WO2012090625A1 - 認知症を血液サンプルで判定するための検査方法 - Google Patents
認知症を血液サンプルで判定するための検査方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012090625A1 WO2012090625A1 PCT/JP2011/077014 JP2011077014W WO2012090625A1 WO 2012090625 A1 WO2012090625 A1 WO 2012090625A1 JP 2011077014 W JP2011077014 W JP 2011077014W WO 2012090625 A1 WO2012090625 A1 WO 2012090625A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/92—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving lipids, e.g. cholesterol, lipoproteins, or their receptors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/88—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86
- G01N2030/8809—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86 analysis specially adapted for the sample
- G01N2030/8813—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86 analysis specially adapted for the sample biological materials
- G01N2030/8822—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86 analysis specially adapted for the sample biological materials involving blood
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
- G01N2800/2814—Dementia; Cognitive disorders
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a test method for determining whether a blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal. Moreover, it is related with the method of determining whether a blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal using the result of the said test
- the diagnosis of dementia mainly consists of interviews and questionnaires, and an objective diagnosis method has not yet been established.
- the interview method and the questionnaire method have a drawback that there is a difference depending on the diagnostician and lacks quantitativeness.
- MRI magnetic resonance imaging
- a ⁇ ⁇ -amyloid protein
- AD Alzheimer-type dementia
- a myelin lipid a myelin lipid.
- plasma AD is reduced not only in the brain but also in serum when AD is affected.
- serum contains only a very small amount of plasmalogen from the beginning, it is difficult to easily detect the decrease, and it is convenient, economical and versatile for use as a biomarker for the diagnosis of dementia. It was hard to say that it was sufficient in terms of etc.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a test method and a biomarker for easily and safely diagnosing dementia (especially Alzheimer type dementia) at low cost.
- the present inventors have surprisingly found that plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes is a useful biomarker for diagnosing dementia (especially AD), and completes the present invention with further improvements. It came to.
- the present invention includes, for example, the methods, biomarkers, uses, and kits described in the following sections.
- Item 1 A test method for determining whether a test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal, (A) a step of measuring the amount of plasmalogen contained in red blood cells contained in the test blood sample (that is, the amount of plasmalogen in the red blood cell lipid), and (B) (i) contained in red blood cells contained in the test blood sample. And (ii) a plasmalogen amount contained in red blood cells derived from a healthy mammal of the same species as the mammal from which the test blood sample was collected.
- Step (A) is a step of measuring the amount of plasmalogen contained in the membrane lipid of erythrocytes contained in the test blood sample by high performance liquid chromatography
- Step (B) includes (i) the amount of plasmalogen measured in step (A), and (ii) red blood cells derived from a healthy mammal of the same species as the mammal from which the test blood sample was collected, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography
- the inspection method according to Item 1. Item 3.
- Item 3. Item 3.
- a method for determining whether a test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal comprising: 5.
- the test blood sample comprises dementia feeding when it comprises steps (A) and (B) in the test method according to any one of items 1 to 4, and (C) when (i) is less than (ii)
- a determination method comprising a step of determining that the animal originates.
- Item 7. A biomarker for detecting dementia, comprising a plasmalogen contained in red blood cells.
- Item 8. Use of a plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes as a biomarker for detecting dementia.
- Item 10 A method of diagnosing a mammal from which a blood sample has been collected as having dementia, Including the step (A), the step (B), and the step (C) according to Item 6, and (D) when the test blood sample is determined to be derived from a dementia mammal in the step (C), A diagnostic method comprising the step of diagnosing a mammal from which a test blood sample has been collected as having dementia.
- Item 11 Item 11. The diagnostic method according to Item 10, wherein the mammal is a non-human mammal.
- Item 12. A plasmalogen contained in red blood cells for use in the diagnosis of dementia.
- test method of the present invention data for determining whether a test blood sample is derived from a dementia (particularly, Alzheimer-type dementia) mammal can be obtained simply, safely and at low cost. Moreover, from the result of this test method, it can be determined whether the test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal, and dementia can be diagnosed from the determination result. Furthermore, with the biomarker or kit for detecting dementia of the present invention, the above-described examination, determination and diagnosis can be performed simply, safely and at low cost.
- the chromatogram obtained by analyzing a rat erythrocyte lipid sample by HPLC / ELSD method is shown.
- the chromatogram obtained by analyzing a rat serum lipid sample by HPLC / ELSD method is shown. Abbreviations for each lipid substance are the same as those in FIG.
- the chromatogram obtained by analyzing a human erythrocyte lipid sample by HPLC / ELSD method is shown.
- the chromatogram obtained by analyzing a human serum lipid sample by HPLC / ELSD method is shown. Abbreviations for each lipid substance are the same as those in FIG.
- the (pl-PE / PE) value is calculated from the peak area of the chromatogram obtained by analyzing erythrocyte lipid samples of normal mice and dementia model mice by HPLC / ELSD method, and the result of statistical processing is shown. Blood samples were collected from each of the patients divided into three groups: normal group, mild dementia (mild AD) group, and advanced dementia (severe AD) group, and erythrocyte lipid samples were prepared and analyzed by HPLC / ELSD method. (Pl-PE / PE) value is calculated from the peak area of the chromatogram obtained in this way, and the result of statistical processing is shown.
