WO2011145251A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011145251A1 WO2011145251A1 PCT/JP2011/001550 JP2011001550W WO2011145251A1 WO 2011145251 A1 WO2011145251 A1 WO 2011145251A1 JP 2011001550 W JP2011001550 W JP 2011001550W WO 2011145251 A1 WO2011145251 A1 WO 2011145251A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0421—Methods of deposition of the material involving vapour deposition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a high-capacity lithium ion secondary battery, and more particularly to improvement of a negative electrode using an alloy-based active material containing silicon or tin as a negative electrode active material.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are lightweight, have high electromotive force, and high energy density. For this reason, demand is expanding as a driving power source for various portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, digital still cameras, and notebook personal computers.
- a lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as a battery) includes a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, And a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the negative electrode active material instead of carbon materials such as graphite that have been widely used in the past, so-called alloy-based active materials containing silicon (Si) and tin (Sb) have been widely studied in recent years. This is because the alloy-based active material can achieve higher capacity and higher output than the carbon material.
- the alloy-based active material Since the alloy-based active material has a large capacity, it remarkably expands when the battery is charged and remarkably contracts when it is discharged. For example, when Si is used as the alloy-based active material, when Si absorbs the maximum amount of lithium ions and changes to Li 4.4 Si, the volume increases about four times. Therefore, in a battery using an alloy-based active material as a negative electrode, large stress is generated at the interface between the alloy-based active material and the negative electrode current collector that supports the alloy-based active material due to expansion of the alloy-based active material during charging. The generated stress causes deformation such as wrinkles and warpage in the negative electrode current collector, or causes the alloy-based active material to fall from the negative electrode current collector. As a result, the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery may be deteriorated.
- Patent Document 1 when depositing the active material layer represented by SiO x (0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3 ) on the current collector, the SiO x By suppressing the rise in the temperature of the current collector by alternately providing a period for deposition and a period for suspending the deposition, interdiffusion between current collectors such as silicon and copper foil is suppressed, and columnar It is disclosed that an island-like structure that can relieve stress due to expansion can be formed by aggregating particles. And it is described that according to such a structure, the brittleness of an interface is suppressed and the negative electrode by which the active material was suppressed from falling off from the negative electrode current collector was obtained.
- a method of forming an alloy-based active material as a plurality of columnar bodies on the surface of the negative electrode current collector is also known. According to such an alloy-based active material of columnar bodies, stress generated due to expansion during charging is relieved to some extent by the voids existing between the columnar bodies.
- Patent Document 2 in a negative electrode provided with a columnar body-shaped alloy-based active material made of SiO x , a column having a large value of x is provided at a predetermined portion inside the columnar body, thereby forming a columnar shape during charging.
- a method for adjusting body shape change is disclosed.
- SiO x when the value of x is large, expansion and contraction are suppressed as compared with the case where the value of x is small.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery including a negative electrode using an alloy-based active material as a negative electrode active material.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a negative electrode current collector having a convex portion formed on a surface thereof, and a columnar body made of an alloy-based active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions supported by the convex portion. And a multilayer structure in which a plurality of unit layers made of an alloy-based active material are sequentially laminated from the surface of the convex portion, and the average layer thickness of the unit layers located in a 20% thickness region from the surface of the convex portion is the remaining 80%. It is a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode thinner than the average layer thickness of the unit layer located in the thickness area
- a lithium ion secondary battery including a negative electrode including a columnar alloy-based active material formed on the current collector surface
- charging and discharging of the current collector is repeated while maintaining a high capacity. Therefore, it is possible to provide a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics in which the active material is prevented from falling off.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic view of a columnar body 2 formed on a negative electrode 10.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory view schematically showing an example of an apparatus for manufacturing the negative electrode 10.
- FIG. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 20 of this embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the negative electrode 10 in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic view of the columnar body 2 formed on the negative electrode 10.
- reference numeral 1 denotes a negative electrode current collector having a convex portion 1a formed on the surface thereof
- 2 denotes a columnar body made of an alloy-based active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions supported by the convex portion 1a. Is a space formed between the columnar bodies 2.
- a columnar body 2 made of a negative electrode active material is supported on the surface of a negative electrode current collector 1 having a plurality of convex portions 1a on the surface.
