WO2012032766A1 - 血中可溶型gpviを用いたアルツハイマー病の診断方法 - Google Patents
血中可溶型gpviを用いたアルツハイマー病の診断方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/86—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving blood coagulating time or factors, or their receptors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
- G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
- G01N2333/46—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- G01N2333/47—Assays involving proteins of known structure or function as defined in the subgroups
- G01N2333/4701—Details
- G01N2333/4728—Details alpha-Glycoproteins
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
- G01N2333/78—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
- G01N2800/2814—Dementia; Cognitive disorders
- G01N2800/2821—Alzheimer
Definitions
- the present invention comprises a reagent for measuring the concentration of soluble GPVI in blood, and a reagent for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis systems by platelet activation markers or coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation markers.
- the present invention relates to an invasive and simple diagnostic agent for Alzheimer's disease, a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease by the measurement, and a measurement kit therefor.
- Alzheimer's dementia Symptoms of Alzheimer-type dementia include “core symptoms” in which memory, conversation, and activities of daily living are lost, as well as “peripheral symptoms” that result in habits, delusions, and violence. Compared with other diseases, it is a serious disease that significantly lowers the QOL of the patient's family as well as the patient. Therefore, there is an urgent need to diagnose Alzheimer as quickly and accurately as possible and to develop effective preventive and therapeutic methods.
- ADNI Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging Initiative
- J-ADNI J-ADNI was launched in 2007, and it is planned to conduct follow-up studies on brain images, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid over 2-3 years.
- neuropsychological tests such as DSM-IV, NINCD-ARDA, and ICD-10. These inspection methods are simple and do not require special equipment, but have a drawback in that the observation period is long and the reproducibility is poor depending on the patient's mood. In addition, problems such as differences between facilities have been pointed out, standardization for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease has not been achieved, and biochemical biomarkers that can be objectively evaluated are desired.
- CT / MRI is a diagnostic method for detecting abnormal brain morphology
- SPECT is a diagnostic method for observing functional abnormalities in the brain by measuring cerebral blood flow.
- PET has also been developed.
- FDG-PET can be used for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease by measuring abnormal glucose metabolism in the brain and amyloid PET by imaging the accumulation of amyloid beta in the brain in the living body.
- Non-Patent Document 1 As a biochemical biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, measurement of phosphorylated tau and amyloid beta in the brain is considered promising (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- phosphorylated tau in the brain reflects an essential aspect of the pathological image of Alzheimer's disease and is reported to be a diagnostic method with high sensitivity and specificity.
- measurement of these biomarkers requires the patient's cerebrospinal fluid, which is also a highly invasive diagnostic method.
- the profile of diagnostic agents for Alzheimer's disease is expected to be reliable, reproducible, non-invasive, simple, and low cost. Absent. Recently, at the 2010 Alzheimer's Association International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (AAICAD 2010), a revised draft of diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease was reported. Among them, 1) the recognition of Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's dementia, and the understanding of duplication has begun to deepen. 2) Coexistence of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease is common. 3) Lewy bodies Many things are known about non-Alzheimer's disease such as frontotemporal dementia such as dementia and Pick's disease, etc.
- Glycoprotein VI present on the platelet membrane is a collagen receptor for platelets and has been shown to play a central role in platelet activation by collagen stimulation.
- the anti-mouse GPVI antibody has been reported to suppress platelet aggregation specifically for collagen stimulation and exert an antithrombotic action without causing a significant increase in bleeding time. Furthermore, it has been reported that an anti-human GPVI antibody also exerts an antiplatelet action without significantly extending the bleeding time (see Patent Document 1).
- soluble GPVI hereinafter sometimes referred to as sGPVI
- body fluids such as blood.
- the present inventors have reported a specific and highly sensitive measurement method of sGPVI in human body fluid (see Patent Document 2). And the concentration of sGPVI in plasma is high in patients with angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, heart disease, cerebral infarction, and dementia, and it has been confirmed that it is useful as a platelet activation marker.
- other groups have reported a measurement system of sGPVI in human body fluids and measurement results of healthy individuals (see Patent Document 3). In recent years, it has been reported that the concentration of sGPVI in plasma increases with age, but does not increase in patients with Alzheimer's disease (see Non-Patent Document 4).
- Non-patent Document 5 Non-patent Document 5
- the present invention provides a non-invasive and simple diagnostic agent for Alzheimer's disease, a diagnostic method for Alzheimer's disease based on the measurement, and a measurement kit therefor.
- the present inventors conducted comprehensive disease screening, and confirmed that high concentrations of sGPVI were present in the blood of Alzheimer's disease patients by screening using age-matched clinical specimens. Furthermore, the present inventors have shown for the first time that in patients with Alzheimer's disease, unlike thrombotic diseases or thrombosis, a large amount of sGPVI is produced without excessive activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic system. I found it. That is, the present inventors measured the concentration of sGPVI in serum and plasma, and platelet activation marker and coagulation / fibrinolytic activation marker for Alzheimer's disease patients and thrombotic disease patients.
- the concentration of sGPVI and the platelet activation marker or coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation marker increased, whereas in Alzheimer's disease, the increase in platelet activation marker and coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation marker It was found that only the concentration of sGPVI increased without accompanying.
- the present inventors have found a noninvasive, simple, and specific method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease using body fluids such as serum and plasma, and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention provides a specific reagent for Alzheimer's disease comprising a reagent for measuring sGPVI in human body fluids, preferably the reagent and a reagent for measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolytic activation in the human body fluid.
- the present invention relates to a diagnostic agent or screening agent, or a kit for use in diagnosis or screening of Alzheimer's disease, that is, a diagnostic or screening kit.
- the present invention provides Alzheimer's disease comprising a step of measuring the concentration of sGPVI in a collected human body fluid, preferably the step and a step of measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolytic system activation in the human body fluid. Or a method for screening an Alzheimer's disease patient or a patient at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, that is, at risk.
- a diagnostic agent for Alzheimer's disease or a diagnostic kit for Alzheimer's disease comprising a reagent for measuring soluble GPVI (sGPVI) in human body fluids.
- a diagnostic agent for Alzheimer's disease or a diagnostic kit for Alzheimer's disease comprising a reagent for measuring sGPVI in human body fluid and a reagent for measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolytic activation in the human body fluid .
- the GPVI specific binding substance is an anti-GPVI antibody.
- the anti-GPVI antibody specifically binds to GPVI domain 1, preferably loop 2 or loop 5, more preferably loop 2 and / or GPVI domain 2, preferably loop 9 or loop 11 More preferably, the diagnostic agent or diagnostic kit according to (4) above, which is an antibody that specifically binds to loop 9.
- the reagent for measuring sGPVI in human body fluids uses an antibody that specifically binds to GPVI loop 2 as an immobilized antibody and an anti-GPVI antibody that specifically binds to GPVI loop 9
- the diagnostic agent or diagnostic kit according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the reagent for measuring sGPVI in human body fluid is for measurement by a sandwich immunoassay.
- the reagent for measuring activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic system is any one of the above (1) to (8), which is a reagent for measuring platelet activation marker and / or coagulation / fibrinolytic system activation marker. Diagnostic agent or diagnostic kit.
- FDP serum fibrinogen degradation product
- D-dimer D-dimer.
- a method for determining or diagnosing Alzheimer's disease comprising a step of measuring the concentration of soluble GPVI (sGPVI) in a collected human body fluid, or the possibility of developing Alzheimer's disease patients or Alzheimer's disease How to screen patients.
- Alzheimer's disease comprising a step of measuring the concentration of soluble GPVI (sGPVI) in collected human body fluid, and a step of measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic system in the human body fluid.
- the method further comprises the step of confirming that the concentration of sGPVI in the human body fluid is high compared to the value of the control, and that the activation value of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic system is not high.
- the step of measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolytic activation is a method of measuring a platelet activation marker and / or a coagulation / fibrinolytic activation marker. the method of. (20) The method according to (19) above, wherein the platelet activation marker measures sP-selectin. (21) The method according to (19) above, wherein the coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation marker is used to measure serum fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) or D-dimer. (22) The method according to any one of (13) to (21), wherein the human body fluid is human blood, preferably serum or plasma.
- (23) A kit for performing the method according to (13) to (22) above, which comprises an antibody that specifically binds to soluble GPVI.
- (24) A method for predicting the onset of Alzheimer's disease by the method according to (13) to (22).
- Alzheimer's disease can be easily diagnosed without requiring a special instrument. Furthermore, the method using the diagnostic agent or diagnostic kit of the present invention is highly reproducible and can specifically diagnose Alzheimer's disease. The determination / diagnosis is highly objective based on the measured values. According to the method of the present invention, Alzheimer's disease can be easily diagnosed by collecting body fluid such as blood, so that a large number of subjects can be diagnosed quickly in a short time, that is, screening can be performed.
- non-Alzheimer's dementia for example, frontotemporal dementia such as dementia arising from Lewy body disease and Pick's disease, especially cerebrovascular dementia Differentiation, that is, the pathogenesis of dementia is also possible.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing a standard curve of absorbance and sGPVI concentration (ng / mL) when using recombinant human sGPVI-His with the reagent for measuring sGPVI of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the concentration of sGPVI in plasma in an Alzheimer patient sample (middle of FIG. 2) and a thrombotic disease patient sample (right side of FIG. 2) when a healthy person is used as a control sample (left side of FIG. 2). ng / mL).
- the long line in the figure indicates the average value, and the upper and lower bars indicate the standard error (SE).
- FIG. 3 shows the concentration of sGPVI in serum in Alzheimer patient specimens (middle of FIG.
