WO2011140820A1 - 电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔 - Google Patents

电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011140820A1
WO2011140820A1 PCT/CN2011/000650 CN2011000650W WO2011140820A1 WO 2011140820 A1 WO2011140820 A1 WO 2011140820A1 CN 2011000650 W CN2011000650 W CN 2011000650W WO 2011140820 A1 WO2011140820 A1 WO 2011140820A1
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Prior art keywords
tower
slurry
flue gas
absorption
zone
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PCT/CN2011/000650
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
孙厚杰
Original Assignee
Sun Houjie
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Application filed by Sun Houjie filed Critical Sun Houjie
Priority to EP11780043.3A priority Critical patent/EP2628526A1/en
Priority to US13/695,031 priority patent/US20130195728A1/en
Publication of WO2011140820A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011140820A1/zh

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/48Sulfur compounds
    • B01D53/50Sulfur oxides
    • B01D53/508Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with solids
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/48Sulfur compounds
    • B01D53/50Sulfur oxides
    • B01D53/501Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with a solution or a suspension of an alkali or earth-alkali or ammonium compound
    • B01D53/504Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with a solution or a suspension of an alkali or earth-alkali or ammonium compound characterised by a specific device
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00Reactants
    • B01D2251/10Oxidants
    • B01D2251/102Oxygen
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00Reactants
    • B01D2251/40Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
    • B01D2251/404Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of calcium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/02Other waste gases
    • B01D2258/0283Flue gases

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an absorption tower process and structure, in particular to a process and structure of a power plant wet flue gas desulfurization absorption tower.
  • the phenomenon of "short circuit" occurs.
  • the width of the inlet and outlet of the flue gas of the cylindrical (square) wet spray absorption tower is small.
  • the flue gas field appears turbulent, stagnation, or even R flow in the expansion part of the absorption tower (Fig. 1 section), causing the spray liquid in this area to 'float', waste the slurry, and consume the pump function, so that Ca /S increase people, the total desulfurization rate is reduced; the turbulent flow area has a small pneumatic pressure, the spray liquid has a relatively high rate of decline, and the calcium content is large.
  • CaC0 3 is easy to deposit crystals in the dead corner of the tower wall, and the tower wall is seriously eroded ( Grinding limestone slurry liquid crystal particles are relatively coarse and sharp), and leakage phenomenon often occurs.
  • the content of H 2 S0 3 in the lower slurry pool in the turbulent zone is small, and the content of &1(:0 3 is large, and the pH value of the slurry pool is not locally acidic. Oxidized non-sulfite is easy to scale and affects the desulfurization rate, and the required stirring power is large.
  • the absorption hydrolysis reaction of so 2 is mainly carried out. Since it is not sufficiently neutralized and oxidized in time, the relative dynamic balance of so 2 is large, the release amount is large, and the absorption rate is low:
  • Oxygen in the flue gas can oxidize bisulfite (sulfite) ions to form sulfate ions, but the amount of oxidation is very small (designed conditional flue gas oxygen content 6%, the actual operation is generally less than 6%): '
  • the acidity gradually increases, and only a small amount of CaC0 3 is neutralized and oxidized.
  • the balance of (2) inhibits the further absorption of so 2 , wastes the circulating pump power, and falls to the slurry pool.
  • the S0 3 2 in the —— is oxidized to S0 4 2 — after a certain period of time, and then further neutralized in a very low concentration limestone slurry pool to form CaS0 4 and paste grains, and due to this process, C0 2 is released.
  • the residence acid will cause a certain amount of CaS0 3 , H 2 S0 3 to re-decompose and release S0 2 , which is the equilibrium equation of (1) and (5), and the corrosion of the absorption tower is more serious, and the distribution of acid is uneven.
  • CaC0 3 is unevenly distributed, PH is difficult to control, overshoot, and abnormal phenomena occur when it is raised.
  • Produced stone culture CaCO 3 ⁇ 4 large content rate is uneven.
  • the slurry residence time is long enough, the desulfurization rate and other indicators can reach a certain expected value.
  • the present invention adopts the following various design schemes.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a process and structure of a power plant flue gas wet desulfurization absorption tower, which reduces construction, operation, maintenance and repair costs, purifies air, improves desulfurization rate, and provides strong support for sustainable economic development strategies.
  • the present invention provides a wet flue gas desulfurization absorption tower process and a structure thereof, including:
  • the invention discloses a process and a structure of a wet flue gas desulfurization absorption tower of a power plant, characterized in that a certain height above a liquid level of a slurry tank is a square tower, the cross section is square or quasi-square, and the following are round towers or other body types which are advantageous for process performance,
  • the original flue and the net flue are expanded in a certain proportion and then inserted into the square tower at equal intervals.
  • a large amount of oxidizing wind which is in the same direction as the flue gas, is sent to the spray zone of the absorption tower, and a small amount of oxidized wind or no oxidizing wind is sent to the slurry tank.
  • the limestone absorption slurry enters the slurry circulation pipeline and the slurry tank respectively or all enters the slurry circulation pipeline, and the desulfurization is completed instantaneously. Especially in the single oxidation zone, it can achieve net flue gas alkaline, no acid mist, no sulfite and other scale-free operation, so there is no conventional mist eliminator. In order to reduce water consumption, etc., a simple metal mist eliminator can be installed, and a large amount of oxygen can be subsequently oxidized. The net flue gas passage can be prevented from corrosion.
  • the absorption tower of the high temperature resistant anticorrosive material is also used as a bypass flue through the tower, and the absorption tower can be eliminated.
  • Supporting bypass flue and its baffle door, FGD in and out The port flapper door can reduce the power of the booster fan by about 50% or cancel the booster fan.
  • the flue and absorption tower equipment should adopt certain heat dissipation measures to improve the performance of the device.
  • the oxidation zone is formed in the tower: the absorption oxidation zone is the spray zone and the oxidation zone of the slurry pool.
  • the oxidation zone of the absorption oxidation zone is located below the flue gas inlet of the zone, above the slurry surface of the slurry tank.
  • the oxidizing duct is placed between the spray masters of the zone. The spray area can be sent to the large oxidized wind by a centrifugal fan, or the natural wind can be sucked in by the negative pressure in the tower without any fan, and the air volume is about 120% larger than the design air volume.
  • the slurry tank oxidation duct is located below the slurry level in the upper part of the slurry tank. It is higher than the usual technology and can be equipped with about 1 / 4 of the design air volume to oxidize the residual acid liquid, greatly reducing the power of the Roots oxidation fan. When the air distribution in the absorption oxidation zone exceeds ⁇ 50% of the design air volume, a single oxidation zone is formed, and the oxidation zone of the slurry pool is cancelled.
  • the upper side of the oxidizing air duct is provided with an opening upward nozzle, and a double cone 422 is arranged above the nozzle, the waist diameter is about 4/3 of the inner diameter of the nozzle; and a plurality of steam traps are arranged on the lower side of the oxidizing air duct. Or insert a drain pipe of a certain depth into the slurry tank.
  • the C a C (3 ⁇ 4 feed pipe branch is connected to the slurry pool and the inlet is close to the inlet of the matched slurry circulation mother pipe, CaC (3 ⁇ 4 slurry supply slurry) slurry flow mother pipe flow matching: or into the slurry
  • the tank and the circulating pipe of the circulating parent pipe are relatively independent and controlled separately: or only the absorbent slurry pipe entering the circulating mother pipe is designed.
  • the limestone absorbent slurry should be treated by a pre-dissolution scheme; the amount of slurry circulation should be increased compared with the background art;
  • all spray layers can also be placed at the top of the tower: a specific control scheme is provided to monitor the pH value of the limestone spray liquid and the slurry pool slurry; reduce the volume of the slurry tank and greatly reduce it. Its stirring power.
  • the reaction in the spray zone is absorbed, neutralized, and oxidized simultaneously.
  • the smoke velocity in the tower can be designed to be about 5-6m/s or even higher.
  • the gas-liquid contact time can be designed for about 1 second.
  • the absorption tower is designed due to the structural characteristics of the process. The height is greatly reduced and the height is about 25 meters. For the cis absorption tower, or the reverse absorption tower, if it is integrated with the chimney and measures such as reducing the speed of smoke and reducing the amount of spray, there is no need for a booster fan.
  • a cis-flow oxidized zone (70) and a counter-flow oxidization ⁇ (80) are formed, and the oxidizing wind and the spray sputum are disposed at 70°: and maintain the same ratio, and
  • the initial velocity of the spray zone in the 70 zone is the velocity of the smoke in the tower and the initial velocity of the sprayed liquid in the 80 zone.
  • the cis absorption tower only forms a cis flow force oxidation zone, and the normal pressure reducer can be used to realize the pressure loss in the tower. Breakthrough, so cancel the booster fan.
  • a large amount of additional oxidizing wind can be sent to the 80 zone and the effluent value of the sprayed liquid in the zone can be increased.
  • the process system eliminates the response delay of the slurry bottleneck, completes the desulfurization reaction instantaneously, realizes the breakthrough of the system response "0", and proposes the system's extremely simple single-loop piD control scheme; through the background technology, the Dingyi system supply bottleneck, etc.
  • the analysis of the lag response proposes its optimal control scheme.
  • the application examples of various absorption towers formed by the flue gas desulfurization process can be integrated into the integrated desulfurization tower with the chimney extremely simply.
  • the process, structure, control strategy or part of the process, structure and control strategy can be applied to other wet flue gas desulfurization processes such as packed towers, liquid column towers, bubble columns, etc., and can also be applied to double alkali method, ammonia method, Wet flue gas desulfurization device for other absorbents such as sodium reduction, seawater desulfurization, and magnesium oxide.
  • the invention has the following advantages:
  • the slurry ra value of the paddle tank can be controlled to any desired value, completely suppressing corrosion, maximizing the quality of the gypsum, and greatly reducing the height of the absorption tower to about 25 meters, and the height of the slurry pool and its stirring power.
  • Only feed forward single loop PID control is required.
  • it can be combined with a chimney to form a desulfurization tower GDS (f ] ue gas d e su ] fur i zat i on stack ), simple to the extreme, only - chimney!
  • the wet mill was improved:]: Art, realize quasi-single-loop PID control.
  • the bare tower can reduce operating costs to 10%, reduce the plant's power consumption rate by 1. 25%, and save 30 million kWh annually.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a "power plant wet flue gas desulfurization absorption tower" of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the nozzle structure of the oxidation duct of the countercurrent spray zone
  • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the "power plant wet flue gas desulfurization absorption tower" of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 shows the layout of the bare tower (desulfurization flue) in
  • Figure 5 is a schematic view showing the operation curve of the wet flue gas desulfurization device of the background art
  • Figure 6 is a diagram showing the coupling relationship of various parameters of the limestone preparation process system. Detailed ways
  • the absorption tower of the embodiment is a circulation pump for slurry top spray countercurrent contact flue gas absorption type heavenly earth absorption tower, which comprises: square tower 1, section square Or quasi-square, located above the bottom of the flue gas inlet, set the net flue gas outlet flue 2, the original flue gas inlet flue 3, and the lower part of the square tower 1 is a round tower 4 (cylinder, or other beneficial to the desulfurization process) Body type), a slurry oxidation zone 40 is formed in the upper part of the slurry tank in the round tower, and a crystallization zone (below 40 zones) is formed in the lower part of the slurry tank.
  • the inner spray zone 50 of the square tower 1 forms an absorption oxidation zone, and the 3 ⁇ 4 is added to the circulation*.
  • the square tower 1 can be provided with four spray layers 5, and the interval between the shower layers 5 can be 1.5 m.
  • the net flue gas outlet is disposed at the upper end of the square tower 1 and is equal to the square tower 1 and has a square or trapezoidal cross section.
  • the net flue gas outlet flue is square or trapezoidal in cross section, and is contracted to the net according to a certain linear slope.
  • the top and bottom corners of the square tower are extended (extended) to the other side of the top of the square tower according to this (certain) slope, or designed as a square tower body, parallel and equal to the square tower.
  • the original flue gas inlet is located on the other side of the square tower 1 or the lower side of the same side (preferred side), and is equal to the square tower 1 , and the original flue gas inlet flue 3 is contracted to the original flue by a certain linear slope. .
  • the structure design of the tower can completely eliminate the phenomenon of turbulent flow, bias flow and even backflow in the tower, the smoke distribution is uniform, and the utilization rate of limestone is high.
  • the Ca/S is low, the absorption rate is high, the spray liquid is small on the tower wall, the pH value of the slurry pool is even and easy to control, and there is no inexplicable symptom such as limestone failure.
  • the interior of the absorption tower is designed as two oxidation zones: an absorption oxidation zone (spray zone) and a slurry zone oxidation zone.
  • Absorption oxidation zone spray zone
  • a plurality of spray zone oxidation ducts 42 are disposed at a suitable position above the slurry level 41 of the inlet flue 3 (about 1-2 m); the slurry zone oxidation zone is below the slurry face 41.
  • a plurality of oxidizing ducts 43 are disposed on the middle of the height of the pool, and a single oxidation zone is formed in the tower when the zone is cancelled.
  • a plurality of nozzles 421 having an opening upward are disposed on the upper side of the 42, and a double cone 422 is disposed thereon, and the waist diameter is about 1/3 larger than the inner diameter of the nozzle.
  • the lower taper value is such that the oxidized wind flow field of all the nozzles 42 1 is evenly distributed in the spray zone, and the upper taper value is preferably such that the spray liquid does not enter the nozzle 421 while avoiding entering the adjacent nozzle.
  • the gypsum discharge pipe 44 is symmetrically arranged, and the absorption slurry supply pipe 45 inlet is adjacent to the circulation pump inlet to ensure that most or all of the absorption slurry directly enters the circulation main pipe.
  • the CaC0 3 (limestone) supply pipe quantity is the same as the liquid circulation main pipe quantity, and each inlet is separated from the adjacent slurry circulation main pipe inlet edge by about 500 mm, and the specific value is to ensure that most of the CaC0 3 absorption slurry enters and matches. Circulating the parent tube and ensuring the same concentration of CaC0 3 in the spray slurry. Through the circulation pump inlet slurry flow field, most of the absorption slurry is sucked into the slurry circulation mother tube, and the slurry is passed through the rapid turbulent flow of the circulation pump blade to achieve the purpose of uniform mixing, thereby maximally improving the S0 2 and the liquid film in the flue gas.
  • the contact rate of Ca 2+ and co 3 2 " is such that the neutralization reaction is completed in the spray zone at a time.
  • the pH of the upper paddle pool can be controlled in the range favorable for oxidation; due to the slurry from the lower part of the tower (inlet of the circulation pump), the lower slurry tank can be controlled to facilitate the crystallization of gypsum. Range, inhibiting tower bottom corrosion (generally considered 5.5 best).
  • the pH can be controlled to any desired value, completely suppressing corrosion, obtaining high quality paste, and extremely low Ca/S. ratio.
  • the bubble column is subjected to various reactions in the acidic slurry; usually, the pH value of the spray tower slurry pool cannot be stabilized at the optimum value due to the control overshoot, load fluctuation, and circulation amount change, causing various drawbacks, and the separation efficiency may not exist. Convergence is contradictory, and the fish loses the paw.
  • the limestone slurry pipeline can be divided into small branches and connected to each slurry circulation pump inlet and slurry tank respectively, and the amount of slurry is controlled by the regulating valve to ensure uniform spraying (if necessary, the flow can be installed) Auxiliary control), the appropriate pH of the slurry pool.
  • the absorption of S0 2 is determined by the acidity of the slurry.
  • the absorption limit of the pH of the slurry is between 4 and 6. Due to the release of C0 2 when the limestone is dissolved in the process (directly into the flue gas instead of entering the slurry pool), absorption, oxidation, The spatial separation and time synchronization of the reaction such as neutralization with gypsum crystallization (almost all in the slurry pool), and the simultaneous transient absorption oxidative neutralization make the intermediate product have a very short or even non-existent time, so the absorption A is irreversible. Therefore, the slurry absorption limit is broadened.
  • the spray stroke has a high to low pH value from top to bottom, so the pH of the spray slurry can be adjusted to above 6 or even more than 6, in order to maximize the absorption of the entire stroke.
  • the oxidation-to-gas directly enters the spray zone for oxidation, and even the oxidation of all sulfites is completed in the spray zone. Therefore, under the premise of ensuring the desulfurization rate, it is necessary to control the lower half (or the end) of the spray stroke.
