WO2012111314A1 - 電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物、電子素子用絶縁材料、電子素子及び薄膜トランジスタ - Google Patents
電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物、電子素子用絶縁材料、電子素子及び薄膜トランジスタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012111314A1 WO2012111314A1 PCT/JP2012/000961 JP2012000961W WO2012111314A1 WO 2012111314 A1 WO2012111314 A1 WO 2012111314A1 JP 2012000961 W JP2012000961 W JP 2012000961W WO 2012111314 A1 WO2012111314 A1 WO 2012111314A1
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
- C08F20/10—Esters
- C08F20/26—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
- C08F20/28—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing no aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/447—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from acrylic compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, or capacitors or resistors with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/408—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor with an insulating layer with a particular dielectric or electrostatic property, e.g. with static charges or for controlling trapped charges or moving ions, or with a plate acting on the insulator potential or the insulator charges, e.g. for controlling charges effect or potential distribution in the insulating layer, or with a semi-insulating layer contacting directly the semiconductor surface
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having a potential-jump barrier or a surface barrier
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
- H10K10/468—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs] characterised by the gate dielectrics
- H10K10/471—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs] characterised by the gate dielectrics the gate dielectric comprising only organic materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composition for forming an insulating material for an electronic device and an electronic device using the composition.
- an insulating material used for insulation between layers is an essential material.
- Thin film transistors which are typical electronic elements, are widely used as switching elements in display devices such as liquid crystal display devices and organic EL display devices.
- this TFT has been manufactured using amorphous or polycrystalline silicon.
- a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) apparatus used for manufacturing a TFT using silicon is very expensive and uses a TFT.
- Increasing the size of the display device or the like has a problem that the manufacturing cost is significantly increased.
- the process of forming amorphous or polycrystalline silicon is performed at a very high temperature, there is a problem that the types of materials that can be used as a substrate are limited, and a lightweight resin substrate cannot be used.
- TFTs using organic substances have been proposed instead of amorphous and polycrystalline silicon. It is known that a vacuum deposition method and a coating method can be used as a film forming method when forming a TFT using an organic material. In particular, by using the coating method, a TFT is manufactured while suppressing an increase in manufacturing cost. Therefore, it is possible to increase the size of the apparatus using the process, and to make the process temperature required for film formation relatively low. For this reason, TFTs using organic substances have the advantage that there are few restrictions on the selection of materials that can be used for the substrate. As for TFTs using organic substances, many reports have been made (for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2), and their practical application is expected.
- Non-Patent Document 2 Non-Patent Document 2
- the types of polymer insulators that can be coated and formed are limited. Even those that can be applied and formed can be used in subsequent application processes, for example, formation of a semiconductor layer in a bottom gate TFT, formation of a conductor layer such as an electrode, and formation of a protective layer after TFT formation.
- the conditions are often unable to withstand and the device cannot be formed.
- many polymer insulators have low heat resistance, and in particular, acrylic polymer insulation films represented by polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are used, for example, in the formation of organic EL display devices after TFT formation. Often, it cannot withstand the process temperature of the subsequent step after the TFT formation, such as the process temperature used when forming the organic EL element.
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- the leakage current density of the conventional polymer insulator is relatively high (usually higher than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 A / cm 2 at 2 MV / cm), good TFT characteristics cannot be obtained.
- crosslinkable polymer insulating material that can be formed by a solution method and can withstand the subsequent coating process after the coating film is formed as a composition for forming an insulating material for electronic devices. Furthermore, it is necessary to have heat resistance and a low leakage current density.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an adamantane derivative having a specific structure, but there is no focus on the leakage current density, and there is no mention of a use that requires a low leakage current density.
- a polymer gate insulating film in which a polymer having a specific hydrophobic main chain such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is used, a low TFT gate leakage current density may be achieved (Non-patent Document 3).
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- the crosslinking functionality is lacking, when another layer is formed by a solution process after film formation, it may not be able to withstand the formation of the element by dissolving in a subsequent film formation step.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an electron that can be formed by a solution method and has a heat resistance and a low leakage current density when another layer is manufactured by a coating process after coating.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a composition for forming an insulating material for an element, and to provide an electronic element having excellent characteristics by using the composition. Examples of such an electronic element include a TFT and a device including the TFT. Examples of such devices (electronic elements) include display devices such as liquid crystal display devices and organic EL display devices.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research, and for forming a material for an electronic device that contains two or more (meth) acrylic moieties and a monomer having a polycyclic alicyclic structure as a polymerizable component. It has been found that an electronic device using the composition and an insulating material obtained by curing the composition can solve the above problems, and has completed the present invention.
- compositions for forming an insulating material for an electronic device comprising a monomer having a (meth) acrylic moiety of 1.2 or more and a polycyclic alicyclic structure as a polymerizable component.
- structure of the monomer is represented by the following formula (I) or (II).
- R represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group
- X represents a fluorine atom, a methyl group, a trifluoromethyl group or two Xs formed together to represent ⁇ O.
- Y represents a methyl group or ⁇ O formed by combining two Y together.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- p is an integer of 0 to 6
- m is an integer of 0 to 14
- n is an integer of 2 or more
- t is an integer of 0 to 14
- u is an integer of 0 to 14
- s is an integer of 2 or more.
- a plurality of X and Y may be the same as or different from each other.
- Z 1 represents a group represented by the formula —C (q + r) F 2q H 2r — (q is an integer of 0 to 4, r is an integer of 0 to 4), and Z 2 is a single bond or A group represented by formula (II-1) or (II-2) is shown. (Wherein R 3 and R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, v is an integer of 1 to 4)] 5.
- X represents a methyl group, a trifluoromethyl group or two Xs formed together, and R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen atoms
- t is an integer of 6 to 14
- u is an integer of 0 to 9, 5.
- An insulating material for an electronic device comprising a polymer material obtained by curing the composition for forming an insulating material for an electronic device according to any one of 6.1 to 5.
- 7. A thin film transistor having a gate electrode, three terminals of a source electrode and a drain electrode, an insulator layer, and a semiconductor layer, and controlling a source-drain current by applying a voltage to the gate electrode.
- 9. 9. The thin film transistor according to 8, wherein the semiconductor layer is made of an organic semiconductor.
- the insulator layer can be formed by a solution method, and the insulating material obtained by curing this has a cross-linked structure, so that Thin film transistors (TFTs) that can withstand solution processing stages, have high heat resistance, can withstand processing temperatures applied in subsequent processes, have low leakage current density, and have excellent field effect transistor (FET) characteristics ) Can be realized.
- TFTs Thin film transistors
- FET field effect transistor
- composition for forming an insulating material for an electronic device of the present invention is a monomer having two or more (meth) acrylic moieties and a polycyclic alicyclic structure (hereinafter referred to as a “polycyclic alicyclic structure”). And polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer) as a polymerizable component.
- the polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer used in the present invention needs to have two or more (meth) acrylic sites.
- a cured film having high solvent resistance and heat resistance can be obtained by crosslinking each other when polymerized or by a crosslinking treatment after polymerization.
- the number of (meth) acrylic sites is not particularly limited as long as it is adjusted depending on the reactivity and rigidity of the monomers used, but 2 to 4 are preferred.
- the present invention preferably contains a polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer as the main polymerizable component.
- “Main” means that, among the polymerizable components contained in the composition, the polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer may be, for example, 40% by weight or more, preferably 50% by weight or more. Therefore, polymerizable components such as a monomer having one (meth) acrylic moiety and a monomer having two or more other (meth) acrylic moieties are included in the composition of the present invention within the range not contrary to the object of the present invention. Can also be used. All of the composition of the present invention may be a polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer.
- the polycyclic alicyclic structure constituting the polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer used in the present invention is preferably a structure having 5 to 20 ring carbon atoms which may have a hetero atom.
- a decalyl ring perhydronaphthalene ring
- norbornyl ring norbornyl ring
- bornyl ring isobornyl ring
- adamantyl ring tricyclo [5.2.1.0 2,6 ] decane ring, tetracyclo [4.4.0.1 2, 5 .
- a hydrocarbon compound having a polycyclic structure such as dodecane ring, 4-oxa-tricyclo [4.2.1.0 3,7 ] nonan-5-one, 4,8-dioxa-tricyclo [4. 2.1.0 3,7 ] nonane-5-one, 4-oxa-tricyclo [4.3.1.1 3,8 ] undecan-5-one, and other polycyclic lactones, polycyclic ethers, and These perfluoro substituents and the like can be mentioned.
- an adamantyl ring and a tricyclo [5.2.1.0 2,6 ] decane ring are preferable.
- These polycyclic alicyclic structures may have a substituent.
- substituents include a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and an alicyclic group having 3 to 20 ring-forming carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms may be linear or branched.
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, various propyl groups, various butyl groups, various pentyl groups, various hexyl groups examples include various heptyl groups, various octyl groups, various nonyl groups, various decyl groups, various dodecyl groups, various tetradodecyl groups, various hexadecyl groups, various octadecyl groups, various icosyl groups, and the like.
- a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclododecyl group, an adamantyl group, and a lower alkyl group having about 1 to 5 carbon atoms are introduced on the ring. And the like.
- the lower alkyl group having about 1 to 5 carbon atoms include the above groups.
- a polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer having two or more (meth) acrylic moieties and having a polycyclic alicyclic structure has two (meth) acrylic moieties to reduce leakage current density. Is preferable.
- the same alicyclic group constituting the polycyclic alicyclic structure has one (meth) different alicyclic group than the structure having two (meth) acrylic moieties.
- a structure having an acrylic moiety is preferable in terms of leakage current density and durability.
- a structure having three or more (meth) acrylic moieties a structure in which different alicyclic groups constituting the polycyclic alicyclic structure have (meth) acrylic moieties is preferable.