- a gap V is formed between the columnar bodies 2. The volume of the space V varies depending on the volume that the columnar body 2 expands and increases as the lithium ions are occluded.
- the columnar body 2 has a multilayer structure in which a plurality of unit layers 3 (3a, 3b, 3c%) Made of an alloy-based active material are sequentially stacked from the surface of the convex portion 1a. And when the thickness of the unit layer 3 of the part which passes the line segment (H) which connects the center part of the top surface (T) of the columnar body 2 from the surface (S) of the convex part 1a is measured, The thickness per layer is such that the average layer thickness per unit layer 3 located in the 20% thickness region (R1) from the surface of the convex portion 1a is 80% from the top surface of the columnar body 2 (that is, The remaining unit layers 3 located in regions other than R1 are formed so as to be thinner than the average layer thickness per layer.
- the thickness per layer is such that the average layer thickness per unit layer 3 located in the 20% thickness region (R1) from the surface of the convex portion 1a is 80% from the top surface of the columnar body 2 (that is, The remaining unit layers 3 located in regions other than
- the columnar body 2 is formed such that the average layer thickness per unit layer 3 gradually increases as the distance from the surface of the convex portion 1a increases.
- each layer is formed so that the thickness of each layer gradually increases as the distance from the surface of the convex portion 1a increases, but the present invention is not limited to such a form.
- the unit layer having the same thickness is provided from the surface of the convex portion to the thickness region of 20%, and the remaining 80% thickness region is thicker than the unit layer of the thickness region of 20% from the surface of the convex portion.
- the form etc. which consist of a unit layer of the same thickness may be sufficient.
- Each unit layer 3 (3a, 3b, 3c...) Is formed of an alloy-based active material.
- the alloy-based active material include silicon, tin, silicon oxide, tin oxide, silicon alloy, and tin alloy.
- the silicon oxide is represented, for example, by the formula SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.99).
- the tin oxide is represented by, for example, the formula SnO y (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2).
- the alloy-based active material silicon or silicon oxide is particularly preferable because of high reaction efficiency, high capacity, and relatively low cost.
- the average composition is a silicon oxide represented by SiO x (preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.7, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4). This is preferable because it is a capacity, has high adhesion to the current collector, and has a high capacity retention rate when charging and discharging are repeated.
- the composition of the alloy-based active material forming the unit layer 3 is substantially constant, the conductive resistance in the vicinity of the interface with the current collector can be kept constant and reaction variations can be suppressed. It is preferable from the viewpoint of excellent balance with the adhesion of the columnar body.
- the thickness per layer of the unit layer 3 is smaller than that in the portion far from the surface, so that the number of interfaces between layers per unit length increases. Therefore, in the portion close to the surface of the convex portion 1a, the conductive resistance per unit length is increased and the reactivity is lowered, so that the expansion / contraction during charging / discharging is suppressed. As a result, high adhesion with the surface of the convex portion 1a can be maintained.
- the thickness per unit layer 3 is thicker than the part near the surface, the number of interfaces between layers per unit length is reduced. Accordingly, in a portion far from the surface of the convex portion 1a, the conductivity per unit length is low, and the reactivity is high. As a result, high reactivity can be maintained in a portion far from the surface of the convex portion 1a.
- the average thickness of the unit layer 3 located in the 20% thickness region (R1) from the surface (S) of the convex portion 1a is preferably in the range of 40 to 500 nm, more preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- the average thickness of this portion is in such a range, the reactivity of this region is moderately suppressed and expansion and contraction are suppressed, thereby maintaining high adhesion to the surface of the convex portion 1a. It is preferable from the point which can be performed.
- the columnar body located in the thickness region (R2) of 20% from the top surface (T) of 2 is preferably 100 to 2000 nm, more preferably 200 to 1000 nm, and particularly preferably 200 to 500 nm. When the average thickness of this portion is within such a range, the high reactivity of this region can be maintained.
- the average thickness of the unit layer 3 located in the 20% thickness region (R1) from the surface (S) of the convex portion 1a is in the range of 50 to 200 nm, and the remaining 80% thickness region. It is mentioned that the average thickness of the unit layer 3 located in the range of 200 to 500 nm.