  • the liquid is acidic (same in the following examples), especially in the single oxidation zone scheme.
  • the tray can be used to introduce the spray liquid that will fall into the slurry tank to the outside of the tower, and the PH value is measured, and the Sichuan is monitored, and thus the slurry is controlled to be supplied with slurry.
  • M, n body value should be alkaline, no sub-smoke.
  • the scale such as sulfate is a fixed value.
  • the entire spray stroke is relatively short and the relative oxidation time is short, so the oxidizing air in this area should be as much as possible. Therefore, the amount of oxidizing air mentioned in this ⁇ . art should be determined in practice according to the corresponding process (the other specific values involved in the process of the present invention are also suitable for determining the optimum value in practice).
  • Special application can introduce limestone absorption paddle into the spray zone, and adjust the value of the slurry pool, but the slurry pool must be acidic, otherwise the oxidation effect is not ideal, scaling, affecting absorption after entering the cycle, limestone loss, gypsum Poor quality, net fumes will carry sulfite.
  • the ⁇ process absorbs oxidation and neutralizes at the same time, and the oxidized wind is low. Therefore, it is possible to forcibly oxidize the alkaline (or slightly alkaline or slightly acidic) environment of sulfite with super large oxidized wind, which can achieve better smoke and alkali effect.
  • the slurry pool enthalpy is controlled to the desired value.
  • the amount of the absorption slurry entering the circulation mother pipe can be appropriately increased, and the amount of the slurry entering the slurry pool can be reduced.
  • the pre-dissolution scheme is adopted: reducing the concentration of the absorption slurry limestone to U Og/cm 3 left, that is, the lime slurry preparation system pre-prepares sufficient and fully dissolved absorption slurry (which can be pre-formulated with a sound dewatering cyclone to control the water balance, and Limestone slurry tanks and sites are easy to prepare, plan); increase the fineness of limestone particles Up to 350 mesh (just reduce the top pressure of the limestone cyclone station) to accelerate the dissolution of limestone, increase the amount of pre-dissolution, and thus increase the effective composition of limestone during the spray absorption process and dissolve the residual limestone completely quickly, thus accelerating neutralization. Absorb the reaction speed and make it instantaneous.
  • the polyoxidation in the column is divided into a slurry pool oxidation zone and an absorption oxidation zone (spray zone).
  • the former oxidizing air duct is slightly above the middle of the slurry tank, which is smaller than the oxidation zone of the usual spray desulfurization absorption tower (the height of the slurry tank has been reduced), the size of the oxidation zone is mainly determined by the amount of residual acid liquid, and the air volume is mainly distributed to the spray.
  • the leaching area is in the falling area, and the wind field is evenly oxidized. The distribution of wind in this area accounts for the total designed oxidizing air volume.
  • the total design of the oxidizing air volume is usually the oxidizing air demand calculated by the spray absorption tower according to the desulfurization load.
  • the Roots blower only needs to be configured with 1 / 4 of the normal output.
  • the absorption oxidation zone is the spray zone.
  • the oxidation duct is located below the square tower, 1 to 2 meters above the slurry surface. The position is as low as possible, but it cannot be submerged and sputtered by the slurry in the pool.
  • the duct and nozzle configuration ensure uniform distribution across the square tower section with the nozzle facing up. Because the oxidizing air enters the negative pressure flue gas spraying area instead of the normal absorption tower slurry pool, coupled with the intense gas-liquid contact and local turbulence disturbance, the nozzle density does not need to be too large to achieve uniform distribution and mixing purposes.
  • the pool oxidizing duct nozzle has a much smaller density and is easy to design and install (usually the oxidizing tower nozzle is dense to make the oxidizing wind and liquid mix evenly, shorten the oxidation time, reduce the stirring amount, especially the bubble tower is more dense and complicated, maintenance and repair inconvenient).
  • the air distribution is greater than 120% of the total designed oxidizing air volume. Because the normal operating condition of the absorption tower is negative pressure operation, there is no oxidizing air pressure loss caused by the hydraulic pressure of the slurry tank, so the oxidation fan of the spray zone (absorption oxidation zone) will not operate even if it is not running. The oxidizing wind with relatively high dynamic pressure enters the zone.
  • the oxidation fan in this zone only needs to be equipped with a large-flow general-purpose centrifugal blower. There is almost no requirement for the indenter. Under normal working conditions (in the case of negative pressure in the tower), the centrifugal fan can be cut off; Or do not configure any fan to use only the negative pressure inside the tower to inhale natural wind (for safety reasons, or can be configured with less * centrifugal fan oxidizing wind for standby). There is no need to configure auxiliary equipment such as desuperheating water and instrument valves. Due to the light weight, several fans can be installed on the absorption tower platform to reduce the power plant land. Do not take into account the larger air volume, consider increasing the air volume, try to oxidize all the sulfites, and increase the pneumatic pressure of the smoke. Nozzles and blowdown:
  • the nozzle design is as shown in Fig. 2.
  • a pair of cones are installed above the nozzle, and the waist diameter is larger than the inner diameter of the nozzle by about 1/3.
  • the lower taper value is suitable for the oxidizing air flow field of all the nozzles. It can be evenly distributed in the spray zone, and the upper taper value is suitable for the spray liquid not to enter the nozzle, and at the same time avoid entering the adjacent nozzle.
  • the elevation of the centrifugal fan should be higher than the elevation of the oxidation duct in the spray zone, and the elevation of the oxidizing duct is the lowest in the oxidizing air system.
  • the square tower structure has no turbulent flow and drift zone, and the slurry circulation flow rate is increased, most or all of the absorption slurry directly enters the spray zone to greatly increase the effective component of the spray liquid, and the gas-liquid countercurrent confrontation, high-efficiency and intense contact, instantaneously Oxidation, equivalent large and high efficiency improves L/G.
  • the H+ in the absorption liquid is fully neutralized in time.
  • the decrease of PH value accelerates the dissolution of CaC0 3 and makes the dynamic equilibrium of (2) Incremental, and then ⁇ ) is developing positively.
  • the intense gas-liquid interaction rushes through the generation and fragmentation of a large number of bubbles, almost all of C0 2 enters the flue gas directly and completely, relieves the containment of C0 2 in the dissolution of CaC0 3 in the spray slurry, and the occurrence of a small amount of sputum in the slurry.
  • the dissolution of the pool is a containment of subsequent dissolution, as shown in the following equation (8), which is a one-way equation rather than a dynamic equilibrium equation in the usual spray technique, which accelerates the positive reactions. This performance is far superior to the bubble column (CaC (3 ⁇ 4 dissolved in the bubble pool).
  • the oxidation zone of the slurry tank can be eliminated, that is, the Roots oxidation fan is eliminated, and all the reactions are transferred to the spray zone, and the entire slurry tank is changed.
  • the rapid smoke flow mixed with excessive oxidizing air violently conflicts with the spray liquid, generating a large amount of liquid film, high-efficiency absorption, instant oxidation is completed instantly, and other desulfurization reactions are accelerated, instead of the usual spray
  • the agitation of the pulse suspension system in the tower slurry tank accelerates the various reactions.
  • the increase of the circulating amount of the slurry, the increase of the limestone concentration of the spray liquid, the entry of a large amount of oxidized wind, the CaC0 3 absorption slurry can be efficiently and fully contacted with the flue gas, and the gas film is utilized efficiently, breaking through the usual absorption tower L. /G limit, especially suitable for inferior coal with large sulphur.
  • the high disturbance caused by the high flue gas flow rate, the droplet breakage is small, and the absorption liquid membrane area is increased.
  • the disordered air flow increases the reactive ion kinetic energy, the frictional collision probability, and the reaction probability, which is beneficial to absorption.
  • the formation of the deposit depends on the cooling crystallization rate of the underground magma, the relative flow velocity of the crystalline rock and the magma, ie the dynamic density of the crystalline ions. Since the technology can greatly improve the liquid film absorption efficiency, the gas-liquid contact time, that is, the spray line can be shortened ; the smoke speed can be increased, and the cross-sectional area of the spray area can be reduced again to match the diameter (volume) of the slurry pool.
  • the patented design has a smoke velocity of at least 5-6 m/s.
  • the absorption of 80 2 , the oxidation of S0 3 2 — and the neutralization of H+ are integrated, and the gas-liquid contact with the large area is instantaneous and completely reacted.
  • the reaction mechanism is the same as the bubble column, so the gas-liquid contact time is designed to be 1 second.
  • This program is due to the rise of the chicken and the dog (the oxidizing wind and the absorption slurry directly enter the spray zone), and the bubble tower process and reaction mechanism are slightly the same, and the performance is almost equal to the bubble tower, which can be compared with the shoulder and the same day.
  • the difference from the bubble column is that only the gypsum crystals are carried out in the slurry pool (or there is less it neutralizing), absorption, oxidation, neutralization, and CaC (3 ⁇ 4 dissolution, C0 2 release are all carried out in the ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , this spirit
  • the unification of the g and the physical process are scattered and distracted, and it is the pride of Tiankou.
  • the bubble tower has a 0.5 second bubbling desulfurization time, which is instantaneous, 98% desulfurization rate, 99% CaC0 3 utilization rate, 90% dust removal rate, empty tower (Tiagging ground absorption tower) scheme
  • the expected desulfurization rate is above 0.99, CaCO, utilization rate, dust removal rate and other indicators are expected to approach or exceed the bubble column.
  • Low construction operation and maintenance The perfect combination of cost and efficient desulfurization is no longer a dream.
  • the accelerating crystal is formed so that the slurry pool below the bottom of the inlet flue is still cylindrical, as shown in Fig. 1, to reduce the convex and concave dead angle, to prevent rapid crystallization due to relatively large flow rate, and the slurry erodes the tower wall, and at the same time basically eliminates
  • the rest of the work is to drastically reduce the slurry pool and reduce the liquid level, which is expected to be reduced to 5 meters (usually the 600 MW unit desulfurization spray absorption tower liquid level is 9m - 10m).
  • the peeling of the reaction and the reduction in the amount of the slurry can greatly reduce the stirring power.
  • a small amount of Ca(HS0 3 ) 2 is oxidized to CaS0 4 and its crystal, which almost completely omits the neutralization, oxidation, and crystallization time, and is greatly shortened. So 2 removal cycle of absorption, neutralization, oxidation, crystallization, etc.
  • the oxidation zone is located at the uppermost part of the slurry tank, which oxidizes and destroys residual sulfite in time to prevent scaling, increases S0 2 absorption rate, and improves gypsum quality.
  • This area requires more intense agitation, and a separate pulse tube can be provided to enhance oxidation.
  • the slurry pool slurry does not produce co 2 , and there is no large amount of oxidizing air entering (or a small amount of entering), so there is almost no false liquid level phenomenon, and the reduction of gas makes the ions more fully contact, making oxidation and gypsum crystallization more efficient; (Below the oxidation zone) Only the gypsum grain continues to grow. Therefore, the disturbance of the pulse suspension system in this zone can be reduced, and the pulse pump power can be reduced to achieve uniform mixing, no deposition, and gypsum crystallization.
  • the nozzle is inclined slightly to the center of the pool by about 5 ° - 10 ° in the vertical direction.
  • the nozzle is distributed to avoid the vicinity of the gypsum discharge port, so that the slurry is mainstream.
  • Rolling under the square tower, CaCO; the larger content of the slurry is first neutralized with the acid entering the oxidation zone, accelerating the formation of CaS0 4 and gypsum crystallization, and then being tumbling to the gypsum dense area for discharge.
  • a gypsum-intensive area Two 3 ⁇ 4 below the flue in the gypsum crystallization area is a gypsum-intensive area, and a gypsum slurry pump is designed in each of the dense areas, and the gypsum slurry is discharged in this area, as shown in Fig. 1.
  • intermittent period can be used for maintenance.
  • the sulphite in the spray absorption tower smoke gas (the pH value increases the solubility drastically decreases) during the spray stroke, and the oxidized crystals are not oxidized in time, and the acid fumes and sulfite vapor content are large; the gas-liquid contact
  • the amount of spray is relatively small, and a large amount of gypsum in the slurry evaporates.
  • the defogger must be descaled and dewatered to prevent corrosion and scaling of subsequent equipment such as sulfite and gypsum. Operating experience shows that even after corrosion protection, subsequent equipment corrosion is still very serious.
  • the relative increase of L/G in this program is relatively large, and the increase of low temperature medium will decrease the temperature of the spray liquid (but the temperature of the slurry pool will increase due to the increase of heat quality).
  • the increase of water mist depends on L/G and gas-liquid contact time. When the ratio is small, the liquid will all evaporate but the total amount is not necessarily large. When the ratio is large, the slurry temperature rises very little and the evaporation is small. There is a limit value of the maximum evaporation, so the choice of L/G should take into account that the spray liquid, that is, the temperature rise of the liquid film is small, the water mist evaporation is small, so that the dirt carried by it is small, and the choice of L/C of this scheme is selected.
  • the air preheater outlet of the unit is not insulated by the flue gas passage at the outlet of the absorption tower.
  • the net flue gas passage should be used for heat preservation to increase the exhaust gas temperature and increase the chimney's “pumping power”.
  • the absorption tower and the circulating main pipe are taken and heat-dissipating measures such as heat sinks are added.
  • a ventilation duct that passes through the slurry can be set and dissipated by the fan, and at the same time, the stirring is enhanced, the oxidation is neutralized, and the gypsum is accelerated.
  • the function replaces the oxidized zone tube arranged in the background with the oxidizing duct of the slurry tank.
  • the tower can further adopt a shape and volume that is conducive to heat dissipation. For the frozen area, it can be properly insulated, mainly the absorption tower and the slurry pipeline, and the ventilation pipe is closed in winter.
  • the lower gypsum is washed and filtered by the limestone lye together with impurities such as smoke and dust during the evaporation and ascending process, and cannot reach the top of the spray stroke and is eliminated, and the low temperature and timely slurry is discharged. , and the solubility of CaS0 4 decreases with the decrease of the acidity of the slurry. Therefore, the net flue gas has almost no gypsum hard scale.
  • the top of the spray slurry stroke is a slurry with a very high pH, so the net flue gas does not contain acid mist.
  • the empty tower is truly non-scale and non-corrosive, and the subsequent flue chimneys and other equipment and facilities can not be preserved.
  • the oxidation zone is completely oxidized, completely eradicating the possibility that the net flue gas carries corrosive dirt such as sulfite and acid mist. Therefore, this scheme takes auxiliary equipment such as mist eliminator and related flushing.
  • Reduced flue pressure loss normal 600MW unit defogger normal operation pressure loss between 300Pa-800Pa
  • reduced the power consumption of the booster fan and become a veritable empty tower (for multi-oxidation zone absorption tower, it is not recommended to eliminate Mist).
  • Set a discharge port at the lowest point of the net flue gas passage to discharge condensate and dirt in time and recover the alkaline slurry.
  • the prior art plastic mist eliminator usually has a maximum working temperature limit of no more than 10 (TC, so usually the flue gas cannot pass through the flue gas when the desulfurization device is not activated. That is, it cannot be used as a bypass flue.
  • the solution eliminates the defogger, and the tower is coated with high temperature and anticorrosive materials.
  • the flue gas can pass through the absorption tower to the chimney at any time. Even if the FGD spray is not started, it will not cause any damage to the absorption device.
  • the device cancels the bypass flue and its flapper door, FGD inlet and outlet flapper door, reduces the flapper door and the long FGD flue, and further reduces the flue pressure loss (the total pressure loss of the 600MW unit is above 500Pa).
  • absorption tower also serves as bypass flue (China's desulfurization design habitually sets the bypass flue, in order to achieve the safety factor of the host), will not pose any threat to the host, and there is no hidden danger of safe operation.
  • the absorption tower of the process can install all the spray layers on the topmost net flue gas outlet in the tower even when the simple metal mist eliminator is installed (the counterflow area is installed under the flue gas outlet) to increase the effective absorption stroke. .
  • the metal mist eliminator can effectively remove water mist and dirt, and 'the water mist has little dirt and the spray liquid has a high PH value.
  • the metal mist eliminator functions as a packed tower and a separator tower. Increase, desulfurization rate, reduce Ca/S, especially in the countercurrent zone, can reduce the smoke pressure loss.
