WO2011099208A1 - シリコン真空溶解法 - Google Patents
シリコン真空溶解法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011099208A1 WO2011099208A1 PCT/JP2010/070428 JP2010070428W WO2011099208A1 WO 2011099208 A1 WO2011099208 A1 WO 2011099208A1 JP 2010070428 W JP2010070428 W JP 2010070428W WO 2011099208 A1 WO2011099208 A1 WO 2011099208A1
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- silicon
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- cooled copper
- copper crucible
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
- C01B33/037—Purification
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/06—Silicon
Definitions
- the present invention mainly relates to a silicon vacuum melting method for melting and refining silicon raw materials for solar cells.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-48606 Japanese Patent Application No. 7-194482 discloses that silicon is dissolved in an electron beam in a water-cooled copper container under reduced pressure
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-232658 Japanese Patent Application No. No. 2006-10293 discloses that silicon is dissolved in a graphite crucible under reduced pressure by induction melting or heating of a resistance heating element.
- volatile impurity elements particularly phosphorus
- the electron beam melting method has a large equipment cost and melting power cost for the production volume, and the melting method in the graphite crucible using induction melting or resistance heating element is a long time refining treatment and an expensive high quality graphite crucible. Needed as a consumable.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a silicon vacuum melting method capable of manufacturing a silicon raw material for a solar cell at a low cost with a simple configuration.
- the present invention uses an apparatus including a furnace body container, a conductive crucible provided inside the furnace body container, and a support rod for holding silicon, After holding the silicon at a predetermined interval in the crucible, the furnace body container is evacuated and a voltage is applied to the silicon and the crucible to apply silicon as an electrode material and dissolve it. The molten silicon is sequentially solidified from the bottom in the cooled crucible while the upper part of the molten silicon is maintained in a molten state.
- volatile impurities in silicon can be volatilized in the gas phase and refined. Further, since the dissolved silicon is sequentially solidified from the bottom in the cooled crucible while maintaining the upper portion of the dissolved silicon in a dissolved state, the effect of solidification segregation of impurities in the silicon can be obtained at the same time. For this reason, it becomes possible to manufacture the silicon raw material for solar cells at a low cost with a simple configuration.
- the porosity which is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the gap between the crucible and silicon, to the cross-sectional area of the crucible within a range of 0.4 to 0.6. According to this, impurities can be efficiently removed by evaporation and the production amount can be increased.
- a silicon whose cross section is gradually reduced in diameter toward the tip and gradually increase the energization amount in the silicon to raise the temperature. According to this, brittle fracture of silicon due to a sudden temperature rise can be prevented.
- a vapor deposition plate having a shape covering the inner wall surface of the conductive crucible and movable upward in the furnace body container According to this, if the vapor deposition plate is moved upward so that it does not come into contact with the dissolved silicon surface that rises as the silicon is dissolved, impurities removed by evaporation are deposited on the inner wall of the conductive crucible. Adhesion can be prevented, and re-mixing of impurities into the dissolved silicon can be prevented.
- volatile elements in silicon can be vaporized in the gas phase and refined. Further, since the dissolved silicon is sequentially solidified from the bottom in the cooled crucible while maintaining the upper portion of the dissolved silicon in a dissolved state, the effect of solidification segregation of impurities in the silicon can be obtained at the same time.
- the device structure since the device structure only requires a crucible for containing molten silicon and a space structure for evacuation that is almost equal to the diameter of the crucible, the device structure for vacuum melting and solidification is simple and downsized.
- the direct heat generation method in which an electric current is passed through silicon since the direct heat generation method in which an electric current is passed through silicon is employed, the energy efficiency for dissolving silicon is high, the dissolution rate is high, and the economic advantage is further increased.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is a principal part enlarged view of this apparatus.
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line III-III in FIG. It is a principal part enlarged view of this apparatus which concerns on other embodiment. It is a block schematic diagram of this apparatus concerning other embodiments.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a silicon vacuum melting apparatus (hereinafter referred to as the present apparatus 1) according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a main part of the apparatus 1
- FIG. FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a silicon vacuum melting apparatus (hereinafter referred to as the present apparatus 1) according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a main part of the apparatus 1
- FIG. FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a silicon vacuum melting apparatus (hereinafter referred to as the present apparatus 1) according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a main part of the apparatus 1
- FIG. FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a silicon vacuum melting apparatus (hereinafter referred to as the present apparatus 1) according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a main part of the apparatus 1
- the present apparatus 1 includes a furnace body container 100, a conductive water-cooled copper crucible 200 provided inside the furnace body container 100, and a support rod 300 that holds the upper part of the silicon electrode S.
