Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/64—Cyclic peptides containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K7/645—Cyclosporins; Related peptides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
  • A61K38/13—Cyclosporins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the invention relates to novel cyclosporine derivatives, their pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and methods for treating or preventing a viral infection using the same.
• Naturally occurring cyclosporins are poly-N-methyl, cyclic undecapeptides, isolated from fungi.
• Cyclosporin A has an immunosuppressive activity and has been used for almost 40 years to prevent rejection in kidney, heart and liver transplant recipients. It has antiinflammatory property and is useful for treating rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis,
• Behget's uveitis and dry eye disease are useful for treating severe ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, alopecia areata, aplastic anemia, HSV-1 stromal keratitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and severe lupus nephritis.
• Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivatives inhibit cyclophilin, which interact with HCV protein NS5B and stimulate its RNA-binding activity.
• these compounds have an effective anti-HCV activity (Watashi, K., et al, 2007, Rev. Med. Virol, 17:245- 252.37; Inoue, K., et al, 2001, Nippon Rinsho., 59, 1326-30; Inoue, K., et al, 2003, J.
• NIM-811, Debio-025, and SCY-635 are undergoing clinical trials for treating HCV.
• NIM-811 and Debio-025 have a chemical structure similar to cyclosporine A, and have poor pharmacokinetic profile and poor oral absorption. In addition, they are metabolized by P450 for inducing drug interactions (Lill, J., et al, 2000, Am J Health-Syst Pharm 57, 1579; incorporated herein by reference).
• SCY-635 has an improved pharmacokinetic profile and low blood serum binding. In addition, it is less metabolized by P450 and has low potential for drug-drug interactions.
• SCY-635's in vitro anti-HCV activity (EC50) was reported to be 0.10 ⁇ by using the luciferase end point method developed by Hopkins, S. et al, 2010, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 54, 660-672, incorporated herein by reference.
• SCY-635 is not chemically stable according to testing results in our laboratory. SCY-635 is easily converted to its diastereoisomer by epimerization, which is expected to have poor binding activity with cyclophilin, and as a result, its anti-viral activity in vivo may be affected.
• Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivatives were also found to possess anti-HBV activity through the inhibition of cyclophilins (Chokshi, S., et al, 2011, Abstract 190 (Poster Presentations), 46th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL 2011), Berlin, March 30-April 3; Tian, X. C, et al, 2010, J. Virol, 84, 3373-3381; Xia, W. L., et al, 2004, Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int., 4, 18-22; Michael, J., et al, 2003, J. Virol, 77, 7713-7719; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).
• Cyclophilin were reported to regulate life cycles and pathogenesis of several viruses, including influenza A virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and vaccinia virus (Castro, A. P., et al, 2003, J. Virol, 77, 9052-9068; Chen, Z., L., et al, 2005, J. Infect. Dis. 191, 755-760; Liu, X. L., et al, 2009, Cell Microbiol, 11, 730-741; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivative also possess such anti viral-activities.
• N-MeVal-4-Cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384), another non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine derivative, was reported to have similar biological activity to that of NIM-811 (Fliri, H., et al, 1993, Ann. N Y Acad Sci. 696, 47-53; Zenke, G., et al, 1993, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 23;685:330-5).
• Hepatitis C virus is a small (55-65 nm in size), enveloped, positive sense single strand RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae. HCV has a high rate of replication and has an exceptionally high mutation rate. Most people infected with HCV (about 80%) develop chronic, persistent infection. More than 4 million Americans have been infected with HCV and more than 200 million people are estimated to be infected chronically worldwide. About 35,000 new cases of hepatitis C are estimated to occur in the United States each year. HCV infection is responsible for about 50% of all chronic liver disease, 30% of all liver transplants, and 30%) of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and liver cancer in the U.S.
• the peg- interferon and ribavirin combination is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C but has low efficacy against HCV infection.
• the FDA has approved Vertex's Incivek (telaprevir) and Merck's Victrelis (boceprevir) as an add-on to the current interferon/ribavirin therapy for treating HCV.
• Both drugs are HCV protease inhibitors and target virus to prevent its replication.
• drug resistance can be developed in a short period of time for the new drugs. There exists a need for an effective therapeutic for HCV treatment.