- the average thickness of the unit layer located in the 80% thickness region from the top surface (T) of the columnar body 2 is equal to the average layer thickness of the unit layer located in the 20% thickness region (R1) from the surface of the convex portion 1a.
- the range of 1.5 to 10 times, more preferably 1.5 to 5 times is preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the balance between capacity and adhesion.
- the average thickness of the unit layer located in the 20% thickness region (R2) from the top surface (T) of the columnar body 2 is the average of the unit layer located in the 20% thickness region (R1) from the surface of the convex portion 1a. It is preferably 2 to 20 times, more preferably 2 to 10 times the layer thickness from the viewpoint of further improving the balance between capacity and adhesion.
- the total number of unit layers located in the 20% thickness region (R1) from the surface (S) of the convex portion 1a is located in the 20% thickness region (R2) from the top surface (T) of the columnar body 2.
- the total number of unit layers is preferably 1.5 to 20 times, more preferably 2 to 10 times.
- the height of the columnar body 2 is preferably in the range of 5 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 8 to 20 ⁇ m, from the surface (S) of the convex portion 1 a to the top surface (T) of the columnar body 2.
- the total number of unit layers 3 included in the columnar body 2 is in the range of 5 to 100 layers, more preferably 15 to 90 layers, and particularly 50 to 85 layers. From the point of being excellent in balance with.
- the material of the negative electrode current collector 1 is not particularly limited, and specifically, for example, copper, a copper alloy, or the like can be used.
- the columnar body 2 is made of silicon, tin, silicon oxide, tin oxide or the like on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 having a plurality of convex portions 1a, using an electron beam evaporation apparatus 40 as shown in FIG. It is formed by oblique deposition. Specifically, first, the negative electrode current collector 1 is installed on the fixed base 44 of the vapor deposition apparatus 40. Further, as the vapor deposition source 45, silicon, tin, silicon oxide, tin oxide, or the like is installed. Then, the angle ⁇ 1 formed between the surface of the fixed base 44 and the horizontal direction is adjusted. The angle ⁇ 1 is about 50 to 72 °, more preferably about 60 to 65 °.
- gas is flowed from the nozzle 43 at a predetermined flow rate.
- an inert gas such as argon or helium is used. If necessary, a small amount of oxygen may be contained in the gas supplied to adjust the oxygen ratio of the alloy-based active material.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 41 is adjusted using an exhaust pump (not shown). Then, the acceleration voltage of the electron beam is adjusted, and the vapor deposition process is performed for a predetermined time. Through such a process, the first stage of vapor deposition is performed.
- the fixing base 44 is rotated, and the angle formed between the surface of the fixing base 44 and the horizontal direction is adjusted to ⁇ 2 .
- the angle ⁇ 2 is normally adjusted to the same angle as the angle ⁇ 1 on the opposite side to the normal direction of the convex portion 1a.
- the second stage vapor deposition is performed by performing the vapor deposition process under the same conditions as the first stage vapor deposition conditions.
- the columnar body 2 supported by the convex portion 1 a is formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1. In this way, the negative electrode 10 is obtained.
- the deposition time of each stage is gradually increased in order to control the thickness of each target layer. It is necessary to do.
- the columnar body 2 is obtained in which the thickness of each layer formed gradually increases as the distance from the surface of the convex portion 1a increases.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 20 includes a strip-shaped negative electrode 10, a strip-shaped positive electrode 12, an electrode group 14 formed by winding a strip-shaped separator 13 separating the negative electrode 10 and the positive electrode 12, and an unillustrated A non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity is provided.
- a lithium ion secondary battery 20 shown in FIG. 4 includes an electrode group 14 and a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown) enclosed in a battery case 15.
- the electrode group 14 is formed by winding a positive electrode 12 and a negative electrode 10 with a separator 13 interposed therebetween.
- a positive electrode lead 21 is drawn from the positive electrode 12 and connected to the sealing plate 25, and a negative electrode lead 22 is drawn from the negative electrode 10 and connected to the bottom of the battery case 15.
- Insulating rings 27 and 28 are provided on the upper and lower parts of the electrode plate group, respectively.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte is injected, and the battery case 15 is sealed with a sealing plate 25 through a gasket 23.
- the battery case for example, an aluminum case, an iron case whose inner surface is nickel-plated, a case made of an aluminum laminate film, or the like can be used.
