WO2012000162A1 - 一步去除废水中碳氮污染物的方法 - Google Patents

一步去除废水中碳氮污染物的方法 Download PDF

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WO2012000162A1
WO2012000162A1 PCT/CN2010/074604 CN2010074604W WO2012000162A1 WO 2012000162 A1 WO2012000162 A1 WO 2012000162A1 CN 2010074604 W CN2010074604 W CN 2010074604W WO 2012000162 A1 WO2012000162 A1 WO 2012000162A1
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nitrogen
bacteria
aerobic
denitrifying bacteria
heterotrophic nitrification
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French (fr)
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倪晋仁
陈倩
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北京大学
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/30Aerobic and anaerobic processes
    • C02F3/302Nitrification and denitrification treatment
    • C02F3/307Nitrification and denitrification treatment characterised by direct conversion of nitrite to molecular nitrogen, e.g. by using the Anammox process
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02Aerobic processes
    • C02F3/12Activated sludge processes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/30Aerobic and anaerobic processes
    • C02F3/302Nitrification and denitrification treatment
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sewage treatment method, and belongs to the technical field of water treatment, in particular to a wastewater treatment technology for utilizing heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria for one-step nitrogen removal and carbon removal. Background technique
  • Oxygen-contaminating pollutants such as various types of organic carbon present in water bodies and nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus are the main causes of loss of function of natural water bodies. Oxygen-consuming pollutants need to consume dissolved oxygen in the water, causing the water body to be deprived of oxygen, which leads to spoilage fermentation, which grows and produces black odor. Excessive intake of nitrogen and phosphorus is the "culprit" of eutrophication of water bodies. Eutrophicated water bodies not only affect the function of water bodies, but also endanger human health. Therefore, people have been working on a variety of sewage treatment technologies to control the environmental hazards of these two types of pollutants.
  • the activated sludge process is the most widely used method for treating various types of sewage.
  • this process after the organic matter is oxidized and decomposed by the heterotrophic microorganisms, a part of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other substances are assimilated into the cellular components of the microorganisms and discharged as excess sludge; Part of the organic carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide by dissimilatory action, and the energy generated in this process is necessary for the growth and metabolism of heterotrophic microorganisms.
  • traditional to remove organic pollutants traditional to remove organic pollutants
  • Biological nitrogen removal technology is currently the most widely used wastewater denitrification technology, which refers to the process of converting organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen into N 2 under the action of microorganisms.
  • the crucible includes both the nitrification and denitrification processes.
  • Nitrification is the process of converting NH 4 + to N0 2 - and N0 3 _ under aerobic conditions. This effect is jointly performed by two bacteria, nitrous acid bacteria and nitrate bacteria. The response is as follows:
  • nitrifying bacteria are aerobic autotrophic bacteria with low growth rate and long generation cycle. More sensitive to changes in environmental conditions.
  • the denitrification reaction is a process in which denitrifying bacteria reduce NC and NO 3 to nitrogen under anaerobic conditions.
  • the reaction is as follows:
  • Denitrifying bacteria are heterotrophic facultative anaerobic bacteria, mainly Proteobacteria (Micrococcus, Pseudomonas ( Pseudomonas ) facultative bacteria such as Bacillaceae, Akaligenes, and Flavobacterium, which are widely found in nature.
  • the nitrifying bacteria group has a slow proliferation rate and is prolonged in generations, which makes it difficult to maintain a high biological concentration; resulting in longer system hydraulic retention time, lower organic load, and increased capital investment and operating costs;
  • Nitrite is a new denitrification process developed by the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.
  • the basic principle is that in the same reactor, ammonia is oxidized to form N0 2 - under aerobic conditions, and then under anoxic conditions, organic matter is used as an electron donor, and N0 2 - is used as a counter. Nitrification, generating N 2 .
  • the sludge recirculation is not performed, and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the system is the same as the sludge residence time (SRT), so that the hydraulic retention time can be controlled by controlling the growth rate of the nitrosating bacteria.
  • the temperature and pH should be strictly controlled during the reaction. The operating temperature is generally controlled between 30 and 40 ° C.
  • the SHARON process has the advantages of low investment and operating cost, easy start-up and operation, but also has its own drawbacks: The temperature design value in this process is too high, and it is difficult to handle a large amount of sewage with a low ammonia nitrogen concentration. Moreover, the reactor is demanding and difficult to achieve in a classical batch reactor.
  • the Complete ON Autotrophic Removal Over Nitrite is a new biological denitrification process first proposed by the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands in 2002.
  • the microbiological principle of this process is: Nitrosomonas europaea nitrite can oxidize ammonia to nitrite under aerobic conditions; anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (such as Brocadia anammoxidans) further ammonia and nitrite under anaerobic conditions Converted to nitrogen. Since nitrite bacteria and anammox bacteria are autotrophic bacteria, the CANON process does not require exogenous organic matter and can be carried out under completely inorganic conditions.
  • the nitrification of nitrite bacteria is restricted by the supply of oxygen
  • the anaerobic ammonium oxidation of anaerobic ammonium bacteria is restricted by the supply of nitrite
  • the supply of oxygen and nitrite by nitrate bacteria Double restriction. So as long as a constraint is maintained The nitrite bacteria can be eliminated to ensure stable operation of the CANON reactor.
  • the OLAND process is called oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification denitrification and was developed by the Microbial Ecology Laboratory of the University of Gent, Belgium.
  • the key to this process is to control dissolved oxygen. If the supply of oxygen is limited, autotrophic nitrite bacteria will use oxygen as an electron acceptor to oxidize some of the ammonia to nitrite; then ammonia as an electron donor, nitrous acid. The salt is reduced to nitrogen.
  • the reaction mechanism is a disproportionation reaction of N0 2 _ catalyzed by nitrosating bacteria.
  • the main difference between the OLAND and CANON processes is that the former is acted upon by nitrite bacteria alone, and the latter by nitrous acid bacteria and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria. The process faces a serious challenge, namely, the activity of autotrophic nitrite bacteria is low, and the ammonia oxidation rate of sludge is not high.
  • the nitrifying bacteria group has low cell yield and it is difficult to maintain a high biological concentration
  • the impact resistance is weak.
  • the self-supporting bacteria have a weaker ability to compete with 0 2 and nutrients than heterotrophic bacteria, and it is difficult to play a role in the nitrification process;
  • the inventors of the present application realized that the nitrification process can be the physiological behavior of heterotrophic bacteria, while the denitrification process can be carried out under aerobic conditions, and some bacteria have both heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification.
  • the isoxic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria include: Thiosphaera pantotropha, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus sp., and the inventors have successfully separated The obtained bacteria having the functions of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification: Agrobacterium (Agmbacterium sp., CN200910083014.3), Comamonas sp.
  • the nitrification process can be the physiological behavior of heterotrophic bacteria, and the denitrification process can be carried out under aerobic conditions, so that nitrification can be completed in the same aerobic environment.
  • the denitrification reaction can better overcome the bottleneck problem existing in the above-mentioned conventional process, and thus the present invention has been completed. Summary of the invention
  • the invention breaks through the limitation of the traditional autotrophic nitrification and anoxic denitrification metabolism theory, and proposes a method for removing carbon and nitrogen pollutants in sewage by using heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria, and overcomes the existing methods.
  • Nitrifying bacteria have slow proliferation, nitrification and denitrification reactions must be separated and other bottlenecks.
  • the core of the present invention is based on the use of heterotrophic bacteria, rather than autotrophic bacteria, to participate in the nitrification process, as well as aerobic bacteria, rather than anaerobic bacteria involved in the denitrification process, by using isoxylation-aerobic denitrifying bacteria to make nitrification And the denitrification reaction is carried out by the isoxic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria in the same aerobic environment, rather than being carried out step by step in different aerobic and anoxic environments by different bacteria, so that the organic carbon and/or inorganic nitrogen It is removed by the action of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria, and the organic matter is removed by the action of the heterotrophic microorganisms, thereby thereby removing the carbon-nitrogen pollutants in one step, thereby achieving the object of the invention.