• Hepatitis B virus is a 42 nm partially double stranded DNA virus, composed of a 27 nm nucleocapsid core (HBcAg), surrounded by an outer lipoprotein envelope containing the surface antigen (HBsAg).
• HBcAg nucleocapsid core
• HBsAg surface antigen
• the non-immunosuppressive cyclosporins derivatives bind to cyclophilin, a family of host proteins that catalyze cis-tans peptidyl-prolyl isomerization in protein folding, which is crucial for the processing, maturation of the viral proteins for viral replication. It is also different to current anti-HIV and anti-HCV drugs, the advantages of targeting host cofactors - cyclophilins by cyclosporine derivatives is the presumed higher genetic barrier to development of resistance (Rosenwirth, B., et al., 1994, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1763-1772; Tang, H. L.
• Cyclosporine derivatives affect a new target-cyclophilin, and therefore represent a new mechanism of action against HCV.
• Cyclophilins are a family of enzymes that assist in the folding and transportation of other proteins synthesized within a cell. Protein folding or misfolding plays a important role in the pathophysiology of a number of serious diseases, such as viral diseases (HCV, HIV, and herpes simplex virus), central nervous system disorders (mitochondrial protection for stroke, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, Alzheimer, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Diseases), cardiovascular diseases (reperfusion injury in myocardial infarction, heart attack, and chronic heart failure), cancer, inflammation (respiratory inflammation, asthma,
• rheumatoid arthritis dry eye disease
• inflammatory bowel disease Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
• atopic dermatitis anti fungal and anti-parasitic treatment
• hair growth as well as obesity, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and NSAID-induced enteropathy.
• Cyclosporin derivatives target cyclophilin and can play a crucial role for treatment of these diseases.
• th present invention provides a compound of Formula (I):
• Pv 8 is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or ⁇ ;
• P 2 is ethyl, 1 -hydroxy ethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl;
• Ri is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl or substituted aryl, or heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; or Ri and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl;
• R 3 is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, or aryl or substituted aryl; each R 5 is independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula (I) as shown above, or pharmaceutica acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• R 8 is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl or ;
• R 2 is ethyl, 1 -hydroxy ethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl;
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups RD which may be the same or different;
• halogen -0(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino
• a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or Ri and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, phenyl and benzyl;
• R 3 is:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R4 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino
• (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino
• phenyl or CH 2 -phenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl;
• R7 IS * ⁇ °R 5 , I , , or I ;
• R 5 is:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups 5 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C6)alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH 2 ) p ORA,
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), 0(CH 2 ) m OR A ,
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;
• R A and R B together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl;
• each occurrence of Rc is independently hydrogen or (Ci-C6)alkyl
• p is an integer of 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• n is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (II) throug
• Ri and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; and each occurrence of R 3 and R 5 is independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, or aryl or substituted aryl.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (II) through (V):as shown above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• each R 3 is independently:
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;
• (C 3 -Cy)cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH 2 -phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl; each R 5 is independently:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups 3 ⁇ 4 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• halogen -0(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound as described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a viral infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein.
• the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing hepatitis C virus infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein.
• alkyl and “alk” refer to a straight or branched chain alkane
• hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like.
• (Ci-C4)alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl.
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as n- hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, in addition to those exemplified for "(Ci-C4)alkyl.”
• “Substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• each occurrence of R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R b , Rc and Rj is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R b and R c together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl can themselves be optionally substituted.
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Exemplaries of such groups include ethenyl or allyl.
• C 2 -C 6 alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as ethylenyl, propenyl, 2-propenyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, (Z)-but-2-enyl, 2-methy(E)-but-2-enyl, 2-methy(Z)-but-2-enyl, 2,3-dimethy-but-2-enyl, (Z)- pent-2-enyl, (E)-pent-l-enyl, (Z)-hex-l-enyl, (E)-pent-2-enyl, (Z)-he
• Substituted alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g.
• each occurrence of R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R b , R c and R d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R b and R c together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of Rg is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, hetero
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond.
• An exemplary of such groups includes ethynyl.
• C 2 -C 6 alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, such as ethynyl, prop-l-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl, but-l-ynyl, but-2-ynyl, pent-l-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, hex-l-ynyl, hex-2-ynyl, hex-3-ynyl.