- the present invention has been made by finding that the amount of plasmalogen in the erythrocyte membrane decreases when suffering from dementia (particularly AD), and includes an inspection method, a determination method, and a diagnostic method using this feature. To do. Moreover, the kit used for these methods is also included.
- the present invention also includes a biomarker composed of a plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes and the use of a plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes as a biomarker.
- Plasmalogen generally refers to a glycerophospholipid having a long-chain alkenyl group via a vinyl ether bond at the 1-position of the glycerol skeleton.
- the general formula of plasmalogen is shown below.
- R 1 and R 2 represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
- R 1 is usually an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a dodecyl group, a tetradecyl group, a hexadecyl group, an octadecyl group, and an icosanyl group.
- R 2 is usually an aliphatic hydrocarbon group derived from a fatty acid residue.
- octadecadienoyl group octadecatrienoyl group, icosatetraenoyl group, icosapentaenoyl group, docosatetraenoyl group, docosa Examples include a pentaenoyl group and a docosahexaenoyl group.
- X represents a polar group. X is preferably —CH 3 CH 3 NH 2 , —CH 3 CH 3 N + (CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 3 CH 2 (NH 2 ) COOH, or X is preferably X bound to H
- the compound (H—X) is inositol or glycerol. ]
- an ethanolamine plasmalogen wherein X is an aminoethyl group (—CH 3 CH 3 NH 2 ) and a choline where X is a trimethylaminoethyl group (—CH 3 CH 3 N + (CH 3 ) 3 )
- Plasmalogens are the main plasmalogens that exist in nature. Red blood cells contain a particularly large amount of ethanolamine plasmalogen as a plasmalogen.
- the inspection method of the present invention includes the following steps (A) and (B).
- the test method is used to determine whether the test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal be able to.
- the test method of the present invention can be said to be a test method for determining whether a test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal (that is, a test method that provides data for determination). In the said determination, when said (i) is less than said (ii), it determines with a test blood sample originating in a dementia mammal.
- examples of mammals include human and non-human mammals.
- non-human mammals include pets, laboratory animals, livestock and the like. Specific examples include dogs, cats, monkeys, cows, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and the like.
- dementia is preferable as dementia, specifically, Alzheimer's dementia, Parkinson's disease (with dementia associated with), frontotemporal dementia, Pick's disease, diffuse Examples include Lewy body disease. Alzheimer type dementia and Parkinson's disease (dementia associated therewith) are preferable, and Alzheimer type dementia is more preferable.
- test blood sample blood itself collected from a mammal and a sample obtained by subjecting the blood to some kind of processing and containing red blood cells can be used.
- treatment applied to blood treatment in which red blood cells remain after the treatment
- an anticoagulant for example, a citric acid, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or its metal salt (sodium salt etc.), sodium fluoride, heparin etc.
- an anticoagulant for example, a citric acid, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or its metal salt (sodium salt etc.), sodium fluoride, heparin etc.
- the test blood sample is preferably blood obtained by a normal blood collection method (for example, syringe blood collection or vacuum blood collection) or a sample obtained by processing the blood.
- HPLC high performance liquid chromatography; also called high performance liquid chromatography
- GC-MS gas chromatograph mass spectrometer
- TLC thin layer Chromatography
- the measurement using HPLC is performed by centrifuging a test blood sample, removing a supernatant (ie, serum), further removing platelets and white blood cells, preparing a red blood cell sample, and hemolyzing the red blood cell sample. This can be done by extracting the lipid and analyzing it by HPLC.
- a supernatant ie, serum
- Serum, platelets, and leukocytes can be removed by, for example, centrifuging the test blood sample (for example, 1000 ⁇ g, 5 minutes) and then removing the supernatant and the upper layer of the blood cell part. It is more preferable that physiological saline is added to the sample from which serum, platelets and leukocytes have been removed, and the mixture is centrifuged (for example, 1000 ⁇ g, 5 minutes) to further remove serum components and leukocytes and platelets in the upper layer of the blood cell portion. After removing serum, platelets, and white blood cells, physiological saline can be added to prepare any (eg, about 10%) hematocrit red blood cell suspension (red blood cell sample). The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin value, etc. in this red blood cell suspension can be measured with a blood cell measuring device (Sysmex 800, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan).
- a known method can be used, and for example, it can be performed by adding a solution having a low osmotic pressure (hypotonic solution) to the red blood cell sample.
- the hypotonic solution is preferably a buffer, for example, a phosphate buffer.
- a known lipid extraction method can be used as a method for obtaining a erythrocyte lipid sample by lysing erythrocytes and then extracting lipids.
- a known lipid extraction method can be used as a method for obtaining a erythrocyte lipid sample by lysing erythrocytes and then extracting lipids.
- a known lipid extraction method can be used as a method for obtaining a erythrocyte lipid sample by lysing erythrocytes and then extracting lipids.
- methanol and chloroform are added to a sample obtained by lysing erythrocytes and mixed.
- a method for recovering the chloroform layer
- erythrocyte suspension erythrocyte suspension
- a method for recovering the chloroform layer can be mentioned.