- adamantyl ring In the case of an adamantyl ring, as will be described later, a structure in which the adamantane is bonded to a group containing a (meth) alkyl group at positions 3 and 7 is preferable. In addition, a structure in which an (meth) acryloyl group and a polycyclic alicyclic structure are directly bonded to each other via an alkylene group or an oxyalkylene group is preferable in terms of heat resistance.
- Examples of the monomer having two or more (meth) acrylic moieties and having a polycyclic alicyclic structure and not containing an adamantyl ring include the following.
- Examples of the polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer having a structure containing adamantane as the polycyclic alicyclic structure include the following, and an adamantane derivative represented by the formula (I) or the formula (II): However, it is preferable in that an electronic device having excellent performance can be obtained.
- R represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group
- X represents a fluorine atom, a methyl group, a trifluoromethyl group or two Xs formed together to represent ⁇ O.
- Y represents ⁇ O formed by a methyl group or two Ys joined together.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms include the above groups.
- Z 1 represents a group represented by the formula —C (q + r) F 2q H 2r — (q is an integer of 0 to 4, r is an integer of 0 to 4), and Z 2 is a single bond or A group represented by formula (II-1) or (II-2) is shown.
- R 3 and R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms include the above groups.
- R is preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group from the viewpoint of easy availability.
- bonded with the group containing a (meth) alkyl group in the 3rd and 7th positions of adamantane is preferable in terms of leakage current density.
- R 1 and R 2 are preferably hydrogen atoms.
- m is preferably 0 from the viewpoint of availability, and n is preferably 2 from the viewpoint of leakage current density.
- p is preferably an integer of 1 to 6 in terms of heat resistance.
- R is preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group from the viewpoint of easy availability.
- bonded with the group containing a (meth) alkyl group in the 3rd and 7th positions of adamantane is preferable in terms of leakage current density.
- s is preferably 2 in terms of leakage current density
- t is 14 and u is preferably 0 in terms of availability or surface energy.
- the formula —C (q + r) F 2q H 2r — in Z 1 may be —C q F 2q C r H 2r —.
- q is preferably an integer of 0 or 1.
- r is preferably an integer of 0 or 1.
- Z 2 is preferably the formula (II-1).
- R 3 and R 4 are preferably hydrogen atoms.
- adamantane derivatives examples include those represented by formula (III) to formula (XI-9).
- R 1 represents one group selected from an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, and a trifluoromethacrylate group
- R 2 represents one group selected from a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, and a trifluoromethyl group.
- K is an integer from 0 to 4
- n is an integer from 1 to 6.
- the groups in parentheses can be attached to the six methylene moieties of the adamantane skeleton.
- k may be 1 or more, but when used as a composition for forming an insulating material for an electronic device, it is necessary to seal a hydroxyl group using a silane compound or the like.
- R 1 represents a hydrocarbon group represented by the formula C P H 2P + 1 (P is an integer of 1 to 7)
- R 2 represents a (meth) acryloyloxy group or a trifluoromethacryloyloxy group
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group
- R 4 represents a methyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group or two R 4 together to represent a ⁇ O group.
- n is an integer of 1 to 4
- k is an integer of 0 to 4
- the plurality of R 1 and R 4 may be the same or different.
- R 1 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include the aforementioned groups.
- R 4 is a hydroxyl group, when used as a composition for forming an insulating material for electronic devices, it is necessary to seal the hydroxyl group using a silane compound or the like. In the case of a carboxyl group, it is necessary to seal the terminal hydroxyl group by esterification or the like.
- Y represents a group selected from a fluorine atom, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
- X ′ is the following formula (VI) (Wherein R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a group selected from a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or a trifluoromethyl group.
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, N and m each independently represents an integer of 0 to 4, provided that n and m are not 0.
- p represents 1 to It is an integer of 4.
- the plurality of X ′ may be the same or different.
- p + q is an integer of 1 to 16.
- Y or R 1 is a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group, when used as a composition for forming an insulating material for an electronic device, it is necessary to seal the terminal hydroxyl group by using a silane compound or the like or by performing esterification or the like. is there.
- Y or R 1 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, it is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include the aforementioned groups.
- R represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, respectively.
- n and m are integers of 1 to 20.
- Fluorine-containing adamantane derivative represented by the formula (VIII) [Wherein, A represents a single bond or an n-valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. Y represents an oxygen atom or a divalent hydrocarbon group which may contain an oxygen atom. Examples of the divalent hydrocarbon group include an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as a methylene group and a difluoromethylene group, and a fluoroalkylene group. Z represents an adamantyl group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. R represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group. n is an integer of 2 to 4.
- An adamantane derivative represented by the following formula (IX) [Wherein Y represents one selected from a hydrogen atom, an organic group, a hydroxyl group, and two ⁇ O groups formed by combining Y, and R 1 to R 6 are each independently hydrogen. 1 type selected from an aliphatic hydrocarbon which may contain an atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a hetero atom or a perfluoroalkyl group, or a ⁇ O group formed by combining R 1 and R 2 together Indicates.
- R 3 to R 6 represents a substituent represented by the formula (M): —AB [in the formula (M), A represents an ether bond (—O—) or an ester bond ( A linear, branched or cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may contain —COO—); B represents an organic group containing a linear, branched or cyclic fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond or an ester bond.
- R 7 represents one selected from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group, and a trifluoromethyl group.
- a is an integer of 2 to 4
- b is an integer of 1 to 14
- c is an integer of 0 or 1 to 13
- a + b + c 16.
- d is 0 or an integer of 1 to 5
- e is an integer of 1 to 5.
- a plurality of Y and R 1 to R 6 may be the same or different from each other, May be the same as or different from each other. ] When Y and R 1 to R 6 are hydroxyl groups, the hydroxyl groups must be sealed with a silane compound or the like when used as a composition for forming an insulating material for electronic devices.
- Y or R 1 to R 6 is an organic group or an aliphatic hydrocarbon which may contain a hetero atom
- the organic group and the aliphatic hydrocarbon are preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Specific groups include the above groups.
- A is preferably a linear hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably a methylene group, an ethylene group, or a 1,3-propylene group.
- B is preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R 7 represents hydrogen, a methyl group, or a trifluoromethyl group.
- a 2
- at least one of R 1 or R 2 is an organic group represented by the formula (A).
- R 1 to R 4 are hydroxyl groups, the hydroxyl groups must be sealed with a silane compound or the like when used as a composition for forming an insulating material for an electronic device.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group for R 1 to R 4 include an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- R 5 represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, An atom, a methyl group, or a trifluoromethyl group
- p is an integer of 2 to 10
- q is an integer of 0 to 10
- r is an integer of 0 to 5
- R 1 to R 4 may be the same or different from each other.
- n is an integer of 2 to 4, and a plurality of Z 1 may be the same or different.
- m is an integer of 1 to 4, and when m is 2 or more, the plurality of Z 1 may be the same or different.
- R 1 to R 4 are hydroxyl groups
- the hydroxyl groups must be sealed with a silane compound or the like when used as a composition for forming an insulating material for electronic devices.
- a silane compound or the like it is necessary to seal the terminal hydroxyl group by esterification or the like.
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in R 1 to R 4 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- R 5 Represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group
- p is an integer of 2 to 10
- q is an integer of 0 to 10
- r is an integer of 0 to 5
- s is an integer of 0 to 6.
- R 1 to R 4 , R 7 and R 8 may be the same or different.
- n is an integer of 2 to 4, and a plurality of Z 2 may be the same or different.
- m is an integer of 1 to 4, and when m is 2 or more, the plurality of Z 2 may be the same or different.
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in R 1 to R 4 and R 6 to R 8 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer used in the present invention can be produced, for example, by reacting a known polycyclic alicyclic diol or the like with (meth) acrylic acid or a reactive derivative thereof. Specifically, polycyclic alicyclic diols and the like are reacted with (meth) acrylic acid or a reactive derivative thereof using a generally known azeotropic dehydration method, acid halide method or transesterification method. And can be synthesized by esterification.
- Examples of adamantyl group-containing diols include 1,3-adamantanediol, adamantane-1,3-dimethanol, adamantane-1,3-diethanol, adamantane-1,3-dipropanol, adamantane-1,3,5-tri Methanol, adamantane-1,3,5-triethanol, adamantane-1,3,5-tripropanol, adamantane-1,3,5,7-tetramethanol, adamantane-1,3,5,7-tetraethanol, And adamantane-1,3,5,7-tetrapropanol.
- adamantyl group-containing diols include perfluoro-1,3-adamantanediol, perfluoro-1,3-bis (2-hydroxyethoxy) adamantane, and perfluoro-1,3,5-tris (2-hydroxyethoxy) adamantane.
- acrylic acids or reactive derivatives thereof include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ⁇ -trifluoromethylacrylic acid, ⁇ -fluoroacrylic acid, acrylic anhydride, methacrylic anhydride in the case of the azeotropic dehydration method.
- acid anhydrides such as ⁇ -trifluoromethylacrylic anhydride and ⁇ -fluoroacrylic anhydride.
- the acid halide method include acid halides such as acrylic acid chloride, methacrylic acid chloride, ⁇ -trifluoromethylacrylic acid chloride, ⁇ -fluoroacrylic acid chloride, and the like.
- the amount of the (meth) acrylic acid or reactive derivative thereof is preferably about 1 to 3 times the stoichiometric amount with respect to the polycyclic alicyclic group-containing alcohol.
- a method for producing a monomer having two or more (meth) acryl moieties and having a polycyclic alicyclic structure of adamantane for example, a method described in JP-A-2008-105999 can be employed.
- compositions for forming an insulating material for electronic devices can be produced.