- FIG. 4 shows plasma sP-selectin levels in Alzheimer patient specimens (center of FIG. 4) and thrombotic disease patient specimens (right side of FIG. 4) when healthy subjects are used as control specimens (left side of FIG. 4). It is the graph which compared the density
- FIG. 4 shows plasma sP-selectin levels in Alzheimer patient specimens (center of FIG. 4) and thrombotic disease patient specimens (right side of FIG. 4) when healthy subjects are used as control specimens (left side of FIG. 4). It is the graph which compared the density
- SE standard error
- FIG. 5 shows the concentration of FDP in serum (in the Alzheimer patient sample (center of FIG. 5) and thrombotic disease patient sample (right side of FIG. 5) when a healthy person is used as a control sample (left side of FIG. 5). ( ⁇ g / mL).
- the long line in the figure indicates the average value, and the upper and lower bars indicate the standard error (SE).
- FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the concentration (pg / mL) of sGPVI in plasma in an APP-Tg mouse specimen (left side in FIG. 6) when a wild-type mouse was used as a control specimen (right side in FIG. 6). is there.
- the long line in the figure indicates the average value, and the upper and lower bars indicate the standard error (SE).
- FIG. 7 compares the concentration (ng / mL) of sP-selectin in plasma in an APP-Tg mouse specimen (left side in FIG. 7) when a wild-type mouse was used as a control specimen (right side in FIG. 7). It is a graph. The long line in the figure indicates the average value, and the upper and lower bars indicate the standard error (SE).
- FIG. 8 shows that washed monkey washed platelets were collagen (second from the left in FIG. 8), soluble amyloid ⁇ (sA ⁇ ) (third from left in FIG. 8), or fibrotic amyloid ⁇ (fA ⁇ ) (in FIG. 8).
- the production of sGPVI in the case of adding various stimulants on the right end) is expressed as a ratio when the control is 1.0 when no stimulant is added and the control is 1.0.
- the upper and lower bars in the figure indicate standard error (SE).
- the present invention is based firstly on the finding that the amount of sGPVI in human body fluid increases in Alzheimer's disease, and secondly, the increase in the amount of sGPVI in the human body fluid is associated with thrombotic disease or thrombosis. This is based on the finding that Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed by confirming that it is not caused. That is, the present invention is characterized by combining measurement of sGPVI in human body fluids and measurement of platelet or coagulation / fibrinolytic activation markers in human body fluids. Methods for measuring sGPVI in human body fluids have already been disclosed in a large number of documents.
- a method for measuring sGPVI using an anti-GPVI antibody is disclosed. Is disclosed.
- a method for measuring sGPVI in human body fluids the contents described in WO2007 / 1167779 are incorporated herein.
- methods for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic systems in human body fluids have already been disclosed in many literatures, and many methods have already been used clinically.
- a method for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic system in human body fluid for example, a soluble form of P-selectin (P-selectin / CD62P / GMP-140 / PADGEM) which is a molecule of the selectin family
- P-selectin / CD62P / GMP-140 / PADGEM a soluble form of P-selectin
- FDP serum fibrinogen degradation products
- D-dimer D-dimer
- the method of the present invention is a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease by performing a combination of these measurement methods.
- the present invention also provides a diagnostic agent for Alzheimer's disease, which is a combination of the measurement reagents used for these measurements.
- Alzheimer's disease dementia there are three stages of Alzheimer's disease: preclinical Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (mild cognitive impairment, MCI), and Alzheimer's disease dementia. (2010 Alzheimer's Association International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (AAICAD 2010)).
- MCI mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease
- AAICAD 2010 Alzheimer's Association International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's disease includes all of these, and the age of the target patient is not particularly limited, and includes both Alzheimer's disease of juvenile and senile. .
- non-Alzheimer's dementia for example, frontotemporal dementia such as dementia or Pick's disease caused by Lewy body disease, particularly cerebrovascular dementia.
- Preference is given to Alzheimer's disease dementia or MCI, in particular Alzheimer's disease dementia.
- the “human body fluid” in the present invention is a body fluid that can be collected from humans such as blood, plasma, serum, urine, lymph, saliva, etc., and can measure the activation of sGPVI and platelets or the coagulation / fibrinolytic system. If it is a body fluid, there will be no restriction
- Preferred human body fluids include blood that is easy to collect and easy to measure, particularly plasma and serum.
- the “reagent for measuring sGPVI in human body fluid” of the present invention includes a substance or composition capable of measuring sGPVI in human body fluid, or a combination thereof.
- the substance is preferably pure, but may not be pure as long as it does not affect the measurement.
- Examples of the composition include a mixture or complex of two or more substances. These combinations include collections of these substances or compositions when two or more substances or compositions are required to make the measurement or to make the measurement more accurate.
- Preferred “reagents for measuring sGPVI in human body fluid” of the present invention include substances that specifically bind to GPVI, and preferred examples of substances that specifically bind to GPVI include anti-GPVI antibodies.
- the antibody may be a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody, but is preferably a monoclonal antibody from the viewpoint of sensitivity and specificity.
- animal species from which anti-GPVI antibodies are derived include, but are not limited to, mammals, particularly mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and the like.
- Various forms of the anti-GPVI antibody can be applied.
- the antibody of the present invention may be a fragment, a part or a derivative of the antibody, as long as it has the ability to bind to GPVI.
- Fab fragment of antigen binding
- Fab ′ fragment of antigen binding
- Fab ′ fragment of antigen binding
- derivatives include single chain antibodies (scFv), disulfide stabilized antibodies. (DsFv), diabody, sc (Fv) 2 (see, for example, Orita T, Blood. 2005; 105: 562-566), nanohody (see, for example, Cortez-Retamozo v., Cancer Research 64, 2853-2857, 2004) And peptides containing CDRs. These can be produced by a known method.
- anti-GPVI antibodies examples include mouse anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibodies (see WO2001 / 810, WO2002 / 80968, WO2005 / 1101083, etc.), rat anti-mouse GPVI monoclonal antibodies (Nieswandt et al.). Rat anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibody hGP5C4 (see WO2005 / 54294 etc.), human single chain antibody (scFv) (see WO2001 / 810, WO2003 / 54020 etc.), and human anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibody (see For example, see WO2005 / 7800.
- the anti-GPVI antibody is preferably an antibody whose binding region, binding site, or epitope has been identified, and the like, an antibody that binds to a specific GPVI domain, for example, GPVI domain 1 or domain 2, or a specific loop, For example, an antibody that recognizes at least a part of GPVI loop 2 or loop 9 can be mentioned.
- Specific examples include the antibodies shown in the Examples and the antibodies described in the Examples of WO2007 / 116777, WO2006 / 117910, and WO2006 / 118350. The matters described in these patent documents are incorporated herein.
- Various methods can be applied to the antibody production method and identification method of the present invention, and publicly known methods can be applied.
- a specific site of GPVI for example, a specific domain, preferably a specific method is used.
- examples include a method of using a mutant in which a loop region is substituted with another amino acid sequence, specifically, a corresponding amino acid sequence of GPVI of another animal species, as an antigen for immunization or an antigen for antibody identification.
- the methods described in the examples of WO2007 / 11617779, WO2006 / 117910, JP2008-249552A, and WO2006 / 118350 can be applied.
- the recognition region and the like of these antibodies can be estimated by measuring the integrity of the substitution mutant and the antibody and the integrity of GPVI and the antibody according to a known method.
- a combination of antibodies that do not compete with each other in binding to one or more of these identified antibodies such as binding regions, preferably two different types such as binding regions, preferably GPVI, such as antibodies and domains that bind to domain 1
- GPVI binding regions
- GPVI GPVI
- Detection of sGPVI with high specificity, selectivity and / or sensitivity by using an antibody that binds to 2 or an antibody that binds to at least part of loop 2 and an antibody that binds to at least part of loop 9
- a specific GPVI molecular species for example, sGPVI is specifically, selectively and / or highly sensitively detected and quantified. It becomes possible.
- the measurement sensitivity in the measurement of sGPVI of the present invention is not necessarily limited, but when it is expressed as a concentration in the sample, it may be 1 ng / mL or less, 300 pg / mL or less, 100 pg / mL or less, 30 pg / mL or less, 10 pg. / Sensitivity such as not more than / mL, not more than 3.0 pg / mL, or not more than 1.0 pg / mL.
- the detection limit concentration may be 1 ng / mL or less, 300 pg / mL or less, 100 pg / mL or less, 30 pg / mL or less, 10 pg / mL or less, 3.0 pg / mL or less, 1.0 pg / mL or less. Such a detection limit concentration may be used.
- the concentration in the sample from the subject may be converted as the amount of a standard substance that can create a standard curve as shown in FIG. 1, for example.
- sGPVI-Fc fusion protein of sGPVI and an immunoglobulin Fc fragment
- sGPVI-His immunoglobulin Fc fragment
- His-Tag histidine-tag
- the anti-GPVI antibody may be either a labeled antibody or an unlabeled antibody, but it is preferable to use at least one labeled antibody.
- labeling known substances and methods can be used as the labeling substance and labeling method, and radioactive substances, enzymes, fluorescent substances, chemiluminescent substances, etc. are used, and any of them can be applied.
- a method using an enzyme-labeled antibody is preferable in that it does not require special equipment or an expensive detection device and is easy to handle.
- there are a direct method and an indirect method for the label both of which are applicable.
- various antibodies can be used.
- the antibody is specific to domain 2, more preferably loop 9 or loop 11, particularly loop 9.
- Antibody that binds selectively various antibodies can be used as non-solid-phase antibodies, but preferably antibodies that specifically bind to domain 1, more preferably loop 2 or loop 5, particularly loop 2. Is mentioned. Of these, a combination of an antibody that specifically binds to loop 9 as a solid-phased antibody and an antibody that specifically binds to loop 2 as a non-solid phased antibody is preferable.
- the “reagent for measuring activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic system in human body fluid” of the present invention is a substance or composition capable of measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis system in human body fluid, or These combinations are mentioned.
- the substance is preferably pure, but may not be pure as long as it does not affect the measurement.
- Examples of the composition include a mixture or complex of two or more substances. These combinations include collections of these substances or compositions when two or more substances or compositions are required to make the measurement or to make the measurement more accurate.
