Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
  • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
  • C09D7/62—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic modified by treatment with other compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
  • A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/0052—Preparation of gels
  • B01J13/0069—Post treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
  • C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
  • C01B33/14—Colloidal silica, e.g. dispersions, gels, sols
  • C01B33/157—After-treatment of gels
  • C01B33/158—Purification; Drying; Dehydrating
  • C01B33/1585—Dehydration into aerogels
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/02—Elements
  • C08K3/08—Metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
  • C09D5/1606—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints characterised by the anti-fouling agent
  • C09D5/1637—Macromolecular compounds
  • C09D5/165—Macromolecular compounds containing hydrolysable groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
  • C09D5/1687—Use of special additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/70—Additives characterised by shape, e.g. fibres, flakes or microspheres
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1682—Processes
  • A61K9/1694—Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/02—Elements
  • C08K3/08—Metals
  • C08K2003/0812—Aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/02—Elements
  • C08K3/08—Metals
  • C08K2003/085—Copper

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of polishing control components of anti- fouling compositions and paints or similar controlled leaching systems for vessels and stationary marine constructions.
• compositions comprising a gel wherein is entrapped at least one component.
• the loaded gel particles are referred to in the context of the present application as "S".
• S can enhance polishing in a controlled manner, either due to hydrolysis and/or due to suitable mechanical properties, and brings about a controlled leaching of the entrapped at least one component.
• a paint contains a binder, which is the film forming component of the paint, and particles of different kinds (pigments and/or fillers) in amounts up to the critical pigment volume concentration, also called CPVC, which is the limit for wetting all pigments/particles with the binder system.
• the polishing rate for paints can be considered the removal rate of the paint components.
• the S particles polish faster, i.e. are removed faster from the surface of the paint than the binder, the disappearing S particles will create water channels in the surface of the paint and thereby allow attack on the paint to a certain depth below the surface, thus ensuring a sufficient polishing rate and thereby also a sufficient release rate, or leaching of the active compound(s)/biocide.
• Another way to achieve a larger surface is to allow swelling of the particles at the surface.
• the S particles may contain a water-soluble/water-degradable polymer or binder.
• Rosin is a natural non-volatile resinous mass obtained from Pinus palustris Miller and other species such as Pinus linnae. It is not a polymer, but primarily contains a mixture of discrete tricyclic diterpene carboxylic acids (abietic acid, pimaric acid and structural isomers of abietic acid, see Figure 1 ), and small amounts of non-acidic components.
• Rosin contains approximately 90% "rosin acids" (Fig 1 ).
• the rosin acids are monocarboxylic acids and have a typical molecular formula C20H30O2.
• the prominent rosin acids include abietic acid (and its isomeric forms) with conjugated double bonds, and pimaric acid with non-conjugated double bonds.
• the rosin acid molecules possess two chemically reactive centres, the double bonds and the carboxyl group.
• the double bonds of rosin acids can be polymerized to form eg. rosin dimer as shown in Figure 2 for abietic acid.
• the double bonds of of a rosin acid molecule can also be hydrogenated to form hydrogenated rosin - also known as tetrahydroabietic acid - which still contains a carboxylic group suited for ester formation, but no double bonds.
• the carboxylic acid group of a rosin acid (including hydrogenated rosin) molecule can also be reacted with a linker to form a new polymerizable rosin derivative.
• a linker of length 1 -3 carbon atoms having an epoxy group in one end and an acrylate group in the other can react with the carboxyl group of the hydrogenated rosin acid to form a rosin derivative with a polymerizable acrylate group attached.
• the analogous derivative can be formed from rosin itself, ie. from abietic acid and its isomers.
• This rosin derivative can be polymerized in situ in the gel thereby forming an acrylate backbone with grafted rosin moieties.
• the degree of polymerization is difficult ascertain within the gel, but the formed acrylate backbone presumably contains about 10.000-100.000 repeating rosin ester units.