- the recovered chloroform layer can be dried and stored at about ⁇ 20 ° C. to ⁇ 40 ° C. The drying can be performed using nitrogen gas.
- a chromatogram in which the peak of each lipid component (including plasmalogen) existing in the erythrocyte membrane appears can be obtained.
- the sample is preferably detected by evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD: Evaporative Light Scattering Detector). That is, it is preferable to perform analysis by HPLC / ELSD method.
- ELSD Evaporative Light Scattering Detector
- an erythrocyte membrane lipid sample is dissolved in hexane / isopropanol (1: 1), injected into an HPLC column, and detection is performed by ELSD, whereby each lipid component present in the erythrocyte membrane can be analyzed. .
- hexane / isopropanol / acetic acid (82: 17: 1, volume ratio) can be used for mobile phase A
- isopropanol / water / acetic acid (85: 14: 1, volume ratio) can be used for mobile phase B.
- the area of each peak in the obtained chromatogram represents the content of each lipid component.
- the content can be determined by calculating what percentage of the peak area of the entire chromatogram the peak area indicating plasmalogen is. This is because ELSD shows a similar area response if the substance has a similar structure.
- it is preferable to analyze by charging acidic lipid using acetic acid and triethylamine as a solvent. This is because the same area response can be shown by charging.
- the step (A) In the measurement of the amount of plasmalogen in the step (A), it is not always necessary to obtain an absolute amount such as a mass value, and in the step (B), it is derived from a healthy mammal of the same species as the mammal from which the test blood sample was collected. It is only necessary to obtain data that can be compared with the amount of plasmalogen contained in red blood cells.
- test red blood cell PL amount the amount of plasmalogen contained in red blood cells contained in the test blood sample
- the amount of plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes derived from blood is measured by the same measurement method, and the obtained data are compared with each other, so that the test erythrocyte PL amount and the healthy erythrocyte PL amount are compared.
- the comparison in the step (B) can be performed without obtaining each absolute amount.
- step (B) (i) the amount of plasmalogen contained in the red blood cells contained in the test blood sample (the amount of test red blood cells PL), and (ii) derived from a healthy mammal of the same species as the mammal from which the test blood sample was collected The amount of plasmalogen contained in the red blood cells (the amount of healthy red blood cells PL) is compared.
- the comparison result (that is, the amount of the test erythrocyte PL amount relative to the healthy erythrocyte PL amount) can be used to determine whether the test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal.
- test red blood cells contained in the test blood sample are also referred to as “test red blood cells”.
- Red blood cells derived from healthy mammals of the same species as the mammal from which the test blood sample was collected are the same species as the mammal from which the test sample was collected and are healthy Red blood cells contained in mammalian blood samples.
- red blood cells contained in a blood sample collected from a healthy person correspond to healthy red blood cells.
- a healthy mammal is a mammal that does not suffer from dementia (preferably healthy).
- the comparison between (i) the test erythrocyte PL amount and (ii) the healthy erythrocyte PL amount may be made by comparing the respective absolute amounts by different or the same measurement method, and the same measurement method is used. Is more preferable.
- (i) and (ii) are not necessarily absolute values as long as (i) and (ii) can be compared, and may be relative values, for example.
- (i) and (ii) are both obtained as absolute quantity values (for example, mass value or molar value)
- by aligning the amount of red blood cells used for measurement ie, the amount of sample used for measurement
- (I) and (ii) can be compared.
- the amount of red blood cells can be aligned by, for example, aligning the mass of red blood cells of the measurement sample, aligning the number of red blood cells of the measurement sample, or aligning the hemoglobin values of the measurement sample.
- the amount of test red blood cells PL present in a certain amount of red blood cells with the amount of red blood cells PL present in the same amount of red blood cells, the amount of test red blood cells PL relative to the amount of healthy red blood cells PL You can decide a little.
- the membrane lipids of erythrocytes contained in the test blood sample and the membrane lipids of erythrocytes from a healthy mammal of the same species as the mammal from which the test blood sample was collected are analyzed.
- the areas of the peaks indicating plasmalogen in the respective chromatograms obtained in this manner can be compared with each other.
- the amount of the test erythrocyte PL amount relative to the healthy erythrocyte PL amount can be determined by aligning the amount of red blood cells to obtain membrane lipids used for HPLC measurement.
- the ratio of the peak area showing plasmalogen to the peak area showing other specific lipid components is compared with the amount of red blood cells to obtain membrane lipids used for HPLC measurement. It is also possible to determine the amount of the test erythrocyte PL amount relative to the healthy erythrocyte PL amount by comparing the ratios. That is, HPLC analysis is performed on each of the test red blood cells and healthy red blood cells to obtain chromatograms, and in each chromatogram, the ratio (ratio) of the amount of plasmalogen to a specific lipid component amount is obtained, and the magnitude of the ratio is compared. Thus, the amount of plasmalogen can be compared. The larger the ratio, the larger the plasmalogen amount, and the smaller the ratio, the smaller the plasmalogen amount.
- the ratio can be described as (plasmalogen amount / specific lipid component amount), and can be determined by (peak area showing plasmalogen / peak area showing specific lipid component). In this comparison method, it is preferable to select a specific lipid component that is contained in the test erythrocyte and the healthy erythrocyte and has substantially the same content as the “specific lipid component” used in the denominator of the ratio.