  • the empty tower can be equipped with water hydration and desuperheating and cleaning at the top of the tower. - Reduce the temperature of the spray film and absorb the limestone carried in the flue gas. The particles, etc., return to the absorption tower and the purified water with a higher pH value is re-involved into the absorption neutralization.
  • the hydrating spray should prevent atomization and be as uniform as possible to achieve the best dirt collection.
  • the flow velocity of the absorption tower is designed to be 3-4 m/s. Actually, the flow velocity of the central region can reach 5-7 m/s due to the short-circuit effect of the flue gas.
  • the absorption tower diameter is about 16 m, When the inlet and outlet flue are 8 meters wide, the ratio of the short-circuit section to the cross-sectional area of the absorber is close to 0.6), so the flue gas flow rate of the spray tower (or quasi-square tower) which only reduces the flue gas turbulence zone without changing its diameter It does not greatly enhance and carry more water mist.
  • the absorption tower is only a section of flue.
  • the unobstructed shape eliminates the turbulent flow areas on both sides of the tower where the smoke flow resistance is large, effectively utilizing the space inside the tower and reducing the cost of manufacturing.
  • the inlet flue gas is caused by inertial dynamic pressure and due to the vertical contact and pressure of the spray liquid. After entering the spray zone, it extends in the direction of the long axis of the square tower. Under the suction of the large negative pressure of the chimney, a long upward airflow is naturally formed, and the square tower shape of the cross section is exactly the volume of the smoke flow field.
  • the project was initially set up:
  • the designed smoke speed is 5-6m/s
  • the Bay ij 600MW unit is 2.7 million m 3 /h smoke meter
  • the square tower section is about 1 30m 2 .
  • the smoke flow can be designed to be 13 meters long and 9 meters wide.
  • Cross section (circulation area is sector section plus rectangular section, the section shape is designed to have a strong structural stability), axial extension to facilitate uniform distribution of the smoke flow field, moderate width to facilitate the connection of the original flue and the net flue.
  • the lower round tower is approximately 16 meters in diameter.
  • the round tower has a height of 5 meters and a 2 meter absorption zone for the oxidation zone. The total height is 7 meters.
  • the flue gas inlet design is 9X4 meters, which is slightly larger than the original flue section.
  • the gas-liquid contact spray stroke above the upper edge of the inlet flue is designed to be 5-6 meters.
  • the spray layer is separated by 1.5 meters (to maximize the height of the lowest spray master tube), and the design of 4 layers of spray (the circulation is increased by at least about 1 / 3 / 2 / 2 compared with the normal spray tower), the total height of the spray layer 4.5 meters.
  • the net flue gas outlet flue design has a width of 9 meters and a height of about 4.5 meters. As shown in the figure, the trapezoidal or square section, the inclined surface of the top of the tower and the contraction surface on both sides shrink to the net flue to the chimney at a certain slope.
  • the total height of the empty tower is about 25 meters.
  • the original flue gas inlets of the net flue gas outlet are respectively disposed on the square tower 1
  • the upper ends of the two sides are square or trapezoidal outlets set to the same width as the square tower 1, and the original flue gas inlet flue 2 of the flue gas outlet flue 2 is respectively extended and contracted to the net flue and the original flue.
  • the inside of the square tower 1 is equally divided into two spray zones by a partition 10, which are a forward flow force oxidation zone 70 and a reverse flow force oxidation zone 80, and the asymmetric air-liquid ratio of the symmetric structure is used to overcome the smoke pressure loss in the tower.
  • the slurry surface of the slurry tank rises to the lower part of the square tower, and the lower edge of the separator is 6 meters away from the slurry surface, forming a horizontal flue gas passage with the slurry surface.
  • the lower round tower 4 can be designed as an equal-diameter square tower or other advantageous desulfurization body.
  • the lower round tower is designed to have a diameter of 13 meters and a height of 5 meters, and the total height of the slurry pool is 6.5 meters, which can be specifically designed for this specific slurry tank.
  • the direction of the pulse suspends the system nozzles for thorough mixing.
  • the two spray strokes of the present embodiment are a complete absorption stroke, which is a division of the absorption stroke and the process in time and space. Therefore, the total time of gas-liquid contact is doubled, and the total flow rate of the flue gas and slurry circulation is as described in the first embodiment.
  • the total section of the tower body is 9 X 26 m.
  • the design and size of the flue gas inlet and outlet flue of this scheme (naked tower) are as above.
  • the 70-zone oxidizing duct 42 is arranged between the spraying mother tube and the nozzles are all facing downward.
  • the 80-zone oxidizing duct 42 is located at 1-2 m above the slurry level 41.
  • the nozzle and the sewage scheme are as in the first embodiment, and the total height of the absorption tower is about 25 meters.
  • the spray slurry and oxidizing air are divided into two parts, the cis flow force oxidation zone 70, the distribution of about 2/3 of the spray 3 ⁇ 4 and the amount of oxidizing air, the upper side is the flue gas inlet; the reverse flow oxidizing zone 80, the distribution is about 1/3
  • the amount of spray and oxidation are the same as the amount of gas, and the upper side is the flue gas outlet.
  • the desulfurization device (naked tower) 13 of the present embodiment is shaped like a flue, and is empty and empty.
  • the bypass flue and the desulfurization device are integrated, which is a desulfurization flue, and can be arranged like a flue.
  • the draft fan 133 is between the chimney 130.
  • the concept of desulfurization is highly summarized and the desulfurization technology is highly sublimated. According to the actual situation in the field, the inlet and outlet of the desulfurization device and even the shape of the tower body should be properly adjusted to make the smoke flow field in the tower as uniform as possible.
  • the operating principle of the bare tower is as follows:
  • the initial velocity of the leaching solution is 0m/s
  • the spray liquid has a stroke time of about 1 second under the action of the force acceleration (9.8m/s 2 ), and the end speed is nearly 9.8m/s.
  • the smoke and the gas are driven together.
  • the design value of the initial velocity of the spray in the 70 zone should exceed the smoke velocity, and the 80 zone should be as small as possible.
  • the end is greatly improved.
  • the volume (smoke speed) is inversely proportional to the static pressure (the temperature is constant during the period), that is, when the smoke speed is doubled in the tower, the static pressure will be reduced by half, and the negative pressure in the tower is generally Operation, that is, the absolute pressure is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure, because the spray smoke speed, that is, the smoke negative pressure or even the flow rate is greatly improved, the empirical impression shows that this is impossible.
  • the effect of the spray liquid on the flue gas is the friction drive, and the tiger travels from the wind, similar to the jet pump principle (but the jet pump itself is not efficient, and relatively large gas liquid flow rate and large flow rate are required to obtain a certain negative pressure)
  • liquid film will increase the kinetic energy transmission, but the liquid film is weak and can be bullied, the wind is weak, and it is impossible to reverse the transmission of the "efficiency”.
  • the piston-type screw-type press machine can theoretically convert all external forces into air-static pressure (actually there are various efficiencies), and then supply a high pressure compression with the same gas.
  • the transmission principle is a closed compression type, which conforms to the closed gas law. The transmission force has no coefficient factor.
  • the gas-liquid transfer mechanism makes the large flow rate difference only frictional heat generation.
  • This design has a large flow rate difference, and the boosting flue gas speed is not worth the loss.
  • the static pressure and the flow rate cannot be greatly increased.
  • the estimated value is less than ⁇ % (the total mechanical energy of dynamic pressure + static pressure), and the increase of the smoke pressure is about l OOOPa.
  • the design of the smoke speed should be based on the desulfurization rate, followed by the land occupation and construction cost. However, after all, the smoke pressure has "progress".
  • the "jet pump" in the downstream area increases the smoke pressure (to boost the flue gas) while increasing the flue gas flow.
  • the entire flue gas system under various damper conditions, which increases the total mechanical energy of the flue gas, although the relative power giant's air blower is only a small amount.
  • the dynamic oxidizing wind intervenes at the beginning of the 70 and 80 zone strokes (the initial velocity of the nozzle should be greater than the smoke velocity), which will bring a certain amount of dynamic pressure and static pressure to the flue gas.
  • the mechanism of action is different from that of the spray slurry, and he will be completely integrated into the smoke.
  • the mechanical energy of the system (the static pressure + dynamic pressure of the gas ft) is conserved, because there is almost no useless power consumption such as friction heat generation and mass loss, so the transmission efficiency is relatively high.
  • the amount of oxidizing air is very small relative to the flue gas.
  • the total amount of oxidizing air in the absorption tower is below 20,000 m 3 /li.
  • the centrifugal oxidation fan increases the air volume several times, it is a glass of water, and the static head of the centrifugal fan is very limited, but after all, "Progress”, everyone collects firewood more than a single firefighting force, so the district will also design it as a "jet pump", the name of the dynamic oxidation zone.
  • the same spray and liquid film transmission mechanism will not bring more smoke flow rate and pressure loss, but after all, the increase of gas-liquid relative speed difference will aggravate friction, collision and increase liquid.
  • the production of the membrane increases the kinetic energy transfer to a certain extent.
  • the pressure loss value is much higher than that of the downstream flow.
  • the scheme is designed with 2/1 asymmetric air distribution on both sides. The liquid and symmetrical structure scheme compensates for the smoke pressure loss, and the breakthrough of the smoke pressure loss in the absorption tower is practiced.
  • the velocity of the separator is relatively high, and is subjected to inertial centrifugation and diaphragm pressure.
  • the subduction of the flue gas and the sputtered slurry act as a liquid column tower, and the flue gas also contains about 1/3 of S0 2 .
  • the reverse bare tower and the reverse-reverse bare tower have a small amount of acid mist, sulfite, and dirt carried by the flue gas of the cis or reverse cis-type tower because the flue gas is washed with a high pH spray liquid before the outlet.
  • the limestone concentration of the spray slurry in the 80 zone is greater than that of the 70 zone, and a large amount of additional oxidizing wind is sent to the reverse flow force oxidation zone.
  • the smooth reverse tower is characterized by high-efficiency desulfurization, zero pressure loss in the tower, zero smoke and no acid mist, and is more suitable for removing the mist. It is our first choice. Naked tower alternatives:
  • This scheme can also be designed to be reversed and compliant, to ensure that the smoke pressure loss is close to zero.
  • the bare-bar scheme can appropriately increase the ratio of the amount of spray (oxidized air) in the effluent zone of the reverse flow force; appropriately reduce the velocity of the smoke entering the reverse flow force oxidation zone and the smoke velocity in the zone.
  • the bare tower scheme can only design the cis flow force oxidation zone, ie the cis tower.
  • the integration of cis-naked towers and chimneys has the most dynamic characteristics.
  • the bottom of the bacon can be designed into three parts, the downstream of which is the downstream of the two units, the middle of which is the common flue gas outlet passage, which leads directly to the bacon outlet. It is also possible to combine the flue gases of multiple units into one flue and then into the downstream absorption tower. At this time, the bottom of the chimney is designed in two parts: a downstream tower and a flue gas passage.
  • Reverse sulphur desulfurization tower this combination of flue gas passages is complex, covers a large area, and the reverse sturdy bare towers are not as good as the reversed bare towers. We do not recommend this "duo".
  • System response analysis and control This patented technology absorbs the slurry and oxidized air directly into the spray area, and the reaction process is good to gather, the chickens rise to the sky, and the cockroaches are divided into categories.
  • the response time of the controlled amount such as desulfurization rate is greatly improved, and the follow-up property is good, which completely improves the problem of the response lag of the process system.
  • the step response time is about 2-3 seconds (slurry cycle time), which greatly improves T.
  • the spray tower has a calcium-sulfur ratio of 1.02 ⁇ 1.06, and it is designed as a feedforward G-motion control system, but the desulfurization rate is actually used. The serious lag in response to the limestone slurry is difficult to achieve and is put on the shelf.
  • the absorption of S0 2 is determined by the acidity of the slurry.
  • the pH absorption limit is between 4 and 6.
  • the pH of the slurry is regulated by the limestone absorption slurry flow.
  • the sub-absorption reaction is completed in the spray stroke, so the acidity of the leachate is That is, the CaC0 3 concentration and the circulating flow 3 ⁇ 4 determine the absorption amount, and the control of the CaC0 3 circulation amount equivalent also controls the desulfurization rate, but the flow rate of the limestone slurry added to the absorption tower has a bottleneck effect when M is not equal to the instantaneous cycle equivalent. This is why the absorption tower response hysteresis, control overshoot, and Ca/S feedforward are not available.
  • the wet absorption tower injects the limestone slurry into the slurry tank and then passes through the circulation pump to form the spray liquid.
  • the stirring capacity determines the degree of uniformity of the slurry, thereby determining the degree of unpredictable fluctuation of the system, and the absorption slurry is mixed.
  • the shorter the time the more stable the system is, the easier it is to control, but the higher the stirring power.
  • a function with ⁇ Due to the existence of the slurry pool volume, the spray slurry limestone flow equivalent cannot be immediately followed by the change of the feed lime flow equivalent. This system bottleneck determines the lag time characteristic of the response of the propeller system. The smaller the volume, the system follow-up The better, the stronger the peaking ability, otherwise the lag is serious and the control is difficult.
  • the system response time is determined by ⁇ and ⁇ , but the two occur at the same time.
  • the system response delay time is determined by the long delay time, but the interference is superimposed. The system is more and more difficult to control.
  • the desulfurization rate ⁇ is the ratio of the S0 2 absorption amount Q to the flue gas sulfur-containing MG: 1 Q / G. Therefore, the desulfurization efficiency determines the degree of D_Q approaching G.
  • the ideal desulfurization rate is ideally.
  • the CaC0 3 equivalent flow rate of the spray slurry is approximately equal to the calculated load demand, and the desulfurization load is stable for a long time, and the limestone supply and demand dynamic balance of the slurry pool is under the dynamic balance. , that is, the CaC0 3 feeds the equivalent flow rate.
  • the value of ⁇ is small enough, the 600 MW unit is operated at 80% desulfurization load, the slurry pool is generally about 2000 m 3 , the total circulation of the circulating pump is generally not more than 1 500 m 3 / h, and the amount of limestone is 24 nrV h (by stone consumption 6 ⁇ ) 8t/h, slurry concentration 5 30%, density P 1.2 g/cnr ⁇ ), the spray slurry limestone concentration ⁇ must be maintained at 0.48% (the absorption tower slurry density is generally maintained at 1.08g/cm 3 ) to ensure The limestone spray volume is 6 ⁇ 8t/h, which guarantees the expected desulfurization rate.
  • the limestone slurry flow rate during operation is used to increase the limestone concentration of the spray-return slurry (considered to 0), thus achieving the dynamic balance with the cycle output, this 0.48% decision
  • the pH of the slurry pool corresponds to a single value. Assuming that a full-load step disturbance occurs at this time and sufficient long-term stable operation is maintained, and the stone consumption is increased to 8 ⁇ ] 0t/h, the slurry pool lime concentration ⁇ must be increased to 0.6% (the circulation pump runs at full load during this period, if the cycle When the amount is reduced, the concentration of the limestone in the slurry should be increased accordingly, and the enthalpy value should be increased accordingly to achieve the stone consumption required for absorption.
  • the concentration ⁇ of the slurry pool is increased by 0.12%, and an additional injection of about 2.6 ⁇ limestone is required, that is, before and after the step disturbance.
  • more 7.3m 3 limestone slurry should be added to compensate for the increase in the concentration of the slurry pool. At this time, it is not only the spray back flow rate but also the slurry pool slurry, which is the decisive factor for the system to respond to the lag bottleneck phenomenon.
  • the effective flow rate for increasing the concentration of the slurry is 6m 3 / h (according to the calculation of the circulating slurry limestone for absorption), even if the concentration is always increased at this rate, It takes more than a minute to reach a new dynamic balance.
  • the bottleneck cycle equivalent due to slurry equivalent and cycle equivalent cannot be increased immediately.
  • the effective flow rate is gradually reduced:
  • As shown in Fig. 5, the actual operation ⁇ value cannot be made small enough, and the problem of hysteresis caused by bottlenecks becomes more complicated and serious, uneven mixing causes unpredictable fluctuations in the desulfurization rate, and various side effects.
  • the value of ⁇ can only be made as small as possible: increase the mixing capacity and expand the absorption capacity of the slurry to reduce the system response time. At the same time, the smaller the slurry pool, the smaller the enthalpy, the faster the limestone concentration changes, and the faster the system responds.
