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Definitions

• the present invention relates to cyclohexyl amide derivatives, their preparation, their use as pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. More particularly the present invention relates to their use as corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists.
• CRF corticotropin releasing factor
• R 1 is a group A or B:
• X 1 is haloalkyl C1 to 10;
• X z is halogen
• X 3 is halogen or haloalkyl
• X 4 is alkyl C1 to 10;
• R 4 is a group of formula II or R 4 together with R 5 and the nitrogen to which they are attached forms a group of formula III;
• R 5 is hydrogen or together with R 4 and the nitrogen to which they are attached forms a group of formula III;
• X 5 is O or -CH 2 -;
• X 8 is O or-CH 2 -;
• R 6 is halophenyl, optionally substituted by alkoxy C1 to 6;
• R 7 is alkyl C1 to 6
• R 8 is hydrogen or pyridin-3-yl
• R 9 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 10 is -COOH or -CHR 36 COOH
• R 12 is hydrogen, alkyl C1 to 6, alkoxy C1 to 6, hydroxyalkyl C1 to 6, -C0 2 R 11 or phenyl optionally substituted by fluoro;
• R 11 is alkyl C1 to 6
• R 13 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl C1 to 6 or chloro
• R 14 is hydrogen, alkyl C1 to 6, methoxy, hydroxyalkyl C1 to 6, ethoxycarbonyl, pyridyl, benzo[1 , 3]dioxo-5-yl or phenyl, optionally substituted by fluoro, alkoxy C1 to 6;
• R 1S is hydrogen or methyl
• R 16 , R 17 , R 16 , R 9 , R 2D which may be the same or different, are each hydrogen or alkyi C1 to 6;
• R 2 is alkyi C1 to 6;
• R 22 is haloalkyi C1 to 6;
• R 36 and R 37 which may be the same or different are each hydrogen or alkyi c1 to 6;
• R 4 is a group of formula IV or R 4 together with R 5 and the nitrogen to which they are attached forms a group of formula V;
• R 23 and R 24 which may be the same or different, are each alkyi C1 to 6;
• R 25 is alkoxy C1 to 6
• R 26 is hydrogen or halogen
• R 27 is hydrogen, alkyi C1 to 3, methoxy or hydroxymethyl or haloalkyi;
• R 28 is hydrogen, alkyi C1 to 6 or halogen
• R 29 is hydrogen, alkyi C1 to 3, alkoxy C1 to 6, hydroxyalkyl C1 to 6, haloalkyi C1 to 6, pyridyl or phenyl optionally substituted by fluorine;
• R 32 and R 33 which may be the same or different, are each hydrogen or alkyi C1 to 6; R 35 is halogen; and isomers thereof;
• alkyl refers to a fully saturated, branched, unbranched or cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, i.e. primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl or, where appropriate, cycloalkyl or alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl, they may also be saturated or unsaturated alkyl groups.
• the alkyl comprises 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 7-propyl, /so-propyl, n- butyl, sec-butyl, /so-butyl, fert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3- methylhexyl, 2,2- dimethylpenty!, 2,3-dimethylpentyi, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n- decyl and the like.
• haloalkyi refers to an alkyl as defined herein, that is substituted by one or more halo groups as defined herein.
• the haloalkyi can be monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl or polyhaloalkyl including perhaloalkyl.
• a monohaioalkyl can have one iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro within the alkyl group.
• Dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl groups can have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo groups within the alkyl.
• the polyhaloalkyl contains up to 12, or 10, or 8, or 6, or 4, or 3, or 2 halo groups.
• haloalkyi include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
• a perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl having all hydrogen atoms replaced with halo atoms.
• alkoxy refers to alkyl-O-, wherein alkyl is defined herein above.
• Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, ierf-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, cyclopropyloxy- , cyclohexyloxy- and the like.
• alkoxy groups have about 1-7, more preferably about 1-4 carbons.
• sulphonyl refers to R-S0 2 -, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-alkyl, heteroaryl-alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, or heterocyc!yl.
• heterocyclyl refers to an optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic ring or ring system, e.g., which is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered monocyclic, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, or 12-membered bicyclic or 10-, 1 1-, 12-, 13-, 14- or 15-membered tricyclic ring system and contains at least one heteroatom selected from O, S and N, where the N and S can also optionally be oxidized to various oxidation states.
• the heterocyclic group can be attached at a heteroatom or a carbon atom.