  • the heterotrophic nitrification indicated by the present invention refers to a process in which bacteria use organic matter as an electron acceptor, NH 4 + as an electron donor, and oxidize NH 4 + to N0 2 — or N0 3 —; aerobic denitrification means that bacteria are good. Under the condition of oxygen, the organic matter is used as an electron donor, and ⁇ 2 - or ⁇ 0 3 - is an electron acceptor, which is reduced to nitrogen.
  • a bacterium having both heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification ability refers to a bacterium having both abilities, that is, capable of converting ⁇ 4 + to ⁇ 2 under aerobic conditions, and coupling with nitrification and denitrification.
  • the isoxylation-aerobic denitrifying bacteria include: i Thiosphaera pantotropha, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus sp., and the inventors have successfully isolated Bacteria with heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification: Agrobacterium sp. (CN200910083014.3), C.
  • the growth cells and cell suspensions of the bacteria can use ammonia nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source, and the organic matter is a carbon source for heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, thereby removing ammonia nitrogen.
  • the growth cells and bacterial suspensions of the bacteria can be nitrated nitrogen or nitrite nitrogen as a nitrogen source, and the organic matter is a carbon source for aerobic denitrification, thereby using nitrate nitrogen or under aerobic conditions. Nitrite nitrogen removal.
  • the method for removing carbon and nitrogen pollutants in sewage by the invention is characterized in that it is not necessary to create an environment of alternating anoxic/aerobic environment in a single biochemical reactor, and only needs to pass through an aeration unit. To achieve simultaneous removal of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and COD.
  • an organic carbon source may be added during the cultivation, and the organic carbon source is a hydrocarbon and a derivative thereof, such as an organic acid or a salt thereof, including but not limited to glucose, citric acid, malic acid. , anhydrous acetic acid, anhydrous sodium acetate or sodium succinate, or a combination thereof, to maintain the normal physiological metabolism of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria.
  • the organic carbon source can be suitably selected by those skilled in the art.
  • organic carbon source needs to consider the ratio of organic carbon COD/N in the sewage.
  • the ratio of organic carbon to nitrogen in the sewage that is, the COD/N ratio is less than 2-4
  • an organic carbon source is added to the aeration system. To better remove total nitrogen from the sewage.
  • the invention is applicable to sewage with different nitrogen contents.
  • urban domestic wastewater with a total nitrogen (TN) concentration of about 20 to 80 mg/L or high concentration organic wastewater with a TN concentration of about 400 to 500 mg/L.
  • TN total nitrogen
  • organic wastewater with a TN concentration of about 400 to 500 mg/L Depending on the nitrogen content, the reaction time can be extended appropriately until the carbon and nitrogen contaminants in the wastewater are substantially removed.
  • the invention is suitable for the treatment of carbon and nitrogen pollutants of various types and different components of sewage.
  • the ratio of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria can be appropriately changed, and the targeted activated sludge can be inoculated to ensure the removal effect of the N and N pollutants.
  • heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria for the stepwise removal of carbon and nitrogen contaminants from sewage.
  • the isoxyl nitrate-aerobic denitrifying bacteria are described in the present invention.
  • a method of removing carbon and nitrogen contaminants from sewage comprising: inoculating heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria, wherein the nitrogen is in an aeration system that removes organic carbon and nitrogen contaminants Contaminants include organic nitrogen contaminants and/or inorganic nitrogen contaminants.
  • the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria are at least one.
  • the ratio of the at least one heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria is equal.
  • the highly active heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria are the dominant flora in the aerated system mixture.
  • the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria comprises: Thiosphaera pantotropha, j & Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus ( ⁇ // ⁇ sp.), etc.
  • the inoculation amount of the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria accounts for 2% or more, preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% of the total biomass in the aerated biochemical reactor. % - 60%, most preferably 20% - 40%, wherein the total biomass is preferably a total amount including heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria and activated sludge.
  • the nitrogen in the sewage is organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and/or nitrate nitrogen.
  • the organic carbon is a hydrocarbon and a derivative thereof, preferably an organic acid or a salt thereof, including but not limited to glucose, citric acid, malic acid, anhydrous acetic acid, anhydrous sodium acetate or dibutyl Sodium or the like, or a combination thereof.
  • the aeration system comprises activated sludge and/or a population of microorganisms for sewage treatment.
  • microbial populations for use in sewage treatment are known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include, for example, BCP35M, bionetix, U:.
  • the method of the present invention can be widely applied to various types of biochemical reactors and denitrification and decarbonization systems, such as single batch reactors of suspended or attached type (including biofilter or fluidized bed, etc.) or Continuous flow reactors, or a combination thereof.
  • the conventional secondary biochemical treatment system can be used to remove carbon and nitrogen contaminants without constructing a new reactor.
  • the biological characteristics of the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria indicated by the present invention determine that one-step denitrification and decarbonization can be achieved in a single reactor.
  • the whole process can be carried out only by one reactor, and the purpose of denitrification and decarbonization can be achieved by simply controlling the aeration time; the reactor setting is minimized, and the difficulties of setting multiple reactors in the classical operation are overcome. Simplified operation procedures.
  • FIG. 1 A typical procedure for a nitrogen and carbon removal system in a single reactor can be seen in Figure 1.
  • the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria and activated sludge are mixed in a certain proportion and then domesticated and cultured in an aeration tank; the influent is wastewater containing COD and ammonia nitrogen, and the COD is completed under a certain aeration time.
  • the removal, while ammonia nitrogen is degraded under the action of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria to produce nitrogen; then mud water separation occurs in the secondary settling tank, part of the sludge is returned to the aeration tank, and the supernatant flows out with gravity.
  • the invention is not limited to a single-stage reactor, and can also be combined with conventional techniques, such as A 2 /0, A/O or AB processes, by adding heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria in an aeration tank.
  • conventional techniques such as A 2 /0, A/O or AB processes
  • heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria in an aeration tank.
  • the traditional process is upgraded to enhance the treatment effect.
  • the present invention has the following technical advantages over conventional techniques and new denitrification techniques:
  • heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria have a fast growth rate and high cell yield, which can effectively solve the problem of slow increase in autotrophic nitrifying bacteria and long system hydraulic retention time;
  • the alkalinity generated in the denitrification process can make up for the acidity generated during the nitrification process, and the pH is not adjusted by adding alkali during the whole process;
  • the invention is applicable to the denitrification and decarbonization treatment of various waste waters, has broad application prospects and has good social benefits.
  • the invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the specific embodiments. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by the specific embodiment, but the scope of the invention is defined by the scope of the claims.
  • Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a one-step nitrogen and carbon removal wastewater treatment system.
  • FIG. 1 Effect of mixed strains on high ammonia nitrogen wastewater treatment.
  • Figure 3 Simulated SBR installation treatment of Langfang domestic sewage.
  • FIG. 4 Schematic diagram of the BAF unit, 1: Inlet sink, 2: Inlet pump, 3: Inlet, 4: Sampling port, 5: Air pump, 6: Sand core aerator, 7: Drain port.
  • Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the SBR small test device.
  • Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the activated sludge treatment system, 1: inlet tank, 2 : peristaltic pump, 3: aerator, 4: aeration tank, 5: sludge return pump, 6: secondary settling tank, 7 effluent.
  • FIG. 7 Schematic diagram of the CAST unit, 1: raw water storage tank, 2: one-way self-priming pump, 3: electromagnetic Air pump, 4: Rotameter, 5: Anaerobic zone, 6: Anoxic zone, 7 Aeration zone, 8: Drainage port, 9: One-way self-priming drain pump, 10: Outlet bucket, 11: Time relay.
  • the culture method of the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria is as follows: Agrobacterium (CGMCC No. 2962, see CN200910083014.3) and/or C. testosteroni (CGMCC No) .2963, see CN200910085188.3) and/or Achromobacter xylosoxidans (CGMCC No.
  • the basic contaminant composition of the various wastewaters used is as follows, and the practice of the present invention is not limited to any specific composition or concentration of wastewater.
  • Each L wastewater contains 0.42g NH4CI, l .Og KH 2 P0 4 , 0.06g FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.2g
  • Each L wastewater contains 0.5g CH 3 COONa, 0.125g NaHC0 , 0.2g NH 4 C1, 0.044g KH 2 P0 4 , 0.05 lg MgS0 4 * 7H 2 0, 0.3g CaCl 2 « 2H 2 0, 0.00625g FeS0 4 ' 7H 2 0, formulated in tap water, has a COD of about 400-500 mg/L and a TN concentration of about 50 mg/L.
