combination of a focus extension optical system and image processing.
  • a focus extension optical system In order to use a special lens system called a focus extension optical system, A unique problem arises in EDoF imaging systems.
  • an image at the center of the image near the optical axis can obtain a constant resolution, but an image at a portion outside the optical axis has a problem that the resolution varies depending on the image height.
  • the resolution is not so constant that the resolution decreases as it approaches the peripheral portion, but the resolution becomes lower at an intermediate position slightly away from the center of the image on the basis of the resolution of the central portion of the image on the optical axis.
  • the part has a complicated resolution distribution such as a slightly improved resolution.
  • Such a resolution distribution causes locally unnatural blur when a distant view such as a landscape or a person is imaged, and causes the entire distant image to be uncomfortable.
  • a close-up image such as a character or a two-dimensional code is imaged, there is a problem that the character cannot be read.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a focus expanding optical system and an imaging system capable of eliminating a disturbance in the resolution distribution of a portion off the optical axis and acquiring a natural image that can obtain a substantially constant resolution over the entire image. To do.
  • the focus extending optical system of the present invention has at least one optical lens that forms an image of light from a subject on an image sensor, and a wavefront so as to change an imaging position by the optical lens according to a distance from the optical axis. And a focus expansion element that adjusts and expands the focus of the optical lens.
  • of the coefficient K 12 preferably satisfies
  • of the coefficient K 13 preferably satisfies
  • of the coefficient K 13 preferably satisfies
  • the coefficient K 12 is a value within range satisfying the Th1 ⁇ K 12 ⁇ Th2 or Th2 ⁇ K 12 ⁇ Th1,.
  • of the coefficient K 13 preferably satisfies
  • the coefficient K 12 is defined.
  • optical lens and the focus expanding element are fixed so as not to move in the optical axis direction.
  • the optical lens or the focus expanding element is preferably provided so as to be movable in the optical axis direction.
  • the focus expansion optical system like the gap of the MTF of sagittal direction and the tangential direction is within a range smaller than twice the reference value, the coefficient K 12 is defined.
  • the present invention it is possible to provide a focus expanding optical system and an EDoF imaging system that can eliminate a disturbance in the resolution distribution of a portion off the optical axis and obtain a natural image having a substantially constant resolution in the entire image. be able to.
  • the EDoF imaging system 10 includes a focus extending optical system 11, an imaging element 12, and an image processing unit 13.
  • the EDoF imaging system 10 is mainly used for two types of applications: imaging of a distant view from a few meters ahead, such as a landscape or a person, and imaging of a close view that captures a distance of several tens of centimeters, such as a character or a two-dimensional code. used.
  • the focus expansion optical system 11 is for imaging light incident from the subject 14 on the image sensor 12, and includes a plurality of optical lenses and a focus expansion element for extending the depth of focus of the optical lens, as will be described later. Including.
  • the depth-of-focus optical system 11 converges, for example, a light beam near the center including the optical axis toward the front (subject 14), and converges a light beam passing outside toward the back (imaging element 12), depending on the incident height. The focus changes.
  • the optical performance of the focus expanding optical system 11 is designed to be a performance required by a specific EDoF imaging system 10, but in this embodiment, a fixed focus lens having an F number (Fn) of 2.29 is used.
  • the focal expansion optical system 11 when represented by the formula (so-called Zernike mode) to each term wavefront aberration Zernike the (Zernike) polynomial, absolute coefficient K 12 of paragraph 12 Z 12
  • the shape of each lens surface is determined so that the value
  • the EDoF imaging system 10 projects the subject at the same shooting distance with a uniform resolution in the image by focus shift (movement of focus). Further, when the image is blurred, a substantially uniform blur is realized vertically and horizontally at any position in the acquired image 15.
  • the image pickup device 12 picks up an image of the subject 14 formed by the focus extending optical system 11 by performing photoelectric conversion for each pixel, and outputs the obtained RAW data to the image processing unit 13.
  • the image sensor 12 is arranged such that an imaging surface on which a plurality of pixels are arranged is located within the focal range E of the depth of focus extending optical system 11.
