WO2012025436A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour générer des neutrons libres - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour générer des neutrons libres Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012025436A1
WO2012025436A1 PCT/EP2011/064148 EP2011064148W WO2012025436A1 WO 2012025436 A1 WO2012025436 A1 WO 2012025436A1 EP 2011064148 W EP2011064148 W EP 2011064148W WO 2012025436 A1 WO2012025436 A1 WO 2012025436A1
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energy
neutrons
neutron
supplied
halo
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PCT/EP2011/064148
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dietrich Habs
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Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
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Publication of WO2012025436A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012025436A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
    • G21G4/00—Radioactive sources
    • G21G4/02—Neutron sources

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for generating free low-energy neutrons according to claim 1 and a device for generating free neutrons according to claim 15.
  • free neutrons for example by means of nuclear reactors in a nuclear fission or using generated by spallation sources. Reactors that undergo nuclear fission require high investment and radioactive material is generated. Spallation sources are also very costly, since large and expensive particle accelerators are needed.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a simple and cost-effective method and a simple device for generating neutrons, in particular low-energy neutrons.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by the method according to claim 1 and by the device according to claim 15.
  • One advantage of the invention is that neutrons, in particular low-energy neutrons, are produced in a relatively simple manner.
  • the inventive method uses a target having we ⁇ ilias partially atoms whose neutron can be excited in a Halo state.
  • a part of the atoms of at least energy is supplied in such a way that the neutron atoms are excited to a state Halo un ⁇ terrenz the separation energy.
  • the sample is energized ⁇ leads in such a way that the neutrons, which are located in the halo-state, be released from the atom.
  • the energy supplied to a neutron in the first method is greater, preferably significantly greater, than the energy supplied in the second method.
  • This pre ⁇ hens offers the advantage that the energy distribution of the neutron has a narrow bandwidth due to the low energy which is supplied in the second method for solving a neutron from the atom. This is of particular advantage in order to use the free neutrons for investigations of samples.
  • the energy supplied in the first method is supplied by means of photon radiation, in particular gamma radiation.
  • Photon radiation is a simple and reliable source for transferring energy to a neutron.
  • a photon radiation is fed into ⁇ special laser radiation or undulator radiation.
  • the photon radiation, in particular the laser radiation is also very well suited to transfer the energy required to release the neutrons, which are in the halo state.
  • the second method is carried out within the half-life of the halo state of the neutrons.
  • the state of the halo neutrons is statistically stable, so that due to interactions, the number of halo neutrons decreases with time, but is sufficiently stable. For a large yield of free neutrons, it is therefore advantageous to carry out the second method within the half-life of the halo state of the neutrons.
  • the first method and the second method are each carried out in a pulsed manner. In this way, temporally and spatially limited neutron beams can be generated, which can be used in particular for the investigation of dynamic processes.
  • a linearly polarized photon radiation is used to detach the neutrons.
  • the use of linearly polarized photon radiation generates magnetically polarized neutrons, which are particularly suitable for the investigation of magnetic states.
  • the polarization of the photon radiation is changed in the second method, in particular, the polarization of the photon radiation is changed in a pulsed operation of the photon radiation from pulse to pulse.
  • pulsed neutron bundles are generated , whose magnetic polarization also varies from pulse to pulse is changed. This effect may be advantageous in investigations of dynamic magnetic processes.
  • the sample is cooled, in particular below a range of less than 50 K, preferably less than 10 K. In this way, a further reduction in the bandwidth of the energy distribution of the free neutrons is achieved.
  • a stack of spaced apart layers of atoms whose neutrons can be excited to a halo state is used as a sample. This geometrical arrangement free neutron beam can be generated by using a photon beam ⁇ while the second method, which have a fixed timing relationship to one another ⁇ and are spatially limited.
  • neutron guides are used to guide the neutrons from the sample to an examination area having a bandpass mirror.
  • the band-pass mirror to be directed in the neutron guide only Neutro ⁇ NEN having a predetermined wavelength range. As a result, the bandwidth of the energy of the neutrons conducted to the examination area can be further restricted.