- the shape of the battery case may be any shape such as a cylindrical shape or a square shape.
- a positive electrode mixture in which a positive electrode active material and, if necessary, various conductive agents and binders are dispersed in an appropriate dispersion medium is applied to the surface of the positive electrode current collector and dried.
- a positive electrode active material layer 19 can be used.
- the positive electrode active material include, for example, lithium cobaltate and modified products thereof (such as lithium cobaltate in which aluminum or magnesium is dissolved), lithium nickelate and modified products thereof (partially replacing nickel with cobalt). And composite oxides such as lithium manganate and modified products thereof.
- the conductive agent include carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and various graphites.
- the binder include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, rubber particles having an acrylate unit, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the separator 13, the nonaqueous electrolyte, the battery case 15, and the gasket 22 are not particularly limited, and various materials known in this field can be used.
- the separator 13 is disposed between the positive electrode 12 and the negative electrode 10, and for example, a porous sheet of polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene is used.
- the thickness of the separator 13 is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 10 to 300 ⁇ m, more preferably about 10 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a solute (supporting salt) and a non-aqueous solvent, and further contains various additives as necessary. Solutes usually dissolve in non-aqueous solvents.
- non-aqueous solvent examples include, for example, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate; chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate; Examples include acid esters. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- solute examples include, for example, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBCl 4 , borates, imide salts and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of solute dissolved in 1 liter of non-aqueous solvent is preferably about 0.5 to 2 mol.
- Such a lithium ion secondary battery 20 is assembled by a method similar to a conventionally known method of assembling a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 20 that is a cylindrical battery including a wound electrode group has been described in detail as a representative example, but the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is another type, specifically,
- the present invention can be used without particular limitation for a coin-type battery including a laminated electrode group, a square battery including a flat electrode group, a laminated film battery including a laminated electrode group or a flat electrode group, and the like.
- Example 1 ⁇ Creation of negative electrode>
- an alloy copper foil having a plurality of convex portions formed in a staggered pattern (two-dimensional triangular lattice pattern) on both surfaces was used.
- each convex part was a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 8 ⁇ m and a height of 8 ⁇ m.
- a negative electrode was fabricated by forming a columnar body by depositing an alloy-based active material on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector. Note that silicon having a purity of 99.9999% was used as the evaporation source 45, and a mixed gas composed of oxygen and argon was used as the gas discharged from the nozzle 43.
- the negative electrode current collector was placed on the fixing base 44 of the vapor deposition apparatus 40, and the angle ⁇ 1 formed between the surface of the fixing base 44 and the horizontal direction was adjusted to 60 °.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber 41 was adjusted to 7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa (abs) by sucking with an exhaust pump before vapor deposition.
- the mixed gas was supplied from the nozzle 43 into the vacuum chamber 41 at a flow rate of 20 sccm.
- the first stage of deposition was performed with an acceleration voltage of the electron beam of ⁇ 8 kV and an emission of 500 mA.
- the angle ⁇ 2 formed between the surface of the fixing base 44 of the vapor deposition apparatus 40 and the horizontal direction was adjusted to 60 °, and the second vapor deposition was performed in the same manner as the first vapor deposition. Further, the vapor deposition was repeated from the third stage to the 82nd stage.
- the vapor deposition of each stage by increasing the vapor deposition time from the first stage vapor deposition to the 82nd stage vapor deposition, the thickness of each layer formed increases as the distance from the convex surface increases. It was adjusted. Thus, a columnar body having an average composition and a composition of each layer of SiO 0.25 and a height of 15 ⁇ m was obtained.
- the formed columnar body had a multilayer structure of a total of 82 layers, and the average thickness of the unit layers from the 1st to 30th layers corresponding to a thickness region of 20% from the convex surface was 100 nm.
- the average thickness of the unit layers from the 76th layer to the 82nd layer corresponding to a thickness region of 20% from the top surface of the columnar body was 430 nm.
- the average thickness of the unit layers from the 31st to the 75th layer corresponding to the remaining thickness region of 60% of the central part was 200 nm.
- the negative electrode was cut into a size of 32 mm ⁇ 420 mm to prepare a strip-shaped negative electrode plate.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry was prepared by mixing 50 ml of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). This positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to both surfaces of an aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, dried, and rolled to form a positive electrode active material layer having a thickness of 120 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode plate was cut into a size of 30 mm ⁇ 380 mm to prepare a belt-like positive electrode plate.