• the rosin immobilized in this manner will be immobilized in the gel in nonaquous media. However, when exposed to seawater at ph 8.2 the ester linkage will slowly hydrolyze and release Rosin. Loading of the gel can be realized with a rosin acrylate content up to 95 weight percent.
• Rosin Due to its low solubility in water Rosin has been used in anti-fouling paints for many years as part of the binder system. Due to its good solubility in the solvents normally used in paints, rosin will end up as an integrated part of the binder phase in the paint film formation, and will thereby have a significant influence on the polishing rate of the paint film.
• rosin may be introduced not only as part of the binder system, but also as part of the solid particles phase of the paint by filling or loading said gel particles S with rosin or a polymerized derivative thereof as discussed above. Rosin may be polymerized by several different means, for example by acid catalysis, heating, UV radiation or by free radical initiated polymerization.
• the gel particles themselves can affect the polishing behavior, but also the rosin or water- soluble/water-degradable polymer inside the gel particles can take part in the polishing process.
• rosin, rosin polymers or water-degradable polymers in general can leach out of a wet gel structure.
• different methods can be used, which methods are the focus of the invention.
• polymerized rosin or rosin derivatives By employing polymerized rosin or rosin derivatives, the pores of the final, dry gel particles S become "clogged" which prevents any minor amounts of non- polymerized material from escaping, until the gel structure itself has been polished sufficiently to expose a new layer of the gel particle.
• the present invention thus relates to a method of producing polymer loaded gel particles for polishing control in anti-fouling paints by incorporation of one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers prepared from rosin or one or more rosin derivatives into a hosting gel structure, which method comprises the following steps: a Prepare a suitable dry gel and subsequently absorb said one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers in the gel by immersion of the gel particles in the relevant molten polymer or in a concentrated solution of said polymer, or
• the hosting gel may be in wet form.
• the hosting gel may be in a dried form such as as a xerogel, aerogel, cryogel or aeromosil.
• the invention also allows for both the preparation of the hosting gel structure and the incorporation of the one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers to be conducted as a one pot synthesis in a high pressure vessel at sub- or supercritical conditions followed by venting solvents and byproducts from the reaction vessel at supercritical conditions or in gas phase before isolation of the loaded gel particles.
• the present invention also relates to the polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the present invention discussed above, and to polymer loaded gel particles, wherein the method of preparation involves one or more steps conducted in the presence of carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions.
• Loading rosin or one or more water-soluble/water-degradable polymers in gels by any of the above methods will have a significant effect on polishing properties and surface swelling of the eventual paint.
• the gel may be an aerogel, a cryogel, a xerogel or an aeromosil depending on the requirement of the paint in question.
• the polymer loaded particles may now be used as a combined pigment/binder component in the paint with a concentration that attains the desired polishing rate.
• the gel particles obtained by any of the above methods may be milled to finer particles either before addition to a paint formulation or during the further processing of the paint.
• the gel particles will provide a means for penetration of water into the surface as discussed above.
• the gel structure may control the water penetration to an optimal surface area of the water degradable polymer, which allows control of the dissolution rate of said polymer.
• the water-soluble/water-degradable polymers used may be mixed with suitable organic biocides on the list of accepted biocides, such as, for example, EconeaTM, Sea-NineTM or soluble Pyrithiones.
• suitable organic biocides such as, for example, EconeaTM, Sea-NineTM or soluble Pyrithiones.
• the release rate of the biocide is coupled to the dissolution of the water-soluble/water-degradable polymers and the distribution of gel particles in the paint.
• the gel itself can be partly filled with acceptable biocides, thereby enhancing the biocidal effect.
• the present invention thus also relates to the use of polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the invention as components for polishing control in anti-fouling paints.
• the present invention also relates to a method for achieving polishing control in anti-fouling paints, which method comprises adding polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the method of the invention to the relevant paint formulation during the processing of the paint.