- the furnace body container 100 is a sealed container provided in a manner covering the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and the silicon electrode S.
- An exhaust port 110 is provided in the upper part of the furnace body container 100.
- the inside of the furnace body vessel 100 is depressurized to a vacuum state (0.001 Torr to 0.01 Torr) by a vacuum pump (not shown).
- an insertion hole 120 is formed in the upper part of the furnace body container 100, and the support rod 300 is inserted therethrough.
- the insertion hole 120 is preferably provided with a sealing member 130 made of rubber or the like in order to make the furnace body container 100 a sealed container.
- cooling water ports 140 and 150 are provided on the side surface and bottom of the furnace body container 100. At the time of melting and refining, cooling water is injected from the cooling water ports 140 and 150 to cool the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the water-cooled copper crucible 200 has an upper surface opening and a bottom, and is formed so as to extend in the vertical direction. Further, it is connected to a DC power supply (not shown) and is energized when a positive voltage is applied.
- the support rod 300 holds the upper part of the silicon electrode S and arranges the silicon electrode S at a predetermined interval in the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the support rod 300 is moved up and down by the action of the electrode feed mechanism 400, and the silicon electrode S can be moved up and down in the water-cooled copper crucible 200 along with this.
- the support rod 300 is connected to a DC power supply (not shown) so that the silicon electrode S is energized when a negative voltage is applied.
- the silicon electrode S is a long rod-shaped silicon material having a purity of about 99% or more, and is vertically arranged in the water-cooled copper crucible 200 with a predetermined interval. As will be described later, the silicon electrode S is melted by energization and then dropped and accumulated as dissolved silicon S ′ at the bottom of the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the melted silicon S ′ is cooled by the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and solidified from the bottom to become a solidified silicon lump while maintaining the melted state at the top, so that it has a two-layer structure of melted and solidified during melt refining. ing.
- the silicon electrode S is energized and dissolved as an electrode material.
- the dissolved silicon is dropped as it is and accumulated at the bottom of the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the water-cooled copper crucible 200 is water-cooled, it solidifies sequentially from the bottom. At this time, a certain amount of molten silicon is maintained in a molten state at the upper portion, and during the melting and refining, an arc discharge is made between the silicon electrode S and the upper portion of the molten silicon S ', thereby energizing.
- the impurities in silicon have a large segregation coefficient of 0.8, and it has become technically possible to remove all harmful impurities other than boron, which has a high evaporation temperature.
- the apparatus structure for vacuum melting and solidification is simple and downsized. That is, the device structure only requires a water-cooled copper crucible 200 that contains molten silicon and a space structure for evacuation that is substantially equal to the diameter of the water-cooled copper crucible 200. Therefore, the advantages of productivity and economic efficiency of the apparatus are great as well as high purification efficiency of silicon.
- the melting container is heated by induction melting using a conventional graphite crucible or melting by a resistance heating element, and the electron gun is heated by electron beam melting. It is an indirect heating method that is transmitted to silicon.
- the silicon melting method of the present invention employs a direct heat generation method in which an electric current is passed through silicon. Therefore, the energy efficiency for silicon melting is high, the melting rate is high, and the economic advantage is further increased. .
- the following apparatus configuration is adopted with respect to the size of the silicon electrode S inserted into the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the melting electrode material of the water-cooled copper crucible 200 is used.
- the diameter was increased as much as possible until safety without contact accidents was ensured.
- the relationship between the diameter of the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and the diameter of the electrode material has been about 0.25 in terms of the porosity K described above.
- the porosity K is changed from 0.4 to 0.6 for the following reason.
- One purpose of the vacuum melting of the silicon electrode S according to the present invention is to remove volatile impurities by evaporation.
- the amount of dissolved substance removed by evaporation is proportional to the area where the gas can freely dissipate from the surface of the dissolved substance. Therefore, in order to increase the evaporation amount from the dissolved silicon surface, it is necessary to increase the porosity K.
- the porosity K is set to 0.4 to 0.6.