  • the center of the captured image corresponds to the optical axis of the focus extending optical system 11
  • the horizontal direction of the image corresponds to the S (sagittal) direction
  • the vertical direction of the image corresponds to the T (tangential) direction.
  • the image processing unit 13 is composed of a DSP, a DIP, or the like, and performs various image processing on the image data output from the image pickup device 12 to convert it into a clear image 15 as a whole. Specifically, the image processing unit 13 performs restoration processing, noise reduction processing, color mixture correction processing, shading correction processing, white balance adjustment processing, synchronization processing, color matrix correction processing, YC conversion processing on RAW data, A gamma correction process and an edge enhancement process are performed in this order to generate an image 15 having a predetermined format (for example, jpeg).
  • a predetermined format for example, jpeg
  • the focus extending optical system 11 includes, for example, a plurality of optical lenses 11 a and 11 b and a focus extending element 16.
  • the optical lens 11 a adjusts the light emitted as a spherical wave from the point 14 a of the subject 14 into a plane wave and makes it incident on the focus extending element 16.
  • the optical lens 11b converges the light incident from the focus expanding element 16.
  • the focus extending element 16 extends the focus by the optical lenses 11a and 11b from one point to the focus range E by adjusting the balance of various aberrations such as spherical aberration and chromatic aberration by wavefront aberration.
  • the focal point expansion element 16 converts a plane wave incident from the optical lens 11a into a light beam (hereinafter referred to as an inner light beam) L1 passing through a central portion including the optical axis L0 and a light beam passing through the periphery of the light beam L1 (hereinafter referred to as an outer light beam).
  • the wavefront is adjusted so that the distance until convergence by the optical lens 11b differs from L2.
  • the focus expanding optical system 11 uses the focus expanding element 16 to converge the inner light beam L1 having a small incident height to the short-distance focal point F1 and the outer light beam L2 having a large incident height to the long-distance focal point F2.
  • the focus extending optical system 11 expands the focal point by the optical lenses 11a and 11b to the focal range E between the short-distance focal point F1 and the long-distance focal point F2.
  • the RAW data output from the image sensor 12 is data that is convoluted with an image that converges at the focal point F1, an image that converges at the focal point F2, and the like.
  • the image sensor 12 is disposed at the focal point F2 so that a distant view such as infinity is in the best focus.
  • the image of the point 14a where the subject 14 is located is a blurred image according to the arrangement of the image sensor 12.
  • the image of the point 14a is broadly distributed in the direction of the line AB of the RAW data 21 as a pixel value.
  • the MTF for the spatial frequency hereinafter referred to as the frequency MTF
  • the frequency MTF decreases sharply with the increase of the spatial frequency Fq, and the resolution is low.
  • the point 14a where the subject 14 is located becomes a point image without blur as in the image data 22 shown in FIG. 3D.
  • the pixel value distribution (FIG. 3B), which is broad, is sharpened so as to have a steep peak as shown in FIG. 3E.
  • FIG. 3F the frequency MTF is recovered to the same level as when imaged with a normal single focus lens, and a predetermined resolution is obtained.
  • the restoration processing is performed for each of the focal point F1 and the focal point F2 convoluted in the RAW data 21 or an image converged between them according to the focal position. Since sharpening is performed, an image 15 having a deeper depth of field than an image photographed with a fixed focus lens is obtained.
  • a general simple fixed focus lens (hereinafter referred to as a normal lens) used for a mobile phone or the like and the focus extending optical system 11 are changed in MTF with respect to defocusing of an image on the optical axis. Comparison will be made below (hereinafter referred to as on-axis defocus MTF).
  • the Zernike polynomial Z is expressed by the following equation 1 using a distance ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇ 1) from the optical axis, an angle ⁇ from a predetermined direction (for example, the S direction), and integers m, n, and s.
  • ⁇ ⁇ K j ⁇ Z j using the coefficient K j .
  • the coefficient K 4 representing the defocus amount and the focus amount d 1 (mm) on the image plane have the relationship of the following formula 2, and the subject defocus amount (hereinafter referred to as the subject defocus amount) d 2 is: It is represented by the formula of Formula 3.