- Examples of the “reagent for measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolytic activation in human body fluid” of the present invention include, for example, P-selectin, CD40L, thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 ⁇ ( 8-iso-PGF2 ⁇ ), especially sP-selectin, ⁇ thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, CD63 (Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 (LAMP-3)), sCD40L, microparticles and other platelet activation markers and serum FDP, D-dimer, thrombin / antithrombin complex (TAT), prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (F1 + 2), and the like, but are not limited thereto.
- the “reagent for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis system in human body fluid” and the method for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis system in human body fluid using the same are described in the present invention. It is sufficient if it can be confirmed that the increase in the concentration of sGPVI in the blood is not an increase due to thrombotic disease or thrombosis, and it is a known means for measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation in human body fluid Can be applied as is. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, both the Alzheimer patient specimen (middle of FIGS. 2 and 3) and the thrombotic disease patient specimen (right side of FIGS.
- the increase in the amount of sGPVI in body fluids is due to Alzheimer's disease or platelet activation, eg, thrombosis.
- the increase in the amount of sGPVI in body fluids is due to Alzheimer's disease or platelet activation, eg due to thrombotic diseases or thrombosis Can be distinguished.
- FIG. 4 shows plasma-soluble P-selectin (sP) known as a kind of platelet activation marker as a “reagent for measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation in human body fluid” of the present invention.
- sP plasma-soluble P-selectin
- FIG. 4 shows plasma-soluble P-selectin (sP) known as a kind of platelet activation marker as a “reagent for measuring platelet or coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation in human body fluid” of the present invention.
- -selectin shows the result of measuring the concentration of sP-selectin in plasma using a concentration measuring reagent.
- the plasma sP-selectin concentration did not increase in the Alzheimer patient sample (middle of FIG. 4), but the plasma sP-selectin concentration increased in the thrombotic patient sample (right side of FIG. 4). This shows that it is possible to distinguish between both diseases.
- FIG. 4 shows plasma-soluble P
- the reagent for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis system in human body fluid and the method for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis system in human body fluid using the same, Any measuring reagent that can confirm that an increase in the concentration of sGPVI in human body fluid is not an increase due to thrombotic disease by a method other than an increase in the concentration of sGPVI in human body fluid and a measurement method using the same
- Any means for measuring platelet or human coagulation / fibrinolytic activation in human body fluids can be applied.
- the “reagent for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis system in human body fluid” and the method for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolysis system in human body fluid using the same are described in the present invention. It can also be said that all of the diagnostic reagents for diagnosis and the measurement methods using the same that can be diagnosed as a thrombotic disease by methods other than increasing the concentration of sGPVI in the medium are included.
- any of the reagent for measuring sGPVI in the human body fluid of the present invention and the measuring method using the same, and the reagent for measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic system in the human body fluid of the present invention and the measuring method using the same can be applied, but an immunoassay is generally preferable.
- immunoassay examples include, for example, enzyme antibody method, ELISA method, sandwich immunoassay method, aggregation method, solid phase direct method, solid phase binding method, solution reaction method, competitive method, non-competitive method, immunochromatography method, flow-through method
- enzyme antibody method enzyme antibody method
- ELISA method sandwich immunoassay method
- aggregation method solid phase direct method
- solid phase binding method solution reaction method
- competitive method non-competitive method
- immunochromatography method flow-through method
- flow-through method can be applied singly or in combination (for example, “Ultrasensitive Enzyme Immunoassay” by Eiji Ishikawa, Academic Publishing Center (1993), “New Application Examples and Diagnostic Reagents of Immunoassay” ⁇ Application to therapeutic drug development ”Immunoassay Development Society, Management Education Publishing, Enzyme Immunoassay (Third Edition) Eiji Ishikawa et al., Medical School (1987)).
- the sandwich immunoassay is a method in which an antibody-antigen-antibody complex is formed by using two or more antibodies having different sites for recognizing a protein to be measured.
- an insoluble carrier is usually used.
- the first antibody to be bound to the insoluble carrier is immobilized on the solid phase (use) antibody or the capture antibody, and the second antibody is non-solidified. It may be referred to as a phased antibody, a liquid phase antibody, a detection antibody, or a labeled antibody when directly or indirectly labeled.
- an insoluble carrier to which the first antibody is bound is prepared and used as a solid phase or a reaction site. A sample is added to the insoluble carrier on the solid phase and allowed to react. After reacting for a certain period of time, washing is performed to remove substances that did not specifically bind to the solid phase. Subsequently, a labeled second antibody is added.
- the sandwich method can be carried out using either a two-step method (two-step method) or a one-step method (one-step method) in which an antigen and a labeled antibody are added simultaneously.
- the sandwich immunoassay can be performed in a solution without using an insoluble carrier.
- an antigen is reacted with a labeled antibody and a labeled second binding substance in a liquid phase, and the interaction between the label and the second label is measured.
- the second specific binding can also be used as another method.
- Antibody-antigen-antibody-second specific binding substance complex or antibody-antigen-antibody-second specific binding substance-specific binding partner of second specific binding substance hereinafter referred to as second specific binding partner
- the measurement is performed by forming a complex.
- Examples of the combination of the second specific binding substance and the second specific binding partner include an antigen and its antibody, a ligand and its receptor, a sugar chain-containing substance and lectin, biotin and avidin or streptavidin.
- an antibody against an antibody that is, a method of measuring by forming an antibody-antigen-antibody-anti-immunoglobulin antibody complex using an anti-immunoglobulin antibody, and an anti-immunoglobulin antibody and a second specific binding And a method of measuring by forming anti-immunoglobulin antibody-antibody-antigen-antibody-second specific binding substance-second specific binding partner and the like.
- the antigen-antibody complex is formed by competing the antigen in the specimen with the labeled antigen or the labeled antigen-like substance.
- a preferred example of the present invention using antibodies with two different binding sites is the second specific binding substance--using biotin and avidin or streptavidin as the second specific binding partner, while in particular non-solid phase
- a conjugated antibody is biotinylated and detected with a label, particularly poly-HRP-labeled streptavidin.
- the insoluble carrier used in the sandwich immunoassay system beads, latex particles, magnetic particles, plates, tubes, membranes and the like are used.
- the material of the bead, plate, or tube include polystyrene, nylon, glass, silicon rubber, stainless steel, and plastic.
- the membrane examples include cellulose, cellulose derivatives, nitrocellulose, porous synthetic polymer, glass fiber, cloth, nonwoven fabric, filter paper and the like.
- beads, latex particles, magnetic particles, or the like can be used as a spherical shape, which is advantageous in terms of securing a space during storage.
- the plate or tube can be used as a well shape, which is advantageous in that it can be applied to commercially available automated measuring instruments, plate readers and the like.
- the membrane can be used for immunochromatography and flow-through methods.
- the antibody, the second binding substance, the second specific binding substance or its partner, or the anti-immunoglobulin antibody can be bound to the insoluble carrier by a thermal adsorption method, a chemical binding method or the like.
- the non-adsorption surface where the substance is not bound to the insoluble carrier is blocked with a substance that does not affect the measurement system. It is preferable to process.
- substances that do not affect the measurement system include proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein, and surfactants such as Tween 20 and NP-40.
- Examples of the label used in the sandwich immunoassay kit include peroxidase, in particular, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -D-galactosidase, oxidase, uricase, and other enzymes, acridinium or a derivative thereof, aequorin or a variant thereof, etc. Or a fluorescent substance such as a lanthanoid such as europium (Eu) or samarium (Sm), a dye, a colloidal gold, a colored latex, or an isotope.
- HRP horseradish peroxidase
- alkaline phosphatase alkaline phosphatase
- ⁇ -D-galactosidase oxidase
- oxidase uricase
- other enzymes acridinium or a derivative thereof, aequorin or a variant thereof, etc.
- a fluorescent substance such as a lant
- Labels other than enzymes can also be performed using known techniques such as thermal adsorption and chemical bonding.
- the enzyme label is preferably a chromogenic substrate as exemplified above, which can be measured using an ordinary absorbance measurement system and has a relatively high sensitivity.
- a chemiluminescent substance, a fluorescent substance, a colored label, or an isotope is used as a label, it can be measured with a measuring instrument corresponding to the label.
- a fluorescent substance such as Eu, for example, cryptate (Eu 3+ cryptate) is used, fluorescence resonance energy transfer can be measured using an allophycocyanin derivative such as XL665 as the second label.
- a label used for a simple measurement kit for example, a kit using an immunochromatography method or a flow-through method is preferable because a dye, colloidal gold, or colored latex can be visually observed.
- particles used as an insoluble carrier in the agglutination method generally used particles such as latex, red blood cells (for example, sheep red blood cells), gelatin, microbeads or carbon particles can be used.
- the measurement reagent or kit of the present invention may contain an optional component or component in addition to one or more active substances for measurement.
- an additive such as a stabilizer, excipient, or preservative
- a buffer solution such as a standard substance, a specimen, or a labeled antibody Or a diluent, a coloring substrate suitable for an enzyme when an enzyme is used for a labeled antibody, a blocking agent, a reaction terminator, a cleaning agent and the like are exemplified.
- the diluent is not particularly limited, but a diluent containing a substance contained in the specimen is preferable.
- the specimen is serum and blood collection for obtaining the serum is performed in the presence of EDTA or citric acid
- the same amount of EDTA or citric acid is also present as a diluent.
- the standard substance include a standard product prepared from a biological sample, a recombinant prepared by genetic engineering, and the like. These can be prepared by known methods.
- the present invention relates to a measurement reagent capable of measuring sGPVI in human body fluids collected from humans as subject samples, and measurement capable of measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic systems in the human body fluids.
- a measurement reagent capable of measuring sGPVI in human body fluids collected from humans as subject samples
- measurement capable of measuring the activation of platelets or coagulation / fibrinolytic systems in the human body fluids.
- the diagnostic method of the present invention collects body fluid from a subject, dilutes the collected sample of the subject to a measurable concentration as necessary, and uses the measurement reagent of the present invention to measure the sGPVI in the sample. Concentration is measured, and simultaneously or sequentially, the platelet or coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation measurement reagent of the present invention is used to measure the platelet or coagulation / fibrinolysis system activation in a sample. By comparison with the values of healthy controls, preferably age matched or of the same age.