- the blending amount of the polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer is usually 50 to 100% by weight when the polymerizable component contained in the composition is 100% by weight.
- a polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer may be used individually by 1 type, or may combine 2 or more types.
- a monomer having a (meth) acrylic moiety is preferable in that it can be polymerized using a common polymerization initiator, and a monomer having two or more (meth) acrylic moieties is more preferable in terms of solvent resistance. Examples of such a monomer include the monomers used in Examples 5 and 6 described later.
- a monomer having a (meth) acrylic moiety and not having a polycyclic alicyclic group is inferior in heat resistance, but has an advantage of being used in terms of improving solvent resistance. Even those having three or more (meth) acrylic sites have little influence on the leakage current density.
- the composition of the present invention may contain a thermal polymerization initiator when cured by heating, and a photopolymerization initiator when cured by light irradiation.
- Thermal polymerization initiators include organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, methyl isobutyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and azo initiators such as azobisisobutyronitrile. Etc.
- Photopolymerization initiators include acetophenones, benzophenones, benzyls, benzoin ethers, benzyl diketals, thioxanthones, acylphosphine oxides, acylphosphinic acid esters, aromatic diazonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic Group iodonium salt, aromatic iodosyl salt, aromatic sulfoxonium salt, metallocene compound and the like.
- the blending amount of these polymerization initiators is usually 0.01 to 10% by weight when the total amount of the composition excluding the organic solvent is 100% by weight. May be combined.
- composition of the present invention may contain an organic solvent as necessary.
- the organic solvent used is not particularly limited, and specific examples include hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, toluene, hexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, anisole.
- Ether solvents such as diethyl ether, ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, glycols such as propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether-2-acetate (PGMEA), ethylene glycol diethyl ether
- the solvent include halogen solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and 1,2-dichloroethane.
- An organic solvent may be used independently and may be used in mixture of multiple types.
- the amount of solvent to be used can be set as appropriate, the lower limit of the preferable amount of use with respect to 1 g of the total amount of components other than the organic solvent contained in the curable composition is 0.1 mL, and the upper limit of the preferable amount of use is 100 mL. . If the amount used is small, it is difficult to obtain the effect of using a solvent such as a low viscosity, and if the amount used is large, the solvent will remain in the material, causing problems such as thermal cracks, and cost. However, it is disadvantageous and the industrial utility value decreases.
- additives such as a crosslinking agent, a surfactant, and a coupling agent can be added to the composition of the present invention as needed within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- the insulating material for electronic elements of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the insulating material of the present invention) is made of a polymer material obtained by curing the above-described composition for forming an insulating material for electronic elements of the present invention. It is characterized by that.
- the composition of the present invention is applied to a place where an insulating film is to be formed, and is cured by heat curing or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or the like to obtain a cured product, that is, a crosslinked polymer insulating material (insulating of the present invention). Material) can be manufactured.
- the heat-curing temperature is usually 30 to 200 ° C., preferably 50 to 150 ° C.
- actinic rays such as ultraviolet rays are irradiated. Irradiation intensity is arbitrary because it is determined from the kind of polyfunctional polycyclic alicyclic monomer and polymerization initiator, the film thickness of the insulating material, etc., but is usually 100 to 5000 mJ / cm 2 , more preferably 500 to 4000 mJ / cm 2. 2 .
- the cured product of the composition for forming an insulating material for an electronic device obtained in the present invention is suitable as an insulating material for an electronic device since it has heat resistance and a low leakage current density.
- any member for an electronic device that requires a low leakage current density may be used.
- a member of an electronic device that includes an electronic element or an electronic element as a member and a member that contacts an electrode or a semiconductor material can be given.
- Preferable applications include applications requiring thin film thickness and solvent resistance, for example, insulating films for electronic devices such as planarization films, passivation films, interlayer insulating films, and gate insulating films of TFTs.
- a TFT gate insulating film in which a low leakage current density directly contributes to performance is particularly suitable.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention is a thin film transistor having three terminals of a gate electrode, a source electrode and a drain electrode, an insulator layer, and a semiconductor layer, and controlling the source-drain current by applying a voltage to the gate electrode.
- the insulating material for an electronic device according to the invention is used for an insulator layer.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention can take several structures depending on the position of electrodes, the stacking order of layers, and the like, and has a field effect transistor (FET) structure.
- FET field effect transistor
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a thin film transistor of the present invention.
- the gate electrode 20 is stacked on the substrate 10, and the insulator layer 30 is stacked on the substrate 10 so as to cover the gate electrode 20.
- the source electrode 40 and the drain electrode 50 are stacked in parallel with a predetermined gap therebetween.
- the semiconductor layer 60 is stacked on the insulator layer 30, the source electrode 40, and the drain electrode 50 so as to fill a gap between the source electrode 40 and the drain electrode 50.
- the semiconductor layer 60 forms a channel region, and is turned on / off by controlling a current flowing between the source electrode 40 and the drain electrode 50 with a voltage applied to the gate electrode 20.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the thin film transistor of the present invention.
- the thin film transistor 2 includes a semiconductor layer 60 stacked on the insulator layer 30 and a source electrode 40 and a drain electrode 50 stacked on the semiconductor layer 60 in parallel with a predetermined interval therebetween. It has the same structure as the thin film transistor 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the thin film transistor of the present invention.
- the source electrode 40 and the drain electrode 50 are stacked in parallel on the substrate 10 at a predetermined interval, and the semiconductor layer 60 fills the gap between the source electrode 40 and the drain electrode 50.
- the substrate 10 is stacked on the source electrode 40 and the drain electrode 50.
- An insulator layer 30 is stacked on the semiconductor layer 60, and the gate electrode 20 is stacked on the insulator layer 30.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the thin film transistor of the present invention.
- a semiconductor layer 60 is stacked on the substrate 10, and a source electrode 40 and a drain electrode 50 are stacked in parallel on the semiconductor layer 60 at a predetermined interval.
- the insulator layer 30 is stacked on the source electrode 40, the drain electrode 50, and the semiconductor layer 60 so as to fill a gap between the source electrode 40 and the drain electrode 50, and the gate electrode 20 is formed on the insulator layer 30. Laminated.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention includes an organic semiconductor layer (organic compound layer) or an inorganic semiconductor layer, a source electrode and a drain electrode formed so as to face each other with a predetermined interval, and a source electrode and a drain electrode, respectively. And a gate electrode formed at a distance of ⁇ , and a current flowing between the source and drain electrodes is controlled by applying a voltage to the gate electrode.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention only needs to have a mechanism in which effects such as on / off operation and amplification are manifested by controlling the current flowing between the source electrode and the drain electrode by the voltage applied to the gate electrode.
- the device configuration is not limited to the above.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention is, for example, a top-and-bottom contact type organic material proposed by Yoshida et al. Of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology in the 49th Conference on Applied Physics Related Lectures 27a-M-3 (March 2002). It may have a device configuration such as a thin film transistor (see FIG. 5) and a vertical organic thin film transistor (see FIG. 6) proposed by Kudo et al. Of Chiba University in the IEEJ Transaction 118-A (1998), page 1440. .
- the insulator layer of the thin film transistor of the present invention is a thin film obtained by polymerizing the composition of the present invention.
- the insulator layer is preferably as thin as possible in order to reduce the driving voltage of the thin film transistor.
- the thickness of the insulator layer is usually 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 nm to 2 ⁇ m, more preferably 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the composition of the present invention is applied to, for example, the dipping method, spin coating method, casting method, bar coating method, roll coating method, spray coating method, blade coating method, dip coating method, die coating method, flexographic printing, offset.
- a film is formed by a coating / printing method such as printing, gravure printing, screen printing, or ink jet printing, and is formed by crosslinking polymerization with light or heat. Moreover, you may laminate
- the insulator layer may be only a thin film obtained by polymerizing the composition of the present invention, or may be a laminate of two or more layers including an insulator layer made of another material. Even if the insulator layer is only a thin film obtained by polymerizing the composition of the present invention, a high-performance thin film transistor can be produced by making the film thickness sufficiently thin because it has high insulation properties. High performance can be achieved by combining with layers.
- the material for forming the second insulator layer combined with the thin film obtained by polymerizing the composition of the present invention includes metal oxide (including silicon oxide), metal nitride (including silicon nitride), A material having an electrical resistivity of 10 ⁇ cm or more at room temperature (for example, 20 to 25 ° C.) such as a polymer or a low molecular weight organic material can be used, and a material having a relative dielectric constant higher than 3 is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the metal oxide and metal nitride that form the second insulator layer include silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, and titanium oxide.
- inorganic nitrides such as silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 , Si x N y , SiON x (x, y> 0)) and aluminum nitride can also be suitably used.
- silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 , Si x N y , or SiON x (x, y> 0
- charges are more easily induced on the insulating film, and the threshold voltage for transistor operation is increased. Further reduction may be possible.
- the second insulator layer may be formed of a precursor containing an alkoxide metal.
- the metal of the alkoxide metal is selected from, for example, a transition metal, a lanthanoid, or a main group element. Specifically, barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), titanium (Ti), bismuth (Bi), tantalum ( Ta), zircon (Zr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), lanthanum (La), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium ( Rb), cesium (Cs), francium (Fr), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), niobium (Nb), thallium (Tl), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), cobalt ( Co), rhodium (Rh), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), and the like.
- alkoxide of the alkoxide metal examples include alcohols including methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, methoxyethanol, ethoxyethanol, propoxyethanol, butoxyethanol, pentoxyethanol, heptoxyethanol, methoxypropanol
- alkoxides derived from alkoxy alcohols including ethoxypropanol, propoxypropanol, butoxypropanol, pentoxypropanol, heptoxypropanol, and the like.