  • D is the aperture (mm)
  • f is the focal length (mm)
  • the wavelength ⁇ (nm).
  • the coefficient K 4 can be used as a defocus index.
  • MTF spherical aberration adjusting type focus expanding optical system in which the wavefront is adjusted by spherical aberration (K 9 , K 16 , K 25 ).
  • the best-focus MTF is smaller than that of the normal lens.
  • the focus expanding optical system 11 has a moderate decrease in MTF even when deviating from the best focus, and an MTF value above a certain level can be obtained to such an extent that the image can be sharpened by the restoration process.
  • a subject distance of around 500 mm is a subject distance that is highly likely to be frequently used in capturing a foreground image of a person, a bus timetable, a memo written on a memo paper, or the like.
  • a subject with a subject distance of about 500 mm has a higher resolution than that of a normal lens, and a foreground image that can read characters, a two-dimensional code, and the like can be obtained.
  • the on-axis defocus MTF of the normal lens has a curved shape symmetrical to the best focus regardless of the defocus direction (positive or negative) with respect to the best focus.
  • the focus extending optical system 11 is designed to obtain a resolution higher than a predetermined value when the focus position is shifted in the negative direction in order to improve the MTF of the near view.
  • the upper defocus MTF has a curve shape that is asymmetric with respect to the best focus.
  • the axial defocus MTF shown here has almost no directionality, and the axial defocus MTF is almost the same in the S direction and the T direction in both the case of the focus extending optical system 11 and the case of a normal lens.
  • the focus expansion optical system 11 Since the focus expansion optical system 11 has the MTF characteristics as described above, the EDoF imaging system 10 can capture an image with a deep depth of field. However, as described below, the focus expansion optical system 11 There are also problems peculiar to. Specifically, in the case of the focus extending optical system 11, the on-axis defocus MTF is substantially the same in the S direction and the T direction as described above, but the MTF by defocus at a position deviating from the optical axis L0. Is measured (hereinafter referred to as off-axis defocus MTF), a difference occurs between the S direction and the T direction of the focus extending optical system 11.
  • the off-axis defocus MTF at a medium image height (hereinafter referred to as an intermediate image height) has a gap between the S direction and the T direction.
  • the resolution of the image is high and not so noticeable, but the resolution is different between the S direction and the T direction. Specifically, the resolution in the vertical direction (T direction) is higher than that in the horizontal direction (S direction). This is due to a gap between the S direction and the T direction of the off-axis defocus MTF at the intermediate image height.
  • the non-uniformity in the blur direction between the S direction and the T direction is more pronounced because the gap between the S direction and the T direction of the off-axis defocus MTF at the peripheral image height becomes obvious than in the case of the intermediate image height. stand out.
  • the image blur may be non-uniform depending on the image height. This tendency is the same even in the image 15 after the restoration process.
  • the resolution of an image taken with a general camera or human vision is lower in the periphery of the image, so the resolution is improved in one direction due to the non-uniformity of blurring between the S direction and the T direction at the peripheral image height. If it looks like this, it will be an image that feels unnatural.
  • Such inhomogeneity of the blur (resolution) according to the image height can be reduced by adjusting the magnitude of the coefficient K 12 of the Zernike polynomial 12th term Z 12 . Therefore, in the focus extending optical system 11, the surface shapes of the lenses 11a and 11b and the focus extending element 16 are determined so that the absolute value
  • the size of the coefficient K 12 is preferably MTF of the MTF and the T direction of the S-direction with respect to the coefficient K 12 is within the scope of the following point becomes zero.
  • the ratio of the MTF in the S direction to the MTF in the T direction is more than 1: 2 (or 2: 1). Then, the non-uniformity of the blurring method (resolution) becomes conspicuous in the S direction and the T direction. Therefore, MTF ratio of MTF and T direction S direction 1: 2 or 2: 1 smaller ranges, it is preferable that the value of K 12 is defined.