• heterocyclyl can include fused or bridged rings as well as spirocyclic rings.
• heterocycles include tetrahydrofuran (THF), dihydrofuran, 1 , 4-dioxane, morpholine, 1,4-dithiane, piperazine, piperidine, 1 ,3- dioxolane, imidazolidine, imidazoline, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, tetrahydropyran, dihydropyran, oxathiolane, dithiolane, 1 ,3-dioxane, 1 ,3-dithiane, oxathiane, thiomorpholine, and the like.
• heterocyclyl further refers to heterocyclic groups as defined herein substituted with 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from the groups consisting of the following:
• heterocyclooxy denotes a heterocyclic group bonded through an oxygen bridge
• aryl-alkyl- (x) aryl-alkyl-; and (y) aryl substituted with alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, alkyl- C(0)-NH", alkylamino, dialkylamino or halogen.
• cycloalkyl refers to saturated or unsaturated monocyclic, bicyc!ic or tricyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3-12 carbon atoms, preferably 3-9, or 3-7 carbon atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted by one, or two, or three, or more substituents, such as alkyl, halo, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl-C(O)--, acylamino, carbamoyl, alkyl- ⁇ -, (alkyl) 2 N ⁇ , thiol, alkyl-S ⁇ , nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkyl-O-C(O)- -, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, sulfamoyl, heterocyclyl and the like.
• Exemplary monocyclic hydrocarbon groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl and the like.
• Exemplary bicyclic hydrocarbon groups include bornyl, indyl, hexahydroindyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1 ]heptyl, bicyc!o[2.2.1]heptenyl, 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo
• aryl refers to an aromatic carbocyclic ring system containing 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms, which may be unsubstituted or substituted as defined.
• aryloxy refers to both an -O-aryl and an -O-heteroaryl group, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are defined herein.
• heteroaryl refers to a 5-14 membered monocyclic- or bicyclic- or polycyclioaromatic ring system, having 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from N, O or S.
• the heteroaryl is a 5-10 or 5-7 membered ring system.
• Typical heteroaryl groups include 2- or 3-thienyl, 2- or 3-furyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 2-, 4-, or 5- imidazolyl, 3-, 4-, or 5- pyrazolyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-thiazolyl, 3-, 4-, or 5-isothiazolyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-oxazolyl, 3-, 4-, or 5-isoxazolyl, 3- or 5-1 ,2,4-triazolyl, 4- or 5-1 ,2, 3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, 3-, 4-, or 5-pyrazinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-pyrimidinyl.
• heteroaryl also refers to a group in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring.
• Nonltmiting examples include but are not limited to 1-, 2-, 3-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- indolizinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-isoindolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-indolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-indazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- purinyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, 7-, 8-, or 9-quinolizinyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 5-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 5-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 5-, 5-, 5-, 6-, or 7-isoindolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-ind
• Typical fused heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- isoquinolinyl, 2-, 3-, 4- 5-, 6-, or 7-indolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-benzofuranyl, 2-, 4-, 5- , 6-,or 7-benzo[b]thienyl, 2-, 4-, 5- , 6-, or 7-benzoxazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7- benzimidazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-benzothiazolyl.
• a heteroaryl group may be mono-, bi- tri- or polycyclic, preferably mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, more preferably mono- or bicydic.
• halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
• trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-N 4-(3-methyl-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-cyclohexyl]-nicotinamide; trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-N-[4-(5-methyl-pyrazol-l-ylmethyl)-cyclohexyl]-nicotinamide; trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-N-[4-(5-methyl-3-pyridin-3-yl-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-cyclohexyl]- nicotinamide;
• trans-2-chloro-N-(4-purin-9-ylmethyl-cyclohexyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-benzamide trans-2-chloro-N-[4-(3-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentapyrazol-1-ylmethyl)- cyclohexyl]-5-trifluoromethyl-benzamide;
• trans-2-ch!oro-N-(4-pyrazol-1 -y!methyl-cyclohexyl)-5-trifluoromettiyl-benzamide trans-2-chloro-N-[4-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indazol-1-ylmethyl)-cyc!ohexyl]-5-trifluoro methyl-benzamide;
• a compound of formula I as hereinbefore described as a medicament. More particularly, we provide a compound of formula I as hereinbefore described as a corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonist.
• CRF corticotropin releasing factor
• the compounds of formula I behave as CRF receptor antagonists.