  • the water samples were taken from the sewage treatment plant of Langfang Economic Development Zone in Hebei province.
  • the basic pollutant composition is shown in Table 1.
  • TOC indicates the method of monitoring and analysis of various pollutants in the total organic carbon example.
  • Example 1 The various units used in the examples are uniformly adopted national standards.
  • Example 1 The various units used in the examples are uniformly adopted national standards.
  • a mixed ammonia sludge of different ratios of Agrobacterium and activated sludge is used to simulate high ammonia nitrogen wastewater.
  • the total inoculum of the mixed sludge is 10 mL.
  • the inoculum amount of Agrobacterium in the mixed sludge was controlled at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively, and the inoculum amount was defined as the ratio of the added bacteria to the total amount of the mixed sludge.
  • the cells were cultured at 30 ° C, 150 rpm shaker, and samples were taken at different times to analyze the changes of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen in the wastewater. After shaking for 24 h on a shaker, the results of treatment under various doses are shown in Table 3. It can be seen from Table 3 that when the amount of bacteria is 0%, that is, when the activated sludge is completely added, the system effluent COD is 109.4 mg/L, the NH 4 + -N concentration is 9.65 mg/L, and the total effluent nitrogen The concentration is as high as 50.71 mg / L, which indicates that under the condition of pure activated sludge, although it has certain ability to remove ammonia nitrogen, it has limited ability to remove total nitrogen.
  • a simulated high ammonia nitrogen wastewater was treated with a mixture of different ratios of Agrobacterium, C. testosteroni and Xylose oxidized Achromobacter.
  • the ratio between the three bacteria is shown in Table 4.
  • the mixed bacteria degradation experiment was carried out in a shaker at 150 rpm at 30 ° C for 30 h. Samples were taken at regular intervals to analyze changes in nitrogen and COD concentrations in simulated wastewater. The results are shown in Figure 2. It can be seen that the specific gravity of the three bacteria is different, and the treatment effect is significantly different. When the ratio between the three is 1:1:1, a higher removal of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and COD is achieved. It shows that the synergistic effect of the three bacteria is maximized when mixed in this ratio. In addition, the removal ability of mixed strains for nitrogen and COD is not much higher than that of single strains, which may be related to the ability of single strains to degrade themselves. Table 4 Mixed bacteria ratio experiment
  • a bacteria B C (v/v)
  • the wood example uses a simulated SBR device to treat domestic sewage in the Langfang Economic Development Zone (see Table 1).
  • a 500 mL graduated cylinder was used as a reactor, and an aeration pump was used to connect a sand core aeration head to the air.
  • the mixed sludge was mixed with activated sludge and high-efficiency bacteria; the high-efficiency bacteria were from Agrobacterium, C. testosteroni and xylose.
  • the bacterial suspension of Achromobacter oxidans is mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1:1; the amount of high-efficiency bacteria in the mixed sludge is controlled at 30%, and the amount of the bacteria is defined as the high-efficiency bacteria in the mixed sludge. The proportion of the total.
  • the aeration rate was controlled at 400 mL/min, and samples were taken at different times to analyze the changes of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen in the domestic sewage.
  • the results are shown in Figure 3.
  • the COD of the influent and water was 228.28 mg/L and 26.88 mg/L, respectively, and the removal rate was 88.24%;
  • the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the inlet and outlet water was 24.34 and 1.28 mg/L, respectively, and the removal rate was 94.74%;
  • the total nitrogen concentration in water was 31.35 and 10.92 mg/L, respectively, and the removal rate was 65.17%.
  • a simulated aerated biological filter (BAF) is used to treat simulated domestic sewage.
  • the BAF reactor is a cylinder made of plexiglass, as shown in Figure 4.
  • the reactor internal diameter 9 cm, total height of 75 cm, an effective height of 55 cm, filled carrier FPUFS reactor (self), having a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, an amide group reactive groups, to form 8 mmx8 m m x8 mm of
  • the cube has a wet density of 1.0 g/cm 3 , a specific surface area of 80 to 120 m 2 /g, and a pore diameter of 0.3 to 0.7 mm.
  • the effective volume after loading the carrier is 2.2 L.
  • the simulated wastewater enters from the bottom of the reactor. After the air is adjusted by the rotameter, the air is aerated at the bottom of the reactor through the sand core aerator. To the flow.
  • the system is in good operating condition within 14 days of continuous operation of the reactor.
  • the effluent COD concentration is maintained below 50 mg/L
  • the effluent ammonia nitrogen concentration is ⁇ ().5 mg/L
  • the effluent total nitrogen concentration is between 9 and 15 mg/L.
  • the wastewater flows from the bottom of the BAF, aerates, and reacts with the microorganisms immobilized on the carrier to react, and the contaminants are removed.
  • the BAF is filled with a porous FPUFS carrier, which tends to form an oxygen-deficient environment inside the carrier, and therefore, a part of anoxic denitrification occurs.
  • the addition of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria greatly improved and ensured good effluent quality and shortened hydraulic retention time.
  • the SBR small test device is used to treat the simulated domestic sewage.
  • the SBR reactor is cylindrical with an effective height of 800 mm, an inner diameter of 90 mm and an effective volume of 4 L. See Figure 5.
  • the water outlet is set at 700 mm from the bottom of the reactor with a drainage ratio of 50%.
  • the SBR system uses time relay to control the influent, aeration, sedimentation, drainage and rest processes.
  • the inlet water is controlled by a self-priming pump, and the air compressor is used to connect the sand core aeration head to aeration.
  • the total operating cycle of the reactor was 6 h, the influent was 18 min, the aeration time was 150 min, the settling time, the standing time was 150 min, and the drainage time was 10 min. 2 L of the mixed sludge in Example 3 was inoculated in the SBR, and the temperature was controlled at 20 to 30 °C.
  • the system shows good nitrogen and carbon removal capacity during operation.
  • the influent COD is between 400 ⁇ 500 mg/L, the effluent is stable at 20 ⁇ 40 mg/L, the average removal rate is 93.35%; the influent ammonia nitrogen concentration is between 40 ⁇ 50 mg/L, and the effluent concentration is lower than 1 mg. /L, the average removal rate is as high as 99.31%; the total nitrogen concentration in the effluent is stable at about 15 mg/L, and the average removal rate is 65.95%.
  • the simulated sewage method is used to treat simulated domestic sewage.
  • the processing device and process are shown in Figure 6. Inoculate the mixed sludge in Example 3 to maintain the sludge concentration (in which the ratio of high-efficiency bacteria to activated sludge is 20%) between 2000 and 2500 mg/L, By controlling the influent flow rate to maintain the hydraulic retention time at 12 h, the dissolved oxygen in the aeration tank is controlled at 3 to 4 mg/L, the sludge reflux ratio is about 60%, and the temperature is controlled at 20 to 30 °C.
  • the activated biological aerated filter (BAF) is used to treat the raw sewage in the Langfang Economic Development Zone (see Table 1).
  • the BAF was constructed, sized and operated in the same manner as in the apparatus of Example 4.
  • the treatment effect is shown in Table 9.
  • the average COD of influent water was 289.6mg/L, the average concentration of effluent COD was stable at 31.8 mg/L, and the removal rate was 88.85%.
  • the average concentration of influent ammonia nitrogen was 27.96 mg/L, and the effluent ammonia nitrogen concentration was stable at 0.49 mg/L.
  • the removal rate is as high as 98.28%; the average concentration of total nitrogen in the influent is 28.95 mg/L, and the total nitrogen in the effluent is stable at about 13.74 mg/L.
  • the total nitrogen in the effluent is mainly in the form of nitrate nitrogen.
  • the removal effect of TN in this example was slightly inferior.
  • Example 4 The reason for the analysis may be because the COD/TN ratio in Example 4 is relatively high, between 8 and 10; whereas in this embodiment, the actual domestic sewage is used, the BOD/TN is only about 4, and the aerobic denitrification process may be lacking. A sufficient carbon source acts as an electron donor resulting in a slightly lower denitrification efficiency. Table 9 BAF treatment effect on domestic sewage in Langfang City
  • the CAST pilot plant is used to treat domestic sewage in Yanshi City (see Table 2).