- the comparison with the value of the healthy person is, for example, obtaining the measurement results of a plurality of healthy persons in advance, and standardizing the value of the healthy person or the range by taking the average value or the range of the measurement results as a control. It is performed by comparing with the measured value as a standard value of a healthy person. This comparison can be performed by using the standard deviation (SD) or the standard error (SE), for example, by calculating the normal value of the healthy person using the average value of the healthy person + 2SD (or SE) or 3SD (or SE) as a cutoff value. Good.
- SD standard deviation
- SE standard error
- a reference value for the patient may be obtained in advance and compared with the measured value.
- statistical significance can be used as an index.
- F1232-10-2 Fab′-HRP The anti-GPVI antibody F1232-10-2 described in the examples of WO2007 / 116777 and WO2006 / 118350 is treated with lysylendopeptidase (Lysylendopeptidase) As a result, F1232-10-2 F (ab ′) 2 was produced. Specifically, 1 AU of lysylendopeptidase (manufactured by Wako) was added to 50 mg of F1232-10-2 buffer-exchanged with phosphate buffered physiological salt solution D-PBS (SIGMA).
- SIGMA phosphate buffered physiological salt solution
- F1232-10-2 F (ab ′) 2 was purified. That is, for the purpose of removing the cleaved Fc site and the uncleaved F1232-10-2, the enzyme-digested antibody was applied to a Protein A Column (Millipore). Both non-adsorbed portions containing F (ab ′) 2 were dialyzed and buffer exchanged with 4 mM Tris-HCL (pH 8.5).
- F1232-10-2 F (ab ′) 2 was buffer-exchanged with D-PBS, and then protein assay dye reagent (Bio-Rad) was used with bovine serum IgG as a standard. Protein concentration was measured.
- F1232-10-2 F (ab ′) 2 was labeled with HRP using a peroxidase labeling kit SH (manufactured by Dojindo). That is, F1232-10-2 F (ab ′) 2 was partially reduced, and a cysteine residue present in the hinge portion was labeled with peroxidase.
- SGPVI sandwich ELISA system The anti-GPVI antibody F1232-7-1 described in the examples of WO2007 / 116779 and WO2006 / 118350 prepared to 10 ⁇ g / mL using D-PBS was immunized at 50 ⁇ L / well. The solution was dispensed on an immunoplate (NuncC8Maxisorb) and solidified overnight at 4 ° C. After washing the solid phase plate with ice-cold ion-exchanged water 5 times, 200 ⁇ L of 5% stabiolguard, 0.1% Tween 20, 3.2% sucrose / D-PBS Added in wells to block unreacted parts. The plate was then stored refrigerated under vacuum drying.
- Human serum and human plasma were diluted 100 times or more with 0.1% BSA, 0.05% Tween20, 0.3 M NaCl / D-PBS, added to the F1232-7-1 solid phase plate, and 28 ° C. And incubated for 2 hours.
- As a standard substance recombinant human sGPVI-His that was expressed and purified by a protein expression system Free Style 293 Expression System (manufactured by Invitrogen) was used. After completion of the reaction, the plate was washed with physiological saline containing 0.05% Tween20.
- F1232-10-2 Fab′-HRP prepared in Example 1 was added 100-fold diluted with 2% rat serum, 0.05% Tween20 / D-PBS, and added at 28 ° C. Incubated for 1 hour. After the plate was washed, tetramethylbenzidine (hereinafter referred to as TMB) returned to room temperature was added and allowed to react for 10 minutes. After stopping the reaction by adding 0.5 M sulfuric acid, the absorbance at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader SepectraMax (manufactured by Molecular Devices), and the absorbance at 650 nm was subtracted as a blank. The obtained absorbance was analyzed using the software for analyzing microplate data SoftMax Pro5.2 (manufactured by Molecular Devices). The standard curve is shown in FIG. In principle, the data was expressed as mean ⁇ standard error (SE).
- SE standard error
- the sGPVI contained in the serum and plasma of patients with each disease was measured using the sandwich ELISA system prepared in Example 2.
- a thrombotic disease patient sample, an Alzheimer patient sample, and a healthy subject control sample were used for the measurement.
- the healthy subject control used the sample derived from elderly people according to the age of the Alzheimer patient.
- the measurement results using plasma as a sample are shown in FIG. 2, and the measurement results using serum as a sample are shown in FIG.
- Serum and plasma sGPVI concentrations in patients with thrombotic diseases and Alzheimer's patients were higher than those in healthy controls.
- FDP serum fibrinogen degradation product
- Example 3 Comparison of sGPVI concentration, platelet activation marker and coagulation marker in each disease patient
- the results of Examples 3 to 5 were analyzed using statistical software SAS / STAT9.1.
- analysis was performed on plasma samples. That is, the sGPVI concentration in the plasma sample of each disease patient measured in Example 3 was analyzed using the nonparametric multiple comparison Dunnett type steel test method.
- the control group was a healthy control group (age 84.5 ⁇ 7.1), and sGPVI in the Alzheimer patient group (age 88.9 ⁇ 4.5) and the thrombotic disease patient group (age 67.1 ⁇ 10.9). Concentrations were compared.
- the serum sample was then analyzed.
- the sGPVI concentration in the serum sample of each disease patient measured in Example 3 was analyzed using the nonparametric multiple comparison Dunnett type steel test method.
- the control group was a healthy control group (age 84.6 ⁇ 9.1), and the sGPVI concentrations in the Alzheimer patient group (age 85.1 ⁇ 11.4) and the thrombotic disease patient group (age unknown) were compared. .
- the FDP concentration in the serum sample of each disease patient measured in Example 5 was statistically analyzed by the same method, the FDP concentration was significantly increased in the thrombotic disease patient group as compared with the healthy subject control group.
- the above results indicate that Alzheimer can be specifically detected by combining a platelet activation marker such as sGPVI and sP-selectin or a coagulation fibrinolytic activation marker such as FDP.
- mice sGPVI sandwich ELISA system (1) Production of rabbit anti-mouse GPVI antibody Recombinant mouse sGPVI-His 85 ⁇ g was dissolved in 500 ⁇ L of physiological saline and mixed with 500 ⁇ L of Freund's complete adjuvant (DIFCO) and mixed with New Zealand white. A rabbit (Kitayama Labes) female was administered subcutaneously to the back of a 10-week-old female. Two weeks later, 85 ⁇ g of recombinant mouse sGPVI-His was dissolved in 500 ⁇ L of physiological saline, mixed with 500 ⁇ L of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (DIFCO) and administered subcutaneously to the back.
- DIFCO Freund's complete adjuvant
- the eluted immunoglobulin fraction was neutralized by adding 1/10 volume of 1M Tris buffer (pH 8.5), and the buffer was replaced with D-PBS by dialysis.
- the obtained rabbit anti-mouse GPVI antibody was measured for protein concentration using protein assay dye reagent (Bio-Rad) with bovine serum IgG as a standard.
- the purified F (ab ′) 2 fraction was subjected to buffer exchange with D-PBS, and then the protein concentration was measured in the same manner as in (1) above.
- the obtained rabbit anti-mouse GPVI antibody F (ab ′) 2 is partially reduced, and a cysteine residue present in the hinge portion is obtained using a peroxidase labeling kit SH (manufactured by Dojindo).
- the group was labeled with peroxidase to prepare a labeled antibody (rabbit anti-mouse GPVI antibody Fab′-HRP).
- Mouse plasma was diluted 10-fold or more with 0.1% BSA, 0.05% Tween20 / D-PBS, added to a rabbit anti-mouse GPVI antibody solid phase plate, and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours.
- As a standard substance recombinant mouse sGPVI-His was used. After completion of the reaction, the plate was washed with physiological saline containing 0.05% Tween20.
- As a secondary labeled antibody the rabbit anti-mouse GPVI antibody Fab′-HRP prepared in the above (2) was added 100% diluted with 2% rabbit serum, 0.05% Tween20 / D-PBS, and added at room temperature. Incubated for 2 hours.
- APP-Tg mouse Examination in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse (hereinafter referred to as amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse (hereinafter referred to as APP-Tg mouse) (1) Measurement of plasma sGPVI concentration APP-Tg mouse (B6; SJL- Tg (APPSWE) 2576Kha, Taconic Farms Inc.) and sGPVI contained in the control mouse plasma were measured using the sandwich ELISA system prepared in Example 7. In addition, wild type mice having the same genetic background were used as controls. The measurement results are shown in FIG. (2) Measurement of sP-selectin concentration in plasma of mouse Using the plasma of each mouse used in Example 8, the concentration of sP-selectin, which is a platelet activation marker, was measured. SP-selectin ELISA Kit (R & D) was used for the measurement.
- the sGPVI sandwich ELISA system shown in Example 2 shows cross-reactivity to monkey sGPVI in addition to human sGPVI. Therefore, production of sGPVI was examined using monkey platelets.
- (1) Preparation of monkey-washed platelets Whole blood was collected from the monkey foot vein using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. The obtained whole blood was centrifuged at 900 rpm ⁇ 10 min to separate platelet-rich plasma (hereinafter referred to as PRP), and only the PRP fraction was gently sucked with a pipetman and transferred to a new tube. . The obtained PRP was centrifuged at 2000 rpm ⁇ 10 min at room temperature to precipitate platelets.
- PRP platelet-rich plasma
- the precipitated platelets are suspended in ACD (Acid-citrate-dextrose) -A solution-containing 0.02% BSA / 10 mM HEPES Buffer (pH 6.4) prepared according to a conventional method, and centrifuged again at 2000 rpm ⁇ 10 min to precipitate the platelets. I let you. This operation for the purpose of washing was performed twice. After completion of the second washing, platelets were precipitated by centrifugation and then stirred in 0.02% BSA / HEPES Buffer (pH 7.4). The number of platelets was counted using Sysmex F-820 (Toa Medical Electronics) and prepared to 40.0 ⁇ 10 7 cells / mL, and used as washed platelets.