• Representative compounds of the invention have no significant agonist or antagonist activity at melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH-1) or MCH-2.
• Certain compounds of formula I show antagonistic activity at both the corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1) and 2 (CRF-2) and are thus dual CRF-1 and CRF-2 antagonists.
• the activity of a compound according to the present invention can be assessed by the following in vitro & in vivo methods.
• the CRF-1 and CRF-2 receptor antagonistic activity of the agents of the invention has been determined in vitro in the following assay: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing either the human or rat recombinant CRF-1 or human CRF-2a (Chen et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 8967-8971 , 1993; Liaw et al, Endocrinology 137, 72-77, 1996) are propagated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, non-essential amino acids, 100U/ml penicillin, 100mg/l streptomycin and 1g/
• CHO Chinese hamster ovary
• CHO cells expressing the rat CRF-2 receptor are propagated in HAM's-F12 Glutamax supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, 100IU/ml penicillin, 100mg/l streptomycin, 600pg/ml hygromycin, ⁇ g/ml blasticidin and induced with 1 ⁇ g/m ⁇ of tetracyclin for 24hours prior to experimentation.
• HTRF Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluoresce
• CHO cells previously cryopreserved at 3x10 s viable cells per ml of cell recovery media (Cat no. 12648-010, Invitrogen), were thawed, centrifuged for 7mins at 1200rpm and resuspended in serum free media to give a concentration of 0.5x10 ⁇ cells per/ml.
• Compounds of the invention prepared in D SO, and subsequently diluted 50 fold in assay buffer (1 x Hanks balanced salt solution, 0.2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin, 1.7mM isobutylmethylxanthine and 10mM Hepes, pH7.4) were then added onto the 384 well low volume black assay plate (Corning Inc, US, Cat. 3676).
• Increasing levels of endogenous cAMP produced by cells can be followed by a decrease of FRET fluorescent signal and vice versa.
• Values represented by a change in arbitrary fluorescence units are converted into cAMP concentrations by use of a standard curve, the reagents for which are supplied with the kit.
• IC B0 values of antagonists are calculated by fitting the percent inhibition of CRF induced cAMP response by increasing concentrations of the antagonists.
• the fit is performed using the nonlinear logistic function of the Activitybase software package v 5.4.5.27 (!DBS, UK).
• the agents of the invention show CRF, antagonistic activity with IC50 CRF, values of about 1nM to 10 ⁇ , preferably about 1 to 500 nM. Specific data are provided in the Table of Biological Data herein.
• Compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment of any state with increased endogenous levels of CRF (corticotropin releasing factor) or in which the HPA (hypothalamic pituitary axis) is disregulated, or of various diseases induced or facilitated by CRF.
• Compounds of the invention are in particular useful for the treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome with or without diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel diseases, post-operative ileus, reflux disease and infectious diarrhoea.
• Compounds of the invention are also in particular useful for the treatment or prevention of major depressive disorders including bipolar depression, unipolar depression, single or recurrent major depressive episodes with or without psychotic features, catatonic features, melancholic features, atypical features or postpartum onset, the treatment of anxiety and the treatment of panic disorders.
• Major depressive disorders include fatigue syndrome and dysthymic disorder with early or late onset and with or without atypical features, neurotic depression, post traumatic stress disorders, post operative stress and social phobia; dementia of the Alzheimer's type, with early or late onset, with depressed mood; vascular dementia with depressed mood; mood disorders induced by alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics and other substances; schizoaffective disorder of the depressed type; and adjustment disorder with depressed mood.
• Major depressive disorders may also result from a general medical condition including, but not limited to, myocardial infarction, diabetes, miscarriage or abortion, etc.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment or prevention of schizophrenic disorders including paranoid schizophrenia, disorganised schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, residual schizophrenia.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, and multiinfarct dementia.
• neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, and multiinfarct dementia.
• Compounds of the invention are useful as analgesics.
• traumatic pain such as postoperative pain
• traumatic avulsion pain such as brachial plexus
• chronic pain such as arthritic pain such as occurring in osteo-, rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis
• neuropathic pain such as post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, segmental or intercostal neuralgia, fibromyalgia, causalgia, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, AIDS related neuropathy, occipital neuralgia, geniculate neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, phantom limb pain
• various forms of headache such as migraine, acute or chronic tension headache, temporomandibular pain, maxillary sinus pain, cluster headache; odontalgia; cancer pain; pain of visceral origin; gastrointestinal pain; nerve entrapment pain
• Compounds of the invention are also useful for the treatment of dysfunction of appetite and food intake and in circumstances such as anorexia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, obesity and metabolic syndrome.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of sleep disorders including dysomnia, insomnia, sleep apnoea, narcolepsy, and circadian rhythmic disorders. Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment or prevention of cognitive disorders. Cognitive disorders include dementia, amnestic disorders and cognitive disorders not otherwise specified.