- a belt-like separator 35 mm ⁇ 1000 mm polyethylene microporous membrane, trade name: Hypore, thickness 20 ⁇ m, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.
- one end of the positive electrode lead made of aluminum was welded to the positive electrode current collector of the strip-shaped positive electrode plate, and one end of the negative electrode lead made of nickel was welded to the negative electrode current collector of the strip-shaped negative electrode plate.
- the obtained electrode group was inserted in the exterior case which consists of an aluminum laminate sheet with a nonaqueous electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1.4 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 2: 3: 5 is used.
- the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead were led out from the opening of the outer case, and the opening of the outer case was welded while vacuuming the inside to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery A.
- A Average thickness, number of layers, and average composition of 20% area from convex surface
- B Average thickness, number of layers, and average composition of 60% central region
- C Average thickness, number of layers and average composition of 20% area from top of columnar body
- D Columnar body height
- E Columnar average composition
- F Battery capacity
- G Capacity maintenance rate after 100 cycles
- H Negative electrode active material peel strength
- Example 2 In “Creation of negative electrode”, as shown in Table 1, instead of forming each unit layer having the composition represented by the composition of SiO 0.25 , each unit layer having the composition represented by the composition of SiO 0.4 was formed.
- a negative electrode B was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the average thickness of the unit layers from the 76th layer to the 82nd layer corresponding to a thickness region of 20% from the top surface of the columnar body was changed to 420 nm.
- the lithium ion secondary battery B was created and evaluated like Example 1 except having used the negative electrode B instead of the negative electrode A.
- FIG. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 In “Creation of negative electrode”, as shown in Table 1, the average composition of unit layers from 1 to 30 layers having a multilayer structure of 82 layers in total and corresponding to a thickness region of 20% from the surface of the protrusion is SiO 2. to 0.7, the average composition of the central portion 60% corresponding to the thickness areas 31 to a unit layer of up to 75-layer to SiO 0.15, from the top surface to the 76-82 th layer corresponding to 20% of the thickness region of the columnar body A negative electrode C was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the average thickness of the unit layer was 400 nm and the average composition was SiO 0.15 . And the lithium ion secondary battery C was created and evaluated like Example 1 except having used the negative electrode C instead of the negative electrode A. FIG. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 In “Creation of negative electrode”, as shown in Table 1, the average thickness of the unit layers from 1 to 20th layer corresponding to 20% thickness region having a multilayer structure of a total of 63 layers and having a total thickness of 150 nm, The average thickness of the unit layers from 57 to 63th layer corresponding to the 20% thickness region from the top surface of the columnar body is 430 nm, and the unit layers from 21 to 56th layer corresponding to the remaining 60% thickness region of the central portion.
- a negative electrode D was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a columnar body having an average thickness of 250 nm was formed. Then, a lithium ion secondary battery D was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the negative electrode D was used instead of the negative electrode A. The results are shown in Table 1.
- each unit layer having the composition represented by the composition of SiO 0.25 instead of forming each unit layer having the composition represented by the composition of SiO 0.25 , each unit layer having the composition represented by the composition of SiO 0.1 was formed. It has a multilayer structure of 77 layers in total, the average thickness of unit layers 1 to 28 corresponding to a 20% thickness region from the convex surface is 100 nm, and corresponds to a 20% thickness region from the top surface of the columnar body Examples except that columnar bodies having an average thickness of the unit layers from the 71st to 77th layers of 400 nm and an average thickness of the unit layers from the 29th to 70th layers corresponding to the remaining thickness region of 60% of the central layer of 200 nm were formed.
- a negative electrode E was prepared. And the lithium ion secondary battery D was created and evaluated like Example 1 except having used the negative electrode E instead of the negative electrode A.