- lipid components include phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol are preferable, and phosphatidylethanolamine is more preferable.
- phosphatidylethanolamine is more preferable.
- the ratio (ratio) of plasmalogen amount to specific lipid component amount can be obtained, a more accurate comparison result can be obtained. preferable.
- the comparison result of (i) test erythrocyte PL amount and (ii) healthy erythrocyte PL amount obtained by the test method of the present invention is preferable for determining whether or not the test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal. Used. In the said determination, when said (i) is less than said (ii), it determines with a test blood sample originating in a dementia mammal. That is, the test method of the present invention is a test method for determining that the test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal when (i) is less than (ii) (that is, obtaining comparative data for determination). Can be preferably used as an inspection method.
- the ratio of (ethanolamine plasmalogen amount / phosphatidylethanolamine amount) is about 0.85 to 0.9 in healthy mammals (especially healthy people), whereas it is 0 in demented mammals (especially demented patients). About 7 or less (about 0.7 to 0.5).
- the (ethanolamine plasmalogen amount / phosphatidylethanolamine amount) ratio value of patients with dementia is 90% or less (preferably 85% or less, more preferably 80% or less) of the ratio value of healthy persons. Therefore, when comparing the ratio value, when the ratio value of the test erythrocyte is 90% or less (preferably 85% or less, more preferably 80% or less) of the ratio of the healthy erythrocyte, the test erythrocyte is dementia. It is thought that it can be determined that it originates from a mammal.
- the test method of the present invention is useful for determining whether a test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal.
- the necessary sample is a blood sample and can be carried out by using a general device, it can be said that it is greatly improved in terms of convenience, economy, versatility and the like.
- the test method of the present invention can be used, for example, for testing a blood sample in a clinical testing company. For example, when carrying out the business which ships a dementia model animal, it can be used in order to check whether the shipped model animal suffers from dementia. Or when carrying out the business which ships a normal animal, it can be used in order to check whether the shipped animal does not suffer from dementia.
- the present invention includes a method for determining whether or not a test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal.
- the determination method includes the above steps (A) and (B), and (C) (i) the amount of plasmalogen contained in red blood cells contained in the test blood sample is (ii) collecting the test blood sample A step of determining that the test blood sample is derived from a dementia mammal when the amount of plasmalogen contained in red blood cells derived from a healthy mammal of the same species as that of the mammal is smaller.
- the determination method can be used in the same manner as described for the inspection method.
- the present invention also includes a method for diagnosing whether or not a mammal has dementia.
- This method for diagnosing dementia of the present invention is a method for diagnosing that a mammal from which a test blood sample has been collected has dementia based on the result of the above-described determination method. That is, when the test blood sample is determined to be derived from a dementia mammal by the above-described determination method, the mammal from which the test blood sample is collected is diagnosed as dementia. More specifically, the diagnostic method of the present invention includes steps (A), (B), and (C) in the above-described determination method, and (D) the test blood sample is recognized in step (C). It can be referred to as a diagnostic method including a step of diagnosing a mammal from which the test blood sample has been collected as having dementia when it is determined to be derived from a sick mammal.
- the diagnostic method of the present invention can also include a step of collecting a test blood sample from a mammal to be diagnosed as having dementia before the step (A).
- a blood collection method for obtaining a test blood sample a known method can be used.
- a syringe blood collection method or a vacuum blood collection method can be exemplified.
- a biomarker for detecting dementia refers to a biomolecule that serves as an index for determining or diagnosing the onset of dementia. It can also be said to be a biomolecule for determining onset of dementia or a diagnostic indicator.
- the present invention also includes a biomarker for detecting dementia, comprising a plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes. More specifically, a biomarker for detecting dementia, comprising a plasmalogen contained in the erythrocyte membrane, is also included. Note that plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes isolated from the living body, not plasmalogen present in the living body, is used as the biomarker for detecting dementia of the present invention. Therefore, it can be said that the biomarker of the present invention is a biomarker for detecting dementia composed of plasmalogen extracted from red blood cells (erythrocyte-extracted plasmalogen). It can also be said to be a biomarker for dementia diagnosis.
- the biomarker for detecting dementia of the present invention is characterized in that the amount thereof is reduced in dementia mammals compared to healthy mammals. Therefore, each of the biomarkers is isolated from the test mammal and the healthy mammal, and the amount thereof is measured and compared. If the test mammal is smaller, the test mammal suffers from dementia. Can be diagnosed.
- the biomarker for detecting dementia of the present invention is particularly preferably ethanolamine plasmalogen among plasmalogens. That is, the present invention is a dementia detection biomarker comprising ethanolamine plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes (dementia detection biomarker comprising erythrocyte-extracted ethanolamine plasmalogen, or dementia comprising erythrocyte-extracted ethanolamine plasmalogen. Preferably a diagnostic biomarker).
- Kit The present invention also includes a kit (test kit, test kit, or diagnostic kit) used in the above-described test method, determination method, or diagnostic method. More specifically, these kits can be referred to as blood sample test kits, dementia-derived blood sample determination kits, and dementia diagnosis kits.
- the kit of the present invention includes a reagent useful for measuring the amount of plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes.