- the second insulator layer may be formed of an organic compound as long as the object of the present invention is not adversely affected.
- organic compound include polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polyacrylate, photo radical polymerization system, photo cation polymerization system photo-curing resin, copolymer containing acrylonitrile component, polyvinyl phenol, polyvinyl alcohol, novolac resin, and Cyanoethyl pullulan or the like can be used.
- polyethylene polychloroprene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyoxymethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polysulfone, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylamide,
- a polymer material having a high dielectric constant such as poly (acrylic acid), resole resin, polyxylylene, epoxy resin or the like can also be used.
- the second insulator layer may be a mixed layer using a plurality of the above-described inorganic compound materials or organic compound materials, or may be a laminate of layers made of these materials alone.
- the second insulator layer may further include an anodized film.
- the anodized film is formed by anodizing a metal that can be anodized by a known method, and is preferably further sealed.
- Examples of the metal that can be anodized include aluminum and tantalum. There is no restriction
- An oxide film is formed by anodizing.
- the electrolytic solution used for the anodizing treatment is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrolytic solution capable of forming a porous oxide film. In general, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, or a mixed acid obtained by combining two or more of them is used. Or their salts are used.
- the thickness of the second insulator layer is small, the effective voltage applied to the semiconductor increases, so that the drive voltage and threshold voltage of the device itself can be lowered. Since the current increases, it is necessary to select an appropriate film thickness.
- the thickness of the second insulator layer is usually 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m.
- the method for forming the second insulator layer is not particularly limited and can be used for vapor phase deposition or liquid phase deposition.
- vacuum deposition molecular beam epitaxy, ion cluster beam method, low energy ion beam method, ion plate
- Gas phase film formation such as coating method, CVD method, sputtering method, atmospheric pressure plasma method; and spray coating method, spin coating method, blade coating method, dip coating method, casting method, roll coating method, bar coating method, die coating method
- liquid phase film formation such as printing and ink jetting can be used.
- the substrate plays a role of supporting the structure of the thin film transistor.
- a material glass, inorganic compounds such as metal oxides and nitrides, plastic films (for example, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyethylene, (Polypropylene, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethersulfone, polycarbonate), a metal substrate, or a composite or laminate thereof can also be used.
- the substrate can be omitted.
- a silicon (Si) wafer is often used as a material for the substrate. In this case, Si itself can be used as a gate electrode / substrate.
- the semiconductor used for the semiconductor layer is not particularly limited.
- an organic semiconductor layer is formed using an organic semiconductor, an organic semiconductor material described in Chemical Review, 107, 1066, 2007, or the like can be used.
- the organic semiconductor layer may be a layer made of a mixture of a plurality of materials by combining a plurality of materials selected from the above organic semiconductor materials, or a laminate of layers made of these materials alone.
- the material of the organic semiconductor layer include low molecular materials such as pentacene, naphthacene, anthracene, heptacene, hexacene, C60, C70, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, coronene, rubrene, phthalocyanines, porphyrins, and derivatives thereof.
- Oligomers such as distyrylbenzene, oligoacetylene, oligothiophene, oligoselenophene and derivatives thereof; polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly (3-hexylthiophene), poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-bithiophene), polyphenylene vinylene And ⁇ -conjugated polymers such as polythienylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, but are not limited thereto.
- an inorganic semiconductor may be used as the semiconductor layer.
- the inorganic semiconductor layer examples include non-single-crystal semiconductor films and crystalline silicon typified by amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, and the like, as well as ZnO, a-InGaZnO, SiGe, GaAs, and the like. However, it is not limited to these.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.5 nm to 1 ⁇ m, preferably 2 nm to 250 nm.
- a method for forming the semiconductor layer is not particularly limited, and a known method can be applied.
- the organic semiconductor layer is continuously formed preferably after the insulator layer is formed.
- the film formation may be performed by molecular beam deposition (MBE), vacuum deposition, chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam deposition, sputtering, or other vapor phase film formation, or a dipping method in which a material is dissolved in a solvent, a spin coating method, Coating layer is applied by coating and printing methods such as casting method, bar coating method, roll coating method, spray coating method, blade coating method, dip coating method, die coating method, flexographic printing, offset printing, gravure printing, screen printing, and inkjet printing. It is also desirable to form and apply the coating layer by baking, electropolymerization, self-assembly from solution, and combinations thereof.
- the organic semiconductor layer formation may be a combination of two or more of the above film formation methods.
- the field effect mobility can be improved by improving the crystallinity of the semiconductor layer, when vapor phase film formation (evaporation, sputtering, etc.) is used for film formation of the organic semiconductor layer, It is also desirable to maintain the substrate temperature at a high temperature. Regardless of the film formation method, it is preferable to perform annealing after film formation because an increase in crystal grain size may be obtained.
- the annealing temperature is preferably 50 to 200 ° C., and the time is preferably 10 minutes to 12 hours.
- the material of the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive material. Platinum, gold, silver, nickel, chromium, copper, iron, tin, antimony, tantalum, indium, palladium, tellurium, rhenium , Iridium, aluminum, ruthenium, germanium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin oxide / antimony, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped zinc oxide, zinc, carbon, graphite, glassy carbon, silver paste and carbon paste, lithium, beryllium, Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, manganese, zirconium, gallium, niobium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, Magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide mixture, can be used lithium / aluminum mixtures.
- the thicknesses of the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode are not particularly limited as long as current is conducted, but is preferably in the range of 0.2 nm to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 4 nm to 300 nm. If the film thickness of the electrode is within the above range, the resistance is not increased due to the thin film thickness, voltage drop does not occur, and the film formation does not take time because it is not too thick. When other layers such as the above are laminated, a laminated film can be made smoothly without causing a step.
- the source electrode and the drain electrode are stacked with a predetermined interval, for example. The interval is determined by the use of the thin film transistor, and is usually 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 mm, preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably It is 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the source electrode and the drain electrode are made of a fluid electrode material such as a solution, paste, ink, dispersion, etc., preferably a conductive polymer, or metal fine particles containing platinum, gold, silver, or copper. It can be formed using a fluid electrode material containing.
- the solvent or dispersion medium of the fluid electrode material is preferably a solvent or dispersion medium containing 60 mass% or more, preferably 90 mass% or more of water in order to suppress damage to the organic semiconductor.
- a solvent or dispersion medium containing 60 mass% or more, preferably 90 mass% or more of water in order to suppress damage to the organic semiconductor.
- the dispersion containing metal fine particles for example, a known conductive paste or the like may be used.
- the dispersion usually contains metal fine particles having a particle diameter of 0.5 nm to 50 nm, preferably 1 nm to 10 nm. And preferred.
- fine metal particles examples include platinum, gold, silver, nickel, chromium, copper, iron, tin, antimony, lead, tantalum, indium, palladium, tellurium, rhenium, iridium, aluminum, ruthenium, germanium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, and the like. Can be used.
- the metal fine particle dispersion may be produced by reducing metal ions in a liquid phase such as a gas phase evaporation method, a sputtering method, a metal vapor synthesis method, or a liquid phase such as a colloid method or a coprecipitation method.
- a fine particle dispersion produced by a gas evaporation method is preferable.
- the electrode is formed using the metal fine particle dispersion. Specifically, after the solvent of the metal fine particle dispersion is dried, it is heated in a shape within a range of 100 ° C. to 300 ° C. as necessary. An electrode pattern having a target shape can be formed by thermally fusing the fine particles.
- the material for forming the source electrode and the drain electrode is preferably a material having low electrical resistance at the contact surface with the semiconductor layer.
- the electric resistance corresponds to the field effect mobility when the current control device is manufactured, and the resistance needs to be as small as possible in order to obtain a large mobility. This is generally determined by the magnitude relationship between the work function of the electrode material and the energy level of the organic semiconductor layer.
- the work function (W) of the electrode material is a
- the ionization potential (Ip) of the organic semiconductor layer is b
- the electron affinity (Af) of the organic semiconductor layer is c
- a, b, and c are all positive values based on the vacuum level.
- ba ⁇ 1.5 eV (formula (A)) is preferable, and ba ⁇ 1.0 eV is more preferable. If the above relationship can be maintained in relation to the organic semiconductor layer, a high-performance device can be obtained.
- the electrode material has a work function as large as possible, and the work function is 4.0 eV or more.
- the work function is preferably 4.2 eV or more.
- the value of the work function of a metal is, for example, an effective metal having a work function of 4.0 eV or higher as described in Chemistry Handbook Fundamentals II-493 (revised 3 edition, published by The Chemical Society of Japan, Maruzen 1983) From the above list.
- High work function metals are mainly Ag (4.26, 4.52, 4.64, 4.74 eV), Al (4.06, 4.24, 4.41 eV), Au (5.1, 5.37). 5.47 eV), Be (4.98 eV), Bi (4.34 eV), Cd (4.08 eV), Co (5.0 eV), Cu (4.65 eV), Fe (4.5, 4.67). 4.81 eV), Ga (4.3 eV), Hg (4.4 eV), Ir (5.42, 5.76 eV), Mn (4.1 eV), Mo (4.53, 4.55, 4..
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- carbon black Indium Tin Oxide
- fullerenes carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes
- conductive polymers such as polyaniline and PEDOT: PSS are preferable. Even if one or more of these high work function substances are included as the electrode material, there is no particular limitation as long as the work function satisfies the formula (A).
- the work function of the electrode material is preferably as small as possible, and the work function is preferably 4.3 eV or less. More preferably, the work function is 3.7 eV or less.
- the low work function metal As a specific example of the low work function metal, it has a work function of 4.3 eV or less as described in, for example, Chemistry Handbook Basics, pages II-493 (revised 3 edition, edited by The Chemical Society of Japan, published by Maruzen Co., Ltd. 1983). What is necessary is just to select from the said list of effective metals.