  • the coefficient K 12 of MTF of the value of the coefficient K 12 of MTF of S direction is twice the MTF of the T direction first threshold value Th1
  • T direction is 2 times the MTF of S direction the value when the second threshold value Th2
  • the condition that the coefficient K 12 is a second threshold value Th2 is smaller than greater than the first threshold Th1 (Th1 ⁇ K 12 ⁇ Th2 ), or, the coefficient K 12 is smaller than the first threshold value
  • the condition is greater than the second threshold (Th2 ⁇ K 12 ⁇ Th1). Specifically, in FIG. 8,
  • the focus expanding optical system 11 is blurred in the image 15 captured by the EDoF imaging system 10. And the uniformity of resolution is improved.
  • the range of the image height that satisfies the above-mentioned conditions is the range in which the image blur and the resolution are uniform. Therefore, in the focus expansion optical system 11, it is preferable that all image heights are satisfied.
  • the paragraph 12 Z 12 of Zernike polynomials Z has been described a relationship between the off-axis defocusing MTF, in Zernike polynomials Z is paragraph 12 against off-axis defocusing MTF there are terms having substantially the same relationship as Z 12.
  • Section 13 represents the wavefront mode is rotated 45 degrees wavefront mode represented by Section 12 Z 12, as shown in FIG. 9, the direction of the off-axis defocus MTF inclined 45 degrees from the S direction and S45, if Hakare for the direction T45 inclined 45 degrees from the T direction, resulting in the same effect as the paragraph 12 Z 12 to the image 15.
  • the lens 11a, for 11b and focus expansion element 16 is rotationally symmetric with respect to an optical axis L0, a focus extended optical system 11 as the coefficient K 12 when designing the focal expansion optical system 11 satisfies the above condition form it and it is equivalent to form a focal expansion optical system 11 as the coefficient K 13 satisfies the above conditions.
  • the coefficient K 12 is influenced by the arrangement errors of the lenses 11a and 11b and the focus expanding element 16, other aberrations, and the like.
  • the coefficient K 13 is not necessarily the same. Therefore, it is preferable to satisfy the same conditions as the coefficient K 13 also factor K 12.
  • the focus extending optical system 11 has an enlarged focus range E, but the focus range E is constant, and thus is a kind of fixed focus lens. Therefore, the focus extending optical system 11 and the EDoF imaging system 10 can be suitably used as an inexpensive fixed focus lens without a focus adjustment function or instead of another imaging system using a fixed focus lens. In this case, there is no resolution distribution (unnatural blur), which is a disadvantage of the focus extending optical system, and an image taken with an extended depth of field can be easily obtained as compared with the case of using a fixed focus lens. it can.
  • the present invention is not limited to this.
  • the optical lenses 11a and 11b and the focus expanding element 16 of the focus extending optical system 11 By moving the optical lenses 11a and 11b and the focus expanding element 16 of the focus extending optical system 11, it can be suitably used in an imaging system that performs autofocus.
  • the in-focus state is determined from an image with left and right (or top and bottom) parallax, but a conventional focus expansion optical system having a different blur depending on the position in the image 15 is used. I could not.
  • the defocusing optical system 11 has a substantially constant blur regardless of the position in the image 15, it can be suitably used for such an imaging system.
  • the focus range E is moved along the optical axis by moving the optical lenses 11a and 11b or the focus expansion element 16 along the optical axis. Further, like the zoom lens, the length of the focal range E may be changed by changing the relative positions of the optical lenses 11a and 11b. In these cases, optical lenses 11a, 11b, or after the movement of the focal expansion element 16 (or moving) also, it is devised that the conditions of the above-mentioned factor K 12 (and conditions of the coefficient K 13) is satisfied It ’s fine.
  • the condition of the coefficient K 12 (and coefficient K 13 ) described above is not a condition that uniquely defines the surface shapes of the optical lenses 11 a and 11 b and the focus expanding element 16 of the focus expanding optical system 11.