  • a neutron guide which has a polished metal substrate as a wall at least in an initial region, which faces the sample.
  • the polished metal substrate which may have particular aluminum ⁇ minium or iron, is suitable to to locate the initial portion of the neutron guide very close to the sample.
  • the polished metal substrate shows a higher stability with respect to the radiation load than, for example, glass substrates.
  • FIGS. Show it 1 is a schematic representation of an atomic nucleus with egg ⁇ neem, which is in a halo state
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of possible
  • Fig. 3 shows a table of selected isotopes having a mass number between 40 and 60 and between 140 and 180 indicating the scattering length and the neutron binding energy ⁇ , the neutron halo states entspre ⁇ Chen,
  • FIG. 4 shows a table of isotopes with a mass number between 140 and 180 which are particularly suitable for the generation of free neutrons.
  • Fig. 5 shows a simplified structure of the device for
  • FIG. 6 shows another structure of the neutron generating apparatus having a plurality of experimental areas
  • Fig. 7 shows a target with layers of target material.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an atomic nucleus with neutrons N and protons P with a located in a halo state neutron Nl.
  • Atoms consist of atomic nuclei and an electron shell. In the following, only the atomic nuclei are considered in detail.
  • the atomic nuclei have protons P and neutrons N, Nl. Normally, the protons and neutrons are arranged very close together. However, there are also atomic nuclei that have a neutron in a certain energy state that is in a so-called halo state and is much farther from the hull than an ultimate proton.
  • a corresponding nucleus is shown in FIG. 1, which has protons P and neutrons N, where a neutron Nl may have a clear distance to the other neutrons and protons of the hull core.
  • a neutron of a nucleus is an energetic Grundzu ⁇ stand G, but also excited states Hl, H2, H3 with an existing bond may have the nucleus.
  • the energy states H2, H3 correspond to a halo state of the neutron.
  • the energy states Hl, H2, H3 are even lower than a separation energy S, from which the neutron dissolves from the atomic nucleus.
  • a neutron can be released from an atomic nucleus when the energy of the neutron is above the separation energy S.
  • a basic idea of the invention is to use neutrons from
  • the neutrons are supplied with a further energy E2, so that the neutrons have an energy state which is greater than the separation energy S and therefore the neutrons separate from the atomic nuclei.
  • a pulsed neutron beam can be generated with high brilliance using the described Ver ⁇ driving.
  • the free neutrons have an energy of less than 1 eV.
  • the first Ener ⁇ energy El with a brilliant photon radiation in particular a gamma ray with an energy range 1-15 MeV, preferably 6 to 8 MeV
  • the neutrons are excited to an energy state near the Se ⁇ paration energy-S.
  • a neutron in a halo state represents a long-lived core state whereby the neutron is in an excited energy state be ⁇ .
  • the excited neutron is only slightly bound to the nucleus and can stay far away from the nucleus.
  • the first energy may preferably be transmitted in one step to the neutrons with a gamma-ray pulse.
  • the neutrons in the halo state are supplied with a second energy E2 to release the neutrons from the atomic nuclei.
  • the second energy 2 can preferably be supplied as a photon beam, for example as a laser beam.
  • a small energy bandwidth of the photon beam is advantageous in order to produce a brilliant neutron current which has a high energy sharpness.
  • the photon beam can be chirped (with increasing energy) to produce particularly cold neutrons. For this purpose, the energy of the photons is increased during a pulse with increasing duration.
  • Gamma rays with a high degree of brilliance which are produced, for example, by means of Compton backscattering of laser light on brilliant, high-energy electron bundles, are suitable as the energy source for the first method.
  • energy band widths are available for gamma rays with an energy of 10 MeV, which have an energy distribution in the range between 0.01 and 0.001 bandwidth, ie ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • ⁇ is the energy interval of the gamma quanta
  • E is the maximum energy of the gamma quanta.
  • the energy band ⁇ wide of the available gamma rays in the years up to a value of 0.0001 improve ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • the available gamma radiation sources at an energy of 10 MeV have a brilliance in the range of l 20 (ph / mm 2 mrad 2 s 0.1% BW)).