• the present invention also relates to a method for improving the polishing rate of anti-fouling paints, which method comprises adding polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the method of the invention to the relevant paint formulation during the processing of the paint.
• FIG 1 shows the so-called “rosin acids”, which are monocarboxylic acids and have a typical molecular formula C20H30O2.
• the prominent ones include abietic acid with conjugated double bonds and pimaric acid with non-conjugated double bonds. Rosin acids are the main components of rosin.
• Figure 2 shows a polymerization reaction whereby two molecules of abietic acid are converted to a dimer.
• Figure 3 shows how a linker of length 1 -3 carbon atoms having an epoxy group in one end and an acrylate group in the other can react with the carboxyl group of the hydrogenated rosin acid (tetrahydroabietic acid) to form a rosin derivative (monomer) with a polymerizable acrylate group attached.
• Figure 3 further shows how this rosin derivative can be polymerized thereby forming an acrylate backbone with grafted rosin moieties. The degree of polymerization is difficult ascertain within the gel, but the formed acrylate backbone presumably contains about 10.000-100.000 repeating rosin ester units.
• the term "sol” as used herein means a solution of various reactants that are undergoing hydrolysis and condensation reactions. The molecular weight of the oxide species produced continuously increases. As these species grow, they may begin to link together in a three-dimensional network.
• the term "alcogel” as used herein means a wet gel which can be removed from its original container and can stand on its own. An alcogel consists of two parts, a solid part and a liquid part. The solid part is formed by the three-dimensional network of linked oxide particles. The liquid part (the original solvent of the Sol) fills the free space surrounding the solid part. The liquid and solid parts of an alcogel occupy the same apparent volume.
• supercritical fluid means a substance that is above its critical pressure and critical temperature.
• a supercritical fluid possesses some properties in common with liquids (density, thermal conductivity) and some in common with gases (fills its container, does not have surface tension).
• aerogel means what remains when the liquid part of an alcogel is removed without damaging the solid part. Removal of the liquid part can be achieved by e.g. supercritical extraction. If made correctly, the aerogel retains the original shape of the alcogel and at least 50% (typically >85%) of the alcogel's volume.
• xerogel means what remains when the liquid part of an alcogel is removed by evaporation, or similar methods. Xerogels may retain their original shape, but often crack. The shrinkage during drying is often extreme (-90%) for some xerogels.
• cryogel as used herin means what remains when an alcogel is frozen and the previously liquid part of the alcogel is removed by evaporation keeping the alcogel frozen all the time. Cryogels may retain their original shape, but often crack. The shrinkage during drying may be substantial for some cryogels. Addition of suitable surfactants in the alcogel may relieve this problem.
• Aeromosil as used herin means Organically Modified Silicate Aerogel, obtainable by modifying silicate aerogel structures with flexible, organic containing polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
• the empty gels of the invention in general have densities in the range 0.05 to 0.8 g/cm 3 .
• the density will raise according to the amount and properties of the loaded compounds.
• the densities of the loaded gels will be below 2.0 g/cm 3 .
• rosin as used herein comprises a material mainly consisting of abietic acid and its isomers, or hydrogenated Rosin which is a refined saturated (i.e. hydrogenated) reaction product.
• Rosin may alsobe functionalized on the carboxylic group in order to obtain a polymerizable monomer, including esters and amides of abietic acid and its isomers.
• water degradable polymer refers to polymers such as polyacrylates and -methacrylates containing chemical groups which upon contact with water may be hydrolyzed over time. Typical chemical groups comprise ester and amide groups.
• polishing rate can be considered the removal rate of the paint components when a painted surface is exposed to seawater.
• the ideal polishing rate for an anti-fouling paint is dictated by the type of vessel or pleasure boat the product is aimed for. Thus a low polishing rate is normally desired for ships sailing continuously, and a higher polishing rate for the yacht market.