- FIG. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 In “Creation of negative electrode”, as shown in Table 1, the average thickness of the unit layers from the first to the 30th layer corresponding to a 20% thickness region having a multilayer structure of 80 layers in total and corresponding to a thickness region of 20% from the convex surface, A negative electrode F was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that columnar bodies having an average thickness of 300 nm of the unit layers from the 31st to the 80th layer corresponding to 80% thickness region of the remaining portion of the columnar bodies were formed. And the lithium ion secondary battery D was created and evaluated like Example 1 except having used the negative electrode F instead of the negative electrode A. FIG. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the average layer thickness of the unit layer located in the 20% thickness region from the convex surface of the columnar body made of the alloy-based active material formed on the negative electrode according to the present invention is the remaining 80%.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries A to F of Examples 1 to 5, which are thinner than the average layer thickness of the unit layers located in the thickness region, are different from the lithium ion secondary batteries G to I of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 in which the thickness of each layer is equal. In comparison, it can be seen that both the capacity retention ratio after 100 cycles and the peel strength of the negative electrode active material show high values.
- Example 1 using the material had a higher capacity.
- Example 1 using the columnar body having a close average composition is compared with Example 3, the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles is higher in Example 1 in which each layer forming the columnar body has the same composition, The peel strength of the negative electrode active material was excellent.
- One aspect of the present invention described in detail above includes a negative electrode current collector having a convex portion formed on the surface, and a columnar body made of an alloy-based active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions supported by the convex portion.
- the columnar body has a multilayer structure in which a plurality of unit layers made of an alloy-based active material are sequentially laminated from the surface of the convex portion, and the average layer thickness of the unit layers located in a thickness region of 20% from the surface of the convex portion is The negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery is thinner than the average layer thickness of the unit layers located in the remaining 80% thickness region.
- the number of interfaces between the unit layers increases in the portion close to the convex surface of the columnar body, and the number of interfaces between the unit layers decreases in the portion far from the convex surface of the columnar body.
- the conductive resistance increases at the interface formed between the unit layers. Therefore, in the part near the convex part surface where high adhesion is required, the reactivity is lowered, and the expansion and contraction during charging / discharging is suppressed.
- high reactivity can be maintained in a portion far from the convex surface where the number of interfaces between the unit layers is small. As a result, high adhesion can be maintained while maintaining a high capacity as the entire columnar body.
- the average layer thickness of the unit layer located in the 20% thickness region from the convex surface is in the range of 50 to 200 nm, and the average layer thickness of the unit layer located in the remaining 80% thickness region is in the range of 200 to 500 nm. It is preferable that it is excellent in the balance between the capacity and the adhesion of the columnar body.
- the average layer thickness of the unit layer located in the remaining 80% thickness region is in the range of 1.5 to 5 times the average layer thickness of the unit layer located in the 20% thickness region from the convex surface. From the point which is further excellent in the balance between the adhesion of the columnar body and the columnar body.
- the total number of unit layers located in the 20% thickness region from the convex surface is 1.5 to 20 times the total number of unit layers located in the 20% thickness region from the top surface of the columnar body.
- the range is preferable because the balance between the capacity and the adhesion of the columnar body is further excellent.
- composition of the alloy-based active material forming the plurality of unit layers is substantially constant from the viewpoint of excellent balance between high capacity and columnar body adhesion.
- the alloy-based active material of the columnar body has an average composition represented by SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4) from the viewpoint of maintaining a higher capacity.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a positive electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, a separator disposed so as to be interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, A lithium ion secondary battery including a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode is the negative electrode described above. According to such a configuration, it is possible to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery in which the active material is prevented from falling off by repeatedly charging and discharging the current collector while maintaining a high capacity.