  • the brilliance is a measure of the quality of a radiation source, the To ⁇ number of photons (ph) per time interval (s) per outlet ⁇ area (mm 2) per solid angle (mrad 2) by relative energy ⁇ bandwidth (BW) describes.
  • High brilliance means that a large number of photons are emitted in a very short time from a small exit surface to a small solid angle per relative energy band width.
  • ⁇ is the energy of the photons
  • ⁇ is the angle the gamma ray occupies with the electron beam
  • EL is the energy of the photons.
  • the energy of gamma radiation ⁇ decreases with increasing angle ⁇ .
  • a narrow bandwidth of the gamma beam requires a narrow energy distribution of the electric ⁇ nenbündel ( ⁇ / ⁇ ), a narrow bandwidth of the laser radiation ( ⁇ EL / EL), a good Emittenz of the electron beam with a small opening and a small opening angle of the laser beam.
  • a small neutron energy, at which the momentum momentum is compensated can be obtained only for a very narrow aperture angle.
  • Gamma radiation sources which use the Compton backward scattering method, for example, in the HLys plant Duke Uni- sity, USA, installed in which the primary photon with- the aid of an FEL laser (free electron laser) produces ⁇ the eluting with Undulators a spatially periodic magnetic ⁇ field is generated and the electrons are generated by a storage ring. Then, in a second step, these FEL photons are backscattered on a circulating electron beam to generate the ⁇ radiation. Furthermore, corresponding equipment from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under the name Plajades, T-REX and MEGa-Ray are known, which are based on a warm electron LINAC (linear accelerator) and a fiber laser for the backscatter.
  • FEL laser free electron laser
  • the target material is all atoms stable in the ground state for halo states whose energy states are in the vicinity of the separation energy, with atomic nuclei whose mass number A is between 140 and 180 or whose mass number A is between 40 and 60.
  • a narrow bandwidth of energy distribution of the gamma radiation ensures that a sufficient number of neutrons of the atoms can be excited in halo states close to the separation energy.
  • Atoms capable of being excited to a neutron-halo state of a mean lifetime of at least lps are suitable.
  • Fig. 3 shows a table of possible isotopes indicating the scattering length a and the binding energy S, which are suitable for the generation of free neutrons.
  • these states were identifi ed with elastic scattering of thermal neutrons, that is, above the neutron binding energy.
  • the table shows that the separations energy for the neutrons lies between 5.8 and 12.2 MeV.
  • the energy of the ⁇ radiation must be chosen to be lower than the separation energy.
  • Figures 4A and 4B show tables of further isotopes suitable for the generation of halo states.
  • A the mass number, with Z the chemical element, with% the percentage of the isotope at the chemical element, with I g the spin of the ground state, with I core the spin of the nucleus without a neutron of the ground state, with E core the energy the excited core without a neutron with the Sn Se ⁇ para dissociation energy of a neutron.
  • atoms with halo-neutron states whose average life has a minimum length are suitable for the generation of free neutrons.
  • the life of a halo neutron is a bond energy of 1 eV at ei ⁇ ner average life of typically 10 ⁇ and the binding energy of 1 keV at an average life of typically 300 ps.
  • a sufficiently stable state of a halo-neutron is assumed for an average lifetime of at least 300 ps. From this lifetime, a free neutron can be generated using the described method.
  • a target has only atoms of a chemical element or preferably only atoms of an iso ⁇ tops of a chemical element.
  • g (2 ⁇ ⁇ + 1) / (2 ⁇ ⁇ + 1) is a spin factor for the spin of the target and the photon beam and ⁇ (hc) / ⁇ , where ⁇ at ⁇ the wavelength of the gamma radiation with the energy ⁇ h
  • the mean ⁇ -width is known and a function of the mass number A and the separation energy S of the neutrons.
  • the average resonance width ⁇ is about 100 meV for an atomic nucleus with the mass number A of 180.
  • a thinner substrate may preferably be USAGE ⁇ det.