  • the actual operation of the desulfurization load can not maintain long-term stability, because coal quality changes and power dispatching requirements often vary greatly from a few seconds to a few seconds, especially the current coal shortage, the coal source is complex, the coal quality is uneven, and the industry
  • the dispatching load frequently changes greatly, resulting in a large change in the amount of flue gas and sulfur.
  • the desulfurization load stability period enthalpy is much smaller than the enthalpy and ⁇ values, and the limestone spray equivalent flow is only a gentle curve.
  • is determined by ⁇
  • ⁇ value ⁇ is affected by desulfurization load and circulation quantity change, and controlled by bottleneck effect.
  • Conventional absorption tower control system cannot fluctuate rapidly with desulfurization load, resulting in ⁇ unpredictable Change, resulting in a large number
  • the conventional spray tower Dingyi system optimization control scheme In summary, the amount of limestone absorption slurry required for real-time calculation of slurry pool slurry is used for differential D feedforward control and concentration S for feedback (but ⁇ ' is difficult to measure, desulfurization rate ⁇ is used for feedback, and ⁇ value should be monitored, not suitable for control. ), can get a more stable and ideal control effect, and the follow-up and volatility are greatly improved. For frequently fluctuating loads, the differential coefficient should be smaller to accommodate fluctuations in the load. At the same time, the emergency response capability of the limestone slurry pipeline should be improved. Response analysis and control of empty tower and bare tower process systems:
  • the best system response characteristic is to throw away the slurry pool concept, completely solve the system bottleneck, directly connect the absorption slurry (or most of them) to the circulation pipeline, and use the circulation pump to stir at the same time to realize the system response time ⁇ , ⁇ "0 " Breakthrough (only the cycle process and the hysteresis of the absorption reaction), that is, the process and structure of the present invention, the control is already a matter of course, and the success is achieved. Only the desulfurization rate ⁇ is used as feedback, and the P1 D single circuit for outputting the paddle can be adjusted. , simple and clear, no need to feed forward, light boating. This is unmatched by other desulfurization units. Limestone slurry preparation process system characteristic decoupling control strategy scheme:
  • the structural process of the invention preferentially selects the mill slurry tank to replace the mill slurry tank, and cancels the recovery pool and the slurry submersible pump, the agitator and the instrument valve pipeline.
  • the depth of the slurry tank is 2.1 meters, and the mill base and the cyclone station can be reduced at the same time.
  • gypsum dewatering system generally set above the mill, the program can be reduced to 10 m layer, greater than the vacuum siphon height), and the height of the plant; the pulp mill uses a wet ball mill, the limestone particle size is about 350 mesh (to meet the needs of the bare tower) ).
  • the limestone cyclone generally needs to maintain a working pressure of about 50Kpa to maintain a qualified slurry (lower in this scheme), and the mill slurry tank slurry circulation pump has a certain output in the design I: condition and normal operation ( No variable frequency pump), so the pulping process system can be set without the automatic adjustment of the wide door, instead of the orifice plate, just adjust the top pressure of the cyclone to the appropriate value when debugging.
  • the system slurry can be used for intermittent output or continuous output.
  • the bottom stream of the cyclone station is returned to the mill inlet and the mill slurry tank.
  • the mill process system has the mutual coupling between the control amount and the disturbance amount.
  • the feed rate control of the mill slurry tank is controlled, but there is no decoupling, the parameters interact with each other, and the controlled quantity is difficult to control.
  • "habitual" is out of control, running and dripping, basically manual.
  • the control scheme eliminates the coupling relationship of each parameter and the simplified control of the control quantity through the fixed-section automatic adjustment control, so that the control idea outlines and the veins are clear, and the double set value of the slurry pool density and the liquid level is automatically controlled.
  • Disturbance The start and stop of the output of the finished product by the cyclone, that is, the change of the inlet and outlet of the mill and the change of the density and flow of the mill slurry pool, start, stop, maintenance and repair, overflow collection, cleaning of the ground waste, etc.
  • Controlled amount slurry density of slurry pool (general density of 1.4g/c m 3 ); slurry level of slurry pool (generally 1. 6 - 1. 9 meters).
  • Control volume limestone flow, process water flow, Output: finished limestone slurry
  • the wet ball mill itself is crafted to import: .1: the ratio of the flow of art water to the flow of limestone is fixed at a ratio of 1:3. Therefore, the flow of imported process water and limestone is locked in the control system.
  • the parameters can be. Intermittent output can cause greater disturbances due to greater fluctuations in mill inlet return flow and mill slurry pool backflow. Because the total volume flow of limestone and process water at the mill inlet is relative to the mill slurry tank 1: the volume flow of the art water and the flow rate of the return fluid are relatively small, but the density is relatively large, and the influence on the liquid level of the mill slurry pool is relatively small, so the mill is used.
  • the limestone flow rate at the inlet of the machine adjusts the slurry density of the mill liquid pool; the water level of the mill slurry tank process regulates its liquid level.
  • the process water flow needs to have sufficient excess to support rapid emergency regulation.
  • the liquid level of the slurry tank is 2 meters high, and a safe liquid level section is set.
  • the automatic liquid level automatically adjusts the PID, which makes the PID in a short time.
  • the liquid level returns to normal (can be set to 1.8 meters), and the liquid level t1 is automatically removed after a certain period of stability, keeping the process water flow of the mill slurry pool constant.
  • the density adjustment system In the process of grinding the mechanical pulp, the density adjustment system is kept automatic throughout to maintain the slurry density of the slurry tank. For the more liquid level disturbance, the control program returns the liquid level to normal and exits in a short time.
  • the continuous operation of the density adjustment system ensures the load supply and its quality.
  • the liquid level adjustment emergency input, resection, cutting off the connection with the density of the broken wire, so that the complex interaction of the coupling relationship is simple and clear, has become a simple quasi-single loop PID automatic adjustment system, so that the idea is clear, 1 standard inventory
  • the operation is simple and the product quality is reliably guaranteed.