- the low work function metal Ag (4.26 eV), Al (4.06, 4.28 eV), Ba (2.52 eV), Ca (2.9 eV), Ce (2.9 eV), Cs (1. 95 eV), Er (2.97 eV), Eu (2.5 eV), Gd (3.1 eV), Hf (3.9 eV), In (4.09 eV), K (2.28 eV), La (3.5 eV) ), Li (2.93 eV), Mg (3.66 eV), Na (2.36 eV), Nd (3.2 eV), Rb (4.25 eV), Sc (3.5 eV), Sm (2.7 eV) , Ta (4.0, 4.15 eV), Y (3.1 eV), Yb (2.6 eV), Zn (3.63 eV), and the like.
- Ba, Ca, Cs, Er, Eu, Gd, Hf, K, La Li, Mg, Na, Nd, Rb, Y, Y, Y,
- the work function satisfies the formula (B).
- the low work function metal easily deteriorates when exposed to moisture and oxygen in the atmosphere, it is desirable to coat with a metal stable in the air such as Ag and Au as necessary.
- the film thickness necessary for the coating is 10 nm or more, and as the film thickness increases, the film can be effectively protected from oxygen and water. However, for practical reasons, the film thickness is preferably 1 ⁇ m or less for the purpose of increasing productivity.
- the source electrode and drain electrode can be formed by, for example, vapor deposition, electron beam vapor deposition, sputtering, atmospheric pressure plasma method, ion plating, chemical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, electroless plating, spin coating, printing or ink jet. it can.
- the conductive thin film formed using said method is formed into an electrode using a well-known photolithographic method or a lift-off method, on metal foils, such as aluminum and copper
- a resist is formed and etched by thermal transfer, ink jet, or the like.
- the source electrode and the drain electrode may be formed by patterning a solution or dispersion of a conductive polymer, a dispersion containing metal fine particles, or the like directly by an ink jet method. You may form by laser ablation etc. Furthermore, it is also possible to use a method in which a conductive ink or conductive paste containing a conductive polymer or metal fine particles is patterned by a printing method such as relief printing, intaglio printing, planographic printing or screen printing.
- a known conductive polymer whose conductivity is improved by doping or the like as the electrode material of the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode.
- conductive polyaniline, conductive polypyrrole, conductive polythiophene (polyethylenedioxythiophene and polystyrenesulfonic acid complex, etc.) and the like are also preferably used. These materials can reduce the contact resistance between the semiconductor layer of the source electrode and the drain electrode.
- a buffer layer may be provided between the semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrodes for the purpose of improving the injection efficiency.
- the buffer layer provided in the n-type organic thin film transistor is an alkali metal ion bond or alkaline earth metal such as LiF, Li 2 O, CsF, Na 2 CO 3 , KCl, MgF 2 , CaCO 3 used for the cathode of the organic electroluminescence element A compound having an ionic bond is desirable.
- the buffer layer provided in the p-type organic thin film transistor includes FeCl 3 ; cyano compounds such as TCNQ, F 4 -TCNQ, HAT; CF x , GeO 2 , SiO 2 , MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , VO 2 , V 2 O 3 , MnO, Mn 3 O 4 , ZrO 2 , WO 3 , TiO 2 , In 2 O 3 , ZnO, NiO, HfO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , ReO 3 , PbO 2 and other alkali metals and alkaline earth metals Metal oxides; inorganic compounds such as ZnS and ZnSe are desirable.
- cyano compounds such as TCNQ, F 4 -TCNQ, HAT
- CF x GeO 2 , SiO 2 , MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , VO 2 , V 2 O 3 , MnO, Mn 3 O 4 , ZrO 2 ,
- the above oxide causes oxygen deficiency, which is suitable for hole injection.
- amine compounds such as TPD and NPD, and compounds used as a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer in an organic EL device such as CuPc may be used.
- what consists of two or more types of said compounds is also desirable.
- a gas barrier layer may be formed on the whole or a part of the outer peripheral surface of the element in consideration of the influence on the semiconductor layer such as oxygen and water contained in the atmosphere.
- known materials can be used, and examples thereof include polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
- the inorganic substance and organic substance which have the insulation illustrated as a material of an insulator layer can also be used.
- Example 1 0.4 g (colorless transparent liquid) of 1,3-adamantane dimethanol diacrylate (compound (1)) (produced by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.) represented by the following structural formula, 0. 04 g and 4 g of MEK as a solvent were mixed to obtain a composition for forming an insulating material (film) having a solid content concentration of 10% by mass.
- compound (1) 1,3-adamantane dimethanol diacrylate
- MEK MEK
- ITO transparent gate electrode
- a substrate provided with a film is called a transparent support substrate).
- the transparent support substrate was ultrasonically washed with isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, then washed with pure water for 5 minutes, further ultrasonically washed with isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, and then dried by blowing dry N 2 gas. Finally, it was cleaned for 5 minutes with a UV ozone cleaning device [manufactured by Sen Special Light Source Co., Ltd.].
- the prepared composition for forming an insulating material was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE membrane filter, then dropped on the transparent support substrate in a nitrogen atmosphere, and spin-coated at 2000 rpm for 30 seconds. Then, a gate insulator layer having a thickness of 400 nm was formed by exposing to 365 nm ultraviolet light and crosslinking. An insulator layer was formed on a plurality of substrates under the same conditions, and the following insulator layer was evaluated and an organic thin film transistor element was produced. In Examples and Comparative Examples, the film thickness of the insulator layer was measured using a fine shape measuring machine Surfcorder [Kosaka Laboratory ET 3000].
- a gold electrode (with a thickness of 50 nm) is formed on the insulator layer through a metal mask, facing the ITO electrode across the insulator layer, and an electric field of 2 MV / cm is applied between the electrodes. Then, the current density flowing in the vertical direction in the insulator layer was measured, and this was evaluated as the leakage current density.
- Application of voltage and measurement of current were performed using a semiconductor characteristic evaluation system (4200SCS manufactured by Keithley Instruments Co., Ltd.).
- a pentacene thin film (semiconductor layer) having a film thickness of 50 nm was provided at a deposition rate of 0.05 nm / s using a vacuum deposition apparatus on the substrate on which the insulator layer was formed as described above. Then, gold was deposited to a thickness of 50 nm through a metal mask, so that the source electrode and the drain electrode that were not in contact with each other were formed so that the interval (channel length L) was 50 ⁇ m. At that time, the source electrode and the drain electrode were formed to have a width (channel width W) of 1 mm, and a thin film transistor having the structure of FIG. 2 was manufactured.
- a gate voltage of 0 to ⁇ 25 V is applied to the gate electrode of the obtained thin film transistor, a voltage of 5 to ⁇ 25 V is applied between the source and the drain to pass a current, and a threshold voltage (Vth) and a field effect mobility ⁇ are set. evaluated.
- Vth threshold voltage
- Application of each voltage and measurement of the current between the source and drain electrodes were performed using a semiconductor characteristic evaluation system (4200SCS manufactured by Keithley Instruments Co., Ltd.).
- the field effect mobility ⁇ was calculated using the following formula (A).
- I D (W / 2L) ⁇ C ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (V G ⁇ V T ) 2 (A) (Where ID is the source-drain current, W is the channel width, L is the channel length, C is the capacitance per unit area of the gate insulator layer, V T is the gate threshold voltage, and V G is the gate voltage. is there.)
- the threshold voltage in the current saturation region was ⁇ 10.1 V
- the field effect mobility ⁇ was 4.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 cm 2 / Vs.
- Table 2 The results are shown in Table 2.
- the obtained thin film transistor operated as a p-type transistor because holes were induced in the channel region (between source and drain) of the organic semiconductor layer.
- Example 2 An insulator layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 using a composition containing the following compound (2) instead of the compound (1), and the insulator layer was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Compound (2) was produced by the method described in Examples 1 and 2 of WO2007 / 020901 pamphlet. The results are shown in Table 1. Further, a thin film transistor was fabricated and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 3 An insulator layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 using a composition containing the following compound (3) (aldrich reagent) instead of compound (1), and the insulator layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 1. evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 An insulator layer was formed using a composition in which compound (2) and compound (3) were mixed in a proportion of 50% by weight instead of compound (1), and the insulator layer was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. did. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 An insulator layer was formed using a composition in which compound (3) and the following compound (4) (aldrich reagent) were mixed in a proportion of 50% by weight instead of compound (1). The insulator layer was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 An insulator layer was formed using a composition in which the compound (3) and the following compound (5) (reagent made by Aldrich) were mixed in a proportion of 50% by weight instead of the compound (1). The insulator layer was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 1 An insulator layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 using a composition containing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) instead of compound (1), and the insulator layer was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- the thin film obtained by crosslinking polymerization of the composition containing the compounds (1) to (3) as the polymerizable component had solvent resistance and low leakage current density.
- a thin film transistor including a thin film obtained by polymerizing a composition containing compounds (1) to (3) as a main polymerizable component in an insulator layer is sufficient for applications such as electronic paper, liquid crystal display, and organic EL display. It was confirmed that the performance was demonstrated.
- Example 7 A composition for forming an insulating material was prepared using compound (1) in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEK as a solvent was not used. Furthermore, the composition was exposed to ultraviolet rays in a vial and crosslinked to form an insulating material. The following heat resistance test was conducted using this insulating material. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Glass transition temperature: Tg Glass transition temperature 5 mg of the insulating material is put in an aluminum container, and the temperature is raised from 0 ° C. to 10 ° C./min using a differential scanning calorimeter (manufactured by Perkin Elmer). From the discontinuity point observed in the obtained heat flux curve Asked.