  • ⁇ we excite atoms to neutron halo states with an energy width of about 100 meV, so that we get about 10 8 excited atoms in a target in an area of 0.1 mm 2 .
  • neutrons are emitted with an aperture angle of 100 mrad 2 and a bandwidth ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) better than 0.1%.
  • the peak brilliance is improved by a factor of 10 6 to a range of peak brilliance of about 10 11 neutrons / ((mm-mrad) 2 x 0, 1% x BW x s).
  • a correspondingly high-energy Pho ⁇ ton source for the second method is required, which must be available in the form of an X-ray source due to the high energy required of 1 keV. It can be generated with undulators with the existing electron beam.
  • the neutron pulse duration of approximately 1 ⁇ is essentially determined by the thickness of the target.
  • a shortening of the neutron pulse duration can be achieved by using a thinner target.
  • a stack of multiple thin layers of atoms is used as a target, with which a set of microbatches of shorter duration neutrons can be generated in the range of nanoseconds rather than microseconds.
  • the sample to be examined should also have a small thickness in the nanometer range in order to avoid a longer time delay and an expansion of the neutron pulses.
  • a corresponding frequency modulation of the photon source during the second process may be used to increase the brilliance of the neutron beam.
  • the bandwidth of the free Neutron improved as the cross section for the Lö ⁇ sen a neutron depends from the Halo state of the energy of the photons.
  • the brilliance of the free neutrons can be improved if the photon radiation in the first method irradiates a different effective thickness of the target than the photon radiation of the second method. This may be it ⁇ ranges, for example, by different angle of incidence.
  • Neut ⁇ Ronen beams are generated with a long period of time extremely monoenergetic and slow in the presence of neutrons with halo states that have a low energy gap for the separation energy ⁇ , using a mono-energy laser beam in the second process.
  • an improved alignment of the neutrons in the direction of the laser polarization can be achieved due to the collective alignment of the charged atomic nuclei with respect to the halo-state neutrons and due to the large dipole moment, so that one 10 4 higher brilliance of the neutron beam is achieved.
  • the direction in which the free neutrons are emitted can be restricted.
  • a neutron ⁇ conductor for receiving the free neutrons can be determined by a corresponding direction specification.
  • fully polarized neutron beams can be obtained without significant loss of intensity.
  • fully polarized gamma rays can be used in the first method, which are generated by a Compton backscattering process of a fully polarized laser beam on relativistic electron beams. If one excites an atom from a ground state to a fully po ⁇ lararraen Halo state, a fully polari ⁇ lized neutron beam is achieved, since the orbital angular momentum is equal to the 0th
  • the polarization of the neutron beam can be changed from pulse to pulse. Since the spin of the neutron is coupled to the magnetic dipole moment of the neutron, complete alignment of the neutron beam polarization is enabled.
  • neutron beams in particular neutron scattering
  • the application of neutron beams is currently experiencing a strong trend towards cold and thermal microneutron beams for studying structures and dynamic excitations of small samples under extreme conditions, e.g. in the field of solid state and soft body physics.
  • SANS narrow angle scattering
  • the highly brilliant and thin neutron beam can be used successfully.
  • the new neutron source will open up a large area of research in basic and applied research.
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of the basic structure of a device for generating microneutron beams. It is a first radiation source 1 vorgese ⁇ hen, which emits a first photon beam 2 onto a target. 3 Opposite to the first radiation source 1 in Be ⁇ train on the target 3 is hen a collecting device 4 provided for. The collecting device 4 captures the part of the first photon radiation 2 that is not picked up or deflected by the target 3. Furthermore, a second radiation source 5 is provided, which holds a second photon beam 6 for the second method. Play in the illustrated exemplary embodiments, the second photon beam 6 of the second radiation source 5 is ge ⁇ via a deflection device 7 from above in the perpendicular angle to an observation plane 9 on the target.
  • the first and the second radiation source 1, 5 are connected to a control unit 12 in connection, which drives the first and the second radiation source 1, 5 according to stored control method.
  • a cooling device 20 may be provided, which is thermally conductively connected to the target 3 and the target cools, insbesonde ⁇ re below 50 Kelvin, preferably below 10 Kelvin.