• Substituted alkynyl refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g.
• each occurrence of R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R b , Rc and Rj is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R b and R c together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• the exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• cycloalkyl refers to a fully saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring.
• C3-C7 cycloalkyl refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl.
• Substituted cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cylic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• cycloalkenyl refers to a partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring. Exemplaries of such groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, etc. "Substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl group substituted with one more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• each occurrence of R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R b , R c and R d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R b and R ⁇ together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cylic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• aryl refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 5 aromatic rings, especially monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Where containing two or more aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point (e.g., biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl, phenanthrenyl and the like). "Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group substituted by one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include fused cylic groups, especially fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• heterocycle and “heterocyclic” refer to fully saturated, or partially or fully unsaturated, including aromatic (i.e., “heteroaryl”) cyclic groups (for example, 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 8 to 16 membered tricyclic ring systems) which have at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring.
• Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and/or sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized.
• heteroarylium refers to a heteroaryl group bearing a quaternary nitrogen atom and thus a positive charge.
• the heterocyclic group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system.
• Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2- oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl,
• hexahydrodiazepinyl 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolane and tetrahydro-l,l-dioxothienyl, and the like.
• bicyclic heterocyclic groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzo[d][l,3]dioxolyl, 2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,
• exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl and the like.
• "Substituted heterocycle” and “substituted heterocyclic” refer to heterocycle or heterocyclic groups substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g.
• exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cylic substituents at any available point or points of attachment, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• alkylamino refers to a group having the structure -NHR', wherein R' is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cyclolakyl, as defined herein.
• alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, n- propylamino, iso-propylamino, cyclopropylamino, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino,
• neopentylamino n-pentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, and the like.
• dialkylamino refers to a group having the structure -NRR', wherein R and R' are each independently alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cyclolalkenyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heterocylyl or substituted heterocyclyl, as defined herein. R and R' may be the same or different in an dialkyamino moiety.
• dialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, methyl ethylamino, diethylamino, methylpropylamino, di(n-propyl)amino, di(iso- propyl)amino, di(cyclopropyl)amino, di(n-butyl)amino, di(tert-butyl)amino,
• R and R' are linked to form a cyclic structure.
• the resulting cyclic structure may be aromatic or non-aromatic.
• Examples of cyclic diaminoalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, 1,3,4-trianolyl, and tetrazolyl.
• halogen or halo refer to chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine.
• any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy the valences.
• the compounds of the present invention may form salts which are also within the scope of this invention.
• Reference to a compound of the present invention is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
• the term "salt(s)" denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases.
• zwitterions inner salts
• inner salts may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)" as used herein.
• Salts of a compound of the present invention may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound I with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
• the compounds of the present invention which contain a basic moiety may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic acids.
• exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates,
• dodecylsulfates ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, hydroxyethanesulfonates (e.g., 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates), lactates, maleates,
• methanesulfonates methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates (e.g., 2-naphthalenesulfonates), nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, phenylpropionates (e.g., 3-phenylpropionates), phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates, tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and the like.
• naphthalenesulfonates e.g., 2-naphthalenesulfonates
• nicotinates e.g., nitrates, oxalates
• pectinates persulfates
• Compounds of the present invention which contain an acidic moiety may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic bases.
• Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines (formed with N,N-bis(dehydroabietyl) ethylenediamine), N-methyl-D- glucamines, N-methyl-D-glycamides, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• lower alkyl halides e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates
• Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
• the term "prodrug” as employed herein denotes a compound that, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the present invention, or a salt and/or solvate thereof.
• Solvates of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, hydrates.
• All stereoisomers of the present compounds are contemplated within the scope of this invention.
• Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers (e.g., as a pure or substantially pure optical isomer having a specified activity), or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected,
• the chiral centers of the present invention may have the S or R configuration as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 1974
• racemic forms can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example, fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization of diastereomeric derivatives or separation by chiral column chromatography.
• the individual optical isomers can be obtained from the racemates by any suitable method, including without limitation, conventional methods, such as, for example, salt formation with an optically active acid followed by crystallization.