  • the focus expansion optical system 11 can be formed by various combinations of the surface shapes of the optical lenses 11a and 11b and the focus expansion element 16 while satisfying the condition of the coefficient K 12 (and coefficient K 13 ). Therefore, the condition of the coefficient K 12 (and coefficient K 13 ) described above can be satisfied by various focus expansion optical systems having different performance as the focus expansion optical system, such as the size of the focus range E.
  • the 12th term Z 12 and the 13th term Z 13 of the Zernike polynomial Z have been described.
  • effect on the off-axis defocus MTF is not large.
  • the coefficient K 12 (and coefficient K 13 ) described above is used as the coefficient of the twelfth term Z 12 (13th term Z 13 ). ) Should be satisfied.
  • the image processing unit 13 performs a restoration process to obtain the image 15 with an extended depth of field.
  • the depth of field may be sufficiently extended only by the focus extending optical system 11. In such a case, it is not always necessary to perform restoration processing.
  • an image that seems to have a deepened depth of field can be easily obtained by performing edge enhancement processing or contrast enhancement processing instead of performing restoration processing. You can also.
  • the restoration process since the restoration process is not performed, the image can be obtained at a high speed, which is effective in capturing a moving image.
  • the restoration processing may not be performed during moving image imaging.
  • the image sensor 12 may be a CCD image sensor or a CMOS image sensor.
  • an image sensor having another structure may be used.
  • the focus extending optical system 11 converges the light beam near the center including the optical axis toward the near side (subject 14) and converges the light beam passing outside toward the back side (imaging element 12).
  • the light flux near the center including the optical axis may be converged toward the back (imaging element 12), and the light flux passing outside may be converged toward the near side (subject 14).
  • the number of lenses other than the focus expansion element 16 may be one, and may be three or more.
  • the surface shape of the optical lenses 11a and 11b is arbitrary, and may include a spherical surface, but the focus extending optical system 11 includes at least one aspherical surface.
  • the focus extending element 16 may be composed of a plurality of optical lenses.
  • the focus extending optical system 11 includes substantially three lenses, the optical lenses 11a and 11b and the focus extending element 16, but further includes a lens having substantially no power, a diaphragm, a cover glass, and the like.
  • An optical element other than the lens, a lens flange, a lens barrel, a mechanism portion such as a camera shake correction mechanism, and the like may be included.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système optique à allongement focal et un système d'imagerie qui peuvent acquérir une image naturelle, une résolution pratiquement uniforme étant obtenue sur l'intégralité de l'image et une perturbation de la répartition de la résolution sur la partie déviant de l'axe optique étant annulée. Le système optique à allongement focal (11) est doté d'une lentille optique (11) et d'une bague allonge (16) qui allonge la plage focale par l'ajustement du front d'onde de manière à modifier la position de formation d'image de la lentille optique (11) en fonction de la distance à partir de l'axe optique (L0). Le front d'onde (ψ), après avoir traversé la lentille optique (11) et la bague allonge (16), est représenté par la formule ψ = ΣKj·Zj, qui possède la fonction polynomiale de Zernicke Zj(n,m) comme chaque terme. Un MTC en commun dans le sens sagittal et le sens tangentiel lorsque le coefficient K12 du 12e terme Z12(n = 4, m = 2) est nul dans la fonction polynomiale est utilisé comme valeur de référence. Au moment de cette valeur de référence, le coefficient K-12 est prescrit dans une plage dans laquelle l'intervalle MTF du sens sagittal et du sens tangentiel est inférieur au double de la valeur de référence.
PCT/JP2012/054563 2011-03-31 2012-02-24 Système optique à allongement focal et système d'imagerie WO2012132685A1 (fr)

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WO2018037806A1 (fr) * 2016-08-25 2018-03-01 富士フイルム株式会社 Dispositif de traitement d'image, système de traitement d'image, procédé de traitement d'image, et programme de traitement d'image
CN106845024B (zh) * 2017-03-02 2020-04-21 哈尔滨工业大学 一种基于波前反演的光学卫星在轨成像仿真方法
JP7247973B2 (ja) 2020-06-23 2023-03-29 いすゞ自動車株式会社 浄化制御装置

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