- a reagent useful for measuring the amount of plasmalogen contained in erythrocytes.
- examples of such a reagent include a hypotonic solution for erythrocyte hemolysis and an organic solvent for lipid extraction.
- the hypotonic solution for erythrocyte hemolysis is exemplified by a hypotonic phosphate buffer and the like
- the organic solvent for lipid extraction is exemplified by methanol, chloroform, methanol / chloroform (preferably 1: 1) solution and the like.
- the kit of the present invention preferably comprises a hypotonic solution for erythrocyte hemolysis and / or an organic solvent for lipid extraction.
- the kit of the present invention may further include a blood collection device or reagent.
- a blood collection device or reagent for example, a syringe for blood collection, a tube for blood collection, an anticoagulant and the like can be exemplified.
- the kit of the present invention may further include a solvent for HPLC analysis. Examples of such a solvent include, but are not limited to, hexane / isopropanol / acetic acid (82: 17: 1), isopropanol / water / acetic acid (85: 14: 1), triethylamine, and the like.
- the kit of the present invention can be preferably used in the above-described inspection method, determination method, or diagnosis method.
- Rat blood collection Blood was collected by cardiac puncture using a syringe. Heparin, an anticoagulant, was added to the collected blood. This is a rat blood sample. The rats used for blood collection were 6 Wistar rats (12 weeks old) raised for 4 weeks on an MF solid diet (Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.).
- Human blood collection Venous blood was collected using a syringe. To the collected blood, EDTA-Na (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid sodium salt) was added as an anticoagulant. This was a human blood sample.
- EDTA-Na ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid sodium salt
- ⁇ Preparation of serum and red blood cell samples The blood sample obtained as described above was centrifuged at 1000 ⁇ g for 5 minutes to remove the supernatant (ie serum). The removed serum was stored (this was used as a serum sample). In addition, platelets and leukocytes were removed. Then, physiological saline was added to the sample from which the platelets and leukocytes had been removed and mixed, followed by centrifugation at 1000 ⁇ g for 5 minutes to remove leukocytes and platelets in the upper layer of serum components and blood cells. This operation was further repeated twice. Thereafter, physiological saline was added to prepare a 10% hematocrit erythrocyte suspension. The erythrocyte count and hemoglobin level in the erythrocyte suspension were measured and recorded with a blood cell counter (Sysmex 800, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan).
- the erythrocytes thus obtained were hemolyzed by adding 0.25 ml of 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), mixed with 4 ml of methanol, and then allowed to stand for 30 minutes. 4 ml of chloroform was added thereto and mixed, and the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 minutes to extract lipids. This was centrifuged (1000 ⁇ g, 5 minutes), and the supernatant was collected.
- methanol / chloroform (1: 1) solution was added to the residue to re-extract the lipid. Thereafter, the supernatant was collected by centrifugation (1000 ⁇ g, 5 minutes), and the supernatant collected earlier was combined, and 10 ml of 50 mM potassium chloride solution was further added and mixed, followed by centrifugation (1000 ⁇ g, 5 minutes). 1 ml of the chloroform layer was collected, dried using nitrogen gas, and stored at ⁇ 30 ° C. The lipid sample thus obtained was used as an erythrocyte lipid sample. Rat erythrocyte lipid samples and human erythrocyte lipid samples were prepared.
- lipid sample When extracting lipid from a serum sample, 4 ml of methanol was added to a 0.5 ml serum sample, and then 4 ml of chloroform was added, and then the lipid was extracted in the same manner as erythrocytes. The lipid sample thus obtained is used as a serum lipid sample. Rat serum lipid samples and human serum lipid samples were prepared.
- Mobile phase A decreases linearly from 95%, remains 63% at 23 minutes, 15% at 27 minutes, 15% from 27 to 28 minutes, returns to the initial conditions in 4 minutes, and continues the initial conditions for 5 minutes.
- the next sample was injected.
- Each lipid was detected using an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD).
- ELSD evaporative light scattering detector
- the plasmalogen contained in the erythrocyte lipid sample can be detected by analysis by HPLC / ELSD method. Moreover, it was confirmed by HPLC / ELSD method that not only plasmalogens but also other lipid components can be separated and detected at a time.
- rat serum lipid samples were analyzed by HPLC / ELSD method. The results are shown in FIG. 2 (the lower chromatogram in FIG. 2 is an enlarged version of the upper chromatogram in FIG. 2). From the results, it was found that there was almost no plasmalogen in the serum (at least difficult to detect under the above-mentioned HPLC analysis conditions).
- ⁇ Analysis of erythrocyte lipid sample by HPLC / ELSD method human> The human erythrocyte lipid sample was analyzed by HPLC / ELSD method in the same manner as the analysis of the rat erythrocyte lipid sample. The results are shown in FIG. 3 (the upper chromatogram of FIG. 3). As in the case of the rat, peaks indicating various lipids were obtained, and it was found that the peak of ethanolamine plasmalogen (pl-PE), which is a plasmalogen, could be clearly read.
- pl-PE ethanolamine plasmalogen
- the human serum lipid sample was similarly analyzed by HPLC / ELSD method. The results are shown in FIG. From the results, it was found that there was almost no plasmalogen in the serum (at least difficult to detect under the above-mentioned HPLC analysis conditions).