- ACD Acid-citrate-dextrose
- BSA / 10 mM HEPES Buffer pH 7.4
- Hexafluoro isopropanol is completely evaporated by warming, and then A ⁇ 1-42 is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) so as to be 10 mg / mL, and further 400 ⁇ g / mL using D-PBS.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- Dilute to A ⁇ immediately after dilution with D-PBS was defined as sA ⁇ , and diluted and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 week was used as fA ⁇ .
- FIG. 8 shows the results when various stimulants were added, with the case where no stimulant was added as a control.
- sGPVI production was observed when collagen, which is a ligand of GPVI, was added as compared to the control group to which no stimulant was added.
- production of sGPVI was not observed even when sA ⁇ was added, but production of sGPVI was observed when fibrotic A ⁇ , which is considered to have a neurotoxic effect in Alzheimer patients, was added.
- the increase of fibrotic A ⁇ which is considered to have a neurotoxic effect in Alzheimer's disease patients, may induce the production of sGPVI.
- the present invention provides a diagnostic agent or a kit for use in diagnosis that can be easily diagnosed for Alzheimer's disease without requiring a non-invasive and special device. , Industrially useful.
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Abstract
Description
しかし、これら画像診断方法は特殊な機械及び施設を必要とするため簡便でない。さらにPET、SPECTに関しては、微量ではあるが放射性同位元素を体内に投与するため侵襲性が高い診断方法である。
近年において、血漿中のsGPVIの濃度は年齢と共に上昇するが、アルツハイマー病の患者においては上昇しないという報告もなされた(非特許文献4参照)。しかし、ヒト体液中のsGPVIの濃度とアルツハイマー病との関係についての詳細は十分に検討されておらず、アルツハイマー病でsGPVIが上昇するとする報告はない。そして、これまで多くのアルツハイマー病の診断方法が報告されているが、(1)再現性・信頼性に乏しい、(2)特殊な機器を必要とする、(3)侵襲性が高い、など満足できるレベルに達しておらず、血液等を用いて簡便に診断ができるバイオマーカーの開発が切望されている。
また、認知機能障害を呈するアルツハイマー病モデル動物として、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(Amyloid precurser protein)トランスジェニックマウス(以下、APP-Tgマウスと記載する)が作製されている(非特許文献5)が、このマウスの血中においてsGPVIが上昇しているか否かについては知られていない。
即ち、本発明者らは、アルツハイマー病の患者及び血栓性疾患の患者に対して、血清中や血漿中のsGPVIの濃度、並びに血小板活性化マーカー及び凝固・線溶系活性化マーカーを測定したところ、血栓性疾患の患者ではsGPVIの濃度、及び血小板活性化マーカーあるいは凝固・線溶系活性化マーカーが上昇していたが、アルツハイマー病の患者では、血小板活性化マーカー及び凝固・線溶系活性化マーカーの上昇を伴うことなくsGPVIの濃度のみが上昇することを見出した。そして、本発明者らは、血清や血漿などの体液を用いた非侵襲的で簡便で、かつ特異的なアルツハイマー病の診断方法を見出し、本発明を完成した。
また、本発明は、採取したヒト体液中のsGPVIの濃度を測定する工程、好ましくは当該工程及び当該ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化を測定する工程を含有してなるアルツハイマー病を特異的に判定若しくは診断する方法、又はアルツハイマー病患者若しくはアルツハイマー病を発症する可能性、すなわちリスクのある患者をスクリーニングする方法に関する。
(1)ヒト体液中の可溶型GPVI(sGPVI)の測定用試薬を含有してなるアルツハイマー病の診断剤、又はアルツハイマー病の診断用キット。
(2)ヒト体液中のsGPVIの測定用試薬、及び当該ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬を含有してなるアルツハイマー病の診断剤、又はアルツハイマー病の診断用キット。
(3)sGPVIの測定用試薬が、GPVI特異的結合物質を含有してなる前記(1)又は(2)に記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(4)GPVI特異的結合物質が、抗GPVI抗体である前記(3)に記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(5)抗GPVI抗体が、GPVIのドメイン1、好ましくは、ループ2又はループ5、より好ましくはループ2に特異的に結合する抗体及び/又はGPVIのドメイン2、好ましくは、ループ9又はループ11、より好ましくはループ9に特異的に結合する抗体である前記(4)に記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(7)ヒト体液中のsGPVIの測定用試薬が、サンドイッチ免疫測定法による測定のためのものである前記(1)から(6)のいずれかに記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(8)サンドイッチ免疫測定法が、ビオチン化非固相化抗体及びpoly-HRP標識化ストレプトアビジンで検出する系である前記(7)に記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(9)血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬が、血小板活性化マーカー及び/又は凝固線溶系活性化マーカーの測定用試薬である前記(1)から(8)のいずれかに記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(10)血小板活性化マーカーが、可溶型P-セレクチン(sP-セレクチン、sP-selectin)である前記(9)に記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(11)凝固線溶系活性化マーカーが、血清中フィブリノーゲン分解産物(Fibrinogen Degradation Product(FDP))又はD-ダイマー (D-dimer)である前記(9)に記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(12)ヒト体液が、ヒト血液、好ましくは血清又は血漿である前記(1)から(11)のいずれかに記載の診断剤、又は診断用キット。
(14)採取したヒト体液中の可溶型GPVI(sGPVI)の濃度を測定する工程、及び当該ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化を測定する工程を含有してなるアルツハイマー病を判定若しくは診断する方法、又はアルツハイマー病患者若しくはアルツハイマー病を発症する可能性のある患者をスクリーニングする方法。
(15)対照の値と比較して、ヒト体液中のsGPVIの濃度が高値であることを確認する工程をさらに含む、前記(13)又は(14)に記載の方法。
(16)対照の値と比較して、ヒト体液中のsGPVIの濃度が高値であること、及び、血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の値が高値でないことを確認する工程をさらに含む、前記(13)又は(14)に記載の方法。
(17)sGPVIの濃度を測定する工程が、抗GPVI抗体による方法である前記(13)から(15)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(18)抗GPVI抗体が、GPVIのドメイン1、好ましくは、ループ2又はループ5、より好ましくはループ2に特異的に結合する抗体及び/又はGPVIのドメイン2、好ましくは、ループ9又はループ11、より好ましくはループ9に特異的に結合する抗体である前記(17)に記載の方法。
(20)血小板活性化マーカーが、sP-セレクチンを測定するものである前記(19)に記載の方法。
(21)凝固線溶系活性化マーカーが、血清中フィブリノーゲン分解産物(Fibrinogen Degradation Product(FDP))又はD-ダイマー(D-dimer)を測定するものである前記(19)に記載の方法。
(22)ヒト体液が、ヒト血液、好ましくは血清又は血漿である前記(13)から(21)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(24)前記(13)から(22)に記載の方法により、アルツハイマー病の発症を予測する方法。
本発明の方法は、血液などの体液の採取により簡便にアルツハイマー病を診断することができるために、短時間で迅速に大量の被験者を診断すること、すなわち、スクリーニングを可能とする。また、本発明の方法による測定は特異性、再現性及び客観性が高いことから、例えば、本発明の方法を定期的に行うことにより、アルツハイマー病の早期発見、段階(ステージ)又は進行度の判別、発症リスクの評価、及び発症の予測等をすることも可能となる。さらに、必要に応じて適宜他の検査法と組み合わせることで、非アルツハイマー性認知症、例えば、レビ小体病から起こる認知症やピック病など前頭側頭型認知症、特に脳血管性認知症との鑑別、すなわち、認知症の病因の鑑別も可能となる。
即ち、本発明は、ヒト体液中のsGPVIの測定、及びヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化マーカーの測定を組み合わせてなることを特徴とするものである。ヒト体液中のsGPVIを測定する方法は、既に多数の文献に開示されており、例えば、WO2007/116779号公報及び特開2008-249552号公報には、抗GPVI抗体を用いたsGPVIを測定する方法が開示されている。ヒト体液中のsGPVIを測定する方法の例として、WO2007/116779号公報に記載されている事項を、本明細書に取り込む。