- Td1 1% mass reduction temperature: Td1
- Td1 1% weight loss temperature
- Comparative Example 2 An insulating material was prepared and subjected to a heat resistance test in the same manner as in Example 7 except that a composition containing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used instead of the compound (1). The results are shown in Table 3.
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- the insulating material of the present invention is useful as an insulating film for electronic devices such as a planarizing film, a passivation film, an interlayer insulating film, and a gate insulating film of a TFT.
- the low leakage current density is particularly useful as a gate insulating film of a TFT that directly contributes to performance.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention can be suitably used for driving circuits such as electronic paper, liquid crystal display, organic EL display, various sensors, authentication tags, and the like.
Abstract
Description
代表的な電子素子である薄膜トランジスタは、液晶表示装置や有機EL表示装置等の表示装置のスイッチング素子として広く用いられている。
従来、このTFTは、アモルファスや多結晶のシリコンを用いて作製されていたが、シリコンを用いたTFTの作製に用いられるCVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition)装置は、非常に高額であり、TFTを用いた表示装置等の大型化は、製造コストの大幅な増加を伴うという問題点があった。また、アモルファスや多結晶のシリコンを成膜するプロセスは非常に高い温度下で行われるため、基板として使用可能な材料の種類が限られ、軽量な樹脂基板等は使用できないという問題があった。
有機物を用いたTFTについては、盛んに報告がなされ(例えば非特許文献1及び2)、その実用化が期待されている。
しかしながら、従来から知られた高分子絶縁体には、改良の余地がある。第一に、塗布成膜可能な高分子絶縁体の種類は限られている。また塗布成膜可能なものであってもそれらは後続の塗布工程、例えば、ボトムゲートTFTにおける半導体層の形成、電極等の導体層の形成、そしてTFT形成後の保護層の形成等に用いられる条件(例えば、適用される溶剤の種類)にしばしば耐えることができず、素子形成不能となる。
第二に、高分子絶縁体は耐熱性の低いものが多く、特にポリメタクリル酸メチル(PMMA)に代表されるアクリル系高分子絶縁膜は、例えば、有機EL表示装置の形成における、TFT形成後の有機EL素子の形成時に使用されるプロセス温度等、TFT形成後の後工程のプロセス温度にしばしば耐えることができない。
第三に、従来の高分子絶縁体のリーク電流密度は比較的高い(通常2MV/cmで1×10-7A/cm2より高い)ため、良好なTFT特性を得ることができない。
ポリメタクリル酸メチル(PMMA)等特定の疎水性主鎖を有するポリマーが導入された高分子ゲート絶縁膜の使用により、低いTFTゲートリーク電流密度を達成する可能性がある(非特許文献3)。しかし、架橋官能性に欠けるため、成膜後さらに溶液プロセスにより他の層を成膜する場合、後続の成膜工程で溶解する等して、素子の形成に耐えることができない可能性がある。
1.2以上の(メタ)アクリル部位と、多環の脂環式構造を有するモノマーを、重合性成分として含む電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
2.前記多環の脂環式構造がアダマンタン骨格である1に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
3.前記多環の脂環式構造がトリシクロ[5.2.1.02,6]デカン骨格である1に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
4.前記モノマーの構造が、下記式(I)又は(II)で表される2に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
pは0~6の整数、mは0~14の整数、nは2以上の整数、tは0~14の整数、uは0~14の整数、sは2以上の整数である。複数のX及びYはそれぞれ互いに同一でも異なっていてもよい。
Z1は、式-C(q+r)F2qH2r-(qは0~4の整数、rは0~4の整数である。)で表わされる基を示し、Z2は、単結合又は下記式(II-1)若しくは(II-2)で表わされる基を示す。
5.式(I)において、Xがメチル基、トリフルオロメチル基又は2つのXが一緒になって形成された=Oを示し、R1とR2が水素原子であり、
式(II)において、tが6~14の整数、uが0~9の整数であり、
式(II-1)及び式(II-2)において、R3とR4が水素原子である4記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
6.1~5のいずれかに記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物を硬化して得られる高分子材料からなる電子素子用絶縁材料。
7.6に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料を平坦化膜、パッシベーション膜、層間絶縁膜又はゲート絶縁膜として使用する電子素子。
8.ゲート電極、ソース電極及びドレイン電極の3端子、絶縁体層並びに半導体層を有し、ソース-ドレイン間電流をゲート電極に電圧を印加することによって制御する薄膜トランジスタにおいて、6に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料を絶縁体層に用いる薄膜トランジスタ。
9.前記半導体層が有機半導体からなる8記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
本発明によれば、TFTに限らず、溶液法の利用による成膜性、後続する溶液法成膜における耐溶剤性、耐熱性、及び低リーク電流密度を必要とする他の電子素子を提供することができる。
環形成炭素数3~20の脂環式基としては、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基、シクロオクチル基、シクロドデシル基、アダマンチル基及びそれらの環上に炭素数1~5程度の低級アルキル基が導入された基等が挙げられる。炭素数1~5程度の低級アルキル基としては、上記の基を挙げることができる。
また、(メタ)アクリロイル基と多環の脂環式構造が直接結合する構造よりも、アルキレン基やオキシアルキレン基を介して結合する構造の方が、耐熱性の点で好ましい。
R1,R2はそれぞれ独立に、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は炭素数1~5のアルキル基を示す。炭素数1~5のアルキル基としては、上記の基を挙げることができる。
pは0~6の整数、mは0~14の整数、nは2以上の整数、tは0~14の整数、uは0~14の整数、sは2以上の整数である。複数のX及びYはそれぞれ互いに同一でも異なっていてもよい。
Z1は、式-C(q+r)F2qH2r-(qは0~4の整数、rは0~4の整数である。)で表わされる基を示し、Z2は、単結合又は下記式(II-1)若しくは(II-2)で表わされる基を示す。
括弧内の基はアダマンタン骨格の6個のメチレン部に結合し得る。
kは1以上であってもよいが、電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物として使用する際には、シラン化合物等を用いて、水酸基を封止する必要がある。
括弧内の基はアダマンタン骨格の4個のメチン部に結合し得る。
R1は、好ましくは炭素数1~10のアルキル基であり、具体的には、前記の基が挙げられる。R4が水酸基の場合、電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物として使用する際には、シラン化合物等を用いて、水酸基を封止する必要がある。また、カルボキシル基の場合はエステル化等により末端水酸基を封止する必要がある。
YあるいはR1が水酸基又はカルボキシル基の場合、電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物として使用する際には、シラン化合物等を用いて、あるいはエステル化等を行なって末端水酸基を封止する必要がある。また、YあるいはR1が炭素数1~10の炭化水素基の場合、好ましくは炭素数1~10のアルキル基であり、具体的には、前記の基が挙げられる。
R7は水素原子、フッ素原子、メチル基及びトリフルオロメチル基の中から選ばれる1種を示す。
aは2~4の整数であり、bは1~14の整数であり、cは0又は1~13の整数であり、a+b+c=16である。dは0又は1~5の整数であり、eは1~5の整数である。複数のY、及びR1~R6はそれぞれにおいて同一でも異なっていてもよく、複数の
Y及びR1~R6が水酸基の場合、電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物として使用する際には、シラン化合物等を用いて、水酸基を封止する必要がある。YあるいはR1~R6が有機基、あるいはヘテロ原子を含んでもよい脂肪族炭化水素である場合、有機基、脂肪族炭化水素としては、炭素数1~10のアルキル基が好ましい。具体的な基としては、前記の基が挙げられる。また、Aは炭素数1~3の直鎖状炭化水素基であることが好ましく、メチレン基、エチレン基、1,3-プロピレン基が更に好ましい。Bは炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であることが好ましい。
G1及びG2はそれぞれ独立に、単結合又は酸素原子を示す。c~fはそれぞれ、1≦c≦10、1≦d≦10、0≦e≦10、0≦f≦10の整数である。)を表す。
a及びbはそれぞれ、2≦a≦4、10≦b≦14であり、かつa+b=16である。
R7は、水素、メチル基、トリフルオロメチル基を表す。但し、a=2のときは、R1又はR2の少なくとも1つが式(A)で表される有機基である。]