- the effect of evaporation removal of impurities by the dissolution method according to the present invention is great. That is, in general, in the process of efficiently dissolving and evaporating impurities from a substance, the temperature of the dissolved substance surface is high, the dissolved substance surface is constantly disturbed, the dissolved substance surface is constantly renewed, and the entire dissolved substance flows. It is necessary that the movement of impurities in the solution is promoted, and that the degree of vacuum is high so that gaseous impurity molecules that have escaped from the solution into the gas phase are exhausted.
- the surface temperature of the molten silicon S ′ is sufficiently high because the arc temperature reaches 3000 to 5000 ° C., and the surface may be disturbed because the arc strikes the surface of the molten silicon S ′ strongly.
- a DC current of 10,000 ⁇ A or more passes through the molten silicon S ′, so that the pinch force (Lorentz force) due to the self-current acts on the molten silicon S ′, and the molten silicon S ′ is fluidly stirred, and further, a vacuum pump Due to this, the degree of vacuum is high to evacuate the gas to 0.01 ⁇ torr.
- the impurity removal function according to the present invention is highly effective.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a main part of the apparatus 1 according to another embodiment.
- the shape of the tip portion of the silicon electrode S is formed in an inverted conical shape, and the temperature of the silicon electrode S is gradually increased to increase the temperature.
- the silicon electrode S is prone to brittle fracture due to rapid temperature rise at a temperature of about 600 ° C. or less, and it was necessary to gradually raise the temperature in the vicinity of the melted portion of the silicon electrode S in preparation for starting melting. For this reason, if the shape of the tip portion of the silicon electrode S is, for example, an inverted conical shape, and the temperature is increased by gradually increasing the energization amount, the silicon electrode S can be prevented from being destroyed.
- the shape of the tip portion of the silicon electrode S is not limited to the inverted conical shape, and may be any shape as long as the cross section gradually decreases toward the tip portion.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram of the apparatus 1 according to still another embodiment.
- the apparatus 1 includes a vapor deposition plate 500 having a shape that covers the inner wall surface of the conductive crucible 200 inside the furnace body container 100 and movable upward.
- Impurities removed by evaporation from the melted silicon S ′ at high temperature are transported to the outside of the furnace while being evacuated under pressure, but some impurities are deposited on the inner wall of the cooled conductive crucible 200 and the inner wall of the furnace body 100. And stay.
- the deposition plate 500 having a shape covering the inner wall surface of the conductive crucible 200 and movable upward is used to contact the surface of the dissolved silicon S ′ that rises as the dissolution of the silicon S progresses. If the deposition plate 500 is moved upward so as not to occur, the impurities removed by evaporation can be prevented from adhering to the inner wall of the conductive crucible 200, and the impurities can be recycled to the dissolved silicon S ′. Mixing can be prevented.
- Example 1 was performed as follows. That is, a water-cooled copper crucible 200 having a diameter of 70 cm and a depth of 200 cm was installed in the furnace body container 100.
- the silicon electrode S to be melted was prepared by melting with a diameter of 53 cm and a length of 300 cm by electromagnetic casting (for example, PCT / JP2009 / 71620).
- the porosity K between the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and the silicon electrode S in this example was 0.43.
- the tip of the silicon electrode S was cast during electromagnetic casting so as to have an inverted conical shape.
- the silicon electrode S was installed in the water-cooled copper crucible 200 of the furnace body container 100, the inside of the furnace body container 100 was sealed and evacuation was started.
- degree of vacuum was not more than “0.01” torr
- energization of the silicon electrode S was started.
- the initial energizing amount started from about 2000 A and gradually increased.
- the energization amount increased, the initial dissolved silicon S ′′ and the silicon electrode S began to dissolve, and a pool of dissolved silicon S ′ was formed when the energization amount exceeded about 10,000 ⁇ A.
- the silicon electrode S was sequentially sent downward, and in the steady melting operation, a DC voltage of 25 to 26 V was applied and a current of about 16,000 A was applied.
- the dissolution rate was adjusted to maintain about 0.01 torr as measured directly above the copper crucible 200, and the dissolution operation was continued for about 6 hours.
- the furnace body container 100 was disassembled, and a silicon ingot of about 1400 kg was taken out from the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the amount of electricity used for this melting was about 1600 kWh per ton of silicon.
- Table 1 shows the result of measuring the impurity concentration of the extracted silicon ingot. It was confirmed that volatile impurities and elements with a small segregation coefficient in silicon were well removed.