- the lithium ion battery using the negative electrode of the present invention while maintaining the high charge / discharge capacity that is characteristic of the alloy-based active material, dropping of the active material caused by repeated charge / discharge of the current collector is suppressed. . Therefore, it can be preferably used as a power source for driving electronic devices that require a high capacity and a long life, and as a power source for a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の目的、特徴、局面、および利点は、以下の詳細な説明及び添付する図面により、より明白となる。
角度α1側および角度α2側から交互に原料成分を積層蒸着させる工程を層数分だけ繰り返すことにより負極集電体1の表面に凸部1aに支持された柱状体2が形成される。このようにして負極10が得られる。
リチウムイオン二次電池20は、帯状の負極10と、帯状の正極12と、負極10および正極12間を隔離する帯状のセパレータ13とを捲回して形成された電極群14、および、図略のリチウムイオン伝導性を有する非水電解質を備える。
電池ケースとしては、例えば、アルミニウム製のケース、内面がニッケルメッキされた鉄製のケース、またはアルミニウムラミネートフィルムからなるケース等を用いることができる。電池ケースの形状は、円筒型、角型など、いずれの形状であってもよい。
〈負極の作成〉
負極集電体として、両表面に複数の凸部が千鳥格子状(二次元三角格子状)のパターンで形成された合金銅箔を用いた。なお、各凸部は、直径8μm及び高さ8μmの円柱形であった。
LiNi0.85Co0.15O2で示される組成を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物(二次粒子の平均粒径10μm)の粉末93g、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)3g、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末(結着剤)4gおよびN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)50mlを混合することにより正極合剤スラリーを調製した。この正極合剤スラリーを厚み15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の両面に塗布し、乾燥し、圧延することにより、厚さ120μmの正極活物質層を形成した。この正極を30mm×380mmの寸法に裁断することにより帯状正極板を作成した。
作製した帯状正極板および帯状負極板との間に、帯状セパレータ(35mm×1000mmのポリエチレン微多孔膜、商品名:ハイポア、厚さ20μm、旭化成(株)製)を介在させて捲回し、電極群を作製した。次に、アルミニウム製の正極リードの一端を帯状正極板の正極集電体に溶接し、ニッケル製の負極リードの一端を帯状負極板の負極集電体に溶接した。
得られたリチウムイオン二次電池Aの電池容量、充放電100サイクル後の容量維持率、及び負極活物質の剥離強度を以下の方法に従って評価した。
作成されたリチウムイオン二次電池Aに対して、以下の条件で充放電サイクルを3回繰返し、3回目の放電容量を求めた。
定電流充電:0.7C、終止電圧4.15V。
定電圧充電:4.15V 0.05C、休止時間20分。
定電流放電:0.2C、終止電圧2.0V、休止時間20分。
作成されたリチウムイオン二次電池Aに対して、上述した条件で定電流充電、定電流充電及び定電流放電を100サイクル繰り返した。なお、1サイクル目の放電容量を初回放電容量とし、この放電の際の電流値を1Cとした。そして、初回放電容量に対する100サイクル後の放電容量の百分率を容量維持率(%)として求めた。
充放電を100サイクル繰り返した電池を放電状態で分解して負極を取り出し、エチルメチルカーボネートで洗浄することにより、サンプルとした。その一方の面を平台に接着し、固定した。次いで、サンプルの合金系活物質の表面に、粘着テープ(日東電工(株)製)を配置した。粘着テープは、粘着面が上記サンプルの合金系活物質の表面に配置し、φ2mmの平板端子で400gf(約3.92N)の力を加えてサンプルに押し付けた。その後、平板端子を鉛直方向に引き上げて、柱状体(負極活物質2)が負極集電体1の凸部1aから剥離したときの応力を測定した。
(B)中央部60%の領域の平均厚み、層数、及び平均組成
(C)柱状体頂面から20%の領域の平均厚み、層数及び平均組成
(D)柱状体高さ
(E)柱状体平均組成
(F)電池容量
(G)100サイクル後の容量維持率
(H)負極活物質の剥離強度
「負極の作成」において、表1に示すように、SiO0.25の組成で示される組成を有する各単位層を形成する代わりに、SiO0.4の組成で示される組成を有する各単位層を形成し、柱状体の頂面から20%の厚み領域に相当する76~82層目までの単位層の平均厚みを420nmに変えた以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Bを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Bを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Bを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
「負極の作成」において、表1に示すように、合計82層の多層構造を有し、凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に相当する1~30層目までの単位層の平均組成をSiO0.7にし、中央部60%の厚み領域に相当する31~75層目までの単位層の平均組成をSiO0.15にし、柱状体の頂面から20%の厚み領域に相当する76~82層目までの単位層の平均厚みを400nm、平均組成をSiO0.15にした以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Cを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Cを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Cを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
「負極の作成」において、表1に示すように、合計63層の多層構造を有し、凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に相当する1~20層目までの単位層の平均厚み150nm、柱状体の頂面から20%の厚み領域に相当する57~63層目までの単位層の平均厚み430nm、残りの中央部60%の厚み領域に相当する21~56層目までの単位層の平均厚み250nmの柱状体を形成した以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Dを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Dを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Dを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
「負極の作成」において、表1に示すように、SiO0.25の組成で示される組成を有する各単位層を形成する代わりに、SiO0.1の組成で示される組成を有する各単位層を形成し、合計77層の多層構造を有し、凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に相当する1~28層目までの単位層の平均厚みが100nm、柱状体の頂面から20%の厚み領域に相当する71~77層目までの単位層の平均厚み400nm、残りの中央部60%の厚み領域に相当する29~70層目までの単位層の平均厚み200nmの柱状体を形成した以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Eを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Eを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Dを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