  • the process flow of the CAST pool is shown in Figure 7.
  • the reactor is made of plexiglass and measures 830 mm X 400 mm X 500 mm with an effective volume of 165 L.
  • An anaerobic zone and an anoxic zone are provided at the front end of the reactor as a bioselector, and the sewage first enters the bioselector and then enters the main aeration tank.
  • Two sampling ports are arranged from top to bottom along the reactor, and a sludge outlet is arranged at the bottom.
  • the mixed sludge of Example 3 was inoculated in the reactor, and its typical characteristics were as follows: SV 3 .
  • the value was 23 mL
  • the MLSS was 4900 mg/l
  • the MLVSS was 2580 mg/l
  • the MLVSS/MLSS ratio was 0.53
  • the sludge SVI value was 46.92
  • the sedimentation performance was good.
  • the reactor adopts the sequencing mode: the total operation period is 6 h, the influent is 2.7 min, the reactor is allowed to stand for 50 min, the aeration is 3 h (the DO is controlled at 2 mg/L), the sediment is allowed to stand for 2 h, and the drainage is 7.3. Min. The drainage ratio is maintained at 50% and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) is 12 h.
  • the effect of the ratio of organic carbon to nitrogen (COD N) in the sewage is investigated, and the content of the carbon source in the domestic sewage is changed, the other components are unchanged, and two immobilized biological aerated filters are used.
  • BAF to treat simulated domestic sewage with different carbon concentrations. Among them, 1#BAF was inoculated with the mixed sludge in Example 3, and 2#BAF was inoculated with ordinary activated sludge. The construction, size and operation of the two BAFs were identical to those of the apparatus of Example 4.
  • the treatment effects are shown in Table 9. Under various organic carbon/nitrogen ratio conditions, the treatment effects of 1 #BAF X-inch COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen were better than 2#BAF. It shows that inoculation of heterotrophic digestion-aerobic denitrifying bacteria has greatly improved the treatment effect of the system.
  • the ratio of COD/N When the ratio of COD/N is lower than 2 ⁇ , the treatment effect of 1#BAF on ammonia nitrogen is obviously better than that of 2#BAF, probably because the heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria have a faster growth rate than autotrophic nitrifying bacteria; and when COD When the ratio of /N is 2, the ammonia nitrogen treatment effect of 1 #BAF has reached the national first-class A emission standard, and 2 AF only meets the first-class B emission standard. In addition, when the ratio of COD/N is lower than 4, the removal advantage of 1#BAF on total nitrogen is not obvious compared with 2#BAF, it may be that Lij has a low COD concentration in sewage, which is partially affected. The activity of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria. Considering the emission of total nitrogen, the organic carbon source can be appropriately supplemented.

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Description

一步去除废水中碳氮污染物的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种污水的处理方法, 属水处理技术领域, 尤其是涉及一 种利用异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌一步脱氮除碳的废水处理技术。 背景技术
水体中存在的各类有机碳等耗氧污染物和无机氮磷等营养物质是导 致天然水体丧失其功能的主要原因。 耗氧污染物需要消耗水中的溶解氧, 导致水体缺氧, 进而发生腐败发酵, 细菌滋长, 产生黑臭。 而过多的氮、 磷的摄入是引起水体富营养化的 "元凶", 富营养化水体不仅影响水体的 使用功能, 而且危害人类健康。 因此, 人们一直致力于开发各种各样的污 水处理技术来控制这两类污染物对环境造成的危害。
活性污泥法是处理各种污水最广泛使用的方法。在此过程中, 有机物 经异养微生物的氧化分解后, 其中一部分碳、 氮、 磷、 硫等物质经同化作 用, 合成为微生物的细胞组成部分, 并以剩余污泥的形式排放; 其余的大 部分有机碳经异化作用氧化为二氧化碳得以去除,这一过程中产生的能量 是异养微生物的生长、 代谢所必需的。 然而, 传统的以去除有机污染物
( COD) 为主要 III的的二级生化处理技术难以达到理想的氮素去除的目 的, 氮素的去除率仅为 20-30%。 因此, 必须进一步改善二级处理的流出 水质, 进行深度脱氮处理。
生物脱氮技术是目前应用最广的废水脱氮技术,是指在微生物的作用 下将有机氮和氨态氮转化为 N2的过程。 其屮包括硝化和反硝化两个反应 过程。 硝化反应是在好氧条件下, 将 NH4 +转化为 N02 -和 N03_的过程。 此 作用是由亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌两种菌共同完成的。 其反应如下:
2NH + 30,→ 2N02 + 4H+ + 2H20
2NO" + 02→ 2NO 总反应式为:
ΝΠ + 202→ NO + 2H+ + H20 一般认为,硝化细菌是化能好氧自养型细菌,生长率低,世代周期长, 对环境条件的变化较为敏感。
反硝化反应是在无氧条件下, 反硝化细菌将 NC 和 N03—还原为氮气 的过程。 反应如下:
6NO; + 2CH3OH→ 6N02 + 2C02 + 4H20
6NO; + 3CH3OH→ 3N2 + 3H20 + 60H— + 3C02 总反应式为:
6NO; + 5CH3OH→ 5C02 + 3N2 + 7H20 + 60H 反硝化细菌属异养型兼性厌氧菌, 主要有变形杆菌属 ( Proteobacteria 微球菌属 ( Micrococcus 、假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas ) ^ 芽胞杆菌属 ( Bacillaceae )、 产碱杆菌属 ( Akaligenes )、 黄杆菌属 (Flavobacterium ) 等兼性细菌, 它们在自然界中广泛存在。
基于上述原理,人们开发出典型的两段式生物脱氮工艺——基于活性 污泥法的 A/0工艺, 即前置反硝化工艺, 反硝化、 硝化和有机物去除分 别在两个反应器内进行, 其流程图见下图所示。
N
Figure imgf000003_0001
这种传统硝化反硝化工艺在废水脱氮方面起到了一定的作用,但仍然 存在着许多问题。
( 1 ) 硝化菌群增殖速度慢, 且世代吋间长, 难以维持较高的生物浓 度; 造成系统水力停留时间较长, 有机负荷较低, 增加了基建投资和运行 费用;
( 2 ) 传统工艺中的反硝化过程需要一定量的有机物, 而废水中的 COD 经过曝气后大部分已被去除, 因此反硝化过程往往需要外加碳源, 增加运行费用;
(3 )为中和硝化过程中产生的酸度, 需要加碱中和, 增加处理成本; ( 4 ) 抗冲击能力弱, 高浓度氨氮和亚硝酸盐进水会抑制硝化菌的生 长;
( 5 ) 系统为维持较高的生物浓度及获得良好的脱氮效果, 必须同吋 进行污泥回流和硝化液回流, 增加了动力消耗及运行费用。
因传统硝化-反硝化工艺存在上述缺陷, 难以消除环境中愈加严重的 氮素污染的沉重压力, 许多国家加强了对生物脱氮的研究, 并在理论和技 术上都取得了重大突破, 开发出一系列的新型脱氮工艺, 如 SHARON工 艺 CANON工艺 2和 OLAND工艺 3
SHARON工艺 ( Single Reactor High Activity Ammonia Removal Over
Nitrite ) 是荷兰 Delft工业大学幵发的脱氮新工艺。 其基本原理是同一个 反应器内, 先在有氧的条件下, 利用氨氧化菌将氨氧化生成 N02—, 然后 在缺氧条件下, 以有机物为电子供体, 利用 N02—进行反硝化, 生成 N2。 在生物反应器内, 不进行污泥回流, 系统中水力停留时间 (HRT )与污泥 停留时间 (SRT) 相同, 这样就可以通过控制亚硝化菌的生长速度来控制 水力停留时间。 反应过程中要严格控制温度和 pH值。 操作温度一般控制 在 30〜40°C之间, 这是由于在这个温度范围内, 亚硝化菌的生长速率远远 大于硝化菌的生长速率, 所以在反应器内亚硝化菌得到积累, 而硝化菌则 被淘洗出去, 从而使硝化阶段控制在亚硝酸盐阶段。 与传统工艺相比, SHARON工艺虽然具有投资和运行费用较低, 易于启动和操作等优点, 但亦有其自身的缺陷: 该工艺中温度设计值过高, 难以处理低氨氮浓度的 大量污水, 而且对反应器要求苛刻, 在经典的间歇式反应器中难以实现。
CANON工艺 ( Completely Autotrophic Removal Over Nitrite ) 是 2002 年首先由荷兰 Delft工业大学提出的新型生物脱氮工艺。 这个工艺的微生 物学原理是: 亚硝酸细菌 Nitrosomonas europaea 能够在有氧条件下 把氨氧化成亚硝酸盐; 厌氧氨氧化细菌 (如 Brocadia anammoxidans ) 则 进一步在无氧条件下将氨和亚硝酸盐转化成氮气。由于亚硝酸细菌和厌氧 氨氧化菌都是自养型细菌, CANON工艺无需外源有机物质, 能够在完全 无机的条件下进行。在此过程中, 亚硝酸细菌的硝化作用受氧气供应量的 制约, 厌氧氨氧化菌的厌氧氨氧化作用受亚硝酸盐供应量的制约; 而硝酸 细菌则受氧气和亚硝酸盐供应量的双重制约。 因此只要维持一个制约因 子, 就能淘汰硝酸细菌, 保证 CANON反应装置稳定运行。
OLAND工艺称为氧限制自氧硝化反硝化 (oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification denitrification) , 由比利时 Gent大学微生物生态实验室开发。 该工艺的关键是控制溶解氧, 若限制氧的供应, 自养型亚硝酸盐细菌将以 氧作为电子受体, 把部分氨氧化成亚硝酸盐; 再以氨作为电子供体, 把亚 硝酸盐还原为氮气。 该反应机理为由亚硝化菌催化的 N02_的歧化反应。 OLAND与 CANON工艺的主要差别在于: 前者由亚硝酸细菌单独作用, 后者由亚硝酸细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌协同作用。该工艺面临一个严峻的挑 战, 即自养型亚硝酸细菌的活性较低, 污泥氨氧化速率不高。
上述各种新工艺, 其基本原理为 NH4+的氧化与 : 02_的还原相偶联, 在实际的含氮废水的处理中发挥了巨大的作用。然而, 从理论上讲并不新 颖,无法脱离现有技术的窠臼,仍旧无法克服传统工艺中存在的瓶颈问题:
( 1 ) 硝化菌群细胞产率低, 难以维持较高的生物浓度;
( 2 )抗冲击能力弱, 当环境中存在有机物时, 自养型细菌对 02和营 养物质的竞争能力明显弱于异养型细菌, 难以在硝化过程中发挥作用;
( 3 ) 硝化与反硝化过程必须在时间或空间上分离, 分两段进行, 以 满足其不同生长条件的要求。
本申请的发明人意识到硝化过程可以是异养细菌的生理行为,而反硝 化过程可以在好氧条件下进行,并且一些细菌同时具有异养硝化和好氧反 硝化的能力。 所述异氧硝化-好氧反硝化细菌包括: 脱氮副球菌 ( Thiosphaera pantotropha ) , 产碱—菌属 (Alcaligenes faecalis ) , :芽孢木干菌 ( Bacillus sp. ) 等, 以及发明人已成功分离得到的同时具有异养硝化和好 氧反硝化能力的细菌:土壤杆菌 (Agmbacterium sp., CN200910083014.3 ) , 睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌 ( Comamonas sp., CN200910085 188.3 ) 和木糖氧化无 色杆菌 (Achromobacter sp. , CN200910085 187.9)。 利用这类具有特殊性 质的细菌的生理特性和代谢机理,基于硝化过程可以是异养细菌的生理行 为, 而反硝化过程可以在好氧条件下进行, 使得可以在同一好氧环境下完 成硝化和反硝化反应,能够较好的克服上述提到的传统工艺中存在的瓶颈 问题, 由此完成了本发明。 发明内容
本发明突破了传统自养硝化和缺氧反硝化代谢理论的限制,提出一种 利用异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌一步去除污水中碳氮污染物的方法, 克服 了现有方法屮存在的硝化细菌增殖缓慢、硝化与反硝化反应必须分开进行 等瓶颈问题。
本发明的核心在于, 基于利用异养细菌, 而不是自养细菌参与硝化过 程, 以及好氧细菌, 而不是厌氧细菌参与反硝化过程, 通过利用异氧硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌, 使得硝化和反硝化反应由异氧硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌在 同一好氧环境下完成,而不是由不同的细菌在好氧和缺氧两种环境下分步 完成, 使得有机碳和 /或无机氮在异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的作用下被去 除, 有机物在异养微生物的作用下被去除, 由此可以通过一步方式去除碳 氮污染物, 实现了发明目的。
本发明指出的异养硝化是指细菌以有机物为电子受体, NH4 +为电子供 体, 将 NH4 +氧化为 N02—或 N03—的过程; 好氧反硝化是指细菌在好氧的条 件下, 以有机物为电子供体, ΝΌ2-或 Ν03—为电子受体, 将其还原为氮气 的过程。 兼有异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的细菌是指同时具有这两种能力 的细菌, 即能够在好氧条件下将 ΝΗ4+转化为 Ν2, 硝化和反硝化反应偶联 进行。
所述异氧硝化-好氧反硝化细菌包括: 脱氮副球菌 i Thiosphaera pantotropha ) , 产减菌属 (Alcaligenes faecalis ) , 芽孢杆 '菌 ( Bacillus sp. ) 等,以及发明人已成功分离得到的同时具有异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的 细菌: 土壤杆菌 (Agrobacterium sp. , CN200910083014.3 ), 睾丸酮丛毛单 胞菌 ( Co画 monas sp., CN200910085188.3 ) 和木糖氧化无色杆菌 (Achromobacter sp. , CN200910085187.9 ) o 所述细菌的生长细胞、 细胞 悬浮液能分别以氨氮为唯一氮源, 有机物为碳源进行异养硝化-好氧反硝 化作用, 从而将氨氮去除。 优选地, 所述细菌的生长细胞、 细菌悬浮液能 分别以硝酸盐氮或亚硝酸盐氮为氮源, 有机物为碳源进行好氧反硝化作 用, 从而在好氧条件下将硝酸盐氮或亚硝酸盐氮去除。
本发明提出的 歩去除污水中碳氮污染物的方法, 其特点是在单一生 化反应器内无须营造缺氧 /好氧交替的环境, 只需通过一个曝气单元即可 以实现氨氮、 总氮和 COD的同时去除。
如果废水中有机碳含量不足, 则可在培养过程中加入有机碳源, 所述 有机碳源是烃类及其衍生物, 如有机酸或其盐, 包括但不限于葡萄糖、柠 檬酸、苹果酸、无水乙酸、无水乙酸钠或丁二酸钠等,或是它们的组合物, 以维持异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌正常的生理代谢。 有机碳源是本领域的 普通技术人员可以适当选择的。