  • the program has strong adaptability. It is safe and reliable to prevent the slurry pool from overflowing or water-burning during start-stop and operation.
  • the present invention provides a wet-type flue gas desulfurization bare tower or empty tower of the power plant, a simple and smooth shape of the spray area and the inlet and outlet flue, and a mist eliminator to completely eliminate the turbulent flow in the tower. , bias current, turbulence ⁇ phenomenon.
  • Cancel the Roots blower upgrade the slurry supply mode, oxidize air and absorb the slurry directly into the spray area, run without scale, the net flue gas passage does not need anti-corrosion, cancel the bypass flue and its baffle door matched with the absorption tower, FGD Import and export of the door, thereby reducing the power of the booster fan by more than 50%, and eliminating the booster fan by changing the countercurrent spray to the countercurrent spray to overcome the smoke pressure loss.
  • the tower is also used as a bypass flue by coating a high temperature resistant anticorrosive material in the tower. Significantly reduce the height of the slurry tank and its stirring power.
  • the height of the absorption tower can be reduced to 25 meters, maximizing the desulfurization efficiency (expected 0.99), the production ratio (removing the high-power motor), reducing the Ca/S, and enhancing the absorption.
  • the wind-resistant and seismic-resistant capacity of the tower will compress the construction cost to the bottom line (about 10%), which will reduce the electricity consumption rate of the plant by 1.25%, save 30 million kWh annually, and save more than 10,000 tons of coal.
  • the desulfurization tower (GDS) makes construction. Operating costs are further reduced.
  • other legally-recognized citizens may make various other changes and modifications according to the present process, structure, and principle, and all such changes and modifications are within the scope of the appended claims and the appended claims.

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Description

电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔
技术领域
本发明涉及一种吸收塔工艺、 结构, 尤其涉及一种电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构。 背景技术 说
因流体流场在空间的分布总是选择阻力、 压损小的路径而出现"短路"现象, 通常圆柱型 (方型) 湿法喷淋吸收塔烟气出入口宽度小 Τ·塔体.育径, 烟气流场在吸收塔膨胀部分 (图 1剖削部分) 出现紊 流、 滞流、 甚至 R流, 造成此区域喷淋液' '扑仝"、 浪费浆液, 徒耗泵功能, 使 Ca/S 增人, 总脱硫率降 低; 紊流区烟气动压小, 喷淋液相对下降速度大、 含钙量大书, CaC03容易在塔壁死角沉积结晶, 对塔 壁冲蚀严重 (磨制石灰石浆液晶粒比较粗超尖锐), 穿漏现象经常发生。 同时紊流区下部浆液池 H2S03 含量少, &1(:03含量大, 浆液池 PH值不均局部酸性大, 氧化不一亚硫酸盐易结垢且影响脱硫率, 所需 搅拌功率大。 通常湿法吸收塔 CaC03吸收浆液直接输入浆液池 (通常方案入口不在循环泵入口塔内附 近), 由于相对巨大的浆液池 CaC<¾摩尔比很小, 又由于石膏等其他颗粒的撞击干扰, 大大减小了 H2S03 氧化、 中和速度。 - 本设计方案克服了上述缺点, 并可大幅度降低增压风机、 浆液池搅拌器功率、 减少吸收塔制安成 本, 高速、 高效地吸收 S02, 因此易于随动即时控制, 由 ]:·方形喷淋塔, 可简化唢淋母管、 支管、 唢 嘴的空间拓扑设计、 降低了设计安装难度, 且喷淋均匀。
通常吸收塔喷淋液与烟气逆流接触时主要进行 so2的吸收水解反应, 由于不能及时充分中和、 氧 化, so2相对动平衡量较大、 释放量较大、 吸收率较低:
SO,+H20 H2S03 ( 1 )
H2S03 - - HS03—+H+ - ► S03 2— +2H+ ( 2 )
烟气中的氧可氧化亚硫酸氢根 (亚硫酸根) 离子生成硫酸根离子, 但氧化量很少 (设计标况烟气 含氧量 6%, 实际运行一般不足 6% ) : '
2HS03 + 02 一 2S04 2 + 2H+ ( 3 )
由于喷淋液中 CaC03浓度很低、 与烟气逆流接触时间相对很短 (一般 3- 4秒), 如下中和反应极 少、 主要在浆液池中进行:
CaC(¾ + H2S03 ― CaS03 + C02† + Η,Ο ( 4 ) CaSO:,+H+ - ~ ~ - Ca2+ + HS03— ( 5 )
CaS03 + HS03 +H+ Ca(HS03)2 ( 6 ) ·
CaC03+S04 2' +2H+ CaSO„ - 2 H20 l+CO,† + H20 ( 7 )
在液滴降落过程中酸度逐渐增大, 且只能得到很少的 CaC03中和与氧化, (2 ) 式的平衡后抑制 了 so2的进一步吸收, 浪费循环泵功率, 而降落到浆液池中的 S03 2——要经过一定时间氧化成 S04 2—, 之 后在浓度极低的石灰石浆液池中进一步中和、 生成 CaS04及 膏晶粒, 又由于此过程释放 C02, 其分 压比及浓度一定程度地抑制了浆液池中 CaC03 进一步溶解, 降低塔内 PH值, 延长了中和时间、 阻滞 了石膏的生成速率、 增加了浆液池中酸液宿留量及宿留时间, 宿留酸液会造成一定量 CaS03 、 H2S03 重新分解释放 S02 , 即 (1 ) 式与 (5 ) 式平衡方程, 同时对吸收塔腐蚀比较严重, 酸液分布的不均造 成 CaC03 分布不均, PH 不易控制、 超调, 提高时出现异常现象等。 出品石育 CaCO ¾较大含率不 均。 因此通常设计中浆液池体积及其搅拌功率必须足够大, 以使 co2、 氧化风的浓度尽量降低以利于 溶解氧化等过程进行, 且一定程度地克服了其造成的虚假液位; 运行中石灰石必须有足够的过剩量
(一般大于设计 Ca/S )、 浆液驻留时间足够长, 脱硫率等各项指标才能达到一定的期望值。
通常为了提高脱硫率需增加吸收浆液比重以提高 PH值, 造成亚硫酸盐氧化缓慢, 石灰石过剩溶解 困难, 石膏结晶困难、 结垢、 堵塞, 增大运行成本, 降低 CaC03 比重, 可降低 PH 值但酸液增多
( 1 ) 式 (5 ) 式动平衡正向发展, 脱硫率下降, 腐蚀度上升。
为克服上述等通常设计弊端, 本发明专利采取如下各设计方案。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种电厂烟气湿法脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 降低建设、 运行、 维护维修成 本, 净化空气, 提高脱硫率, 为可持续经济发展战略提供有力支撑。
为实现上述目的, 本发明提供一种电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺及其结构, 包括:
一种电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 浆液池液面以上一定高度以上为方塔, 截面为方形或准方形, 以下为圆塔或有利于工艺性能的其他体型, 原烟道、 净烟道按一定比例扩张后 等径介入方塔。 向吸收塔喷淋区送入大量与烟气同行、 同向的氧化风, 向浆液池送入少量氧化风或不 送氧化风。 石灰石吸收浆液分别进入浆液循环管道与浆液池或全部进入浆液循环管道, 瞬间完成脱 硫。 尤其在单氧化区时, 可实现净烟气碱性、 无酸雾、 无亚硫酸盐等无垢运行, 因此不设通常的除雾 器。 为降低水耗等可设置简易金属除雾器, 加之大量氧气后续氧化, 净烟气通道可不做防腐, 通过塔 内涂覆耐高温防腐材料吸收塔兼做旁路烟道, 可取消与吸收塔配套的旁路烟道及其挡板门、 FGD 进出 口挡板门, 可降低增压风机功率约 50%或取消增压风机。 在环境温度较高时烟道、 吸收塔 ^设备应采 取一定散热措施以提高装置性能。
塔内形成多氧化区: 吸收氧化区即喷淋区及浆液池氧化区, 对于逆式吸收塔或逆流喷淋区, 吸收 氧化区氧化风管位于该区烟气入口下方、 浆液池浆液面上方约 1 -2米处: 对于顺式塔或顺流喷淋区, 氧 化风管与该区喷淋母管相间布置。 喷淋区可用离心风机送入大跫氧化风, 或利用塔内负压吸入自然风 而不用任何风机, 风量大于设计风量约 120%。 浆液池氧化风管位于浆液池上部浆液面以下, 比通常技 术高, 可配置约 1 /4设计风量氧化残余酸液, 大幅度降低罗茨氧化风机功率。 当吸收氧化区配风量超过 〗50%设计风量时, 形成单氧化区, 取消浆液池氧化区。
在逆流喷淋区, 氧化风管上侧设有开口向上的喷嘴, 该喷嘴上方设有一双圆锥体 422, 其腰径约是 喷嘴内径'的 4/3 ; 氧化风管下侧设置若干疏水阀或插入浆液池一定深度的排污管。
所述 CaC(¾供浆管分支接入浆液池并且入口与匹配的浆液循环母管的入口相距较近, CaC(¾供浆 管的浆液 ^ 浆液循环母管流量匹配: 或使进入浆液池与循环母管的吸收浆液的管道相对独立并分别 控制: 或只设计进入循环母管的吸收浆液管道。 石灰石吸收浆液应经过预溶解方案处理; 较背景技术 应增大浆液循环量; 即使在塔内安装简易金属除雾器时所有喷淋层也可设置在塔内最顶端: 设有特定 控制方案对石灰石喷淋液及浆液池浆液 PH值进行监控; 减少浆液池体积并可大幅度降低其搅拌功率。
喷淋区内吸收、 中和、 氧化等反应瞬间同时完成, 塔内烟速可设计约 5-6m/s 甚至更高, 气液接触 时间可设计约 1秒, 因本工艺结构特点使吸收塔高度大幅度降低, 高约 25米。 ' 对于顺式吸收塔, 或逆式吸收塔在特殊场合如与烟囱整合并采取降低烟速、 减少喷淋量等措施 时, 可不设增压风机。
对于顺逆式或逆顺式塔, 形成顺流动力氧化区 (70 ) 与逆流动力氧化^ ( 80 ) , 氧化风及喷淋 έ液 配置 70区人于 80^:并维持相同比例, 并可使 70区喷淋液初速度人于塔内烟速及 80区喷淋液初速度, 顺 式吸收塔只形成顺流动力氧化区, 不设通常的除雾器可实现塔内压损 0的突破, 因此取消增压风机。 为 优化吸收塔无垢运行性能, 可向 80区送入大量额外氧化风并提高该区喷淋液 ΡΗ值。
该工艺系统消除了供浆瓶颈等响应迟滞, 瞬间完成脱硫反应, .实现系统响应 " 0 " 的突破, 提出该 系统极其简单的单回路 piD 控制方案; 通过对背景技术丁艺系统供浆瓶颈等滞后响应的分析提出其优 化控制方案。
对改进的湿式球磨机制浆工艺系统进行各参量解耦分析, 提出制浆工艺系统各参量关系明晰化的 准单回路 PID控制策略, 以利于本工艺技术的上述各实施例的实施。
本烟气脱硫工艺所形成的各种吸收塔应用实例, 可与烟囱极其简单地整合成一体式脱硫烟塔。 本工艺、 结构、 控制策略或部分工艺、 结构、 控制策略, 可应用于其他如填料塔、 液柱塔、 鼓泡 塔等湿法烟气脱硫工艺, 也可应用于双碱法、 氨法、 钠减法、 海水脱硫法、 氧化镁法等其他吸收剂的 湿法烟气脱硫装置。
本发明具有如下效益: 本发明提供的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 典型应用为天方地圆 吸收塔, 简洁流畅的造型杜绝了塔内烟气流场的紊流、 偏流、 冋流等现象, 升级供浆方式,氧化空气 与吸收浆液直接进入喷淋区, 取消罗茨风机仅用离心风机或 ΰ然风, 排烟碱性, 闪此净烟气通道无需 防腐, 取消除雾器或安装简易金属除雾器, 同时取消了与吸收塔配套的旁路烟道及其挡板门、 FGD进出 口档板门, 通过塔内塔内涂覆耐高温防腐材料, 吸收塔兼做旁路烟道, 从而降低增压风机功率 50%以上 , 通过将逆流喷淋改为顺逆流 (逆顺流、 顺流) 啧淋克服烟气压损取消增压风机。 桨液池浆液 ra值可 控制在任意期望值, 彻底遏制腐蚀、 最大限度地提高了石膏品质, 并大幅度降低了吸收塔高度至约 25 米、 以及浆液池高度及其搅拌功率, 塔内烟气流速 5-6m/s或更高, 高效吸收(I s)、 高效脱硫 (0. 99 ) 、 0延迟, 最大限度地降低了 Ca/S、 电耗。 仅需无前馈单回路 PID控制。 尤其可与烟囱珠联璧合为脱 硫烟塔 GDS (f ] ue gas d e su ] fur i zat i on stack ), 简单至极, 惟- 烟囱尔! 同时改进了湿式磨机:]:艺 , 实现准单冋路 PID控制。
裸塔可降低运行成本至 10% , 降低厂用电率 1. 25%, 年节电 3000万度。 节煤 1万多吨 ' 为了能更进一步了解本发明的特征以及技术内容, 请参阅以下有关本发明的详细说明与附图, 然 而附图仅提供参考与说明用, 并非用来对本发明加以限制。 附图说明
下面结合附图, 通过对本发明的具体实施方式详细描述, 将使本发明的技术方案及其他效益显而 易见。
附图中,
图 1为本发明 "电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔 "一实施例的剖视示意图;
图 2为逆流喷淋区氧化风管的喷嘴结构示意图;
图 3为本发明 "电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔"另一实施例的剖视示意图;
图 4为 | | 3中裸塔 (脱硫烟道 ) 平面布置阁;
图 5为背景技术湿法烟气脱硫装置运行曲线示意图;
图 6为石灰石制备工艺系统各参量耦合关系图。 具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明进行详细描述。
如图 1 -2所示, 为本发明一实施例, 本实施例的吸收塔为循环泵供浆顶部喷淋逆流接触烟气吸收式 天方地圆吸收塔, 其包括: 方塔 1、 截面方形或准方形, 位于烟气入口底部以上, 设置其上的净烟气出 口烟道 2、 原烟气入口烟道 3 , 方塔 1下部为圆塔 4 (圆柱体, 或其他有利于脱硫工艺的体型), 在圆塔内 桨液池内上部形成浆液氧化区 40, 浆液池内下部形成结晶区 (40区以下)。 方塔 1内部喷淋区 50形成吸 收氧化区, ¾增人循环 *, 方塔 1内部可设四层喷淋层 5, 各唢淋层 5之间间隔可为 1 .5m。
在本实施例中, 净烟气出口设于方塔 1一侧上端, 与方塔 1等宽, 截面方形或梯形, 净烟气出口烟 道 2方形或梯形截面, 按一定直线斜率收缩于净烟道, 方塔最顶部两侧边角按此 (一定) 斜率扩张 (延 伸) 至方塔顶部另一侧, 或设计成方塔本体, 平行且等宽于方塔。 原烟气入口相对净烟气出口设于方 塔 1另一侧或同侧下端 (首选对侧), 与方塔 1等宽, 原烟气入口烟道 3按一定直线斜率收缩至原烟道。 本塔结构设计可彻底消除塔内烟气紊流、 偏流甚至回流等现象, 烟气分布均匀, 石灰石利用率高,