• Compounds of the present invention are, subsequent to their preparation, preferably isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing an amount by weight equal to or greater than 90%, for example, equal to greater than 95%, equal to or greater than 99% pure ("substantially pure" compound I), which is then used or formulated as described herein. Such "substantially pure" compounds of the present invention are also contemplated herein as part of the present invention.
• Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms.
• the present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans -isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention.
• Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.
• Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, where only two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90: 10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99: 1, or 100:0 isomer ratios are all contemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated for more complex isomer mixtures.
• the present invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds, which are identical to the compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the present invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, U C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 C1, respectively.
• Compounds of the present invention or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
• Certain isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability.
• isotopically labeled compounds can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers.
• the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl,
• diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.
• the compounds, as described herein, may be substituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties.
• substituted whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, and substituents contained in formulas of this invention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
• the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.
• substituted is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
• the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds.
• heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms.
• this invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
• Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable compounds useful in the treatment, for example, of infectious diseases or proliferative disorders.
• stable as used herein, preferably refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferably for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein.
• novel cyclosporin derivatives of the present invention are potent inhibitors of viruses such as HCV, HBV, and HIV.
• th present invention provides a compound Formula (I):
• R 8 is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or ;
• R 2 is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl;
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• R 3 is:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R 4 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino
• (C 3 -Cv)cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino
• phenyl or CH 2 -phenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl;
• R 5 is:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups 5 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C6)alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH 2 ) p ORA,
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH 2 -phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (CH 2 ) p OR A , (CH 2 ) p NR A R B ,
• each occurrence of R4 is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), 0(CH 2 ) m OR A ,
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, -0(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino;
• heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or RA and RB, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl;
• each occurrence of Rc is independently hydrogen or (Ci-C6)alkyl
• p is an integer of 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• n is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5.
• Rs is In certain other embodiments, Rs is (E)-but-
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formulae (II) through (V):
• halogen -0(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring
• Ri and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each R 3 is independently:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R4 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH 2 -phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl; each R 5 is independently:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups Re which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;
• each occurrence of Re is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(Ci-C 6 )alkyl,
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• (C3-Cy)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (Ci-C 6 )alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or
• halogen -0(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring
• W is O. In certain other embodiments, W is S. In yet other embodiments, W is NH. In yet other embodiments, W is NRi. In yet other
• W is N-(Ci-C4)alkyl.
• m is 1. In certain other embodiments, m is 2. In yet other embodiments, m is 3. In yet other embodiments, m is 4 or 5.
• p is 0. In certain other embodiments, p is 1. In yet other embodiments, m is 2. In yet other embodiments, m is 3, 4 or 5.
• R 3 is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i- propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t- tyl, CH 2 CMe 3 , phenyl, CH 2 -phenyl, 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ OH , - ⁇ OH .
• R 3 is -(CH 2 ) N NRARB, wherein n is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and wherein RA and RB, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from (Ci-C4)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.
• n is 2. In certain other embodiments, n is 3. In yet other embodiments, n is 4, 5, or 6.
• R 3 is 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, 2-monoalkylaminoethyl, 2-monoalkylaminopropyl, 3 -monoalkylaminopropyl,
• R 3 is 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, 2-monoalkylaminoethyl, 2-monoalkylaminopropyl, 3 -monoalkylaminopropyl,
• R 3 is
• hich n is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and m is an integer of 2, 3, or 4.
• n is 2. In certain other embodiments, n is 3. In yet other embodiments, n is 4, or 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, m is 2. In certain other embodiments, m is 3. In certain other embodiments, m is 4.
• W is NRi, and Ri and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from
• R 5 is H, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH 2 -S-(Ci-C 6 )alky, CH 2 -0-(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )OR A , (Ci-C 6 )-monoalkyl amine, (Ci-C 6 )- dialkyl amine, or (Ci-C 6 )-cyclic amine, in which said phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by one to three substitutents selected from (Ci-C 4 )alkyl, (Ci-C 4 )alkoxy, and halogen; and R A is H, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, phenyl, CH 2 -phenyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkylOH, (CH 2 ) p O(CH 2
• R 5 is (Ci-C6)-monoalkyl amine, e.g., CH 2 -NH-Me. In yet other embodiments, R 5 is (Ci-C 6 )-dialkyl amine, e.g., CH 2 -CH 2 - N(Et) 2 . In yet other embodiments, R 5 is (Ci-C 6 )-cyclic amine, e.g., CH 2 -CH 2 -morpholine.