有机碳源的添加需要考虑污水中的有机碳 COD/N 比例, 当所述污水 中的有机碳与氮的比例即 COD/N比小于 2-4时, 向曝气系统中添加有机 碳源, 以更好地去除污水中的总氮。
本发明适用于氮含量不同的污水。比如总氮 ( TN )浓度约为 20〜80 mg/L 的城市生活废水, 或 TN浓度约为 400〜500 mg/L的高浓度有机废水。 根 据氮含量的不同, 可以适当延长反应时间, 直至污水中的碳、 氮污染物基 本被去除。
本发明适用于各种类型、 不同成分污水的除碳氮污染物处理。 根据污 水组成的不同, 可以适当改变异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的投加比例, 并 接种有针对性的活性污泥, 以保证对 、 N污染物的去除效果。
具体地, 在本发明的一个方面,提供了异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌在一 步式去除污水中碳氮污染物中的应用。 优选所述异氧硝化-好氧反硝化细 菌是本发明中所描述的。
在本发明的一个方面, 提供一种去除污水中碳氮污染物的方法, 其包 括在去除有机碳和氮污染物的曝气系统内接种异养硝化-好氧反硝化细 菌, 其中所述氮污染物包括有机氮污染物和 /或无机氮污染物。
在一个具体的实施方案中, 所述异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌是至少一 种。 优选地, 所述至少-一种异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌问的配比是等比例。
在一个具体的实施方案中, 以高活性的异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌为 曝气系统内混合液中的优势菌群。 优选地, 所述异养硝化-好氧反硝化细 菌包括: 月兑氣副球—齒 ( Thiosphaera pantotropha ) , j &减菌属 (Alcaligenes faecalis ) , 芽孢杆菌 (^^ //^ sp. ) 等, 保藏号为 CGMCC No. 2962的土 壤杆菌, 保藏号为 CGMCC No.2963 的睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌和保藏号为 CGMCC No.2964的木糖氧化无色杆菌。 在另一个具体的实施方案中,其中所述异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的接 种量占曝气生化反应器内总生物量的范围为 2%以上, 优选 10%以上, 更 优选为 20%- 60%, 最优选 20%-40%, 其中所述总生物量优选为包括异养 硝化-好氧反硝化细菌和活性污泥的总量。
在另一个实施方案中, 所述污水中的氮是有机氮, 氨态氮, 亚硝酸盐 氮和 /或硝酸盐氮。
在另一个实施方案中, 所述有机碳是烃类及其衍生物, 优选是有机酸 或其盐, 包括但不限于葡萄糖、 柠檬酸、 苹果酸、 无水乙酸、 无水乙酸钠 或丁二酸钠等, 或是它们的组合物。
在另一个具体的实施方案中, 其中所述曝气系统中包含活性污泥和 / 或用于污水处理的微生物群体。所述用于污水处理的微生物群体对于本领 域的普通技术人员是已知的, 包括例如 BCP35M, bionetix, U:。
具体地, 本发明的方法可以广泛的适用于现有的各类生化反应器和脱 氮除碳系统, 比如悬浮式或附着式(包括生物滤池或流化床等)的单一间 歇反应器或连续流反应器, 或是它们的组合。特别的, 采用本发明提出的 方法, 利用传统的二级生化处理系统, 无须构建新的反应器, 即可以完成 碳、 氮污染物的去除。
本发明指出的异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌的生物学特性,决定了在单一 反应器中即可以实现一步脱氮除碳。 全过程只需要一个反应器即可进行, 通过简单的控制曝气时间, 达到脱氮除碳的目的; 最大限度地减少了反应 器设置,克服了经典操作中多个反应器设置的诸多困难,简化了操作手续。
在单一反应器中脱氮除碳系统的典型流程可参见图 1。 如图所示, 将 异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌与活性污泥按照一定比例混合后在曝气池内驯 化培养; 进水为含 COD和氨氮的废水, 在一定的曝气时间下完成 COD 的去除, 同时氨氮在异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的作用下被降解, 产生氮 气; 然后在二沉池发生泥水分离, 一部分污泥回流至曝气池, 上清液随重 力作用流出。
本发明并不局限于单级反应器, 还可以与传统技术结合, 如 A2/0、 A/O或 AB工艺等, 通过在曝气池内投加异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌来对 传统工艺进行升级改造, 强化处理效果。 总之, 较之传统技术以及新型的脱氮技术而言, 本发明具有如下技术 优点:
(1) 根据异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的生理特征和代谢机理, 实现了 一步式的脱氮除碳反应,解决了传统废水处理中生物脱氮需要采取缺氧反 硝化、 好氧硝化分段处理的问题;
(2) 能够缩短停留时间, 与自养硝化细菌相比, 异养硝化细菌的生 长速率快、 细胞产率高, 可以有效解决自养硝化细菌增值缓慢、 系统水力 停留时间长的问题;
(3) 硝化和反硝化偶联进行, 反硝化过程中产生的碱度可以很好的 弥补硝化过程中产生.的酸度, 整个过程无需加碱调节 pH;
(4) 采用本发明, 在传统活性污泥法的二级生化处理系统, 可以完 成污染物的去除, 无须构建新的反应器, 最大限度的简化了工艺流程, 节 省了设备和投资的成本, 因此, 具有较好的经济效益和环保效益;
(5) 本发明适用于各种废水的脱氮除碳处理, 应用前景广阔, 具有 很好的社会效益。 下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进行详细描述。 本领域的普通技术人 员可以理解, 实施例仅仅是举例说明的目的, 本发明的范围并不以具体实 施方法为限, 而是由权利要求的范围加以限定。 附图说明
图 1: 一步法脱氮除碳废水处理系统示意简图。
图 2: 混合菌株对高氨氮废水的处理效果。
图 3: 模拟 SBR装置对廊坊生活污水的处理效果。
图 4: BAF装置示意图, 1: 进水槽, 2: 进水泵, 3: 进水口, 4: 取样口, 5: 空气泵, 6: 砂芯曝气器, 7: 排泥口。
图 5: SBR小试装置示意图。
图 6: 活性污泥处理系统流程示意图, 1: 进水池, 2: 蠕动泵, 3: 曝气 机, 4: 曝气池, 5: 污泥回流泵, 6: 二沉池, 7出水。
图 7: CAST装置示意图, 1: 原水储水桶, 2: 单向自吸进水泵, 3: 电磁 空气泵, 4: 转子流量计, 5 : 厌氧区, 6: 缺氧区, 7曝气区, 8: 排泥口, 9: 单向自吸排水泵, 10: 出水桶, 11 : 时间继电器。 具体实施方式
在以卜-的具体实施例中, 异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌的培养方法如下: 将土壤杆菌(CGMCC No. 2962, 参见 CN200910083014.3 )和 /或睾丸 酮丛毛单胞菌( CGMCC No.2963 , 参见 CN200910085188.3 )和 /或木糖氧 化无色杆菌 ( CGMCC No.2964, 参见 CN200910085187.9) 接种于 1L含 0.5g KN03和 0.35g NH4C1的 LB培养基中(每升含 NaCl 5g,胰蛋白胨 10g, 酵母提取物 5g),防止杂菌的侵入及保持菌体的生长活力,进行富集培养。 将培养得到的菌液离心, 用 0.05%的 NaCl水溶液洗涤三次, 制成菌悬液。
在以下的具体实施例中, 所用各种废水的基本污染物组成如下, 本发 明的实施并不限定于任何具体组成或浓度的废水。
( 1 ) 模拟高氨氮废水
每 L废水含 0.42g NH4CI, l .Og KH2P04, 0.06g FeS04-7H20, 0.2g
CaCl2-2H20, l .Og MgS04-7H20, 4.78g琥珀酸钠, 以自来水配制, 调节 pH 7.0-7.3 , NH4 +-N浓度约为 110 mg/L。
(2) 模拟生活污水
每 L废水含 0.5g CH3COONa, 0.125g NaHC0 , 0.2g NH4C1, 0.044g KH2P04, 0.05 lg MgS04* 7H20, 0.3g CaCl2« 2H20, 0.00625g FeS04' 7H20, 以自来水配制, COD约为 400-500 mg/L左右, TN浓度约为 50 mg/L。
( 3 ) 生活污水
水样取自河北省廊坊市经济开发区污水处理厂, 其基本污染物组成见 表 1所示。
Figure imgf000010_0001
COD TOC NH4 +-N N02"N N03— N TN
pH
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
250-270 110- 120 28〜30 0〜0.1 0-0.01 29-31 6.8-7.2 注: TOC表示总有机碳