Ca/S低, 吸收率高, 喷淋液 对塔壁冲蚀小, 浆液池 PH值均匀易控, 无石灰石失效等莫名症状。
吸收塔内部设计成两个氧化区: 吸收氧化区 (喷淋区) 及浆液池氧化区。 吸收氧化区 (喷淋区) 在入口烟道 3下部浆液池液面 41以上合适位置 (约 1 -2米) 设置若干喷淋区氧化风管 42 ; 浆液池氧化区 在浆液面 41下方约浆液池高度中部偏上设置若干氧化风管 43, 当取消该区时塔内形成单氧化区。 为防 止喷淋液倒满进入氧化风管 42及氧化风机内, 42上侧设有若干开口向上的喷嘴 421, 其上设有双圆锥体 422 , 其腰径约比喷嘴内径大 1 /3, 下锥度值以使所有喷嘴 42 1的氧化风流场均匀分布在喷淋区为宜, 上 锥度值以喷淋液不进入喷嘴 421为宜、 同时避免进入相邻唢嘴内。
石膏排放管 44对称布置, 吸收浆液供浆管 45入口相邻循环泵入口, 保证大部分或全部吸收浆液直 接进入循环母管。 石灰石供浆管及吸收中和:
所述的 CaC03 (石灰石) 供浆管数量与 液循环母管数量相同, 每支入口与相邻浆液循环母管 入口边缘相距约 500mm, 具体值以保证大部分 CaC03吸收浆液进入与之匹配的循环母管、 并保证喷淋 浆液 CaC03浓度相同。 通过循环泵入口浆液流场将绝大部分吸收浆液吸入浆液循环母管, 利用浆液流 经循环泵叶片的急速紊流达到混合均匀的目的, 进而最大 皮地提高烟气中 S02与液膜中 Ca2+ 和 co3 2" 的接触率, 使中和反应在喷淋区一次瞬间完成。 利用循环泵入口紊流流场, 使少 tt石灰石吸收 浆液进入浆液池, 随着浆液的搅动进一步中和残余酸液。 对于多氧化区, 上部桨液池 PH值可控制在有 利于氧化的范围; 由于从塔身下部进浆 (循环泵入口位置), 下部浆液池可控制在有利于石膏结晶的范 围, 抑制塔底腐蚀 (一般经验认为 5.5最佳)。 对于单氧化区, 保持 液池酸性不是必须的, 通过调节直接进入浆液池的吸收浆液量, 实际可 将 PH值控制在任意期望值, 彻底遏制腐蚀、 得到高品质 ^膏、 极低的 Ca/S比。
而鼓泡塔是在酸性浆液中进行各种反应; 通常喷淋塔浆液池 PH值由于控制超调、 负荷变动、 循 环量变化而无法稳定在最佳值, 造成种种弊端, 与脱离效率存在不可调和得矛盾, 得鱼而失熊掌。
为了有利于控制, 可将石灰石供浆管道分成小支分别接入每个浆液循环泵入口和浆液池, 并分 别用调节阀控制进浆量, 以保证喷淋均匀 (必要时可安装流 ¾表辅助控制)、 合适的浆液池 PH值。
S02的吸收量决定于浆液的酸度, 浆液 PH 值吸收极限介于 4-6 之间, 因本工艺石灰石溶解时 C02的释放 (直接进入烟气而不是进入浆液池)、 吸收、 氧化、 中和等反应与石膏结晶 (几乎全部在浆 液池中进行) 的空间分离与时间同步, 以及吸收氧化中和的同步瞬时性使中间产物存在时间极短甚至 不存在, 所以吸收 A冇不可逆性, 因此浆液吸收极限得以拓宽。 喷淋行程由上至下浆液 PH 值由高至 低, 所以可以将喷淋桨液 PH值调至 6以上甚至远超过 6, 以使整个行程吸收量最大化。 但由 -氧化仝 气直接进入喷淋区氧化, 甚至所有亚硫酸盐的氧化都在喷淋区完成, 所以在保证脱硫率前提下有必耍 控制喷淋行程下半部 (或末端) 喷淋液为酸性 (以下各实施例相同), 尤其在单氧化区方案中。 可用托 盘将即将落入浆液池的喷淋液引至塔外, 并测量其 PH值, 川作监视, 并由此控制吸收浆液供浆 M , n 体值应以排烟呈现碱性、 无亚硫酸盐等污垢为定值。
因有部分喷淋区段 PH值很高, 整个喷淋行程相对短, 相对氧化时间短, 所以该区氧化空气应尽 量多。 所以本 τ.艺提及的氧化风量应根据相应工艺在实践中确定最佳值 (本发明工艺其他涉及的具体 值也宜于实践中确定最佳值)。
特殊应用可将石灰石吸收桨液全部导入喷淋区, 并由此调节浆液池 ΡΗ 值, 但浆液池必然为酸 性, 否则氧化效果不理想、 结垢, 进入循环后影响吸收, 石灰石损耗大, 石膏品质差, 净烟气会携带 亚硫酸盐。 Κ本工艺吸收氧化中和同时进行, 氧化风低廉, 故可用超大黉氧化风强制氧化碱性 (或微 碱性或微酸性) 环境的亚硫酸盐, 能取得较好的排烟碱性效果, 并将浆液池 ΡΗ值控制在期望值。
所以, 在吸收桨液分别注入循环管道和浆液池方案中, 可适当增加进入循环母管的吸收浆液 量, 减少进入桨液池的浆液量。
溶解预案:
为了增加吸收桨液中 CaC03 的活性, 使其在喷淋前最大限度溶解, 在喷淋末端尽量全部溶解, 彻 底吸收, 加速吸收使各项反应完全彻底, 本发明增大浆液循环量 (由于扬程的大幅度降低功率基本不 增)。 L/G 增大增加了气液接触几率, 以及吸收浆液及大量氧化空气直接进入喷淋区, 将使吸收更加彻 底、 脱硫率得到提高, 将促进各项脱硫反应而不会做无用功。 同时采用预溶解方案: 降低吸收浆液石 灰石浓度至 U Og/cm3左 , 即石灰 浆液制备系统预先制备足够并充分溶解的吸收浆液 (可以用 音 脱水旋流液预先配制, 以控制水平衡, 而石灰石浆液箱及场地易于制安、 规划); 提高石灰石颗粒细度 至 350 目左右 (只需降低石灰石旋流站顶流压力), 以加速石灰石溶解, 加大预溶解量, 进而提高喷淋 吸收过程中石灰石有效成份并使残余石灰石完全迅速溶解, 从而加快中和吸收等反应速度, 使之瞬间 完成。
反应机制:
喷淋液在行程中酸度的增加、 C02瞬时且彻底的释放 有利反应 , 使过饱和 CaC03浆液迅速溶 解, 按当量加入的石灰石在喷淋液吸收末端如部分不溶解中和将使酸度增大, 而增大的酸度将促使 CaC<¾溶解中和, 这个动态平衡促使吸收溶解比较完全, 因此循环泵出口循环浆液可维持在 CaC03 过 饱和状态, PH值预期可远在 6之上。 由于过量氧化风的加入、 激烈的气液搅拌瞬间完成各项反应, 尤 其高 PH值浆液出现在喷淋行程上部, 而亚硫酸盐的产生与氧化主要发生在喷淋行程下部, 超火 M氧化 空气使氧化即时彻底, 高 PH吸收浆液不会影响亚硫酸盐的氧化。 所以高 PH值的循环浆液对吸收的影 响只是正面的 多氧化区:
结构配宜:
所述塔内多氧化区分为浆液池氧化区及吸收氧化区 (喷淋区)。 前者氧化风管在浆液池中部略偏 上, 比通常喷淋脱硫吸收塔氧化区小 (本工艺浆液池高度已经降低), 氧化区大小主要决定于残余酸液 的多少, 风量主耍分配到喷淋浆液降落区, 且风场均匀以利氧化。 该区配风t占总设计氧化风量的
1 /4以下 (决定于酸液残余量), 总设计氧化风量即通常喷淋吸收塔根据脱硫负荷计算设计的氧化风需 求量, 罗茨风机只需配置通常出力的 1 /4即可。
吸收氧化区即喷淋区, 氧化风管位于方塔下方, 浆液面以上 1 -2米处, 位置耍求尽量低, 但不能 被池中浆液淹没及溅射。 风管及喷嘴配置保证在方塔截面上均匀分配, 喷嘴向上。 因为氧化空气是进 入负压烟气喷淋区而不是通常吸收塔浆液池, 加之气液激烈的接触、 局部紊流的扰动, 喷嘴密度无需 太大就能达到均匀分配、 混合的目的, 比浆液池氧化风管喷嘴密度耍小得多, 易于设计安装 (通常 淋塔氧化风喷嘴很密集以使氧化风与液体混合均匀, 缩短氧化时间, 减少搅拌量, 尤其鼓泡塔更加密 集复杂, 维修维护不便)。 配风量大于总设计氧化风量的 120% , 因吸收塔正常工况为负压运行, 无浆液池液压造成的氧化空气压损, 所以喷淋区 (吸收氧化区) 的氧化风机即使不运行也会有相对较 高动压的氧化风进入该区, 该区氧化风机只需配置大流量通用离心鼓风机即可, 对压头几乎没有要 求, 正常工况 (塔内负压时) 可切除离心风机; 或不配置任何风机仅利用塔内负压吸入自然风 (为安 全起见, 或可配置少 *离心风机氧化风以备用)。 不用配置减温水、 仪表阀门等附属设备, 因重量轻可 在吸收塔平台上安装若干台风机, 减少电厂用地。 也不用十分计较更大的风量, 可考虑增大风量, 尽 量使亚硫酸盐全部氧化, 同时增加烟气动压。 喷嘴及排污:
为防止喷淋液倒灌氧化风管及风机, 喷嘴设计如图 2所示, 在喷嘴上方安装一双圆锥体, 其腰径 大于喷嘴内径约 1/3 , 下锥度值宜使所有喷嘴的氧化风流场能均匀分布在喷淋区为宜, 上锥度值以使喷 淋液不进入喷嘴为宜、 同时避免进入相邻喷嘴内。 离心风机标高应高于喷淋区氧化风管标高, 并使该 氧化风管标高在该氧化风系统中最低, 在塔内氧化风管下侧设置若干疏水阀, 或设置若干插入桨液池 一定深度的排污管, 其深度保证正常运行时无氧化风泄漏到浆液池或少釐泄露。
反应机制:
由于方塔结构无紊流偏流区、 增大了浆液循环流量, 绝大部分或全部吸收浆液直接进入喷淋区使 喷淋液有效成份大幅度提高, 气液逆流交锋、 高效激烈接触, 瞬间同时氧化, 等效大幅度而高效率提 高了 L/G , 第一时间及时充分地中和了吸收液中的 H+ , PH值的降低加速了 CaC03 的溶解, 使 (2 ) 式动态平衡正向增量, 进而使 Π ) 式正向发展。 同时大量氧气的同时氧化, 使 so3 2—儿乎不存在 , 进而使 (1 )、 (2 )、 ( 3 ) 式加速正向发展, 实际几乎为不可逆方程式, 由此大幅度'增加了吸收率, 已达 到极限, 遏制了在喷淋液下降过程中因酸度增加而分解逃逸 S02。 同时溶解速度、 效率也达极限, 最 大限度地降低了 Ca/S比 (高效利用石灰石), 加快了中和速率, 从而加速了亚硫酸根的生成, (4 )、 ( 5 )、 ( 6 ) 正向加速, 可以瞬间完成。 同时激烈的气液交互冲 大量的泡膜的产生与破碎, 几乎使全 部 C02 直接而彻底地进入烟气, 解除了 C02对喷淋浆液中 CaC03溶解的遏制、 以及少翬发生在浆液 池中的溶解对后续溶解的遏制, 如下 (8 ) 式是单向方程式而不是通常喷淋技术中的动态平衡方程式, 加速了各项积极反应。 此项性能远优越于鼓泡塔 (CaC(¾在鼓泡池中溶解) 。
CaCC 溶解、 中和方程式:
CaCO^ +2H+ ― Ca2+ +C02 t +H20 ( 8 )
过量氧化空气逆流补充, 瞬间的中和 PH值的降低, 使氧化即时快速完成, 保证了喷淋液自始至终 S03 2— 非常低, 甚至是不存在的, 尤其在喷淋 (吸收氧化) 区底部, 氧化风管附近, 由于此区没有烟 气或烟气很少, 喷淋液酸度不再增加, 但遭遇到大量富氧空气而使 SO;2—离子几乎全部氧化成 so4 2 离子, 助长了 (1 ) 、 (2 ) 两式的正向吸收。 S04 2一离子 过量的 Ca2+ 离子及时生成不溶性 CaS04 (微溶、 PH值提高溶解度提高) 并结晶。
Ca2+ 离子的迅速降低促进了溶解, 溶解又促进吸收, 此时激烈的气液冲突, 尤其大貴氧化风的加 入, "搅拌" 效果相当理想, 增加了离子间接触几率, 加速了各种有利于脱硫的反应。
由于上述各种有利 K素促使 S02的吸收 CaC03 溶解, (Π、 ( 2 ) 两式可直接改写成单向方程, 由 于及时的中和与氧化, (4 ) 、 ( 5 ) 式 (中 CaS03 ) 实际几乎是不存在的, 亚硫酸盐的全部氧化, 喷 淋蒸发的污垢只有 CaS04 等硫酸盐及其结晶。 单氧化区:
当吸收氧化区 (喷淋区) 氧化风量提高到设计总量的 150%以上时, 可以取消浆液池氧化区, 即取 消罗茨氧化风机, 所有的反应都转移到了喷淋区, 整个浆液池变成石膏结品专区, 急速的烟流混合着 过量的氧化空气对喷淋液激烈冲突, 产生大量液膜、 高效吸收、 瞬间即时完成氧化, 促进其他各项脱 硫反应加速进行, 代替了通常喷淋塔浆液池中脉冲悬浮系统的搅动来加速各种反应。
本方案浆液循环量的增加、 喷淋液石灰石浓度的大幅提高, 大量氧化风的进入, CaC03吸收桨液 得以与烟气高效、 充分接触, 高效地利用了气膜, 突破了通常吸收塔 L/G极限, 尤其适合含硫翬大的 劣质煤。 较高的烟气流速带来的激烈的扰动, 液滴破碎细小, 增大了吸收液膜面积, 紊乱的气流 液 流增加了反应离子动能、 摩擦撞击几率、 反应几率, 有利于吸收。 成矿学证明: 矿床的生成决定于地 下岩浆冷却结晶速度、 结晶岩石与岩浆的相对流动速度, 即结晶离子的动态密度。 由于本技术最大幅 度地提高了液膜吸收效率, 可以缩短气液接触时间即喷淋行 ¾; 可以提高烟速, 再次减少喷淋区截面 面积, 以配合浆液池直径 (体积) 的减少。
为了增大液膜有效面积、 增强气液冲击强度以使各反应粒子充分接触反应彻底, 本专利方案设计 烟速最低为 5-6m/s。 该区集 802的吸收、 S03 2— 的氧化、 H+的中和于一体, 气液大面积接触瞬时完全 反应, 反应机理 鼓泡塔雷同, 所以气液接触时间设计为 1秒。 由此, 久梦以求的鱼与熊兼得、 义与 利同沽, 其蹴就唯在东风。
本方案由于鸡犬升天 (氧化风与吸收浆液直接进入喷淋区), 与鼓泡塔工艺流程、 反应机理略 同, 性能直逼鼓泡塔, 可与之比肩媲美、 同日讴歌。 而与鼓泡塔的不同是只有石膏结晶在浆液池中进 行 (或有少 it中和), 吸收、 氧化、 中和以及 CaC(¾的溶解、 C02释放都在唢淋^进行, 这精神宗 g的 统一与物理过程聚散离合, 形散而意不散, 正是天口地〇的骄傲。 鼓泡塔有着 0.5秒鼓泡脱硫时间, 瞬 间完成, 98%的脱硫率, 99%的 CaC03利用率, 90%的除尘率, 空塔 (天方地圆吸收塔) 方案预期脱 硫率在 0.99以上, CaCO,利用率、 除尘率等指标期望接近或超过鼓泡塔。 低廉的建设运行维护成本与 高效脱硫的完美结合不再是梦。
由于通常吸收塔紊流区的存在于烟气滞留, 本方案烟速的提高并不能带来更多的水雾、 污 -携带 量。 且大量氧化风的进入冷却了喷淋液降低水雾量及携带石膏等污垢量。 随着锅炉设计的曰臻完善, 能源综合利用的日趋合理高效, 锅炉排烟温度将继续降低, 目前 600MW机组锅炉排烟温度在 127'C左 右, 当降至 80°C左右时, 喷淋浆液温皮很容易维持 40°C左右, 最宜脱硫, 排烟携带 Ί宵等污染物现象 将得到更加彻底的根除。 浆液池:
由于紊流液体中离子更容易相互接触, 在塔壁、 管道凸出滞留区结晶体会接触到更多同类离子因 而加速晶体的成 因此入口烟道底部以下浆液池仍然为圆柱形, 如图 1所示, 以减少凸凹死角, 以防相对较大的流速造成迅速结晶, 浆液冲蚀塔壁, 同时基本杜绝了喷淋液对紊流 以下塔壁 (浆液 池液面以上圆柱形塔壁) 的冲蚀及 CaC03沉积结晶; 并且由丁烟气分布均匀流速高, 两侧塔壁冲蚀现 象得到有效缓解。
在单氧化区方案中, 浆液池中只有石膏晶粒的继续增长 (或有少量中和), 问题简单明了, 及时排 放石膏降低浆液池密度以利于吸收、 氧化、 中和反应, 提高脱硫率 (现代技术的提高不必担心因 '育 晶粒小而脱水凼难), 减少循环泵、 脉冲泵等设备负荷、 磨损, 降低塔内结晶程度及各种管道堵塞的儿 率。
其余的工作就是大幅度削减浆液池体、 降低液位, 期望降低到 5米 (通常 600MW机组脱硫喷淋 吸收塔液位在 9m- 10m )。 反应的剥离、 浆液量的减少, 可大幅度降低搅拌功率。 , 在多氧化区方案中, 喷淋液降落到浆液池后, 还有少量的 Ca(HS03)2氧化成 CaS04及其结晶, 几 乎完全省略了中和、 氧化、 结晶时间, 大大缩短了吸收、 中和、 氧化、 结晶等 so2脱除周期。 氧化区 位于浆液池最上部, 及时氧化、 消灭残余亚硫酸盐以防结垢, 提高 S02吸收率, 提高石膏品质。 此区 需要比较激烈的搅动, 可单独设置脉冲管以加强氧化。 浆液池浆液不产生 co2 , 无氧化空气大量进入 (或少量的进入), 因此几乎没有虚假液位现象, 气体的减少使离子更加充分接触, 使氧化及石膏结晶 更加高效进行; 同时石膏结晶区 (氧化区以下) 反应只有石膏晶粒的继续增长, 因此可以降低该区脉 冲悬浮系统扰动量、 减少脉冲泵功率, 以达到混合均匀、 不沉积、 石膏结晶为目的。
为有效利用脉冲浆液动能, 减小压损, 防止喷液磨蚀塔底, 喷管略向池中心倾斜约 5 ° — 10° 垂直 方向布列, 喷管分配避开石膏排放口附近, 使浆液主流在方塔下方翻滚, CaCO;含量较大的浆液首先 与进入氧化区的酸液中和, 加速 CaS04的生成与石膏结晶, 之后被翻滚到石膏密集区排放。 石膏结晶 区烟道下方两¾为石膏密集区, 密集区各设计一台石膏排浆泵, 石膏浆液在此区排出, 如图 1所示。 根据 膏产 M轮流. T.作, 如 24小时丁作制, 间歇期可用以维护。
通常喷淋吸收塔所有中和反应生成的大量 C02由于溶解和浆液压制而不能及时排放到烟气中并.驻 留相当数量, 由于浆液压制造成 C02动压压损, 增加了增压风机功耗。 本方案由于中和反应完全在喷 淋区进行, 减少了增压风机功耗。 空塔 (旁路烟道):