• each occurrence RA and RB is independently H, (Ci- C 6 )alkyl, phenyl, CH 2 -phenyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkylOH, (CH 2 ) p O(CH 2 ) m OH, or
• RA and R B together with the nitro en atom to which the are attached form a heterocycle selected from
• il represents a single bond. In certain other embodiments, wherein il represents a double bond.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (Ha)- (Va):
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH 2 ) p ORA, 0(CH 2 ) m OH, 0(CH 2 ) m O(CH 2 ) m OH, 0(CH 2 ) m NR A R B , 0(CH 2 ) m O(CH 2 ) m NR A R B , (CH 2 ) p NR A RB, (CH 2 ) p NRc(CH 2 ) m NR A RB, (CH 2 ) p NRc(CH 2 ) m NRc(CH 2 ) m NR A RB,
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (lib)- (Vb):
• each Ri is independently hydrogen
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• each R 3 is independently:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R 4 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;
• (C 3 -Cy)cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH 2 -phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl; each R 5 is independently:
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups 5 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH 2 ) P OR A , 0(CH 2 ) M OH, 0(CH 2 ) M O(CH 2 ) M OH, 0(CH 2 ) M NR A R B , 0(CH 2 ) M O(CH 2 ) M NR A R B , (CH 2 ) P NR A R B , (CH 2 ) p NRc(CH 2 ) M NR A R B , (CH 2 ) P NR C (CH 2 ) M NR C (CH 2 ) M NR A R B , (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalky
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formulae (II) through (V):
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• halogen -0(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;
• each R 3 is independently ttn A , V N H A , i RA ⁇ A RA ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 R b RA , or each R 5 is independently: H;
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups 3 ⁇ 4 which may be the same or different;
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH 2 ) p ORA, 0(CH 2 ) m OH, 0(CH 2 ) m O(CH 2 ) m OH, 0(CH 2 ) m NR A R B , 0(CH 2 ) m O(CH 2 ) m NR A RB,
• (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups R D which may be the same or different;
• halogen -0(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring
• q is 1. In certain other embodiments, q is 2.
• W is S. In certain other embodiments, W is O. In yet other embodiments, W is NH. In yet other embodiments, W is N-(Ci-C 4 )alkyl.
• Ri is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, Ri is (Ci-
• R 3 is (Ci-C 6 )alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 3 is
• Ri and R 3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycle selected from , in which Rc is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph, CH 2 CH 2 OH, or
• R 5 is H, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH 2 -S-(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 -0-(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )OR A , (Ci-C 6 )-monoalkyl amine, (Ci-C 6 )- dialkyl amine, or (Ci-C 6 )-cyclic amine, in which said phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by one to three substitutents selected from (Ci-C 4 )alkyl, (Ci-C 4 )alkoxy, and halogen; and R A is H, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, phenyl, CH 2 -phenyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkylOH, (CH 2 ) p O(CH
• R 5 is H, (Ci-C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 4 )alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH 2 -S-(Ci-C 4 )alkyl, CH 2 -0-(Ci-C 4 )alkyl, (CH 2 ) 2 OH, or (CH 2 ) 2 0(Ci-C 4 )alkyl.
• R 5 is H. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is methyl.
• each occurrence RA and R B is independently H, (Ci- C 6 )alkyl, phenyl, CH 2 -phenyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkylOH, (CH 2 ) p O(CH 2 ) m OH, or
• each occurrence RA and R B is independently H or (Ci-C 6 )alkyl.
• RA and R B together with the nitrogen atom to which the are attached form a heterocycle selected from
• the present invention provides a compound selected from the following:
• R 3 CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 P
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R 3 CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 P
• n 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R 5 H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R 8 H, Me, Et, OR a , R 3 , CH 2 OR a , CH 2 CH 2 OR a ,
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph ⁇ OR a .OR a
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph i 0 ⁇ 0 ⁇ OR a
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph i 0 ⁇ 0 ⁇ OR a
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph i 0 ⁇ 0 ⁇ OR a
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph i 0 ⁇ 0 ⁇ OR a
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R;
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• W 0, S, N-H, or N-R a
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• R a H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• R b H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH 2 CMe 3 , Ph, CH 2 Ph
• the present invention provides a compound as described in the Examples.