(4) 生活污水 水样取自河南省偃师市污水处理厂, 其大致污染物组成见表 2所示 表 2 偃师市生活污水水质表征
COD TOC NH -N TN TP
pH
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
130 55 46.7 50 5.11 6·8〜7·2
注: TOC表示总有机碳 实施例中各种污染物的监测分析方法参考 《水和废水监测分析方法》
(第四版, 中国环境科学出版社, 2002 )。 温度和溶解氧通过便携式溶氧 测定仪 (YSI550A, USA) 进行测定。 污泥浓度 (MLSS ) 和挥发性悬浮 固体浓度 (MLVSS ) 根据重量法测定。
实施例中使用的各种单位, 统一采用国家标准。 实施例 1
本实施例以不同配比的土壤杆菌与活性污泥的混合污泥处理模拟高 氨氮废水。
在 250 mL的锥形瓶中加入 90 mL模拟高氨氮废水, 混合污泥总接种 量为 10 mL。 混合污泥中土壤杆菌的接种量分别控制在 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%和 100%, 其中接种量的定义是投加的细菌占混合污泥总量的 比例。
在 30°C, 150 rpm的摇床中培养, 不同时间取样, 分析废水中 COD、 氨氮和总氮的变化情况。 摇床培养 24 h后, 各种投茵量下的处理结果如 表 3所示。 从表 3中可以看出, 当投菌量为 0%, 即完全是活性污泥投加 时, 系统出水 COD为 109.4 mg/L, NH4 +-N浓度为 9.65 mg/L, 出水总氮 浓度却高达 50.71 mg/L, 说明在纯活性污泥的条件下, 虽具有一定的去除 氨氮的能力, 但是对总氮去除能力有限。 当投菌量为 40%时, 出水 COD、 NH4 +- N和 TN分别为 135.0, 8.25和 17.18 mg/L, 对总氮的去除效果相比 纯活性污泥条件下大大提高, 一步实现了好氧条件下 C、 N污染物的同时 去除, 处理效率达到最佳。 然而, 随着细菌投加量的增加, 处理效果呈现 下降的趋势。这可能是由于随着投加量的增力 1:1,活性污泥投加量相对减少,
Figure imgf000012_0001
实施例 2
本实施例以不同配比的土壤杆菌、 睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌和木糖氧化无色 杆菌的混合液处理模拟高氨氮废水。 三种细菌之间的配比方案见表 4 所 示。 在 30°C下, 150 rpm的摇床中进行混合菌降解效果实验, 实验周期为 30 h。 间隔一定时间取样, 分析模拟废水中氮素和 COD浓度的变化, 结 果见图 2所示。可以看出,三种细菌的比重不同,处理效果有明显的差异。 当三者之间的比重为 1:1:1 时, 对氨氮、 总氮和 COD都实现了较高的去 除。 说明三种细菌以这种配比混合后, 协同作用发挥到最大。 此外, 混合 菌株对氮素和 COD的去除能力并没有大大高于单菌株的去除能力, 可能 与单菌株自身降解能力较强有关。 表 4 混合菌配比实验
土壤杆菌 丛毛单胞 无色杆菌 A/B/C
编号'
A 菌 B C (v/v)
1 20 mL OmL OmL
2 OmL 20 mL OmL
3 OmL OmL 20 mL o
4 7 mL 7 mL 6 mL 1:1:1
5 12mL 4 mL 4 mL 3:1:1 6 4 mL 12 mL 4 mL 1 :3: 1
7 4 mL 4 mL 12 mL 1 : 1 :3 实施例 3
木实施例以模拟 SBR装置来处理廊坊市经济开发区生活污水(参见表 1 )。 以 500 mL的量筒作为反应器, 以一只增氧泵连接一个砂芯曝气头通 入空气。
试验过程中在反应器中加入 250 mL 生活污水, 接种混合污泥 100 mL o 混合污泥由活性污泥与高效菌液混合而成; 高效菌由土壤杆菌、 睾 丸酮丛毛单胞菌和木糖氧化无色杆菌的菌悬液按 1 : 1 : 1体积比混合而成; 混合污泥中高效菌投菌量控制在 30%,其中投菌量的定义是投加的高效菌 占混合污泥总量的比例。
在 30 °C下, 曝气量控制在 400 mL/min, 不同时间取样, 分析生活污 水中 COD、 氨氮和总氮的变化情况, 结果见图 3所示。 在 24 h的停留时 间下,进出水 COD分别为 228.28 mg/L和 26.88 mg/L, 去除率为 88.24%; 进出水氨氮浓度分别为 24.34禾 Π 1.28 mg/L, 去除率为 94.74%; 进出水总 氮浓度分别为 31.35 和 10.92 mg/L, 去除率为 65.17%。 与此同吋, 随着 氨氮浓度的下降, 亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的变化曲线几乎为一条直线, 说 明亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的积累较少。 由此说明, 只经历一个曝气阶段, 就能实现氮素和有机物的高效去除, 充分体现了本发明所阐述的特色, 实 现了一步式脱氮除碳。 实施例 4
本实施例以固定化曝气生物滤池 (BAF) 来处理模拟生活污水。
BAF反应器为有机玻璃加工而成的圆柱, 见图 4所示。 反应器内径 为 9 cm, 总高度 75 cm, 有效高度 55 cm, 反应器内填充 FPUFS载体(自 制), 具有羟基、 环氧基、 酰胺基等反应基团, 形状为 8 mmx8 mmx8 mm 的立方体, 湿密度为 1.0 g/cm3, 比表面积为 80〜120 m2/g, 孔径为 0.3〜0.7 mm。 装填载体后有效体积为 2.2 L。 模拟废水均由反应器底部进入, 空气 经转子流量计调节流量后通过砂芯曝气器在反应器底部进行曝气,气水同 向流。
BAF内首先接种活性污泥进行闷曝, 3 d后游离的活性污泥即固定在 FPUFS载体上。 成功挂膜后开始连续进水, 直至获得稳定的 COD、 氨氮 和总氮的去除率。然后,按照反应器有效体积的 20%投加与实施例 3中相 同的高效菌悬液, 投加后闷曝 12 h, 保证细菌充分固定在载体上而不被水 流冲走。 BAF反应器内水质澄清后幵始连续进水, 期间 HRT=8 h, 溶解 氧 (DO) =4 mg/L左右, 温度控制在 25〜30 °C。 连续运行 14天的结果见 表 6所示。
从表 6中可以看出, 在反应器连续运行的 14 d内, 系统运行状况较 好。 出水 COD浓度维持在 50 mg/L以下, 出水氨氮浓度 <().5 mg/L, 出水 总氮浓度在 9〜15 mg/L之间。 废水从 BAF底部流入, 曝气, 与载体上固 定的微生物充分接触发生反应, 进而污染物得以去除。 此外, BAF 内装 填多孔 FPUFS载体, 在载体内部易形成缺氧环境, 因此, 会发生一部分 的缺氧反硝化。 然而, 异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌的加入大大提高并保证 了良好的出水水质, 缩短了水力停留时间。
Figure imgf000014_0001
实施例 5
本实施例以 SBR小试装置来处理模拟生活污水。
SBR反应器为圆柱形,有效高度 800 mm,内径 90 mm,有效体积 4 L, 见图 5。 出水口设置在距离反应器底部 700 mm处, 排水比为 50%。 SBR 系统采用时间继电器控制进水、 曝气、 沉淀、 排水和静置过程, 进水由自 吸泵控制, 采用空气压缩机连接砂芯曝气头曝气。 反应器运行总周期为 6 h, 进水 18 min, 曝气时间 150 min, 沉降、 静置时间 150 min, 排水时间 10 min。 SBR内接种实施例 3中的混合污泥 2 L, 温度控制在 20〜30°C。
连续运行, 实验结果见表 7所示, 运行期间系统表现出良好的脱氮除 碳能力。 进水 COD在 400〜500 mg/L之间, 出水稳定在 20〜40 mg/L, 平 均去除率为 93.35%; 进水氨氮浓度在 40〜50 mg/L之间, 出水浓度低于 1 mg/L, 平均去除率高达 99.31%; 出水总氮浓度稳定在 15 mg/L左右, 平 均去除率为 65.95%。
从运行方式上看, 曝气时段结束后, 经历了一个较长时间的沉淀、 静 置时间。需要说明的是,这个阶段与传统方法中的缺氧段存在很大的不同。 传统方法中缺氧段往往需要添加搅拌装置,使废水和污泥充分接触来强化 缺氧反硝化作用; 而本发明中的沉降静置阶段并不增设搅拌, 其主要目的 是保证污泥的充分沉降并抑制污泥膨胀; C、 N等污染物绝大部分在好氧 段被去除。
表 7 SBR小试装置对模拟生活污水的处理效果
Figure imgf000015_0001
实施例 6
本实施例以活性污泥法屮试装置来处理模拟生活污水。
处理装置和流程见图 6所示。接种实施例 3中的混合污泥, 维持污泥 浓度 (其中高效菌与活性污泥的比例为 20%) 在 2000〜2500 mg/L之间, 通过控制进水流量维持水力停留时间在 12 h, 曝气池内溶解氧控制在 3〜4 mg/L, 污泥回流比为 60%左右, 温度控制在 20〜30°C。
系统对模拟生活污水的处理结果见表 8所示。从表中可以看出, 出水 COD稳定在 32.40 mg/L左右, 去除率为 93.69%; 出水氨氮浓度为 0.20 mg/L左右, 去除率达 98.28%; 出水总氮主要以硝酸盐氮的形式存在, 去 除率为 49.89%。 尽管出水中 TN浓度仍较高 (25.41 mg/L) , 但是相比传 统活性污泥系统, COD、 氨氮和总氮的去除率都有较大的提高。
表 8 活性污泥法中试装置对模拟生活污水的处理效果
Figure imgf000016_0001
实施例 7