通常喷淋吸收塔烟气在喷淋行程中亚硫酸盐 (PH值提高溶解度急剧降低) 产生较多, 不能及时充 分氧化结晶, 净烟气酸雾、 亚硫酸盐蒸汽含量较大; 气液接触时间长, 喷淋量相对较少, 浆液中大量 石膏 随即蒸发。 必须设置除雾器除垢除水雾, 以防亚硫酸盐、 石膏等杂质对后续设备腐蚀、 结垢。 运 行经验表明, 即使防腐, 后续设备腐蚀现象仍然非常严重。 本方案 L/G相对大幅度的提高、 低温介质的增加, 喷淋液温度升高程度将减少 (但由于热质的增 加, 浆液池温度将升高)。 水雾的增加决定于 L/G及气液接触时间, 当比值较小时, 液体全部蒸发但总 量不一定很大, 当比值很大时由于浆液温度上升很小、 蒸发量很小, 此函数有个蒸发量最大的极限 值, 因此 L/G 的选择应兼顾喷淋液即液膜溫升较小、 水雾蒸发 ft小、 以使其携带的污垢很小, 本方案 L/C的选择应尽 ft大, 使喷淋液蒸发 S、 温升、 水雾携带污垢 减少。 同时气液接触时间的人大缩 短, 大幅度降低了温升, 并且大量冷空气首先直接进入喷淋区, 对温度逐渐增高的液膜起到逆程冷却 作用, 适当增加氧化风量, 以遏制水雾及其携带石膏、 石灰石等污垢的发生。
但烟流的单项持续与浆液的封闭循环将导致浆液温度持续升高, 没有散热最终将达到烟气温度, 浆液温度只是吸热与散热的动态平衡, 决定于其吸热率与散热率, 所以必须同时加强散热, 以达低温 浆液高效脱硫之目的。
散热措施:
机组空预器出口至吸收塔出口烟气通道均不做保温, 净烟气通道.宜作保温以尽量提高排烟温度, 提高烟囱 "抽力"。 吸收塔、 循环母管釆取加装散热片等散热措施, 下部〇塔内可设置若千穿过浆液的 通风散热管并通过风机散热, 同时起到加强搅拌、 加速氧化中和、 加速石膏结晶之功能, 取代背景技 术之与浆液池氧化风管相间布置的氧化分区管。 〇塔可进一步采取有利于散热的造型、 体积。 对于冷 冻地区可适当保温, 主要是吸收塔和浆液管道, 通风管冬闭夏启。
净烟气通道防腐问题:
本方案在喷淋液中加入过量的吸收浆液, 在淋浴烟气中加入过量的氧化空气, 一次性瞬间完成吸 收、 氧化、 中和等反应, 其化学进程机制与鼓泡塔相同, 儿乎无任何副反应生成的 COD等产物, 不产 生 CaS(¾ 等亚硫酸盐蒸发。 尤其亚硫酸盐及石膏主要在喷淋行程的下半部产生, 亚硫酸盐随即被铲除 甚至根本就不存在, 冈大量浆液与急速烟流相逢造成大量的液膜、 紊流, 下部石膏在蒸发升腾过程中 与烟尘等杂质一起被石灰石碱液冲洗过滤掉, 无法到达喷淋行程顶部并排除, 加之低温及时排浆, 并 且 CaS04溶解度随浆液的酸度降低而降低, 因此, 净烟气几乎没有石膏硬垢。 喷淋浆液行程顶部是 PH非常高的浆液, 因此净烟气不含酸雾。 加之过量氧气后续氧化, 空塔真正无垢无腐蚀运行, 后续烟 道烟囱等设备设施可以不做防腐。
取消除雾器 (空塔):
尤其对于单氧化区吸收塔, 喷淋区氧化完全彻底, 彻底根除了净烟气携带亚硫酸盐、 酸雾等腐蚀 性污垢的可能, 因此本方案取消除雾器及相关冲水等附属设备, 减少了烟道压损 (一般 600MW机组 除雾器正常运行压损在 300Pa-800Pa之间), 降低了增压风机功耗, 成为名副其实的空塔 (对于多氧化 区吸收塔, 不建议取消除雾器)。 在净烟气通道最低处设置排放口及时排放凝结水及污垢并回收碱性浆 液。 现有技术塑质除雾器通常最高工作温限不超过 10(TC, 因此通常脱硫装置不启动时不能通过烟气, 即不能用作旁路烟道使用。 本方案取消了除雾器, 塔内涂覆耐高温防腐材料, 烟气可以在任何时候通 过吸收塔直至烟囱, 即使不启动 FGD喷淋, 也不会对吸收装置造成任何损害, 因此本方案脱硫装置取 消旁路烟道及其挡板门、 FGD进出口挡板门, 减少了挡板门及过长的 FGD烟道, 进一步减少了烟道压 损 (600MW机组总压损在 500Pa以上), 同时大量氧化空气进入喷淋区提高了烟气动压, 进一步降低 了增压风机功耗 (通常无 GGH的 FGD满负荷运行增压风机升压在 1800Pa左右), 可配置功率约
2500KW的风机, 吸收塔兼做旁路烟道 (我国脱硫设计习惯性设置旁路烟道, 以求主机安全系数), 不会 对主机构成任何威胁, 真正无隐患安全运行。
当本技术应川于钢铁烧结机等排烟温度较高的装置设备时, 或为控制: I:艺系统水平衡需耍, 可用 不锈钢板或铝板制作简易单级或两级除雾器, 截面◊型或其他冇利于除雾除¾的形状, 适当增加间隙 将总压损控制在 30Pa以下 (即使长期运行也不能超过此值), 如此低廉简易之除雾器现场即可制作, 容易加工, 无施工火患, 易于冲洗更换, 虽然除雾效果略差, 但不影响取消增压风机, 吸收塔做旁路 烟道之功能。
喷淋层置顶:
本工艺吸收塔即使在安装简易金属除雾器时 (逆流区安装在烟气出口之下) 也可将所有喷淋层全 部安装在塔内最顶端净烟气出口之上, 以增加有效吸收行程。 金属除雾器可有效祛除水雾、 污垢, 而 ' 其上水雾污垢己经很少且喷淋液呈现高 PH值, 此时金属除雾器起到填料塔、 隔板塔的作用, 可以提高 ,脱硫率、 降低 Ca/S , 尤其在逆流区, 可以降低烟气压损。
. 当不设置金属除雾器时, 为控制蒸发量, 空塔可在塔内最顶端设置工艺补水兼做减温净化喷淋. - 降低喷淋液膜温度、 吸收捕捉烟气中携带的石灰石微粒等, 返回吸收塔的 PH值较高的净化水重新参与 吸收中和。 补水喷淋应防止雾化, 并尽量均匀细小, 以达最佳收集污垢效果。
天口地〇塔:
通常吸收空塔烟气流速设计为 3-4m/s, 实际由于烟气短路效应中心区域烟气流速可达 5-7m/s (按 600MW机组燃煤含硫量 2.4左右吸收塔直径 16米, 出入口烟道宽 8米计算, 则短路截面与吸收塔截 面面积之比接近 0.6), 所以只消减烟气紊流区而不改变其直径的喷淋方塔 (或准方塔) 的烟气流速并 不能大幅度提升、 携带更多的水雾。 背景技术相对过大的循环浆液量与过低的 CaC03密度使气膜吸收 效率 (单位面积气膜吸收量) 徘徊不升, 过大的 L/G比只能使循环泵劳而无功、 雾垢弥漫、 徒增烟气 压损、 仝耗风机功能。
如图〗所以, 本吸收塔只是一段烟道, 通畅的造型消除了塔内烟气流阻较大的两侧紊流区, 有效 地利用了塔内空间, 降低了制安成本。 入口烟气由于惯性动压并因喷淋液的垂直接触、 压迫, 使烟气 在进入喷淋区后在方塔长轴方向延展, 在烟囱较大负压的抽拉下, 自然形成较长的向上的气流, 截面 长方形的方塔造型正是为这个烟气流场 "量身定制", 最大限度减少了烟气方塔压损, 宽度的限制起 到了整流作用, 等径的喷淋区出口, 后高前低 (或等高), 折烟角烟气产生涡流, 对烟气流起到减小阻 力作用 (折烟角可设计成流线型), 因此喷淋区无大范围紊流、 滞流、 回流发生。 烟气在喷淋区的均匀分 布、 稳定的流场、 短暂的旅程急速的烟流大幅度降低了喷淋液行程末端的下降速度, 大大地减轻了对 塔壁的冲蚀, 基本可以杜绝塔壁穿漏现象。
工程初设:
本方案设计烟速 5-6m/s, 贝 ij 600MW机组按 270万 m3/h烟气量计, 方塔截面约 1 30m2, 可设计烟 气流向长 13米、 宽 9米的方塔截面 (流通面积为扇区截面加长方形截面, 该截面形状设计有力结构稳 定), 轴向延长以利于烟气流场均匀分布, 适中的宽度以利于原烟道、 净烟道的衔接。 则下部圆塔直径 约为 16米。 圆塔高为 5米的浆液与 2米的吸收氧化区氧化风管过渡区, 总高度 7米。 烟气入口设计 9X4米, 比原烟道截面略大, 按一定收缩斜率衔接与原烟道, 以之为烟速流场过渡区, 以利于均匀流 场。 入口烟道上缘以上气液接触喷淋行程设计为 5-6米。 喷淋层间隔 1 .5米 (尽量提高最底层喷淋母 管高度 ) 、 设计 4层喷淋 (循环量较通常喷淋塔至少增加约 1 /3- 1 /2 ) , 喷淋层总高度 4.5米。 净烟气出 口烟道设计底部宽为 9米, 高约 4.5米, 如图〗所示, 梯形或方形截面, 塔顶下倾斜面及两侧收缩面按 一定斜率收缩于净烟道至烟囱, 空塔总高度约 25米。
实践及理论证明, 提高烟气流速可提高脱硫率, 本方案可考虑继续提高烟速, 同时适当增加循环 量以增加液膜产量, 增大气液接触面枳, 遏制因烟速提高带来的石膏蒸汽量的增加, 从而保证无垢运 行。 裸塔:
如图 3-4所示, 为本发明电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔的另一实施例, 其不同上述实施例的是: 所述净 烟气出口 原烟气入口分别设于方塔 1相对两侧的上端, 皆为与方塔 1等宽设置的方形或梯形出口, 净 烟气出口烟道 2 原烟气入口烟道 3分别按一定比例延伸收缩于净烟道与原烟道。 方塔 1内部通过一隔板 10将其等分成两喷淋区, 分别为顺流动力氧化区 70及逆流动力氧化区 80, 采用对称结构不对称风液比 克服塔内烟气压损。
浆液池浆液面升至方塔下部, 隔板下边缘距浆液面 6米, 与浆液面形成水平方向的烟气通道。 下部 圆塔 4可设计成等径方塔或其他有利 脱硫的体型。 对于 600MW机组, 参照上述实施例, 考虑到占地及 下部空间的利用, 下部圆塔设计直径为 13米, 高度为 5米, 浆液池总高度 6. 5米, 可针对此特异浆液池 设计特定方向的脉冲悬浮系统喷嘴以使充分混合。 本实施例的顺、 逆两个喷淋行程是一个完整的吸收行程, 是对吸收行程及进程在时空上的分割。 所以气液接触总时间增加一倍, 烟速及浆液循环总流量设计如实施例一所述, 塔身总截面 9 X 26m , 本 方案 (裸塔) 烟气出入口烟道设计造型及尺寸如上一实施例净烟气出口方案。 70区氧化风管 42与喷淋 母管相间布置, 喷嘴均朝下。 80区氧化风管 42在桨液面 41以上 1 -2米处, 喷嘴及排污方案如实施例一, ' 吸收塔的总高度约 25米。
喷淋浆液及氧化风分为两部分, 顺流动力氧化区 70, 分配约 2/3的喷淋 ¾及氧化空气量, 上部侧 面为烟气入口; 逆流动力氧化区 80, 分配约 1/3的喷淋量及氧化仝'气量, 上部侧面为烟气出口。 由此 塔内烟气压损可突破 0, 即使在安装简易金属除雾器时 (压损极小), 也可取消增压风机。
如图 4所示, 为本实施例脱硫装置 (裸塔) 13形似烟道, 空内虚外, 集旁路烟道、 脱硫装置于一 体, 实为脱硫烟道, 可以像烟道一样布置在引风机 133与烟囱 130之间。 脱硫概念得到高度概括, 脱 硫技术得到高度升华。 根据场内实际情况对脱硫装置进出口甚至塔身造型适当调整以使塔内烟气流场 尽量均匀。
裸塔运行原理如下:
在无气体阻力下, 设唢淋液初速度为 0m/s, 喷淋液在: £力加速度 ( 9.8m/s2 ) 作用下行程时间约 1 秒, 末端速度近 9.8m/s , 约在 1.2米处、 0.5秒时与烟气并 齐驱, 为使喷淋动力效应更加明显, 70区 喷淋初速度设计值应超过烟速, 80区则应尽量小。 在顺流动力氧化区, 相对烟气, 喷淋液较大的速 度、 较大的质量、 密度, 将传递很大的动能增加烟气动压 (E=0.5n 2), 使烟速在行程末端得到很大提 高。 但由于烟气流 ft、 传动机制等限制, 实际烟压并不能得到很大的提高。 按气体定律 PV=nRT, 体积 (烟速) 与静压成反比 (期间设温度不变), 也即烟速在塔内增大到一倍时, 静压将降低一半, 一般塔 内负压运行, 即绝对压力略小于大气压, 由于喷淋烟速即烟气负压甚至流量得到很大提高, 经验印象 表明这是不可能的。 喷淋液对烟气的作用是摩擦传动, 虎行从风, 类似射流泵原理 (但射流泵本身效 率并不高, 相对需要很大的气体液体流速及很大的流量才能得到一定负压), 然期间会产生液膜增人 动能传输, 但液膜柔弱可欺, 扶风无力, 也不可能扭转传递 "效率"很低的 面。 而活塞成螺杆式仝 压机理论上可以将全部外力转换为空气静压 (实际存在各种效率), 进而供应压力很高的压缩仝 '气, 传 动原理是密闭压缩式, 符合密闭气体定律, 传递力无系数因子。 因为烟气流量 (体积) 在整个烟气系 统中受制于功率很火的送风机引风机, 气液传功机制使很大的流速差只是摩擦生热了。 闪此 设计较大 的流速差升压烟速是得不偿失的, 静压、 流速并不能大幅皮提高, 估算小于 ι % (动压 +静压的总机械 能), 烟压的提升约在 l OOOPa左右, 烟速设计宜以脱硫率为目的, 其次考虑占地及建造成本。 但烟压 毕竟有了 "进展", 相对开环的 (非密闭) 烟气系统, 顺流区 "射流泵"增加烟气动压 (使烟气升压) 的同时将增加烟气流量 (在整个烟气系统工况各种风门无动作条件下), 也即增大了烟气总机械能, 虽 然相对功率巨人的送引风机只是微量。 动力氧化风在 70、 80区行程始端介入 (喷嘴初速度应大于烟速), 将给烟气带来一定量的动压 静压, 其作用机制不同于喷淋浆液, 他将完全融合于烟气, 这时系统机械能 (关于气体质ft的静压 +动 压) 是守恒的, 因为几乎没有摩擦生热等无用功耗以及质量流失, 所以传递效率比较高。 但氧化风量 相对烟气非常小, 一般吸收塔氧化风总量在 2万 m3/li以下, 离心氧化风机即使增加几倍风量也是杯水 车薪, 且离心风机的静压头很有限, 但毕竟有了 "进展", 众人拾柴总比一人救火力量大, 所以该区将 之同时设计成 "射流泵", 名曰动力氧化区。
对于逆流喷淋区, 同样因为摩擦及液膜传动机制, 喷淋不会带来更大的烟气流速、 气压损失, 但 毕竟气液相对速度差的增大, 加剧了摩擦、 冲撞, 增加液膜的产生, 一定程度增加了动能传递, 相同 工况下其压损值耍比顺流区压升值多许多, 为弥补此压损, 本方案设计了两侧 2 /1不对称配风、 配液 及对称结构方案, 弥补了烟气压损, 实践了吸收塔内烟气压损 " 0的突破"。
顺逆式裸塔一我们的首选:
隔板通道处烟速比较高, 受惯性离心作用及隔板压迫, 烟气的俯冲及溅射的浆液起到液柱塔的作 用, 而此时烟气还含有约 1/3的 S02, 适当调高浆液池 PH值, 可增加吸收量。 所以顺逆式 (顺式) 裸塔比逆式 (逆顺式) 裸塔同样工况下脱硫率稍高, 同时, 酸雾、 亚硫酸盐、 污 将进一步减少、 杜 绝。 而逆式裸塔和顺逆式裸塔由于烟气在出口之前有高 PH值喷淋液洗涤, 所以比顺式或逆顺式裸塔烟 气携带的酸雾、 亚硫酸盐、 污垢量小。 _为优化顺逆式裸塔无垢运行性能, 可使 80区喷淋浆液石灰石浓 度大于 70区的, 同时向逆流动力氧化区送入大量额外氧化风。 综上所述, 顺逆式裸塔集高效脱硫、 塔 内烟气 0压损、 排烟无诟无酸雾等诸多优点于一身, 更适合取消除雾器, 是我们的首选。 裸塔另类方案:
1】 本方案也可设计成先逆后顺形式, 以保证烟气压损接近 0为原则。
2】 为了确保 " 0的突破", 本裸塔方案可适当增大顺逆流动力氧化区喷淋量 (氧化空气量) 的比 值; 适当降低进入逆流动力氧化区烟速及该区烟速。
3】 为了增加主机安全运行系数、 降低建设投资, 裸塔方案可只设计顺流动力氧化区, 即顺式 塔
特殊场合可设计成逆式裸塔。 为了克服喷淋液造成的压损, 可增加低廉的氧化风; 适当减 少浆液喷淋量及初速度, 不设除雾器, 降低入口及塔内烟气流速, 以静压的增加存储、 动 压压损的减少来克服逆流烟气阻力, 可考虑 1 -2m/s的烟速甚至更低, 2-3秒的气液接触时 间, 达到塔内烟气微压损, 进而取消增压风机。 液柱塔及喷淋塔加装托盘的实践证明, 较 低的烟速较长的接触时间能够达到同样的脱硫效率。 脱硫烟塔:
本工艺结构的各种具体实施方案可极其方便地整合烟囱构建一体式脱硫烟塔, 天艺一号, 秀外慧 中, 一干揭起, 独霸天下。
1 ] 在裸塔整合烟囱方案中, 逆式裸塔与烟向的集成, 简洁明了, 最具诱惑。 为了克服烟气 压损, 可增大低廉的氧化风量, 同时可扩大烟囱直径来提高抽力, 以及简洁的烟气通道 为方案的实现提供了可能。 对于两台及其以上的机组公用的烟囱 (此时吸收塔公用), 则必须在吸收塔入口处分别加装挡板门, 否则, 在一台机组停运时, 由于喷淋浆液的压 力, 可能使部分烟气倒流入停运机组烟道, 这些烟气酸性很强、 亚硫酸盐、 石膏等污垢 含量人。 或者在这些机组烟气进入吸收塔之前合并为一条原烟道, 则不用加装任何挡板 门。
2】 顺式裸塔与烟囱的整合最具动力特性。 可将烟肉底部设计成三部分, 两侧为两台机组的 顺流裸塔, 中间为公用烟气出口通道, 直通烟肉出口。 也可将多台机组的烟气合并成一 条烟道之后进入顺流吸收烟塔, 此时烟囱底部设计成两部分: 一个顺流塔与一个烟气山 口通道。
3】 逆顺式脱硫烟塔, 这种组合烟气通道复杂, 占地大, 且逆顺式裸塔诸多性能不及顺逆裸 塔, 我们不建议这种 "二重奏"。
4】 顺逆式裸塔, 熠熠生辉, 他与烟囱的整合应是日月合璧、 秦晋连珠, 只耍在上述顺式脱 硫烟塔整合方案的前一种方案中分别在两个原烟气入口处加一挡板门, 并将中间烟气通 道改为逆流喷淋区, 即可防止停运时对方的入佼: 最佳方案是将多台机组烟气合并成一 条原烟道再依次进入脱硫烟塔顺流区、 逆流 ^、 烟囱出口, 无需加任何挡板门。
方案说明:
上述各种实施例都是本发明工艺、 结构的具体应用, 涉及的具体设计方案、 技术但没提及的可 (应) 相互参照。 系统响应分析与控制: :. 本专利技术吸收浆液及氧化空气直接进入喷淋区, 反应进程良以群聚, 鸡犬升天, 莠以类别, 分 道扬镳。 大大提高了脱硫率等被控量的响应时间, 随动性好, 彻底改善了工艺系统响应滞后的难题, 阶跃响应时间约在 2-3秒左右 (浆液循环时间), 大大提高了 T.艺系统的可控性、 稳定性, 避免了超调 的各种不良后果。 常规喷淋塔工艺系统响应分析:
通常喷淋塔钙硫比设计为 1 .02~1 .06, 并将其设计为前馈 G动控制系统, 但实际应用中由于脱硫率 对石灰石供浆响应的严重滞后难以实现而束之高阁, 维以把玩。