また、ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化を測定する方法も既に多数の文献に開示されており、また既に多くの手法が臨床的に使用されてきている。ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化を測定する方法としては、例えば、セレクチンファミリーの分子であるP-セレクチン(P-selectin/CD62P/GMP-140/PADGEM)の可溶型であるsP-セレクチンなどの血小板活性化マーカーを測定する方法や、血清中フィブリノーゲン分解産物(Fibrinogen Degradation Product(FDP))やD-ダイマー(D-dimer)などの凝固線溶系活性化マーカーを測定する方法が挙げられる。
本発明の方法は、これらの測定方法を組み合わせて行うことにより、アルツハイマー病を診断する方法である。また、本発明は、これらの測定に使用される測定用試薬を組み合わせてなるアルツハイマー病の診断剤を提供するものである。
抗GPVI抗体の由来動物種としては、例えば、哺乳類、特にマウス、ラット、ハムスター、ウサギ等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
抗GPVI抗体の形態としては、種々のものが適用可能であり、例えば、本発明の抗体としては、抗体の断片もしくは一部又は誘導体でもよいが、GPVIとの結合能を有する限りにおいて、これらに限定されるものではない。好ましい形態の例としては、例えば、断片としては、Fab(Fragment of antigen binding)、Fab’、(Fab’)2等が挙げられ、誘導体としては、一本鎖抗体(scFv)、ジスルフィド安定化抗体(dsFv)、diabody、sc(Fv)2(例えば、Orita T、 Blood.2005; 105:562-566参照)、nanohody(例えば、Cortez-Retamozo v.、Cancer Research 64、 2853-2857、2004参照)及びCDRを含有するペプチド等が挙げられる。これらは公知の方法で作製しうる。
公知の抗GPVI抗体としては、例えば、マウス抗ヒトGPVIモノクローナル抗体(WO2001/810号公報、WO2002/80968号公報、WO2005/111083号公報等参照)、ラット抗マウスGPVIモノクローナル抗体(Nieswandt et al.)、ラット抗ヒトGPVIモノクローナル抗体hGP5C4(WO2005/54294号公報等参照)、ヒト一本鎖抗体(scFv)(WO2001/810号公報、WO2003/54020号公報等参照)、及びヒト抗ヒトGPVIモノクローナル抗体(WO2005/7800号公報参照)などが挙げられる。
本発明のこのような抗体の製造方法及び同定方法は、種々の方法が適用でき、公知の方法を応用することもできるが、好ましくは、GPVIの特定部位、例えば特定のドメイン、好ましくは特定のループ領域を他のアミノ酸配列、具体的には、他の動物種のGPVIの対応するアミノ酸配列で置換した変異体を免疫用抗原又は抗体の同定用抗原として用いる方法が挙げられ、具体的には、WO2007/116779号公報、WO2006/117910号公報、特開2008-249552号公報及びWO2006/118350号公報の実施例に記載された方法を適用することができる。また、それらの抗体の認識領域等は、当該置換変異体と抗体との統合性及びGPVIと抗体との統合性を公知の方法に準じて測定することにより推定しうる。これらの結合領域等の同定された抗体を1又は2以上、好ましくは結合領域等の異なる2種類、好ましくはGPVIとの結合において互いに競合しない抗体の組合せ、例えば、ドメイン1と結合する抗体及びドメイン2と結合する抗体、又は、ループ2の少なくとも一部と結合する抗体及びループ9の少なくとも一部と結合する抗体の組合せを用いることにより、特異性、選択性及び/又は感度の高いsGPVIの検出又は定量が可能であり、特に、複数のGPVI分子種が混在する場合において、そのうちの特定のGPVI分子種、例えば、sGPVIを特異的、選択的及び/又は高感度に検出し、定量する測定が可能となる。
被検体からの試料中の濃度は、例えば図1に示されるような標準曲線を作成することができる標準物質の量として換算しても良い。標準物質としては、例えば、sGPVIと免疫グロブリンFc断片との融合蛋白質(sGPVI-Fc)、ヒスチジン-タグ(His-Tag)を結合させたsGPVI(sGPVI-His)等が挙げられる。また、測定前に試料の希釈操作を要する場合は、希釈後の値である。
抗GPVI抗体は、標識抗体又は非標識抗体のいずれでもよいが、少なくともlつの標識抗体を用いることが好ましい。この標識において、標識物質及び標識方法は公知の物質及び方法を用いることができ、放射性物質、酵素、蛍光物質及び化学発光物質等が用いられ、いずれも適用可能である。これらのうち、酵素標識抗体を用いる方法が特殊な設備や高価な検出装置を必要とせず取り扱いも簡便である等の点で好ましい。
また、標識には、直接法と間接法があり、いずれも適用可能である。
本発明において、少なくともひとつの抗GPVI抗体を固相化抗体として使用する場合は、種々の抗体を用いることができるが、好ましくはドメイン2、より好ましくはループ9又はループ11、特にループ9に特異的に結合する抗体が挙げられる。また、非固相化抗体として使用する場合のものとしては、種々の抗体を用いることができるが、好ましくはドメイン1、より好ましくはループ2又はループ5、特にループ2に特異的に結合する抗体が挙げられる。また、これらのうち、固相化抗体としてループ9に特異的に結合する抗体及び非固相化抗体としてループ2に特異的に結合する抗体の組合せが好ましい。
本発明の好ましい「ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬」としては、例えば、P-セレクチン、CD40L、トロンボキサンB2(TXB2)及び8-イソ-プロスタグランジンF2α(8-iso-PGF2α)、特に、sP-セレクチン、βトロンボグロブリン、血小板第4因子、CD63(Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 3(LAMP-3))、sCD40L、マイクロパーティクル等の血小板活性化マーカーや血清中のFDP、D-ダイマー、トロンビン・アンチトロンビン複合体(TAT)、プロトロンビンフラグメントF1+2(F1+2)、等の凝固線溶系活性化マーカーが挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
即ち、本発明における「ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬」、及びそれを用いたヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定方法は、ヒト体液中のsGPVIの濃度の上昇が、血栓性疾患又は血栓症に起因する上昇でないことを確認できるものであれば十分であり、公知のヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定手段をそのまま適用することができる。
図2及び図3に示されるように、アルツハイマー患者検体(図2及び3の中央)及び血栓性疾患患者検体(図2及び3の右側)のいずれにおいても、体液中のsGPVIの量は上昇しており、この状態ではsGPVIの量の上昇がアルツハイマー病によるものか、血小板の活性化、例えば、血栓症によるものであるのかを区別することはできない。しかし、公知の血栓性疾患又は血栓症の診断手法を使用することにより、体液中のsGPVIの量の上昇が、アルツハイマー病によるものか、血小板の活性化、例えば、血栓性疾患又は血栓症によるものであるのかを区別することが可能となる。
また、図5では、本発明の「ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬」として、凝固線溶系活性化マーカーの1種として知られている血清中FDP濃度の測定用試薬を用いて血清中のFDPの濃度を測定した結果を示したものである。この結果、アルツハイマー患者検体(図5の中央)では血清中のFDPの濃度は上昇していないが、血栓性疾患患者検体(図5の右側)では血清中のFDPの濃度が上昇しており、FDPの測定によっても両者の疾患を区別することが可能となることを示している。
さらに、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(Amyloid precurser protein)トランスジェニックマウス(以下、APP-Tgマウスと記載する)における検討においても、その野生型と比較することにより、同様な結果が得られた(図6及び7参照)。
sGPVIサンドイッチELISA系はヒトのsGPVIの他に、サルのsGPVIにも交差反応性を示すので、サル血小板を用いてsGPVIの産生を検討した。その結果、sGPVIの産生機序の一つとして、アルツハイマー病患者において神経毒性作用を持つとされている線維化Aβの増加により、sGPVIの産生が誘導される可能性が示唆された(図8参照)。
また、サンドイッチ免疫測定法において、さらに別法として第二の特異結合を利用して測定することもできる。抗体-抗原-抗体-第二の特異結合物質の複合体又は抗体-抗原-抗体-第二の特異結合物質-第二の特異結合物質の特異結合パートナー(以下、第二の特異結合パートナーと記載することがある。)の複合体を形成させて測定する方法である。第二の特異結合物質-第二の特異結合パートナーの組み合わせとしては、抗原とその抗体、リガンドとそのレセプター、糖鎖含有物質とレクチン、ビオチンとアビジン又はストレプトアビジン等が挙げられる。さらに、抗体に対する抗体、すなわち、抗イムノグロブリン抗体を利用して、抗体-抗原-抗体-抗イムノグロブリン抗体の複合体を形成させて測定する方法、また、抗イムノグロブリン抗体及び第二の特異結合を利用して、抗イムノグロブリン抗体-抗体-抗原-抗体-第二の特異結合物質-第二の特異結合パートナー等を形成させて測定する方法が例示される。
また、免疫測定法等において、別法として競合法により測定することもできる。抗原-抗体複合体を形成させる中で、検体中の抗原と標識した抗原又は標識した抗原類似物質を競合させることにより測定する方法である。
サンドイッチ免疫測定系で用いる不溶性担体としては、ビーズ、ラテックス粒子、磁性粒子、プレート、チューブ又はメンブレン等が用いられる。ビーズ、プレート又はチューブは、その材料としてポリスチレン、ナイロン、ガラス、シリコンラバー、ステンレス、プラスチック等が挙げられる。メンブレンとしては、セルロース、セルロース誘導体、ニトロセルロース、多孔性合成ポリマー、グラスファイバー、布、不織布、濾紙等が挙げられる。形状としては、ビーズ、ラテックス粒子又は磁性粒子等は球形として用いることができ、保存時のスペースの確保の点で有利である。プレート又はチューブはウエル形として用いることができ、市販の自動化測定器、プレートリーダー等に対応可能な点で有利である。また、メンブレンは、イムノクロマト法、フロースルー法に用いることができる。抗体、第二の結合物質、第二の特異結合物質若しくはそのパートナー、又は抗イムノグロブリン抗体の不溶性担体への結合は、熱吸着法、化学結合法等により行うことができる。
また、非特異的吸着等の反応を低減し、測定系の特異性もしくは感度を高める目的で、不溶性担体に上記物質が結合していない非吸着面に対して、測定系に影響しない物質でブロッキング処理することが好ましい。測定系に影響しない物質としては、ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)、カゼイン等の蛋白質及びTween20、NP-40等の界面活性剤等が例示される。
例えば酵素としてペルオキシダーゼを用いる場合は、発色基質として3,3’,5,5’-テトラベンジジン、又は1,2-フェニレンジアミン等が、アルカリフォスファターゼを用いる場合は、発色基質として4-ニトロフェニルフォスフェート等が、β-D-ガラクトシダーゼを用いる場合は、発色基質として2-ニトロフェニル-β-D-ガラクトシド等が例示される。