• the compound is selected from:
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a viral infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound described herein.
• the viral infection is HIV infection.
• the viral infection is HBV infection.
• the viral infection is HCV infection.
• the viral infection is influenza A virus infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection or vaccinia virus infection.
• the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing hepatitis C virus infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound described herein.
• the compound of formulae (I) and (II) can be prepared by treating cyclosporin A or an analog thereof with a base ⁇ e.g., LDA) to form a sarcosine enolate at 3 -position, and then C0 2 gas is introduced to yield carboxylic acid-3 -cyclosporin.
• a base e.g., LDA
• C0 2 gas is introduced to yield carboxylic acid-3 -cyclosporin.
• mesylate or chloride can be produced by treatment with MsCl in dichloromethane solution. Both of mesylate and chloride can be converted to methylene on the sarcosine by treatment with a base ⁇ e.g., NaH).
• the methylene sulfur ether chain with R-conformation can be formed on the sarcosine of position 3 as novel anti-viral cyclosporine derivatives.
• novel anti-viral cyclosporine derivatives For example:
• the above resulting methylene-3 -cyclosporin can be converted to its methylene amine side chain to form new anti viral cyclosporine derivatives.
• methylene-3 -cyclosporin can be converted to its methylene amine side chain to form new anti viral cyclosporine derivatives.
• the above resulting alcohol can be converted to its methylene oxygen ether side chain to form new anti-viral cyclosporine derivatives.
• the above resulting alcohol can be converted to its methylene oxygen ether side chain to form new anti-viral cyclosporine derivatives.
• the compound of formula (Ila) or (Ilia) can be obtained according to the procedures described herein.
• This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the compounds as described herein or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable material such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as butylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ring
• certain embodiments of the present pharmaceutical agents may be provided in the form of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable salt refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, for example, Berge et ah, (1977) "Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1-19).
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject compounds include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from nontoxic organic or inorganic acids.
• such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, butionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like.
• Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine,
• wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymer as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
• Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated and the particular mode of administration.
• the amount of active ingredient, which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of 100%, this amount will range from about 1% to about 99% of active ingredient, preferably from about 5% to about 70%, most preferably from about 10% to about 30%.
• Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in- water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.
• a compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium carbonate, and sodium starch glycolate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetylene glycol, glycerol
• compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface- active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be, made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose in varying butortions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.
• compositions may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions, which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
• These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples are embedding compositions, which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if apbutriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• cyclodextrins e.g., hydroxybutyl-.beta
• the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active pharmaceutical agents of the invention.
• suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active pharmaceutical agents of the invention.
• Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be apbutriate.
• Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
• the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or butellants which may be required.
• the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
• Sprays can additionally contain customary butellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted
• Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body.
• dosage forms can be made by dissolving, or dispersing the pharmaceutical agents in the buter medium.
• Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the pharmaceutical agents of the invention across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled, by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
• Ophthalmic formulations are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral
• administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
• a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.
• delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
• One strategy for depot injections includes the use of polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymers wherein the vehicle is fluid at room temperature and solidifies at body temperature.
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include polylactide-polyglycolide.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1% to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5%> to 90%>) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be employed in combination therapies, that is, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures.
• the particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. It will also be appreciated that the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, the compound of the present invention may be administered
• the compounds of the invention may be administered intravenously,
• the compounds may be used to treat arthritic conditions in mammals (i.e., humans, livestock, and domestic animals), birds, lizards, and any other organism, which can tolerate the compounds.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
• tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride 50 mg, 0.19 mmol was added in portions and stirring was continued for 1 hour. Then dichloromethane (10 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (10 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure.
• n-BuLi (2.8 M in tetrahydrofuran/hexane, 5.00 ml, 14.00 mmol) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (1.44 g, 14.30 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) at -78 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. After the mixture was stirred for one and half hour, a solution of [ ⁇ - (methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.20 g, 0.97 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6 ml) was added slowly. The stirring was continued at -78 °C for 2 hours. Then carbon dioxide gas was bubbled into the reaction mixture for one hour.

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