S02的吸收量决定于浆液的酸度, PH值吸收极限介于 4与 6之间, 浆液的 PH值依靠石灰石吸收 浆液流 调节, 由子吸收反应在喷淋行程中完成, 所以唢淋液的酸度即 CaC03浓度及循环流 ¾决定了 吸收量, 控制了 CaC03 的循环量当量也就控制了脱硫率, 但加入吸收塔的 灰石浆液流量当 M不等丁 即时循环当量, 存在瓶颈效应。 这就是通常吸收塔响应滞后、 控制超调、 Ca/S前馈无法投用的原因。
通常湿法吸收塔将石灰石桨液注入桨液池搅拌后再经过循环泵形成喷淋液, 搅拌能力决定了浆液 的混合均匀程度, 从而决定了系统不可预期波动的程度, 吸收浆液混合均勾所需时间 τ越长, 搅拌能 力越弱, 同时将导致随机的滞后时间与波动, 造成紊乱甚至根本无法调节, 时间越短系统越趋于稳 定, 易于控制, 但搅拌功率越大。 忽略其他因素, 此时 S02吸收量 Q是一定时间 τ内供浆量平均流量 U的函数, Q=f ( U、 τ ), 而不是瞬时流量 V的函数, 平均值 U是供浆流量 V与 τ的函数。 由于浆 液池体积的存在, 喷淋浆液石灰石流量当量不能随供浆石灰 流量当量的变化而即时随动, 这个系统 瓶颈决定了供桨系统响应的滞后时间 的特性, 体积越小, 系统随动性越好、 调峰能力越强, 否则 滞后严重、 控制困难。 由于浆液循环时间及吸收时间相对很短, 因此系统响应时间就决定于 τ与 ξ, 但二者是同时发生, 系统响应延迟时间就决定于迟滞时间长的特性, 但干扰是叠加性的, 使系统越发 难以控制。
脱硫率 η是 S02吸收量 Q与烟气含硫 M G的比值: 1 Q / G。 因此, 脱硫效率就决定丁_ Q逼近 G 的程度, 理想的脱硫率在理想状态下喷淋浆液 CaC03当量流量近似等于计算负荷需求量, 在脱硫负荷 长期稳定、 桨液池石灰石供需动态平衡下, 即为 CaC03供浆当量流量。 此时假设 τ 值足够小, 600MW机组 80%脱硫负荷运行, 浆液池一般约 2000m3, 循环泵循环总量一般不超过 1 500m3 / h, 石灰 石供浆量为 24nrV h (按石耗 6~8t/h, 浆液浓度 5 30%, 密度 P 1 .2g/cnr † ) , 则喷淋浆液 灰石浓度 δ 必须维持在 0.48% (吸收塔浆液密度一般维持在 1.08g/cm3)左右才能保证石灰石喷淋量为 6~8t/h, 保证 预期脱硫率, 运行期间石灰石供浆流量用于提高喷淋回流浆液石灰石浓度 (视为 0 ), 从而达到与循环 输出的动态平衡, 这个 0.48%决定了浆液池的 PH值并单值对应。 假设此时出现满负荷阶跃扰动并保持 足够长期稳定运行, 石耗增至 8〜] 0t/h , 则必须将浆液池石灰 浓度 δ提高到 0.6% (这期间循环泵满负 荷运行, 如果循环量减少, 则浆液石灰石浓度需相应提高, ΡΗ值相应提高, 以达到吸收所需石耗), 即浆液池浓度 δ提高 0.12%, 需耍额外注入约 2.6Τ石灰石, 也即在阶跃扰动前后动态平衡过渡期间, 需耍多加入 7.3m3石灰石浆液以弥补浆液池浓度的提高。 此时需耍提高浓度的不仅是喷淋回流量, 而主 要是浆液池浆液, 这是系统响应滞后瓶颈现象的决定性因素。
如按 Ca/S前馈预先控制 30m3/ h的吸收浆液流量, 给予浆液浓度提高的有效流量为 6m3/ h (按循 环浆液石灰石全部用于吸收计算), 即使始终按此速度提高浓度, 达到新的动态平衡也需耍 l h多时 间。 因 浆当量与循环当量的瓶颈循环当量不能马上提高, 随着浓度的逐渐提高, 有效流量逐渐减 少:
实际所需时间 ξ =pid δ /v(t)|( δ °, δ ' )
d S : 即时浓度, 即时所需额外石灰石量的函数
v(t) : 有效流量, 即时供需当量流量差
δ ° : 扰动前 CaC03浓度
δ ' : 扰动后 CaC03浓度
p : 系数
有效流量 V(t) 是即时供需当量流量差, 决定于浓度 s的增长, 是浓度 δ单值递减函数, 经验公 式: V(t)= ke―'。 所以新的动态供需平衡必须用微分增量控制陡然加入来实现, 否则将是无限期的。
但 Ca/S前馈、 脱硫率 η反馈的 PID调节由于瓶颈迟滞, 供浆流量也难以掌控, 再加上搅拌造成的 喷淋石灰石当量浓度的波动, 浆液 ΡΗ极易超调, 引起震荡。
实际运行大部分中和反应在浆液池中进行, 进入循环的石灰石浓度要低于上述浓度, 但系统迟滞 基本等效, 只是中和反应转移了位置, 而位置的转移只是影响了吸收中和时间。 也因此降低了脱硫能 力 (喷淋末端酸度很大), 增强了腐蚀强度与几率。
如图 5所示, 实际运行 τ值无法做到足够小, 瓶颈 ξ导致的迟滞等问题变得更加复杂、 严重, 不 均匀混合使脱硫率出现不可预期的波动, 以及各种副作用。 τ值只能尽量做小: 增大搅拌能力、 扩大 吸收浆液应急供浆能力来缩小系统响应时间。 同时浆液池越小, ξ越小, 石灰石浓度变化越快, 系统 响应越快。 但不利于石灰石溶解, 离子、 粒子浓度大而活性差, 不利于亚硫酸盐氧化、 中和等反应, 进而影响吸收; 浆液停留时间短 (避免浓度过大) 影响石膏结晶。
实际运行脱硫负荷也无法保持长期稳定, 由于煤质变化及供电调度需求往往在几秒至十几秒钟内 大幅度变化, 尤其目前电煤紧张, 煤源复杂, 煤质良莠参差, 屯业调度负荷频繁大幅度变化, 导致烟 气量及含硫量大幅变化, 此时脱硫负荷稳定周期 Τ值远小于 ξ值及 τ值, 石灰石喷淋当量流量只是一 条平缓曲线。 虽然辅以 ΡΗ值控制, 但 ΡΗ决定于 δ, 而 δ值乂受脱硫负荷、 循环量变化影响, 并受控 于瓶颈效应, 常规吸收塔控制系统无法随动脱硫负荷快速波动, 导致 δ不可预期的变化, 致使大量
S02偷袭式排入大气, 同时难免导致吸收池、 除雾器等设备 CaC03、 石膏、 亚硫酸盐沉积、 结晶、 结 垢, 或酸度过大。 这沉积的钙, 各种盐、 亚盐像沉疴一样带来诸多弊病, 往往使脱硫率居下不上, PH 值居上不下等等。 种种弊端阻挠了脱硫率的攀升、 妨碍了 "温室效应" 的建设、 遏制了脱硫环保业的 发展。 常规喷淋塔丁艺系统优化控制方案: 综上分析用实时计算浆液池浆液所需补充的石灰石吸收浆液量做微分 D前馈控制、 浓度 S做反馈 (但 δ'难以测量, 脱硫率 η作反馈, ΡΗ值宜做监视, 不宜参与控制), 能得到比较稳定理想的控 制效果, 随动性、 波动性大为改善。 对于频繁波动负荷, 微分系数应小一些, 以适应负荷上下波动。 同时应提高石灰石供浆管道的应急能力。 空塔、 裸塔工艺系统响应分析与控制:
最佳的系统响应特性是抛掉浆液池概念, 彻底解决系统瓶颈, 将吸收浆液 (或绝大部分) 直接接 加入循环管道, 利用循环泵同时搅拌, 实现系统响应时间 ξ、 τ "0 " 的突破 (只是循环流程及吸收 反应的迟滞), 即本发明工艺、 结构, 由此控制已是水到渠成, 马到成功, 只需采用脱硫率 η作反馈、 调节输出供桨 ¾的 P1 D单冋路即可, 简单明了, 无需前馈, 轻若泛舟。 这是其他脱硫装置所无 伦比 的。 石灰石浆液制备工艺系统特性解耦控制策略方案:
工艺简介:
本发明结构工艺优先选用磨机浆液池代替磨机浆液箱, 取消回收水池及其渣浆潜水泵、 搅拌器、 仪表阀门管道, 桨液池深度 2.1米, 同时可以降低磨机基础、 旋流站、 石膏脱水系统 (一般设置在磨机 上方, 本方案可降至 10米层, 大于真空虹吸高度), 以及厂房高度; 制浆磨机采用湿式球磨机, 石灰 石粒度在 350目左右 (满足裸塔需要)。 石灰石旋流器一般顶流工作压力需耍维持在 1 50Kpa左右来保 证合格的桨液 (本方案调低), 磨机浆液池渣浆循环泵在设计 I:况下、 正常运行时出力一定 (不 变频 泵), 所以制浆工艺系统可不设自动调节阔门, 代之以节流孔板, 只需调试时将旋流器顶流压力调至合 适值即可。 系统成品浆液可采取间歇式输出或连续输出。 旋流站底流浆液回流至磨机入口与磨机浆液 池。
如图 6所示, 磨机工艺系统存在控制量与扰动量间的相互耦合, 一般采用磨机浆液箱液位控制 给料速率控制, 但没有解除耦合, 各参量相互影响, 被控量难以控制, 实际运行中 "习惯性" 失控, 跑冒滴漏, 基本手动。 本控制方案通过定值分段自动调节控制解除了各参量耦合关系、 控制量简化归 一, 使控制思想提纲挈领、 脉络清晰, 达到浆液池密度与液位的双重给定值自动控制。
各耦合参量关系明晰及控制策略:
扰动量: 旋流器输出成品浆液的启停, 即磨机入口回流与磨机浆液池回流密度与流量的变化, 启、 停、 维修维护、 溢流收集、 清扫地面废液的收集等引起的桨液池密度与液位的变化, 球磨机内钢 球工况的变化。
被控量: 浆液池浆液密度 (一般密度 1 .4g/cm 3); 浆液池浆液液位 (一般 1 .6- 1 .9米)。
控制量: 石灰石流量、 工艺水流量, 输出量: 成品石灰石浆液,
湿式球磨机本身工艺耍求进口: .1 :艺水流量与石灰石流量保持 ^定的比例, 一般为 1 : 3 , 因此, 控 制系统中将进口工艺水及石灰石流量锁定, 自动调节中只需调节任意参量即可。 间歇式输出会造成更 大的扰动, 因期间磨机入口回流量及磨机浆液池回流量波动较大。 因磨机入口石灰石及工艺水总体积 流量相对磨机浆液池 1::艺水体积流量及回流体枳流量比较小, 但密度较大, 对磨机浆液池液位影响比 较小, 因此用磨机入口石灰石流量调节磨机液池浆液密度; 磨机浆液池工艺水流輦调节其液位。 该 工艺水流量需要有足够的过剩量, 用以支持快速应急调节。 通常浆液池液位 2米高, 设置一安全液位 区段, 如设定 1 .6米—— 2.0米, 当液位逾越此安全区时, 自动投入液位自动调节 PID, 短时间内使液 位回归正常 (可设定 1 .8米), 稳定一定时间后自动切除液位 tl动调节, 保持磨机浆液池工艺水流量不 变。 在磨机制浆过程中, 自始至终保持密度调节系统投入自动, 用以维持浆液池浆液密度。 对于较人 的液位扰动, 控制程序短时间内将液位恢复正常并退出, 密度调节系统的连续工作保证了负荷供应及 其质量。 液位调节应急式投入、 切除, 割断了与密度的藉断丝连, 使复杂的相互影响的耦合关系简单 明晰, 成了简单的准单回路 PID自动调节系统, 使思想明确, 1 标单存, 操作简单, 产品质量得到可 靠保证。 本方案适应能力强, 无论启停、 运行期间浆液池都不会溢流或缺水烧泵, 安全可靠。
本发明的经济社会效益:
综上所述, 本发明提供的电厂湿法烟气脱硫裸塔或空塔, 喷淋区及出入口烟道大方简洁、 流畅的 造型, 加之取消除雾器, 彻底根除了塔内烟气紊流、 偏流、 冋流^现象。 取消罗茨风机, 升级供浆方 式, 氧化空气与吸收浆液直接进入喷淋区, 无垢运行, 净烟气通道无需防腐, 取消了与吸收塔配套的 旁路烟道及其挡板门、 FGD 进出口档板门, 从而降低增压风机功率 50%以上, 通过将逆流喷淋改为顺 逆流喷淋克服烟气压损因而取消了增压风机。 通过塔内塔内涂覆耐高温防腐材料, 吸收塔兼做旁路烟 道。 大幅度降低浆液池高度及其搅拌功率, 吸收塔高度可降低到 25米, 最大限度提高了脱硫效率 (预 期 0.99)、 产能比 (撤消高功耗电机), 降低了 Ca/S, 增强了吸收塔抗风、 抗震能力, 将建设成本压缩 到底线 (10%左右), 使厂用电率下降 1.25%, 年节电 3000万度, 节煤 1万多吨; 脱硫烟塔 (GDS ) 使建 设运行成本进一步降低。 同时提出背景技术崭新的随动性好的控制方案, 以及本工艺系统的最简单的 单级 P1D 控制方案; 石灰石制备系统解耦准单回路控制方案的提出, 为本发明. Γ.艺的实施提供了保 障。 以上所述, 其他法律许可的公民可根据本工艺、 结构、 原理作出其他各种相应的改变和变形, 而 所有这些改变和变形都属于本发明权利要求及后附的权利要求的保护范围。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1、 一种电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 浆液池液面以上一定高度以上为方 塔, 截面为方形或准方形, 以下为圆塔或有利于工艺性能的其他体型, 原烟道、 净烟道按一定比例扩 张后等径介入方塔。 向吸收塔喷淋区送入大量与烟气同行、 同向的氧化风, 向浆液池送入少量氧化风 或不送氧化风。 石灰石吸收浆液分别进入浆液循环管道与浆液池或全部进入浆液循环管道, 瞬间完成 脱硫。 尤其在单氧化区时, 可实现净烟气碱性、 无酸雾、 无亚硫酸盐等无垢运行, 因此不设通常的除 雾器。 为降低水耗等可设置简易金属除雾器, 加之大量氧气后续氧化, 净烟气通道可不做防腐, 通过 塔内涂覆耐高温防腐材料吸收塔兼做旁路烟道, 可取消与吸收塔配套的旁路烟道及其挡板门、 FG D 进 出口挡板门, 可降低增压风机功率或取消增压风机。 在环境温度较高时烟道、 吸收塔等设备应釆取特 定散热措施以提高装置性能。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 形成多氧化区: 吸 收氧化区即喷淋区及浆液池氧化区, 对于逆式吸收塔或逆流喷淋区, 吸收氧化区氧化风管位于该区烟 气入口下方、 浆液池浆液面上方; 对于顺式塔或顺流喷淋区, 氧化风管与该区喷淋母管相间布置。 喷 淋区可用离心风机送入大量氧化风, 或利用塔内负压吸入自然风而不用任何风机。 浆液池氧化风管位 于浆液池上部浆液面以下, 配置少量氧化风, 大幅度降低罗茨氧化风机功率。 当吸收氧化区配风量非 常大时形成单氧化区, 取消浆液池氧化区。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 在逆流喷淋区, 氧 化风管上侧设有开口向上的喷嘴, 该喷嘴上方设有一双圆锥体 422 , 其腰径人于喷嘴内径; 氧化风管下 侧设置若干疏水阀或插入浆液池一定深度的排污管。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 所述 CaC03供浆管 分支接入浆液池并且入口与匹配的浆液循环母管的入口相距较近, CaC03供浆管的浆液量与桨液循环 母管流量匹配; 或使进入桨液池与每个循环母管的吸收桨液的管道相对独立并分别控制; 或只设计进 入每个循环母管的吸收浆液管道。 石灰石吸收浆液应经过预溶解方案处理: 较背景技术应增大浆液循 环量; 即使在塔内安装简易金属除雾器时所有喷淋层也可设置在塔内最顶端; 设有特定控制方案对石 灰石喷淋液及浆液池浆液 PH值进行监控; 减少浆液池体积并可大幅度降低其搅拌功率。
5、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 吸收、 中和、 氧化 等反应瞬间同时完成, 塔内烟速可设计约 5-6m/s 甚至更高, 气液接触时间可设计约 1秒, W本工艺结构 特点使吸收塔高度大幅度降低。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 顺逆式或逆顺式 塔, 形成顺流动力氧化区 (70) 与逆流动力氧化区 (80 ), 氧化风及喷淋浆液配置 70区大于 80E并维持 相同比例, 并可使 70区喷淋液初速度大于塔内烟速及 80区喷淋液初速度; 顺式吸收塔只形成顺流动力 氧化区, 不设通常的除雾器可实现塔内压损 0的突破, 因此取消增压风机。 为优化吸收塔无¾运行性 能, 可向 80区送入大量额外氧化风并提高该区喷淋液 PH值。
7、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 对于顺式吸收塔, 或逆式吸收塔在特殊场合如与烟囪整合并采取降低烟速、 减少喷淋量等措施时, 可不设增压风机。
8、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 工艺系统消除了供 浆瓶颈等响应迟滞, 瞬间完成脱硫反应, 实现系统响应 "0 " 的突破, 提出该系统极其简单的单回路 PID控制方案; 通过对背景技术工艺系统供浆瓶颈等滞后响应的分析提出其优化控制方案。
9、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 对改进的湿式球磨 机制浆: Γ.艺系统进行各参量解耦分析, 提出制浆工艺系统各参量关系明晰化的准单回路 P I D 控制策 略, 以利于本工艺技术的各实施例的实施。
10、 根据权利要求 1所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔工艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 其所形成的各种吸 收塔应用实例, 可与烟 ^极其简单地整合成一体式脱硫烟塔。
1 1、 根据权利要求 1 -10任一项, 所述的电厂湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔 ·Ι艺、 结构, 其特征在于, 本. Ί : 艺、 结构、 控制策略或部分工艺、 结构、 控制策略, 可应用于其他如填料塔、 液柱塔、 鼓泡塔等湿法 烟气脱硫工艺, 也可应用于双碱法、 氮法、 钠减法、 海水脱硫法、 氧化镁法等其他吸收剂的湿法烟气 脱硫装置。
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