  • the second radiation source 5 provides a linearly polarized second photon beam 6. Due to the linear polarization, the neutrons 13 emitted by the target 3 are emitted in the observation plane 9. Furthermore, a diaphragm 10 with an opening 11 for focusing the first photon beam 2 between the first radiation source 1 and the target 3 is preferably arranged.
  • the ers ⁇ te-ray source 1 adapted to deliver, for example, gamma rays with an energy in the range of 1 to 15 MeV.
  • the gamma radiation may preferably be linearly polarized.
  • a neutron of the atomic nucleus is excited into a halo state.
  • the target 3 is irradiated with the second photon beam 6 then, in a second process, so that neutrons be found in the halo-state ⁇ be of the atoms, and thus released from the target 3 and fly away.
  • the neutrons are emitted at a narrow angle, which depends on the polarization direction of the second photon beam 6.
  • Neutron conductors are provided for guiding the neutrons, wherein the neutron conductors may have an elliptical or parabolic shape to guide the neutrons.
  • the neutron guides are formed in such a manner that a high neutron flux does not damage the Neutronenlei ⁇ ter and that the neutron guide combinenerge- diagram neutrons do not conduct.
  • the neutron conductors may preferably have a coating which provides a bandpass filter. Due to the bandpass filter, only neutrons with a certain wavelength range are guided along the neutron guide.
  • Such neutron guides are an established technology.
  • the neutrons are emitted at the same time in opposite directions.
  • chopper may be used to ⁇ to form the neutron beam on.
  • a second focus of an elliptical neutron guide is located either at the site of a chopper or at the site of a sample to be examined.
  • the second focus may be the virtual source of a focusing Monochrometer or the source for a conical picture.
  • a direct connection between the target and the sample to be examined may be blocked with glare elements within the neutron guide.
  • all ande ren ⁇ radiations emitted for example from the target such as gamma rays or other neutron suppressed.
  • a temporal smearing of the time structure of the very short neutron beams is reduced since the flight path of the neutrons does not depend on the divergence.
  • the design of the neutron guide can be adapted in such a way that the phase space of the neutron is adapted to each beam size in the range of the size of the target of 100 ⁇ up to 1 mm.
  • the neutron beams can be effectively focused to an area of a few tens of ⁇ m or less.
  • the neutron guides become efficient
  • the newly described type of neutron source can be ⁇ driven in a pulsed mode or in a pseudo-continuous wave mode. Due to the pulse structure and the repetition frequency of the electron and photon sources involved, adaptation to a wide range of parameters can be easily achieved.
  • Neut ⁇ Ronen By switching the polarization plane of the electromagnetic field of the second radiation source during irradiation Neut ⁇ Ronen can be continuously produced with different energy levels. At a low pulse rate, the risk of overlapping can be reduced.
  • a polarized gamma radiation without loss of brilliance can be obtained by the use of a completely polarized neutron beam by using egg ⁇ nes polarized first photon beam, it will be possible to examine magnetic materials and soft Materi ⁇ alien with highly incoherent scattering.
  • FIG. 6 shows a further From guide form of plant for the production of free neutrons in which the first radiation source 1 winnung an electron linear accelerator with Energy Wegge- (ERLinac), which accelerates the electrons to an energy of 600 MeV ⁇ Ener.
  • a third radiation source 23 in the form of a laser is provided in the arrangement for generating the first photon radiation in the form of gamma radiation by bombarding the electron packets by means of a third photon radiation 24.
  • a corresponding mirror system 15 is provided in order to greatly increase the third photon beam 24 by the circulating intensity in the elevation activity of the four mirrors.
  • the low-energy, second photon beam coming from above (FIG. 5), which is used in the second method for the solution of the neutrons from the halo states, is not shown in FIG.
  • the second photon beam is directed perpendicular to the image plane from above onto the target.
  • the second photon beam is generated by a second radiation source, as shown in FIG.
  • a plurality of neutron guides 14 are arranged, which guide the generated neutrons to different examination areas.