R1~R4が水酸基である場合、電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物として使用する際には、シラン化合物等を用いて、水酸基を封止する必要がある。R1~R4における脂肪族炭化水素基としては、炭素数1~10のアルキル基が挙げられる。
nは2~4の整数であり、複数のZ1はそれぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。mは1~4の整数であり、mが2以上の場合、複数のZ1はそれぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。]
R1~R4が水酸基の場合、電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物として使用する際には、シラン化合物等を用いて、水酸基を封止する必要がある。カルボキシル基の場合はエステル化等により末端水酸基を封止する必要がある。また、R1~R4における炭素数1~10の炭化水素基としては、炭素数1~10のアルキル基が好ましい。
nは2~4の整数であり、複数のZ2はそれぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。mは1~4の整数であり、mが2以上の場合、複数のZ2はそれぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。]
R1~R4及びR6~R8が水酸基の場合、電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物として使用する際には、シラン化合物等を用いて、水酸基を封止する必要がある。式(XI-10)における水酸基も封止する必要がある。カルボキシル基の場合はエステル化等により末端水酸基を封止する必要がある。また、R1~R4及びR6~R8における炭素数1~10の炭化水素基としては、炭素数1~10のアルキル基が好ましい。
前記酸ハライド法の場合、アクリル酸クロリド、メタクリル酸クロリド、α-トリフルオロメチルアクリル酸クロリド、α-フルオロアクリル酸クロリド等の酸ハライド等が挙げられる。
前記エステル交換法の場合、アクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸エチル、アクリル酸プロピル、及びこれらの化合物のアクリル酸部分をメタクリル酸、α-トリフルオロメチルアクリル酸、α-フルオロアクリル酸に置き換えた化合物等の低級アルキルエステル等が挙げられる。
(メタ)アクリル部位を2個以上持ちさらに多環の脂環式構造がアダマンタンであるモノマーの製造方法としては、例えば、特開2008-105999号公報に記載の方法を採用することができる。
多官能多環脂環式モノマーの配合量としては、組成物中に含まれる重合性成分を100重量%としたときに、通常50~100重量%である。多官能多環脂環式モノマーは、一種単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせてもよい。
熱重合開始剤としては、ベンゾイルパーオキサイド、メチルエチルケトンパーオキサイド、メチルイソブチルパーオキサイド、クメンハイドロパーオキサイド、t-ブチルハイドロパーオキサイド等の有機過酸化物やアゾビスイソブチロニトリル等のアゾ系開始剤等が挙げられる。
光重合開始剤としては、アセトフェノン類、ベンゾフェノン類、ベンジル類、ベンゾインエーテル類、ベンジルジケタール類、チオキサントン類、アシルホスフィンオキサイド類、アシルホスフィン酸エステル類、芳香族ジアゾニウム塩、芳香族スルホニウム塩、芳香族ヨードニウム塩、芳香族ヨードシル塩、芳香族スルホキソニウム塩、メタロセン化合物等が挙げられる。
使用する溶媒量は適宜設定できるが、硬化性組成物に含まれる有機溶媒以外の成分の全量1gに対しての好ましい使用量の下限は0.1mLであり、好ましい使用量の上限は100mLである。使用量が少ないと、低粘度化等の溶媒を用いることの効果が得られにくく、また、使用量が多いと、材料に溶剤が残留して熱クラック等の問題を生じ易く、またコスト的にも不利になり工業的利用価値が低下する。
本発明の組成物を、絶縁膜を形成すべき場所に塗布し、加熱硬化又は紫外線(UV)照射等で光硬化させることで硬化物、即ち、架橋された高分子絶縁材料(本発明の絶縁材料)が製造できる。
本発明の組成物を熱硬化させて絶縁材料とする場合の熱硬化温度は、通常30~200℃、好ましくは50~150℃である。また、光硬化させる場合においては、例えば紫外線等の活性光線を照射する。照射強度は、多官能多環脂環式モノマーや重合開始剤の種類、絶縁材料の膜厚等から決められるので任意であるが、通常100~5000mJ/cm2、より好ましくは500~4000mJ/cm2である。
具体的な用途としては、低いリーク電流密度を必要とする電子素子用の部材であればよい。例えば、電子素子や電子素子を部材として備える電子装置の部材で、電極や半導体材料と接する部材が挙げられる。
好適な用途としては、薄膜化と溶剤耐性が要求される用途、例えば、平坦化膜やパッシベーション膜、層間絶縁膜、TFTのゲート絶縁膜等の電子素子用の絶縁膜が挙げられる。中でも、低いリーク電流密度が性能に直接寄与するTFTのゲート絶縁膜が特に好適な用途として挙げられる。
本発明の薄膜トランジスタは、ゲート電極、ソース電極及びドレイン電極の3端子、絶縁体層並びに半導体層を有し、ソース-ドレイン間電流をゲート電極に電圧を印加することによって制御する薄膜トランジスタにおいて、上記本発明の電子素子用絶縁材料を絶縁体層に用いることを特徴とする。
薄膜トランジスタ1は、基板10上にゲート電極20が積層しており、絶縁体層30がゲート電極20を覆うようにして基板10上に積層している。絶縁体層30上には、ソース電極40及びドレイン電極50が、所定の間隔を空けて、それぞれ並列に積層している。半導体層60は、ソース電極40及びドレイン電極50間の空隙を充填して、絶縁体層30、ソース電極40及びドレイン電極50上に積層している。
半導体層60は、チャネル領域を形成し、ゲート電極20に印加される電圧でソース電極40とドレイン電極50の間に流れる電流が制御されることによってオン/オフ動作する。
薄膜トランジスタ2は、絶縁体層30上に半導体層60が積層しており、当該半導体層60上にソース電極40及びドレイン電極50が、所定の間隔を空けて、それぞれ並列に積層している他は薄膜トランジスタ1と同様の構造を有する。
薄膜トランジスタ3は、基板10上にソース電極40及びドレイン電極50が、所定の間隔を空けて、それぞれ並列に積層しており、半導体層60がソース電極40及びドレイン電極50間の空隙を充填して、基板10、ソース電極40及びドレイン電極50上に積層している。半導体層60上には絶縁体層30が積層しており、当該絶縁体層30上にゲート電極20が積層している。
薄膜トランジスタ4は、基板10上に半導体層60が積層しており、半導体層60上にソース電極40及びドレイン電極50が、所定の間隔を空けて、それぞれ並列に積層している。絶縁体層30は、ソース電極40、ドレイン電極50及び半導体層60上に、ソース電極40及びドレイン電極50間の間隙を充填して積層しており、絶縁体層30上にはゲート電極20が積層している。
本発明の薄膜トランジスタは、例えば産業技術総合研究所の吉田らにより第49回応用物理学関係連合講演会講演予稿集27a-M-3(2002年3月)において提案されたトップアンドボトムコンタクト型有機薄膜トランジスタ(図5参照)、及び千葉大学の工藤らにより電気学会論文誌118-A(1998)1440頁において提案された縦形の有機薄膜トランジスタ(図6参照)のような素子構成を有してもよい。
本発明の薄膜トランジスタの絶縁体層は、本発明の組成物を重合して得られる薄膜である。
絶縁体層は、薄膜トランジスタの駆動電圧を低下させるためには可能な限り薄いほうがよいが、逆に薄膜化に伴いソースーゲート間のリーク電流が大きくなるので、適切な膜厚を選ぶ必要がある。絶縁体層の厚さは、通常10nm~5μm、好ましくは50nm~2μm、さらに好ましくは100nm~1μmである。
また、窒化ケイ素(Si3N4、SixNy、SiONx(x、y>0))、窒化アルミニウム等の無機窒化物も好適に用いることができる。Si3N4、SixNy、SiONx(x、y>0)等の窒化ケイ素で絶縁体層を形成することにより、電荷を絶縁膜上により誘起しやすくなり、トランジスタ動作の閾値電圧をさらに低減できる場合がある。
上記アルコキシド金属の金属としては、例えば、遷移金属、ランタノイド、又は主族元素から選択され、具体的には、バリウム(Ba)、ストロンチウム(Sr)、チタン(Ti)、ビスマス(Bi)、タンタル(Ta)、ジルコン(Zr)、鉄(Fe)、ニッケル(Ni)、マンガン(Mn)、鉛(Pb)、ランタン(La)、リチウム(Li)、ナトリウム(Na)、カリウム(K)、ルビジウム(Rb)、セシウム(Cs)、フランシウム(Fr)、ベリリウム(Be)、マグネシウム(Mg)、カルシウム(Ca)、ニオブ(Nb)、タリウム(Tl)、水銀(Hg)、銅(Cu)、コバルト(Co)、ロジウム(Rh)、スカンジウム(Sc)及びイットリウム(Y)等が挙げられる。
上記有機化合物としては、例えばポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリエステル、ポリアクリレート、光ラジカル重合系、光カチオン重合系の光硬化性樹脂、アクリロニトリル成分を含有する共重合体、ポリビニルフェノール、ポリビニルアルコール、ノボラック樹脂、及びシアノエチルプルラン等を用いることができる。
陽極酸化膜は、陽極酸化が可能な金属を公知の方法により陽極酸化することにより形成され、好ましくはさらに封孔処理される。
陽極酸化処理の方法には特に制限はなく、公知の方法を用いることができる。陽極酸化処理を行なうことにより、酸化被膜が形成される。陽極酸化処理に用いられる電解液としては、多孔質酸化皮膜を形成することができる電解液であれば特に限定されず、一般には、硫酸、燐酸、ホウ酸等あるいはこれらを2種類以上組み合わせた混酸又はそれらの塩が用いられる。
また、基板の材料としてはシリコン(Si)ウエハが用いられることが多い。この場合、Si自体をゲート電極兼基板として用いることができる。
有機半導体層は、上記有機半導体材料から選ばれる複数の材料を組み合わせて、複数の材料の混合物からなる層、又はこれら材料単独からなる層の積層体でもよい。
また、半導体層として、無機半導体を用いてもよい。無機半導体層の例としては、非晶質シリコン、多結晶シリコン、微結晶(マイクロクリスタル)シリコン等に代表される非単結晶半導体膜や結晶シリコン、さらに、ZnO、a-InGaZnO、SiGe、GaAs等の化合物半導体又は酸化物半導体等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
例えば図1及び図2の有機薄膜トランジスタ1及び2のような素子構成の場合、好ましくは絶縁体層の成膜後、連続して有機半導体層の成膜を行う。当該成膜は、分子線蒸着法(MBE法)、真空蒸着法、化学蒸着法、分子ビーム蒸着、スパッタ等の気相成膜、若しくは材料を溶媒に溶かした溶液のディッピング法、スピンコート法、キャスト法、バーコート法、ロールコート法、スプレーコート法、ブレードコート法、ディップコート法、ダイコート法、フレキソ印刷、オフセット印刷、グラビア印刷、スクリーン印刷、インクジェット印刷等の塗布・印刷法で塗布層を形成し、当該塗布層をベーキング、エレクトロポリマラインゼーション、溶液からのセルフ・アセンブリ、及びこれらの組合せた手段にて成膜することも望ましい。