本实施例以固定化曝气生物滤池(BAF)来处理廊坊市经济开发区生 活污水 (参见表 1 )。 BAF的构造、 尺寸和运行方式与实施例 4中的装置 相同。
处理效果见表 9所示。 进水 COD平均浓度为 289.6mg/L, 出水 COD 平均浓度稳定在 31.8 mg/L左右, 去除率为 88.85%; 进水氨氮的平均浓度 为 27.96 mg/L, 出水氨氮浓度稳定在 0.49 mg/L, 去除率高达 98.28%; 进 水总氮的平均浓度为 28.95 mg/L, 出水总氮稳定在 13.74 mg/L左右, 出水 总氮主要以硝酸盐氮的形式存在。相比实施例 4中对氮素的去除效果, 本 实施例对 TN的去除效果略差。分析原因,可能是因为实施例 4中 COD/TN 比值较高, 在 8〜10之间; 而本实施例中采用实际生活污水, BOD/TN仅 为 4左右,好氧反硝化过程可能因缺乏足够的碳源作为电子供体而导致脱 氮效率略低。 表 9 BAF对廊坊市生活污水的处理效果
Figure imgf000017_0001
实施例 8
本实施例以 CAST中试装置来处理偃师市生活污水 (参见表 2)。 CAST池的工艺流程见图 7所示。 该反应器采用有机玻璃材料制成, 尺寸为 830 mm X 400 mm X 500 mm, 有效体积 165 L。 反应器前端设置厌 氧区和缺氧区作为生物选择器, 污水首先进入该生物选择器, 然后进入主 曝气池。 沿反应器自上而下设置两个取样口, 底部设置排泥口。
反应器内接种实施例 3中的混合污泥, 其典型特征如下: SV3。值 23 mL, MLSS为 4900 mg/l, MLVSS为 2580 mg/l, MLVSS/MLSS比值为 0.53 ; 污泥 SVI值为 46.92, 沉降性能良好。
反应器采取序批式的运行方式: 运行总周期为 6 h, 进水 2.7 min, 静 置 50 min,曝气 3 h(DO控制在 2 mg/L左右),沉淀静置 2 h,排水 7.3 min。 排水比维持在 50%, 水力停留时间 (HRT) 为 12 h。
因该生活污水中 COD含量较低, 考虑在运行过程中补加一部分碳源 来保证异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的数量和活性, 提高处理效果。 补加碳 源和未补加碳源条件下的技术参数和处理效果见表 10所示。 从表中我们 可以看出, 补加碳源条件 (如乙酸钠)下, 出水水质有了明显的改善, 出水 总氮浓度从 21.62 mg/L降低到 12.81 mg/L, 出水总磷浓度从 1.83 mg/L降 低到 0.32 mg/L。 在脱氮除碳的同时, 还表现出良好的除磷效果, 实现了 一步式脱氮除碳和除磷, 充分发挥出本发明的特色和优势。 表 1 0 CAST工艺对偃师生活污水的技术参数和处理效果
Figure imgf000018_0001
实施例 9
本实施例为考察污水中有机碳与氮的比例(COD N)对实施效果的影 响, 变化模拟生活污水中碳源的含量, 其它成分不变, 并采用 2个固定化 曝气生物滤池(BAF )来处理不同含碳浓度的模拟生活污水。其中, 1#BAF 接种实施例 3中的混合污泥, 2#BAF接种普通活性污泥。 两个 BAF的构 造、 尺寸和运行方式与实施例 4中的装置相同。
处理效果见表 9所示, 在各种有机碳 /氮比条件下, 1 #BAF X寸 COD、 氨氮和总氮的处理效果都优于 2#BAF。 说明接种异养消化-好氧反硝化细 菌对系统的处理效果有较大的改善。 当 COD/N的比例低于 2吋, 1#BAF 对氨氮的处理效果明显优于 2#BAF, 可能是由于相比自养硝化细菌, 异 养硝化细菌具有更快的生长速率; 且当 COD/N的比例为 2时, 1 #BAF的 氨氮处理效果已经达到国家一级 A排放标准, 而 2 AF仅达到一级 B排 放标准。 此外, 当 COD/N的比例低于 4时, 相对于 2#BAF, 1#BAF对总 氮的去除优势并不明显, 可能是 Lij于污水中 COD浓度比较低, 部分影响 了异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌的活性。 考虑到总氮的达标排放, 可适当补 充有机碳源。
表 9 BAF小试装置对不同碳氮比模拟生活污水的处理效果
Figure imgf000019_0001
注: 1出水表示 1#BAF的出水; 2出水表示 2#BAF的出水 参考文献:
1.Hellinga, C, Schellen, A., Mulder, J.W., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Heijnen, J. J., 1998. The sharon process: An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water. Water Sci. Technol. 37, 135-142.
2. Third, K.A., Sliekers, A.O., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 2001. The canon system (completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite) under ammonium limitation: Interaction and competition between three groups of bacteria. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 24, 588-596.
3. Prentice, H.C., Lonn, M., Lefkovitch, L.P., Runyeon, H., 1995. Associations between allele frequencies in festuca-ovina and habitat variation in the alvar grasslands on the baltic island of oland. Journal of Ecology 83, 391-402.

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种一歩式去除污水中碳氮污染物的方法, 其包括在去除有机碳和氮 污染物的曝气系统内接种异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌, 其中所述氮污染物 包括有机氮污染物和 /或无机氮污染物。
2. 权利要求 1 的方法, 其中所述污水中的氮是有机氮, 氨态氮, 亚硝酸 盐氮和 /或硝酸盐氮。
3. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述有机碳是烃类及其衍生物。
4. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌包括脱氮副球 菌 ( Paracoccus pantotropha ), 产减菌属 (Alcaligenes faecalis ) , 芽孢杆 菌 (Bacillus sp.),保藏号为 CGMCC No. 2962的土壤杆菌 grobacterium sp.), 保藏号为 CGMCC No.2963的睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌 i Comamonas 和保藏号为 CGMCC No.2964的木糖氧化无色杆菌 ( Achromobacter sp. )。
5. 权利要求 4的方法, 其中所述异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌是至少一种。
6. 权利要求 4的方法, 其中所述至少一种异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌间的 配比是等比例。
7.权利要求 1的方法,其中所述异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的接种量占曝 气生化反应器内总生物量的范围为 2 %以上。
8. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌是高活性的, 并且为曝气系统内混合液中的优势菌群。
9. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中当所述污水中的有机碳 /N比低于 2 4时, 添 加有机碳源来提高总氮的处理效果。
1 0. 根据权利要求 1的方法,其中所述曝气系统是好氧曝气的生化反应器。
1 1. 权利要求 10 的方法, 其屮所述的生化反应器为悬浮式或附着式的单
- -间歇式反应器或连续流反应器, 或是它们的组合。
12. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的生长细胞、 细胞悬浮液分别以氨氮为唯一氮源, 有机物为碳源进行异养硝化-好氧反 硝化作用。
13. 权利要求 1 的方法, 其中所述的异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的生长细 胞、细菌悬浮液分别以硝酸盐氮或亚硝酸盐氮为氮源, 有机物为碳源进行 好氧反硝化作 )¾。
14. 权利要求 1的方法,其中所述曝气系统中包含活性污泥和 /或用于污水 处理的微生物群体。
15. 异养硝化 -好氧反硝化细菌在一步式去除污水中碳氮污染物中的应用。
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