抗体、第二の結合物質、第二の特異結合物質若しくはそのパートナー、又は抗イムノグロブリン抗体への酵素標識は、二段階グルタルアルデヒド法、過ヨウ素酸法、マレイミド法、ピリジル・ジスルフィド法等により行うことができる。酵素以外の標識についても熱吸着法、化学結合法等の公知の技術を利用して行うことができる。
酵素標識は、上記に例示される様な発色基質を用いれば、通常の吸光度測定系を用いて測定でき、また感度も比較的高く好ましい。化学発光物質、蛍光物質、着色標識若しくはアイソトープを標識として用いる場合は、その標識に応じた測定機器により測定できる。また、Eu、例えばクリプテート(Eu3+クリプテート)等の蛍光物質を用いる場合は、第二の標識としてXL665等のアロフィコシアニン誘導体を用いて、蛍光共鳴エネルギー転移を測定することもできる。また、簡易な測定キット、例えイムノクロマト法、フロースルー法を利用したキットに用いる標識は、色素、金コロイド若しくは着色ラテックスが視覚的にも観察可能であるので好ましい。凝集法で不溶性担体として用いられる粒子としては、ラテックス、赤血球(例えば羊赤血球)、ゼラチン、マイクロビーズ又はカーボン粒子等、一般に用いられている粒子を使用することができる。
本発明の診断方法は、被検体から体液を採取し、採取された被検体の試料を、必要に応じて測定可能な濃度に希釈し、本発明の測定用試薬を用いて試料中のsGPVIの濃度を測定し、同時又は順次に、本発明の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬を用いて試料中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化を測定し、これを健常人などの対照、好ましくは年齢を合せた、又は同年代の健常人の値と比較することにより行われる。
健常人の値との比較は、例えば、予め複数の健常人の測定結果を求めておき、その測定結果の平均値又は範囲をとる等により標準化した健常人の値又はその範囲を、対照としての健常人の標準値として、測定した値と比較することにより行われる。この比較は、標準偏差(SD)又は標準誤差(SE)を用いて、例えば、健常人の平均値+2SD(もしくはSE)又は3SD(もしくはSE)をカットオフ値として健常人の標準値を求めればよい。また、予め患者の基準値を求めておいて、測定した値と比較してもよい。その他、統計学的有意差を指標とすることもできる。
ある局面においては、対照との比較ではなく、同一人の経時的な変化を観察することが有用である。例えば、10年、5年、3年、1年、又は6月程度の間隔をおいて検査を実施することで、より早期に、又は、精度よく、診断等すること又は病気の段階若しくは進行度を判定することが可能となる。
WO2007/116779号公報及びWO2006/118350号公報の実施例に記載された抗GPVI抗体F1232-10-2を、リジルエンドペプチターゼ(Lysylendopeptidase)で処理することによりF1232-10-2 F(ab’)2を作製した。
即ち、リン酸緩衝生理的塩溶液D-PBS(SIGMA)にバッファー交換したF1232-10-2 50mgに、リジルエンドペプチターゼ(Lysylendopeptidase)(Wako社製)1AUを添加した。37℃で4時間反応した後、セリンプロテアーゼ阻害剤トシルリジンクロロメチルケトン(TLCK、SIGMA社製)を終濃度が30mMとなるように添加して反応を停止した。次に、F1232-10-2 F(ab’)2を精製した。すなわち、切断されたFc部位と未切断のF1232-10-2を除く目的で、酵素消化した抗体をプロテインAカラム(Protein A Column)(Millipore社製)に供した。F(ab’)2が含まれる非吸着両分を透析し4mMTris-HCL(pH8.5)にバッファー交換した。次いでモノQカラム(Mono Q Column)(GE Healthcare社製)を用いて陰イオン交換クロマトグラフィーを行った。得られたF1232-10-2 F(ab’)2をD-PBSにバッファー交換した後に、ウシ血清IgGをスタンダードとしてプロテインアッセイ染料試薬(Protein Assay Dye Reagent)(Bio-Rad社製)を用いてタンパク濃度を測定した。
引き続きF1232-10-2 F(ab’)2を、パーオキシダーゼ標識キットSH(Peroxidase Labeling Kit SH)(同仁化学社製)を用いてHRP標識した。すなわち、F1232-10-2 F(ab’)2を部分還元し、ヒンジ部分に存在するシステイン残基にパーオキシダーゼ(Peroxidase)標識した。
D-PBSを用いて10μg/mLに調製したWO2007/116779号公報及びWO2006/118350号公報の実施例に記載された抗GPVI抗体F1232-7-1を、50μL/ウエルで免疫プレート(immunoplate)(NuncC8Maxisorb社製)に分注し、4℃で一晩固相した。固相したプレートを氷冷イオン交換水にて5回洗浄した後、5% スタバイオロガード(stabiolguard)、0.1%Tween20、3.2% ショ糖(sucrose)/D-PBSを、200μL/ウエルで加えて未反応の部分をブロッキングした。その後、プレートを真空乾燥下で冷蔵保存した。
ヒト血清及びヒト血漿は、0.1%BSA、0.05%Tween20、0.3M NaCl/D-PBSにて100倍以上に希釈調製してF1232-7-1固相プレートに加え、28℃で2時間インキュベートした。なお、標準物質には、蛋白質発現システムFree Style 293 Expression System(Invitrogen社製)で発現精製した組換ヒトsGPVI-Hisを用いた。反応終了後、0.05%Tween20を含んだ生理食塩水でプレートを洗浄した。二次標識抗体として、実施例1で作製したF1232-10-2 Fab’-HRPを、2%ラット血清、0.05%Tween20/D-PBSにて100倍希釈して添加し、28℃で1時間インキュベートした。プレートを洗浄した後、室温に戻したテトラメチルベンチジン(tetramethylbenzidine、以下TMBと記載)を添加し、10分間反応させた。0.5M硫酸を添加して反応を停止した後、マイクロプレートリーダーSepectraMax(Molecular Devices社製)を用いて450nmの吸光度を測定し、650nm吸光度をブランクとして差し引いた。得られた吸光度はマイクロプレートデータ解析用ソフトウェアSoftMax Pro5.2(Molecular Devices社製)を用いて解析した。スタンダードカーブを、図1に示した。なお、データは原則として平均±標準誤差(SE)で表示した。
各疾患患者の血清及び血漿中に含まれるsGPVIを、実施例2で作製したサンドイッチELISA系を用いて測定した。測定には血栓性疾患患者検体、アルツハイマー患者検体及び健常人コントロール検体を用いた。なお、健常人コントロールはアルツハイマー患者の年齢に合わせて高齢者由来の検体を用いた。血漿をサンプルとして用いた測定結果を、図2に、血清をサンプルとして用いた測定結果を図3に示した。血栓性疾患患者及びアルツハイマー患者の血清及び血漿中sGPVI濃度は健常人コントロールに比べ高値を示した。
実施例3で使用した各疾患患者の血漿を用いて、血小板活性化マーカーであるsP-セレクチン濃度を、GMP-140(P-selectin) EIA kit(TAKARA)を用いて測定した。測定結果を図4に示した。血栓性疾患患者のsP-セレクチン濃度は健常人コントロールに比べ高値を示したが、アルツハイマー患者と健常人コントロールとの間に差は認められなかった。
実施例3で使用した各疾患患者の血清を用いて、線溶系のマーカーであるFDPを、FDP測定キットLATECLE FDP(カイノス社製)を用いて測定した。結果を図5に示した。血栓性疾患患者のFDP濃度は健常人コントロールに比べ高値を示したが、アルツハイマー患者と健常人コントロールとの間に差は認められなかった。
実施例3~5の結果を統計ソフトSAS/STAT9.1を用いて解析を行った。
最初に血漿サンプルに対して解析を行った。すなわち、実施例3で測定した各疾患患者の血漿サンプル中のsGPVI濃度をノンパラメトリック多重比較Dunnett型steelの検定方法を用いて解析した。対照群を健常人コントロール群(年齢84.5±7.1)として、アルツハイマー患者群(年齢88.9±4.5)と血栓性疾患患者群(年齢67.1±10.9)におけるsGPVI濃度の比較を行った。その結果、アルツハイマー患者群(p=0.00044)と血栓性疾患患者群(p=0.0024)は共にsGPVI濃度が有意に上昇していた。さらに、実施例4で測定した各疾患患者の血漿サンプル中のsP-セレクチン濃度を同様な方法で統計解析した。その結果、健常人コントロール群と比較して血栓性疾患患者群はsP-セレクチン濃度が有意に上昇しているのに対して(p=0.0033)、アルツハイマー患者群においては健常人コントロール群との差は認められなかった(p=0.96)。
次に血清サンプルに対して解析を行った。実施例3で測定した各疾患患者の血清サンプル中のsGPVI濃度をノンパラメトリック多重比較Dunnett型steelの検定方法を用いて解析した。対照群を健常人コントロール群(年齢84.6±9.1)として、アルツハイマー患者群(年齢85.1±11.4)と血栓性疾患患者群(年齢不明)におけるsGPVI濃度の比較を行った。その結果、アルツハイマー患者群(p=0.027)と血栓性疾患患者群(p=0.045)は共にsGPVI濃度が有意に上昇していた。さらに、実施例5で測定した各疾患患者の血清サンプル中のFDP濃度を同様な方法で統計解析したところ、健常人コントロール群と比較して血栓性疾患患者群ではFDP濃度が有意に上昇しているのに対して(p=0.018)、アルツハイマー患者群においては健常人コントロール群との差は認められなかった(p=0.41)。以上の結果は、sGPVIとsP-セレクチンのような血小板活性化マーカーあるいはFDPのような凝固線溶系活性化マーカーを組み合わせることでアルツハイマーを特異的に検出できることを示している。
(1)ウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体の作製
組換えマウスsGPVI-His85μgを500μLの生理食塩水に溶解し、500μLのフロインド完全アジュバント(DIFCO)と等量混合し、ニュージーランド白色ウサギ(北山ラベス)メス10週齢の背部皮下に投与した。2週間後、組換えマウスsGPVI-His85μgを500μLの生理食塩水に溶解し、500μLのフロインド不完全アジュバント(DIFCO)と等量混合し、背部皮下に投与した。
2回目の投与から1週間後、ウサギの耳動脈より採血した後、抗血清を分離し、抗体を精製した。すなわち抗血清に最終飽和濃度の50%となるように硫酸アンモニウムを添加し、室温で1時間攪拌した。析出した沈殿を遠心分離した。沈殿画分をリン酸緩衝液(SIGMA)(以下、D-PBSと記載)で溶解し、さらに透析法を用いてD-PBSにバッファー交換した。透析サンプルを濾過後、プロテインAカラム(Millipore社)に供し、結合したイムノグロブリン画分を0.1Mグリシン塩酸緩衝液(pH3.0)により溶出した。溶出されたイムノグロブリン画分は、1/10倍量の1Mトリス緩衝液(pH8.5)を添加することでpHを中和し、透析法によりD-PBSにバッファー置換した。得られたウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体は、ウシ血清IgGをスタンダードとしてプロテインアッセイ染料試薬(Protein Assay Dye Reagent)(Bio-Rad社製)を用いてタンパク濃度を測定した。
上記(1)で作製したウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体を酢酸緩衝溶液(pH4.0)にバッファー交換し、ペプシン(Roche社)を重量比30:1(抗体;ペプシン)で添加した。37℃で3時間反応させた後、2Mトリス緩衝液(pH8.5)を添加してpHを中性にすることで反応を停止した。