- the ratio of the amount of ethanolamine plasmalogen to the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine of one of the lipids contained in the red blood cell membrane was determined. Although calculated and compared (that is, compared with phosphatidylethanolamine as a reference), the ratio of ethanolamine plasmalogen to other lipids can be calculated and compared in the same manner.
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- mice for example, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 87, 195). -201 (2001)
- brain inflammation was caused to produce a dementia model mouse.
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- a dementia model mouse having inflammation was obtained (the mouse group was referred to as LPS group).
- a control group was a group of mice in which physiological saline was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days to 8-12 week old C57BL male mice instead of LPS.
- each mouse was anesthetized by administration of pentobarbital.
- blood was collected from the left ventricle to obtain a test blood sample.
- an erythrocyte lipid sample is prepared from the test blood sample, analyzed by HPLC / ELSD method, and the peak area of ethanolamine plasmalogen (pl-PE) and the peak of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are obtained.
- the ratio to the area (pl-PE / PE) was calculated.
- a Steel test nonparametric test was performed. The results are shown in FIG.
- Hasegawa-style simplified intelligence assessment scale is a method widely used in clinical settings as a method for screening elderly people with dementia from the general elderly (Geriatric Psychiatry Journal) , 2: 1339-1347 (1991), Guidance on Intelligent Function Testing for the Elderly, World Planning, (1991), etc.).
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Abstract
Description
項1.
被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるかを判定するための検査方法であって、
(A)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量(すなわち、赤血球脂質中のプラズマローゲン量)を測定する工程、及び
(B)(i)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量と、(ii)被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物と同一種の健常哺乳動物由来の赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量とを、比較する工程
を含む、検査方法。
項2.
工程(A)が、被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球の膜脂質に含まれるプラズマローゲン量を高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより測定する工程であり、
工程(B)が、(i)工程(A)で測定したプラズマローゲン量と、(ii)高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより測定した、被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物と同一種の健常哺乳動物由来の赤血球の膜脂質に含まれるプラズマローゲン量とを、比較する工程である、
項1に記載の検査方法。
項3.
工程(B)において、(i)と(ii)との比較を、高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより得られたクロマトグラムにおけるプラズマローゲンを示すピーク面積を比較することで行う、項2に記載の検査方法。
項4.
前記プラズマローゲンを示すピーク面積の比較を、エタノールアミンプラズマローゲンを示すピーク面積と、ホスファチジルエタノールアミンを示すピーク面積との比に基づいて行う、項3に記載の検査方法。
項5.
前記(i)が前記(ii)より少ない場合に被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定するための検査方法である、項1~4のいずれかに記載の検査方法。
項6.
被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるかを判定する方法であって、
項1~4のいずれかに記載の検査方法における工程(A)及び工程(B)を含み、さらに
(C)前記(i)が前記(ii)より少ない場合に、被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定する工程
を含む、判定方法。
項7.
赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲンからなる、認知症検出用バイオマーカー。
項8.
赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲンの認知症検出用バイオマーカーとしての使用。
項9.
赤血球溶血用低張液及び/又は脂質抽出用有機溶媒を備えた、血液サンプル検査用、認知症由来血液サンプル判定用、又は認知症診断用のキット。
項10.
被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物を認知症であると診断する方法であって、
項6に記載の工程(A)、工程(B)、及び工程(C)を含み、さらに
(D)工程(C)で被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定した場合に、当該被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物を認知症であると診断する工程
を含む、診断方法。
項11.
哺乳動物が非ヒト哺乳動物である、項10に記載の診断方法。
項12.
認知症の診断における使用のための、赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲン。