「負極の作成」において、表1に示すように、合計80層の多層構造を有し、凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に相当する1~30層目までの単位層の平均厚み100nm、柱状体の残りの部分の80%の厚み領域に相当する31~80層目までの単位層の平均厚み300nmの柱状体を形成した以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Fを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Fを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Dを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
「負極の作成」において、1段目の蒸着から75段目の蒸着まで、蒸着時間を均等にすることにより、SiO0.25の組成で示される組成を有する、平均厚み200nm、合計75層、高さ15μmの多層構造を有する柱状体を形成した以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Gを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Gを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Gを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
「負極の作成」において、1段目の蒸着から150段目の蒸着まで、蒸着時間を均等にすることにより、SiO0.25の組成で示される組成を有する、平均厚み100nm、合計150層、高さ15μmの多層構造を有する柱状体を形成した以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Hを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Hを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Hを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
「負極の作成」において、1段目の蒸着から50段目の蒸着まで、蒸着時間を均等にすることにより、SiO0.25の組成で示される組成を有する、平均厚み300nm、合計50層、高さ15μmの多層構造を有する柱状体を形成した以外は実施例1と同様にして負極Iを作成した。そして、負極Aの代わりに負極Iを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池Iを作成し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
1a 凸部
2 柱状体
3(3a,3b,3c…)単位層
10 負極
11 非水電解質二次電池
12 正極
13 セパレータ
14 電極群
15 電池ケース
22 負極リード
21 正極リード
23 ガスケット
25 封口板
27,28 絶縁リング
40 電子ビーム式蒸着装置
41 チャンバ
42 配管
43 ノズル
44 固定台
45 ターゲット
Claims (7)
- 表面に凸部が形成された負極集電体と、前記凸部に支持されたリチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出しうる合金系活物質からなる柱状体とを備え、
前記柱状体は、前記合金系活物質からなる複数の単位層が前記凸部表面から順次積層された多層構造を有し、
前記凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の平均層厚みが、残りの80%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の平均層厚みよりも薄いことを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。 - 前記凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の平均層厚みが50~200nmの範囲であり、残りの80%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の平均層厚みが200~500nmの範囲である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記残りの80%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の平均層厚みが、前記凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の平均層厚みの1.5~5倍の範囲である請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記凸部表面から20%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の総層数が、前記柱状体の頂面から20%の厚み領域に位置する単位層の総層数の1.5~20倍の範囲である請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記複数の単位層を形成する前記合金系活物質の組成が、一定である請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記柱状体における合金系活物質の平均組成が、SiOx(0≦x<0.4)で示される請求項1~5の何れか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出しうる正極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出しうる負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するように配置されるセパレータと、非水電解液と、を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記負極が請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の負極であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
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US13/322,002 US20120070740A1 (en) | 2010-05-21 | 2011-03-16 | Negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery |
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JP2006073212A (ja) * | 2004-08-31 | 2006-03-16 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解質電池 |
JP2006164954A (ja) * | 2004-11-11 | 2006-06-22 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、その製造方法、およびそれを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2008181835A (ja) * | 2007-01-26 | 2008-08-07 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極 |
JP2008258154A (ja) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-10-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極およびその製造方法、ならびにリチウム二次電池用負極を備えたリチウム二次電池 |
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JP2006073212A (ja) * | 2004-08-31 | 2006-03-16 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解質電池 |
JP2006164954A (ja) * | 2004-11-11 | 2006-06-22 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、その製造方法、およびそれを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2008181835A (ja) * | 2007-01-26 | 2008-08-07 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極 |
JP2008258154A (ja) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-10-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極およびその製造方法、ならびにリチウム二次電池用負極を備えたリチウム二次電池 |
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