  • the neutrons can be used, for example, for imaging experiments, small angular scattering experiments or scattering experiments.
  • the neu- can ronen over monochromatic filter of a sample supplied to the ⁇ .
  • the neutrons can be evaluated for the determination of the time of flight or the determination of the polarization of the neutrons.
  • filters 16, choppers 17 and detectors 18 are provided.
  • the highly brilliant gamma source can be generated with an electron Line ⁇ arbelixer.
  • a high brilliance of alternating light-emitting diode (LED) and a frequency of 1.3 GHz can be generated with a flow of 10 15 photons per second using a 100 mA electron stream. With such high electron currents is an energy recovery in the
  • Electrons (ERL) with a superconducting accelerator (see Figure 6) appropriate.
  • approximate shape can also so-called warm linear accelerator Elektronenbe ⁇ (Linae) be used with a current of 3 ⁇ .
  • the normalized emittance of gamma radiation may range from 0.1 to 0.18 mm-mrad.
  • the energy sharpness ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) may be in the range of 10 ⁇ 3 to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 .
  • the pulse rate for the gamma radiation may range from 10 kHz up to a range of 5 GHz.
  • the charge of an electron beam may be between 250 picocoulombs (pC) for the men was ⁇ electron linac and 8 picocoulombs (pC) are for a cold location th electron linac.
  • the second photon source may have a repetition frequency of 120 Hz to 5 GHz.
  • the pulse duration of the second photon source can be in the range of a few picoseconds.
  • the pulse energy can be between 1.5 joules for the warm linear accelerator and 40 to 1 milliules for the cold linear accelerator.
  • the stored energy can range from a few megawatts to a few 100 megawatts.
  • Compton backscattering can be used to generate gamma rays with an energy of 1 to 13 MeV, a gamma quantum flux of 10 13 to 5 ⁇ 10 15 gamma quanta / second with a bandwidth ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) of 10 ⁇ 3 to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 , a beam cross section of 15 to 25 ⁇ and a peak brilliance of 2 ⁇ 10 21 to 6 ⁇ 10 24 photons / (mm 2 -mmrad 2 ⁇ s ⁇ 0, 1% bandwidth) can be achieved.
  • an average brilliance of 3 ⁇ 10 19 for a warm electron linear accelerator and 3 ⁇ 10 21 for a cooled electron linear accelerator is achieved.
  • Correspondingly structured first radiation sources 1 are in the
  • gamma ray sources are exemplary only. Preferably, sources are used which have a flux of gamma quanta greater than 5 x 10 12 quanta / s.
  • the target for generating the neutrons may be less than 1 mm 3 .
  • the energy sharpness ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) can be better than 4 x 10 ⁇ 2 at energies in the range of 5-10 MeV.
  • the described method is not limited to the small-diameter ⁇ and high brilliance of the neutron radiation. Depending on the application, other values may be advantageous. In particular, applications in the field of materials science, life sciences and medical diagnostics, for example, for the study of tissue structures, in particular for the detection of cancer, possible.
  • FIG. 7 shows a target 3 which has parallel arranged first layers 21 of target material, which are connected to one another via second layers 22.
  • the second layers 22 are composed of atoms that have no neutron halo states, e.g. For example carbon. But you can also consist of vacuum, so that the Compton electrons can leave well without heating the targets

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour générer des neutrons libres, consistant à préparer un échantillon qui contient au moins en partie des atomes dont les neutrons peuvent être excités pour créer un état de halo. Dans un premier procédé, de l'énergie est fournie à au moins une partie des atomes de façon à exciter les neutrons en dessous de l'énergie de séparation pour créer un état de halo, tandis que dans un deuxième procédé, de l'énergie est fournie à l'échantillon de façon à détacher de l'atome des neutrons qui se trouvent à l'état de halo, l'énergie fournie au cours du premier procédé étant supérieure à celle fournie au cours du deuxième procédé.
PCT/EP2011/064148 2010-08-23 2011-08-17 Procédé et dispositif pour générer des neutrons libres WO2012025436A1 (fr)

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