次に、ペプシン消化した抗体を4mMトリス緩衝液(pH8.5)中にバッファー交換し、陰イオンカラム(Mono Q Column)(GE Healthcare社製)を用いてクロマトグラフィーを行った。精製されたF(ab’)2画分はD-PBSにバッファー交換した後に、上記(1)と同様にタンパク濃度を測定した。
次に、得られたウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体F(ab’)2を部分還元し、パーオキシダーゼ標識キットSH(Peroxidase Labeling Kit SH)(同仁化学社製)を用いて、ヒンジ部分に存在するシステイン残基にパーオキシダーゼ(Peroxidase)を標識し、標識抗体(ウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体Fab’-HRPと表記)を調製した。
上記(1)で作製されたウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体をD-PBSを用いて10μg/mLに調製した。希釈調製した抗体溶液を50μL/ウエルで免疫プレート(immunoplate)(NuncC8Maxisorb社製)に分注し、4℃で一晩固相した。固相したプレートを氷冷イオン交換水にて5回洗浄した後、2% スタビリガード(stabilguard)、0.1%Tween20、3.2% ショ糖(sucrose)/D-PBSを、200μL/ウエルで加えて未反応の部分をブロッキングした。その後、プレートを真空乾燥下で冷蔵保存した。
マウス血漿を、0.1%BSA、0.05%Tween20/D-PBSにて10倍以上に希釈調製してウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体固相プレートに加え、室温で2時間インキュベートした。なお、標準物質には組換マウスsGPVI-Hisを用いた。反応終了後、0.05%Tween20を含んだ生理食塩水でプレートを洗浄した。二次標識抗体として、上記(2)で作製したウサギ抗マウスGPVI抗体Fab’-HRPを、2%ウサギ血清、0.05%Tween20/D-PBSにて100倍希釈して添加し、室温で2時間インキュベートした。プレートを洗浄した後、室温に戻したTMBを添加し、10分間反応させた。0.5M硫酸を添加して反応を停止した後、マイクロプレートリーダーSepectraMax(Molecular Devices社製)を用いて450nmの吸光度を測定し、650nm吸光度をブランクとして差し引いた。得られた吸光度はマイクロプレートデータ解析用ソフトウェアSoftMax Pro5.2(Molecular Devices社製)を用いて解析した。前記した実施例2と同様にして、スタンダードカーブを作成した。
(1)血漿sGPVI濃度の測定
約18~24ヶ月齢のAPP-Tgマウス(B6;SJL-Tg(APPSWE)2576Kha, Taconic Farms Inc.)及びコントロールマウス血漿中に含まれるsGPVIを、実施例7で作製したサンドイッチELISA系を用いて測定した。なお、コントロールには同じ遺伝的背景を持つ野生型マウスを用いた。測定結果を図6に示した。
(2)マウスの血漿中sP-セレクチン(sP-selectin)濃度の測定
実施例8で使用した各マウスの血漿を用いて、血小板活性化マーカーであるsP-セレクチン濃度を測定した。測定にはsP-セレクチン ELISA Kit(R&D社)を用いた。測定結果を図7に示した。
(3)各マウスにおけるsGPVI濃度と血小板活性化マーカーの比較
統計ソフトSAS/STAT9.1を用いて、上記(1)で測定した各マウスの血漿サンプル中のsGPVI濃度をwilcoxonの順位和検定により解析した。その結果、APP-Tgマウス群ではsGPVI濃度が有意に上昇していた(P=0.0011)。また、上記(2)で測定した各マウスの血漿サンプル中のsP-セレクチン濃度をwilcoxonの順位和検定により解析したところ、両群間に有意な差は見られなかった(P=0.0941)。
以上の結果は、ヒトのアルツハイマー患者と同様にマウスのアルツハイマーモデルにおいても血小板の活性化を伴わずにsGPVIが産生されている事を示している。
実施例2で示したsGPVIサンドイッチELISA系はヒトのsGPVIの他に、サルのsGPVIにも交差反応性を示す。そこでサル血小板を用いてsGPVIの産生を検討した。
(1)サル洗浄血小板の調製
抗凝固剤としてクエン酸ナトリウムを用いてサル足静脈より全血を採取した。得られた全血を900rpm×10minで遠心する事により多血小板血漿(Platelet-rich plasma(以下、PRPと記す))を分離し、PRP画分のみをピペットマンで緩やかに吸い取り、新しいチューブに移した。得られたPRPを室温、2000rpm×10minで遠心し、血小板を沈殿させた。沈殿した血小板を常法に従って調製したACD(Acid-citrate-dextrose)-A液含有0.02%BSA/10mM HEPES Buffer(pH6.4)に懸濁し、再度2000rpm×10minで遠心し、血小板を沈殿させた。洗浄目的の本操作を2回行った。2回目の洗浄終了後、遠心により血小板を沈殿させた後、0.02%BSA/HEPES Buffer(pH7.4)に撹拌した。Sysmex F-820(東亜医用電子)を用いて血小板数をカウントし、40.0×107個/mLになるように調製し、洗浄血小板として用いた。
(2)アミロイドβ(以下、Aβと記す)の調製
洗浄血小板に添加する、可溶型アミロイドβ(以下、sAβと記す)と、線維化アミロイドβ(以下、fAβと記す)をCindy M Sondag(Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2009 Jan 5;6:1-13)らの方法により、以下の手順で調製した。
Aβ1-42(AnaSpec Inc)を1mg/mLとなるようにヘキサフルオロイソプロパノール(Hexafluoroisopropanol)(SIGMA)を添加し、1時間室温で静置し完全に溶解した。緩やかに加温することで、Hexafluoro isopropanolを完全に蒸発させた後、Aβ1-42が10mg/mLとなるようにジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)を用いて溶解し、さらにD-PBSを用いて400μg/mLに希釈した。D-PBSで希釈した直後のAβをsAβとし、希釈した後に室温で1週間静置したものをfAβとして使用した。
(3)サル洗浄血小板を用いたsGPVIの産生の検討
サル洗浄血小板に、コラーゲン、sAβ、又はfAβの各種刺激剤を添加する事によりsGPVIの産生を検討した。すなわち、上記(1)で調製した洗浄血小板懸濁液180μLに、100mM塩化カルシウム溶液を4μL添加した。さらに各種刺激剤を20μL添加し、37℃で1時間反応させた。反応終了後15000rpm×2minで遠心し、上清を新しいチューブに移した後、プロテアーゼ阻害剤混合物(Protease Inhibitor Cocktail)(SIGMA)を終濃度5%となるように、またEDTAを終濃度5mMとなるように添加して反応を停止させた。反応液中のsGPVI濃度は実施例2に記載のELISA法にて測定した。刺激剤を添加しない場合をコントロールとして、各種刺激剤を添加した場合の結果を図8に示す。
図8に示すように、刺激剤を添加していないコントロール群と比較して、GPVIのリガンドであるコラーゲンを添加した際にはsGPVIの産生が認められた。一方、sAβを添加してもsGPVIの産生は認められなかったが、アルツハイマー患者において神経毒性作用を持つとされている線維化Aβを添加した場合にはsGPVIの産生が認められた。
この結果、sGPVIの産生機序の一つとして、アルツハイマー病患者において神経毒性作用を持つとされている線維化Aβの増加により、sGPVIの産生が誘導される可能性が示唆された。
Claims (10)
- ヒト体液中の可溶型GPVI(sGPVI)の測定用試薬、及び当該ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬を含有してなるアルツハイマー病又はそのリスクの診断剤又はスクリーニング剤。
- sGPVIの測定用試薬が、少なくとも抗GPVI抗体の1種を含有するものである請求項1に記載の診断剤又はスクリーニング剤。
- 血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化の測定用試薬が、血小板活性化マーカー及び/又は凝固線溶系活性化マーカーの測定用試薬である請求項1又は2に記載の診断剤又はスクリーニング剤。
- 血小板活性化マーカーが可溶型P-セレクチンである、請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の診断剤又はスクリーニング剤。
- 凝固線溶系活性化マーカーが血清中フィブリノーゲン分解産物(FDP)又はD-ダイマー (D-dimer)である、請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の診断剤またはスクリーニング剤。
- 採取したヒト体液中のsGPVIの濃度を測定する工程、及び当該ヒト体液中の血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化を測定する工程を含有してなるアルツハイマー病又はそのリスクをスクリーニング、判定又は診断する方法。
- sGPVIの濃度を測定する工程が、少なくとも抗GPVI抗体の1種を含有するものである請求項6に記載の方法。
- 血小板又は凝固・線溶系の活性化を測定する工程が、血小板活性化マーカー及び/又は凝固線溶系活性化マーカーを測定する方法である、請求項6又は7に記載の方法。
- 血小板活性化マーカーが、sP-セレクチンである、請求項6ないし8のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 凝固線溶系活性化マーカーが、血清中フィブリノーゲン分解産物(FDP)又はD-ダイマー(D-dimer)である、請求項6ないし9のいずれかに記載の方法。
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- 2011-09-06 WO PCT/JP2011/004990 patent/WO2012032766A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2011-09-06 JP JP2012532862A patent/JPWO2012032766A1/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-09-06 US US13/820,894 patent/US20130217050A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-09-06 EP EP11823245.3A patent/EP2615458A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-09-06 CA CA2810479A patent/CA2810479A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2615458A1 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
JPWO2012032766A1 (ja) | 2014-01-20 |
CA2810479A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
EP2615458A4 (en) | 2014-01-01 |
US20130217050A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
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