プラズマローゲンとは、通常、グリセロール骨格の1位にビニルエーテル結合を介した長鎖アルケニル基をもつグリセロリン脂質をいう。以下にプラズマローゲンの一般式を示す。
本発明の検査方法は、以下の工程(A)、及び工程(B)を含む。
(A)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量を測定する工程
(B)(i)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量を、(ii)被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物と同一種の健常哺乳動物由来の赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量と、比較する工程
当該検査方法は、被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるか否かを判定するために用いることができる。言い換えれば、本発明の検査方法は、被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるかを判定するための検査方法(つまり、判定するためのデータを提供する検査方法)ともいえる。当該判定では、前記(i)が前記(ii)より少ない場合に被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定される。
被験血液サンプルとしては、哺乳動物から採取した血液そのもの、及び該血液に何らかの処理が施されたサンプルであって赤血球が含まれるもの、を用いることができる。ここでの血液に施される処理(処理後に赤血球が残存する処理)としては、遠心処理や抗凝固薬の添加等が例示される。抗凝固薬は公知のものを用いることができ、例えば、クエン酸、EDTA(エチレンジアミンテトラ酢酸)又はその金属塩(ナトリウム塩等)、フッ化ナトリウム、ヘパリン等が例示できる。なお、特に制限されないが、被験血液サンプルは通常の採血方法(例えばシリンジ採血又は真空採血)により得られる血液又は当該血液を処理して得られるサンプルであると好ましい。
工程(B)では、(i)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量(被験赤血球PL量)と、(ii)被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物と同一種の健常哺乳動物由来の赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量(健常赤血球PL量)とを、比較する。当該比較結果(すなわち被験赤血球PL量の健常赤血球PL量に対する多少)は、被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるかを判定するために用いることができる。
本発明は、被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるか否かを判定する方法を含む。当該判定方法は、上記の工程(A)及び工程(B)を含み、さらに
(C)(i)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量が、(ii)被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物と同一種の健常哺乳動物由来の赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量より少ない場合に、被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定する工程
を含む。
本発明は、哺乳動物が認知症であるか否かを診断する方法も含む。この、本発明の認知症診断方法は、上述の判定方法の結果に基づいて、被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物が認知症であると診断する方法である。つまり、上述の判定方法により、被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定された場合に、当該被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物を認知症であると診断する方法である。より具体的には、本発明の診断方法は、上述の判定方法における工程(A)、工程(B)、及び工程(C)を含み、かつ(D)工程(C)で被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定した場合に、当該被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物を認知症であると診断する工程を含む、診断方法ということができる。
本明細書において、認知症検出用バイオマーカーとは、認知症の発症を判定又は診断する指標となる生体分子をいう。認知症発症判定又は診断指標用生体分子とも言える。本発明は、赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲンからなる、認知症検出用バイオマーカーも包含する。より詳しくは、赤血球膜に含有されるプラズマローゲンからなる、認知症検出用バイオマーカーも包含する。なお、生体中に存在するプラズマローゲンではなく、生体から単離された赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲンが、本発明の認知症検出用バイオマーカーとして使用される。よって、本発明のバイオマーカーは、赤血球から抽出されたプラズマローゲン(赤血球抽出プラズマローゲン)からなる認知症検出用バイオマーカーともいえる。また、認知症診断用バイオマーカーともいえる。
本発明は、上述の検査方法、判定方法、又は診断方法に用いるキット(検査用キット、判定用キット、又は診断用キット)も包含する。これらのキットは、より詳しくは、血液サンプル検査用キット、認知症由来血液サンプル判定用キット、認知症診断用キットということができる。
<血液採取>
ラットの血液採取:注射器を用いた心臓穿刺により、血液を採取した。採取した血液には、抗凝固剤であるヘパリンを加えた。これをラット血液サンプルとする。なお、採血に用いたラットは、MF固形食(オリエンタル酵母工業株式会社)で4週間飼育したウィスターラット(12週齢)6匹である。
上述のようにして得た血液サンプルを1000×g、5分間遠心して、上清(すなわち血清)を除去した。除去した血清は保存しておいた(これを血清サンプルとした)。さらに、血小板及び白血球を除去した。そして、血小板及び白血球を除去したサンプルに生理食塩水を加えて混和し、1000×g、5分間遠心し、血清成分および血球部の上層の白血球と血小板を除去した。当該操作をさらに2回繰り返した。この後、生理食塩水を加えて10%ヘマトクリット赤血球浮遊液を調製した。この赤血球浮遊液中の赤血球数及びヘモグロビン値等を血球計測装置(シスメックス 800、シスメックス、神戸、日本)で計測し、記録した。
上述のようにして得た赤血球浮遊液2.5mlを共栓付試験管にとり、遠心(1000×g、5分間)して、上清を除去した。こうして得られた赤血球に0.25mlの5mMリン酸バッファー(pH8.0)を加えて溶血し、4mlのメタノールを加えて混和後、30分間静置した。これに4mlのクロロホルムを加えて混和し、室温で20分間静置して脂質を抽出した。これを遠心(1000×g、5分間)して上清を採取後、残渣にメタノール/クロロホルム(1:1)液4mlを加え、脂質を再抽出した。その後、遠心(1000×g、5分間)して上清を採取し、これに先に採取しておいた上清を合わせ、さらに10mlの50mM塩化カリウム液を加えて混和し、遠心(1000×g、5分間)した。クロロホルム層を1ml採取して、窒素ガスを用いて乾燥させた後、-30℃に保存した。このようにして得られた脂質サンプルを赤血球脂質サンプルとした。ラット赤血球脂質サンプルと、ヒト赤血球脂質サンプルを調製した。
<赤血球脂質サンプルのHPLC/ELSD法による分析:ラット>
ラット赤血球脂質サンプルを0.2mlのヘキサン/イソプロパノール(1:1)に溶解し、0.01mlをHPLCに注入した。HPLCは下記のDIOLカラム(250mm×4mm、シリカゲル平均粒径5μm)を用いた。下に測定条件を記載する。
カラム;LiChrospher Diol 100(250-4, Merck社)(プレカラム無し)