- Example 2 was performed as follows. That is, the size of the furnace body and the water-cooled copper crucible 200 was the same as in Example 1, and the water-cooled copper crucible 200 having a diameter of 70 cm and a depth of 200 cm was used. However, the silicon electrode S to be melted was melted and produced by an electromagnetic casting method with a diameter of 45 cm and a length of 300 cm. The porosity K between the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and the silicon electrode S in this example was 0.59.
- the tip of the silicon electrode S was cast during electromagnetic casting so as to have an inverted conical shape. Further, about 30 kg-kg of initial dissolved silicon S ′′ was similarly charged into the bottom of the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the furnace body 100 is sealed and evacuation is started.
- the degree of vacuum is less than 0.01 torr
- the silicon electrode S is energized.
- a DC voltage of 25 to 26 V was applied, and a current of about 14,000 A was applied.
- the degree of vacuum was measured immediately above the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and the dissolution rate was adjusted to maintain about 0.01 torr. The dissolution operation was continued for about 5 hours.
- the furnace body container 100 was disassembled, and a silicon ingot of about 1100 kg was taken out from the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- the amount of power used in this melting was about 1550 kWh per ton of silicon.
- Table 2 shows the result of measuring the impurity concentration of the extracted silicon ingot. It was confirmed that if the boron concentration in the initial raw material before melting was lowered, volatile impurities and elements having a small segregation coefficient in silicon were well removed and used as a silicon raw material for solar cells.
- Example 3 was performed as follows. That is, the sizes of the furnace body 100 and the water-cooled copper crucible 200 were the same as those in Examples 1 and 2, and the water-cooled copper crucible 200 having a diameter of 70 cm and a depth of 200 cm was used.
- the silicon electrode S to be melted was prepared by melting with a diameter of 45 cm and a length of 300 cm by electromagnetic casting.
- the porosity s (d) / S (D) of the diameter of the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and the diameter of the electrode material S in this example was 0.59.
- the tip for starting the dissolution of the silicon electrode S was cast into an inverted conical shape during electromagnetic casting. Further, about 30 kg-kg of initial dissolved silicon S ′′ was similarly charged into the bottom of the water-cooled copper crucible 200.
- a vapor deposition plate 500 having a shape covering the inner wall surface of the conductive crucible 200 inside the furnace body container 100 and movable upward is made of molybdenum having an outer diameter of 67 cm, a thickness of 2 mm, and a height of 150 cm.
- a cylinder was installed, and this was connected to two vertical movement support bars 610.
- the vertical movement support bar 610 can be moved upward by a support bar feed mechanism 620 outside the furnace. Note that minute irregularities were formed on the inner surface of the molybdenum cylinder by the shot blasting method so that the deposited material could be easily held under vacuum.
- the furnace was sealed, and evacuation was started.
- the degree of vacuum was less than 0.01 torr, It started and moved to a steady dissolution operation.
- the cylindrical vapor deposition plate 500 was moved upward so that the lower end of the vapor deposition plate was separated from the surface of the molten silicon S 'by a distance of about 7 cm.
- a DC voltage of 25 to 26 V was applied, and a current of about 14,000 A was applied.
- the degree of vacuum was measured immediately above the water-cooled copper crucible 200 and the dissolution rate was adjusted to maintain about 0.01 torr. The dissolution operation was continued for about 5 hours.
- the furnace was dismantled and a silicon ingot of about 1100 kg was taken out from the copper crucible 200.
- the amount of power used in this melting was about 1550 kWh per ton of silicon.
- Table 3 shows the result of measuring the impurity concentration of the extracted silicon ingot. It was confirmed that volatile impurities and elements having a small segregation coefficient in silicon were well removed and that they could be used as a silicon raw material for solar cells.
- the present invention makes it possible to easily and economically remove volatile impurities and small segregation-related impurities in silicon as compared with conventional methods, and is industrialized as a method for producing silicon raw materials for solar cells. Applicable to do.