• polymer loaded gel particles can be produced which allow for a very wide range of polishing rates in the final anti- fouling paint, thus adressing the requirements of a broad segment of ships, yachts, boats, vessels, buoys, offshore structures and any other submerged objects and marine constructions, both stationary and non-stationary, for which fouling should be prevented.
• certain molecules such as rosin, hydrogenated rosin, water degradable rosin derivatives and/or water-degradable polymers thereof or other water-degradable polymers may be entrapped in gel particles, such as aerogel or aeromosil particles.
• the resulting gel particles may be added to anti-fouling compositions such as paints to control the polishing rate of said compositions.
• Other components may be entrapped in the gel particles according to the invention, such as eg. biocides and/or metal particles which may have a beneficial influence on the properties of the eventual paints produced containing the gel particles.
• the gel particles of the invention are used in anti- fouling paints to provide polishing control.
• the present invention thus relates to a method of producing polymer loaded gel particles for polishing control in anti-fouling paints by incorporation of one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers prepared from rosin or one or more rosin derivatives into a hosting gel structure, which method comprises the following steps: a. Prepare a suitable dry gel and subsequently absorb said one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers in the gel by immersion of the gel particles in the relevant molten polymer or in a concentrated solution of said polymer, or
• the entrapment takes place by preparing a suitable dry gel and subsequently absorbing the relevant one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers in the gel by immersing the gel in molten polymer or a concentrated solution of said polymer.
• the one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers has a polyacrylate or polymethacrylate backbone.
• the entrapment takes place by preparing a suitable dry gel followed by immersing said gel in a solution of the relevant one or more monomers necessary to produce said one or more water- soluble or water-degradable polymers, and su bseq uently carry out the polymerization of the adsorbed monomer in situ.
• the entrapment takes place by exchanging the mother liquid in an already prepared wet gel (alcogel) with a saturated solution of the relevant one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers.
• the entrapment takes place by preparing a gel with a balanced hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity that will secure that the gel is partly filled with the relevant one or more water-soluble or water- degradable polymers during the production of the paint, said one or more water- soluble or water-degradable polymers having been dissolved in the binder phase of the paint.
• the invention allows for both the preparation of the hosting gel structure and the incorporation of the one or more water-soluble or water-degradable polymers to be conducted as a one pot synthesis in a high pressure vessel at sub- or supercritical conditions followed by venting solvents and byproducts from the reaction vessel at supercritical conditions or in gas phase before isolation of the loaded gel particles.
• the one or more relevant monomers necessary to produce said water-soluble or water-degradable polymer are selected from rosin, rosin derivatives such as hydrogenated rosin, or abietic acid and isomers of abietic acid.
• the one or more relevant monomers necessary to produce said water-soluble or water-degradable polymer contain a polymerizable acrylate or methacrylate functionality or group.
• one of the relevant monomers is rosin. In a different embodiment one of the relevant monomers is hydrogenated rosin. In a different embodiment one of the relevant monomers is hydrogenated rosin derivatized on the carboxy group to contain a linker with a polymerizable acrylate or methacrylate group attached. In a different embodiment one of the relevant monomers is selected from abietic acid and isomers of abietic acid. In a further embodiment the relevant monomer is a rosin based product or derivative, which contains a hydrolyzable group such as an ester or amide.
• the water-soluble or water-degradable polymers are created in situ from one or more relevant monomers by polymerization.
• the present invention also relates to the polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the present invention discussed above, and to polymer loaded gel particles, wherein the method of preparation involves one or more steps conducted in the presence of carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions.
• the polymer loaded gel particles further comprise one or more biocides, such as, for example, EconeaTM, Sea-NineTM or soluble Pyrithiones.
• polymer loaded gel particles further comprise metal particles, such as particles of Ag and/or Cu.
• the present invention also relates to the use of polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the invention as components for polishing control in anti-fouling paints.
• the polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the invention are used as components for polishing control in anti- fouling paints for yachts and other types of private vessels.
• polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the invention are used as components for polishing control in anti- fouling paints for commercial ships and vessels.
• polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the invention are used as components for polishing control in anti- fouling paints for buoys, offshore structures and any other submerged objects.
• polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the invention are used as components for polishing control in anti- fouling paints for other types of both stationary and non-stationary marine constructions exposed to, or submerged in seawater.
• the polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the methods of the invention are used as components for polishing control in anti- fouling paints for use in pipes and other parts of equipment including pumps and storage tanks designed for transporting or pumping non-potable water such as cooling water from power plants, waste water, sewage and the like.
• the present invention also relates to a method for achieving polishing control in anti-fouling paints, which method comprises adding polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the method of the invention to the relevant paint formulation during the processing of the paint.
• the present invention also relates to a method for improving the polishing rate of anti-fouling paints, which method comprises adding polymer loaded gel particles obtained by the method of the invention to the relevant paint formulation during the processing of the paint.
• the present invention will in the following be exemplified by the following non- limiting examples:
• TMOS tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetramethoxysilane
• 300g of the prepared gel was cut into pieces and placed in a 500 ml high pressure flow vessel. After slowly letting MeOH flow app 1 ⁇ 2 ml/ minute for several days in order to remove water content, the temperature was raised to 40°C and the vessel was gradually pressurized with MeOH to 100 bars with a speed of 3 bars/minute.
• Example 2 The material produced in example 2 was crushed to produce small lumps below 1 cm 3 and immersed in a solution in dichloromethane of rosin-monomer and a few percent AIBN as polymerization initiator. After evaporation of solvent, xylene was added and the suspended material was heated to 85 °C. Polymerisation was allowed to take place for about 15 minutes. The material was cooled down and washed several times with xylene in order to remove unreacted rosin- monomers and if necessary dried in vacuum before use.
• An aerogel prepared from TMOS as described in example 2 was prepared. The material was crushed to produce small lumps below 1 cm 3 and placed in a container with a solution of Rosin and a Rosin based monomer in acetone. The container was heated to 60°C where a solution of rosin can be obtained in acetone. The container was kept at a temperature between 60 and 80 °C for a time not exceeding 4 hours. The loaded gel was separated from the rosin and if necessary dried in vacuum before use.
• Example 5b An aerogel prepared from TMOS as described in example 2 was prepared. The material was crushed to produce small lumps below 1 cm 3 and placed in a container with an excess of a mixture of Rosin based monomer and EconeaTM (an organic biocide). The filled gel was separated from the molten rosin. The container with the filled gel was heated to 140°C and kept at this temperature for a time not exceeding 4 hours.
• Example 5b An aerogel prepared from TMOS as described in example 2 was prepared. The material was crushed to produce small lumps below 1 cm 3 and placed in a container with an excess of a mixture of Rosin based monomer and EconeaTM (an organic biocide). The filled gel was separated from the molten rosin. The container with the filled gel was heated to 140°C and kept at this temperature for a time not exceeding 4 hours.
• Example 5b An aerogel prepared from TMOS as described in example 2 was prepared. The material was crushed to produce small lumps below 1 cm 3 and placed in a container with an excess of
• Example 4a was carried out with Sea-NineTM as the biocide.
• Example 6a was carried out with Sea-NineTM as the biocide.
• An aerogel prepared from TMOS as described in example 2 was prepared. The material was crushed to produce small lumps below 1 cm 3 and placed in a container with a solution of Rosin based monomer and EconeaTM (an organic biocide) in acetone. The container was heated to about 52°C where a solution of rosin and EconeaTM in acetone was obtained. The container was kept at this temperature for about 4 hours. The filled gel was separated from the solution of the rosin and dried in vacuum before use.
• Example 5a was carried out with Sea-NineTM as the biocide.
• the container was pressurized with carbon dioxide at sub or supercritical conditions as the solvent.
• the solvent and possible co-solvents were vented out as a gas, preferably after cooling of the vessel.

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