有機半導体層形成は上記成膜方法の2つ以上を組み合わせてもよい。
また、成膜方法に関わらず成膜後にアニーリングを実施すると結晶のグレインサイズの増加が得られる場合があり好ましい。アニーリングの温度は50~200℃が好ましく、時間は10分~12時間が好ましい。
また、ソース電極及びドレイン電極は、例えば所定の間隔を空けて積層されるが、当該間隔は薄膜トランジスタの用途によって決定され、通常は0.1μm~1mm、好ましくは0.5μm~100μm、さらに好ましくは1μm~50μmである。
金属微粒子を含有する分散物としては、例えば、公知の導電性ペースト等を用いてもよいが、通常粒子径が0.5nm~50nm、好ましくは1nm~10nmの金属微粒子を含有する分散物であると好ましい。この金属微粒子は、例えば白金、金、銀、ニッケル、クロム、銅、鉄、錫、アンチモン、鉛、タンタル、インジウム、パラジウム、テルル、レニウム、イリジウム、アルミニウム、ルテニウム、ゲルマニウム、モリブデン、タングステン、亜鉛等を用いることができる。
上記金属微粒子の分散物の製造方法としては、ガス中蒸発法、スパッタリング法、金属蒸気合成法等の物理的生成法、コロイド法、共沈法等の液相で金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子を生成する化学的生成法が挙げられ、好ましくはガス中蒸発法により製造された金属微粒子の分散物である。
p型有機薄膜トランジスタの場合には、b-a<1.5eV(式(A))であることが好ましく、さらに好ましくはb-a<1.0eVである。有機半導体層との関係において上記関係が維持できれば高性能なデバイスを得ることができるが、特に電極材料の仕事関数はできるだけ大きいことものを選ぶことが好ましく、仕事関数4.0eV以上であることが好ましく、さらに好ましくは仕事関数4.2eV以上である。
金属の仕事関数の値は、例えば化学便覧 基礎編II-493頁(改訂3版 日本化学会編 丸善株式会社発行1983年)に記載されている4.0eV又はそれ以上の仕事関数をもつ有効金属の前記リストから選別すればよい。
n型有機薄膜トランジスタに設けるバッファ層は、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の陰極に用いられるLiF、Li2O、CsF、Na2CO3、KCl、MgF2、CaCO3等のアルカリ金属イオン結合又はアルカリ土類金属イオン結合を持つ化合物が望ましい。
ガスバリア層を形成する材料としては、公知の材料を使用でき、例えば、ポリビニルアルコール、エチレン-ビニルアルコール共重合体、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリ塩化ビニリデン、ポリクロロトリフロロエチレン等が挙げられる。さらに、絶縁体層の材料として例示した絶縁性を有する無機物及び有機物も使用できる。
下記構造式で表される1,3-アダマンタンジメタノールジアクリレート(化合物(1))(出光興産(株)製)0.4g(無色透明液体)、重合開始剤であるベンゾインイソブチルエーテルを0.04g、溶媒としてMEKを4g混合させ、固形分濃度10質量%の絶縁材料(膜)形成用組成物を得た。
調製した絶縁材料(膜)形成用組成物を0.2ミクロンのPTFEメンブレンフィルターによりろ過した後、窒素雰囲気中で上記透明支持基板上に滴下し、2000rpmで30秒間スピンコートした。その後、365nmの紫外光に暴露し架橋させることで膜厚400nmのゲート絶縁体層を形成した。同条件で複数枚の基板上に絶縁体層を形成し、以下の絶縁体層の評価と、有機薄膜トランジスタ素子の作製を行った。
なお、実施例、比較例において、絶縁体層の膜厚は微細形状測定機サーフコーダ[(株)小阪研究所ET 3000]を使用して測定を行った。
上述のようにして形成した絶縁体層について、以下の測定を行った。結果を表1に示す。
(溶剤耐性)
絶縁体層が形成された基板上に、一般的な溶媒としてトルエンを滴下し3000rpmで30秒間スピンコートすることを2回繰り返し、空スピンを行った。その後、触針式膜厚計で絶縁体層の膜厚を測定し、空スピン前後の膜厚を比較することで溶剤耐性を評価した。
溶剤耐性(%)は、(空スピン後の膜厚)÷(空スピン前の膜厚)×100で求めた。
蒸着法を用い、絶縁体層上に金属マスクを通して金電極(厚さを50nm)を成膜し、絶縁体層を挟んでITO電極と対向するようにし、電極間に2MV/cmの電界を印加し、絶縁体層中を縦方向に流れる電流密度を測定し、これをリーク電流密度として評価した。電圧の印加及び電流の測定は、半導体特性評価システム(ケースレーインスツルメンツ(株)製 4200SCS)を用いて行った。
前述のようにして絶縁体層を形成した基板に、真空蒸着装置を用いて蒸着速度0.05nm/sで膜厚50nmのペンタセン薄膜(半導体層)を設けた。そして金属マスクを通して金を50nmの膜厚で成膜することにより、互いに接しないソース電極及びドレイン電極を、間隔(チャンネル長L)が50μmになるように形成した。そのときソース電極とドレイン電極の幅(チャンネル幅W)は1mmとなるように成膜して、図2の構成を有する薄膜トランジスタを作製した。
電界効果移動度μは、下記式(A)を用いて算出した。
ID=(W/2L)・C・μ・(VG-VT)2 (A)
(式中、IDはソース-ドレイン間電流、Wはチャンネル幅、Lはチャンネル長、Cはゲート絶縁体層の単位面積あたりの電気容量、VTはゲート閾値電圧、VGはゲート電圧である。)
尚、得られた薄膜トランジスタは、正孔が有機半導体層のチャンネル領域(ソース-ドレイン間)に誘起され、p型トランジスタとして動作した。
化合物(1)の代わりに下記化合物(2)を含む組成物を用いて実施例1と同様にして絶縁体層を形成し、実施例1と同様にして絶縁体層を評価した。化合物(2)はWO2007/020901号パンフレットの実施例1,2に記載の方法で製造した。結果を表1に示す。さらに実施例1と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
化合物(1)の代わりに化合物(2)と化合物(3)をそれぞれ50重量%の割合で混合した組成物を用いて絶縁体層を形成し、実施例1と同様にして絶縁体層を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
化合物(1)の代わりに化合物(3)と下記化合物(4)(アルドリッチ社製試薬)をそれぞれ50重量%の割合で混合した組成物を用いて絶縁体層を形成し、実施例1と同様にして絶縁体層を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
化合物(1)の代わりに化合物(3)と下記化合物(5)(アルドリッチ社製試薬)をそれぞれ50重量%の割合で混合した組成物を用いて絶縁体層を形成し、実施例1と同様にして絶縁体層を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
化合物(1)の代わりにポリメタクリル酸メチル(PMMA)を含有する組成物を用いて実施例1と同様にして絶縁体層を形成し、実施例1と同様にして絶縁体層を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
溶媒であるMEKを用いなかった以外は実施例1と同様にして、化合物(1)を用いて、絶縁材料形成用組成物を調製した。さらに組成物をバイアル瓶内で紫外線に暴露し架橋させることで絶縁材料を形成した。この絶縁材料を用いて、以下の耐熱性試験を行った。結果を表3に示す。
絶縁材料をアルミ容器に5mg入れ、示差走査型熱量計(パーキンエルマー社製)を用い、0℃から10℃/分で昇温して、得られた熱流束曲線に観測される不連続点より求めた。
示差熱熱重量同時測定装置(セイコーインスツルメンツ社製、TG/DTA6200)を用い、上記絶縁材料10mgを窒素雰囲気下、10℃/分で昇温させ、1%重量減少温度(Td1)を測定した。
尚、表3にはTgとTd1のどちらか低温の方を記載した。
化合物(1)の代わりにポリメタクリル酸メチル(PMMA)を含有する組成物を用いた以外は実施例7と同様にして絶縁材料を作製し耐熱性試験を行った。結果を表3に示す。
本発明の薄膜トランジスタは、例えば電子ペーパーや液晶ディスプレイ、有機ELディスプレイ等の駆動回路、各種センサー及び認証タグ等に好適に使用することできる。
この明細書に記載の文献の内容を全てここに援用する。
Claims (9)
- 2以上の(メタ)アクリル部位と、多環の脂環式構造を有するモノマーを、重合性成分として含む電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
- 前記多環の脂環式構造がアダマンタン骨格である請求項1に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
- 前記多環の脂環式構造がトリシクロ[5.2.1.02,6]デカン骨格である請求項1に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
- 前記モノマーの構造が、下記式(I)又は(II)で表される請求項2に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。
pは0~6の整数、mは0~14の整数、nは2以上の整数、tは0~14の整数、uは0~14の整数、sは2以上の整数である。複数のX及びYはそれぞれ互いに同一でも異なっていてもよい。
Z1は、式-C(q+r)F2qH2r-(qは0~4の整数、rは0~4の整数である。)で表わされる基を示し、Z2は、単結合又は下記式(II-1)若しくは(II-2)で表わされる基を示す。
- 式(I)において、Xがメチル基、トリフルオロメチル基又は2つのXが一緒になって形成された=Oを示し、R1とR2が水素原子であり、
式(II)において、tが6~14の整数、uが0~9の整数であり、
式(II-1)及び式(II-2)において、R3とR4が水素原子である請求項4記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物。 - 請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の電子素子用絶縁材料形成用組成物を硬化して得られる高分子材料からなる電子素子用絶縁材料。
- 請求項6に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料を平坦化膜、パッシベーション膜、層間絶縁膜又はゲート絶縁膜として使用する電子素子。
- ゲート電極、ソース電極及びドレイン電極の3端子、絶縁体層並びに半導体層を有し、ソース-ドレイン間電流をゲート電極に電圧を印加することによって制御する薄膜トランジスタにおいて、請求項6に記載の電子素子用絶縁材料を絶縁体層に用いる薄膜トランジスタ。
- 前記半導体層が有機半導体からなる請求項8記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
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