Abstract
Description
さらに、当該炉体容器の内部には、前記導電性のるつぼの内壁面を覆う形状をもち、かつ上方に移動可能な蒸着板を使用することが好ましい。これによれば、当該蒸着板をシリコンの溶解の進行に伴って上昇する溶解シリコン表面と接触することのないように上方に移動すれば、蒸発によって除去された不純物が導電性のるつぼの内壁に付着することを防止することができ、溶解シリコンへの不純物の再混入を防ぐことができる。
100・・・炉体容器
200・・・水冷銅るつぼ
300・・・支持棒
400・・・電極送り機構
500・・・蒸着板
S・・・シリコン電極
S’・・・溶解シリコン
図5は、さらに他の実施形態に係る本装置1の概略構成図である。
本装置1では、炉体容器100の内部で、導電性のるつぼ200の内壁面を覆う形状をもち、かつ上方に移動可能な蒸着板500を備えている。高温下において溶解シリコンS’中から蒸発除去される不純物は減圧排気されながら炉外に運搬されるが、一部の不純物は冷却された導電性のるつぼ200の内壁や炉体100の内壁に蒸着して留まる。しかし、導電性のるつぼ200の内壁面を覆う形状をもち、かつ上方に移動可能な蒸着板500を使用して、シリコンSの溶解の進行に伴って上昇する溶解シリコンS’の表面と接触することのないように当該蒸着板500を上方に移動すれば、蒸発によって除去された不純物が導電性のるつぼ200の内壁に付着することを防止することができ、溶解シリコンS’への不純物の再混入を防ぐことができる。
Claims (4)
- 炉体容器と、該炉体容器の内部に設けられた導電性のるつぼと、シリコンを保持する支持棒とを備えた装置を利用し、前記るつぼ内で所定間隔を空けてシリコンを配置したあと、前記炉体容器内を真空状態にして、シリコンと前記るつぼに電圧を負荷することによりシリコンを電極材として通電して溶解し、溶解シリコンの上部を溶解状態に維持しながら、溶解シリコンを冷却された前記るつぼ内で底部から順次凝固させることを特徴とするシリコン真空溶解法。
- 前記るつぼの断面積に対して、前記るつぼとシリコンの間の空隙の断面積の割合である空隙率を0.4~0.6の範囲内に設定する請求項1に記載のシリコン真空溶解法。
- 前記シリコンとして先端部に向けて横断面が次第に径小となるように形成されたものを使用し、該シリコンにおける通電量を徐々に増加して昇温する請求項1または請求項2に記載のシリコン真空溶解法。
- 導電性のるつぼの内壁面を覆う形状をもち、かつ上方に移動可能な蒸着板を使用する請求項2または請求項3に記載のシリコン真空溶解法。
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CN2010800608214A CN102712482A (zh) | 2010-02-09 | 2010-11-17 | 硅真空熔化方法 |
US13/567,234 US20120297832A1 (en) | 2010-02-09 | 2012-08-06 | Silicon vacuum melting method |
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JPPCT/JP2010/051838 | 2010-02-09 | ||
PCT/JP2010/051838 WO2011099110A1 (ja) | 2010-02-09 | 2010-02-09 | シリコン真空溶解法 |
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US13/567,234 Continuation US20120297832A1 (en) | 2010-02-09 | 2012-08-06 | Silicon vacuum melting method |
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PCT/JP2010/070428 WO2011099208A1 (ja) | 2010-02-09 | 2010-11-17 | シリコン真空溶解法 |
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Cited By (1)
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WO2013032703A2 (en) | 2011-08-26 | 2013-03-07 | Consarc Corporation | Purification of a metalloid by consumable electrode vacuum arc remelt process |
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CN104495853B (zh) * | 2014-12-05 | 2016-04-13 | 青海大学 | 一种工业硅精炼提纯方法 |
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- 2010-11-17 CN CN2010800608214A patent/CN102712482A/zh active Pending
- 2010-11-17 WO PCT/JP2010/070428 patent/WO2011099208A1/ja active Application Filing
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2012
- 2012-08-06 US US13/567,234 patent/US20120297832A1/en not_active Abandoned
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WO2013032703A2 (en) | 2011-08-26 | 2013-03-07 | Consarc Corporation | Purification of a metalloid by consumable electrode vacuum arc remelt process |
KR20140059823A (ko) * | 2011-08-26 | 2014-05-16 | 콘삭 코퍼레이션 | 소모성 전극 진공 아크 재용해 공정에 의한 반금속의 정제 |
JP2014529568A (ja) * | 2011-08-26 | 2014-11-13 | コンサーク コーポレイションConsarc Corporation | 消耗電極真空アーク再溶解法によるメタロイドの精製 |
EP2748355A4 (en) * | 2011-08-26 | 2015-05-20 | Consarc Corp | PURIFICATION OF A METALLOID BY A VACUUM ARC REFITTING METHOD OF CONSUMABLE ELECTRODE |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102712482A (zh) | 2012-10-03 |
WO2011099110A1 (ja) | 2011-08-18 |
US20120297832A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
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