流速;1.0ml/min
検出;蒸発光散乱検出器(ELSD) (島津製作所,京都,日本)
移動相Aにはヘキサン/イソプロパノール/酢酸(82:17:1、体積比)、移動相Bにはイソプロパノール/水/酢酸(85:14:1、体積比)、(移動相A、Bともに0.08%(v/v)となるようにトリエチルアミンを加えた)を用いた。移動相A は、95%から直線的に減少し23分で63%、27分で15%、27分から28分まで15%を保ち、4分間で初期条件にもどし、5分間初期条件を継続して次の試料を注入した。各脂質の検出は蒸発光散乱検出器(ELSD)を用いた。結果を図1示す(図1上側のクロマトグラム)。各種脂質を示すピークが得られており、プラズマローゲンであるエタノールアミンプラズマローゲン(pl-PE)のピークも明確に読み取れることがわかった。
ヒト赤血球脂質サンプルを、上記ラット赤血球脂質サンプルの分析と同様にしてHPLC/ELSD法により分析した。結果を図3に示す(図3上側のクロマトグラム)。ラットの場合と同様、各種脂質を示すピークが得られており、プラズマローゲンであるエタノールアミンプラズマローゲン(pl-PE)のピークも明確に読み取れることがわかった。
認知症患者(アルツハイマー病79歳男性、認知症を合併したパーキンソン病74歳男性)、及び当該患者と同性の老年健常者6人(68~74歳:平均72歳)から採血し、上述のようにして、得られたそれぞれの血液から赤血球脂質サンプルを調製し、HPLC/ELSD法による分析を行った。
老年健常者・・・0.87±0.07
アルツハイマー病患者・・・0.58
パーキンソン病患者・・・0.63
LPS(リポポリサッカライド;lipopolysaccharide)をマウスに腹腔内投与することで、認知症モデルマウスを作製できることが知られている(例えば、Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 87, 195-201 (2001)参照)。そこで、文献(Lee JW et.al, Neuroinflammation, 2008, Aug 29 ; 5 : 37)に記載の手法と同様にして、脳炎症を引き起こさせ、認知症モデルマウスを作製した。具体的には、8-12週齢C57BL雄性マウス(九動株式会社製)にLPS(250μg/kg、シグマ社製)を一日一回連続7週間腹腔内投与して、慢性的な脳内炎症を有する認知症モデルマウスを得た(当該マウス群をLPS群とした)。また、8-12週齢C57BL雄性マウスに、LPSのかわりに生理食塩水を7日間連続腹腔内投与したマウス群を対照群(Control群)とした。LPS群はn=5、Control群はn=5である。
改訂長谷川式簡易知能評価スケールにより複数の高齢者の評価を行い、30満点中、21点以上を正常(n=8)、20~11点を軽度認知症(軽度AD;n=19)、10点以下を高度認知症(高度AD;n=14)と判定し、群分けした。
Claims (11)
- 被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるかを判定するための検査方法であって、
(A)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量を測定する工程、及び
(B)(i)被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量と、(ii)被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物と同一種の健常哺乳動物由来の赤血球に含まれるプラズマローゲン量とを、比較する工程
を含む、検査方法。 - 工程(A)が、被験血液サンプルに含有される赤血球の膜脂質に含まれるプラズマローゲン量を高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより測定する工程であり、
工程(B)が、(i)工程(A)で測定したプラズマローゲン量と、(ii)高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより測定した、被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物と同一種の健常哺乳動物由来の赤血球の膜脂質に含まれるプラズマローゲン量とを、比較する工程
である、請求項1に記載の検査方法。 - 工程(B)において、(i)と(ii)との比較を、高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより得られたクロマトグラムにおけるプラズマローゲンを示すピーク面積を比較することで行う、請求項2に記載の検査方法。
- 前記プラズマローゲンを示すピーク面積の比較を、エタノールアミンプラズマローゲンを示すピーク面積と、ホスファチジルエタノールアミンを示すピーク面積との比に基づいて行う、請求項3に記載の検査方法。
- 前記(i)が前記(ii)より少ない場合に被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定するための検査方法である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の検査方法。
- 被験血液サンプルが認知症哺乳動物由来であるかを判定する方法であって、
請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の検査方法における工程(A)及び工程(B)を含み、さらに
(C)前記(i)が前記(ii)より少ない場合に、被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定する工程
を含む、判定方法。 - 赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲンからなる、認知症検出用バイオマーカー。
- 赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲンの認知症検出用バイオマーカーとしての使用。
- 赤血球溶血用低張液及び/又は脂質抽出用有機溶媒を備えた、血液サンプル検査用、認知症由来血液サンプル判定用、又は認知症診断用のキット。
- [規則91に基づく訂正 05.01.2012]
被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物を認知症であると診断する方法であって、
請求項6に記載の工程(A)、工程(B)、及び工程(C)を含み、さらに
(D)工程(C)で被験血液サンプルは認知症哺乳動物由来であると判定した場合に、当該被験血液サンプルを採取した哺乳動物を認知症であると診断する工程
を含む、診断方法。 - 認知症の診断における使用のための、赤血球に含有されるプラズマローゲン。
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US10324100B2 (en) | 2017-04-04 | 2019-06-18 | Institute of Rheological Functions of Food | Method for quantifying plasmalogens using PLA1 processing |
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US10653708B2 (en) | 2017-06-16 | 2020-05-19 | Institute of Rheological Functions of Food | Uses of ether phospholipids in treating diseases |
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JP2016045112A (ja) * | 2014-08-25 | 2016-04-04 | 株式会社 レオロジー機能食品研究所 | エーテルリン脂質の定量方法 |
US10324100B2 (en) | 2017-04-04 | 2019-06-18 | Institute of Rheological Functions of Food | Method for quantifying plasmalogens using PLA1 processing |
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