• compounds of the invention are also useful as memory and/or cognition enhancers in healthy humans with no cognitive and/or memory deficit.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of tolerance to and dependence on a number of substances. For example, they are useful in the treatment of dependence on nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, phencyclidine (phencyclidine like compounds), or in the treatment of tolerance to and dependence on opiates (e.g. cannabis, heroin, morphine) or benzodiazepines; in the treatment of cocaine, sedative ipnotic, amphetamine or amphetamine- related drugs (e.g. dextroamphetamine, methylamphetamine) addiction or a combination thereof.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful as anti-inflammatory agents.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of fertility problems, sexual dysfunctions and pre-term birth and non-inflammatory urogenital disorders such as overactive bladder and related urinary incontinence.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of allergic disorders, in particular allergic disorders of the skin such as urticaria, and allergic disorders of the airways such as rhinitis Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of mast cell activation disorders such as mastocytosis.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful the treatment of Cushing's syndrome induced by drugs such as steroids or cancer such as pituitary adenoma.
• Emesis i.e. nausea, retching and vomiting.
• Emesis includes acute emesis, delayed emesis and anticipatory emesis.
• the compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of emesis however induced.
• emesis may be induced by drugs such as cancer chemotherapeutic agents such as alkylating agents, e.g. cyclophosphamide, carmustine, lomustine and chlorambucil; cytotoxic antibiotics, e.g. dactinomycin, doxorubicin, mitomycin-C and bleomycin; anti-metabolites, e.g.
• cytarabine methotrexate and 5-fluorouracii
• vinca alkaloids e.g. etoposide, vinblastine and vincristine
• others such as cisplatin, dacarbazine, procarbazine and hydroxyurea; and combinations thereof
• radiation sickness e.g. irradiation of the thorax or abdomen, such as in the treatment of cancer; poisons; toxins such as toxins caused by metabolic disorders or by infection, e.g.
• gastritis or released during bacterial or viral gastrointestinal infection; pregnancy; vestibular disorders, such as motion sickness, vertigo, dizziness and Meniere's disease; post-operative sickness; gastrointestinal obstruction; reduced gastrointestinal motility; visceral pain, e.g. myocardial infarction or peritonitis; migraine; increased intercranial pressure; decreased intercranial pressure (e.g. altitude sickness); opioid analgesics, such as morphine; and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, acid indigestion, over-indulgence of food or drink, acid stomach, sour stomach, regurgitation, heartburn, such as episodic heartburn, nocturnal heartburn, and meal-induced heartburn and dyspepsia.
• Compounds of the invention are of particular use in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome; skin disorders such as psoriasis, pruritis and sunburn; vasospastic diseases such as angina, vascular headache and Reynaud's disease; cerebral ischeamia such as cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage; fibrosing and collagen diseases such as scleroderma and eosinophilic fascioliasis; disorders related to immune enhancement or suppression such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatic diseases such as fibrositis; and cough.
• gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome
• skin disorders such as psoriasis, pruritis and sunburn
• vasospastic diseases such as angina, vascular headache and Reynaud's disease
• cerebral ischeamia such as cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrh
• Compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment of neurotoxic injury which follows cerebral stroke, thromboembolic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral ischemia, cerebral vasospam, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, anoxia, perinatal asphyxia cardiac arrest.
• the utility of the agents of the invention in the above indicated diseases can be confirmed in a range of standard tests.
• (1) The anxiolytic activity of the agents of the invention can be confirmed in the mouse elevated plus-maze [see for example Rodgers R. J., Behavioural Pharmacology 8: 477-496 (1997) where the relevance of the elevated plus-maze is discussed on p. 486; for the method, see Rodgers R. J. et ai- Ethology and Psychopharmacology (Eds SJ Cooper and CA Hendrie), pp 9-44 (1994), J. Wiley, Chichester].
• the analgesic activity of the agents of the invention can be confirmed in rat visceral hyperalgesia models following colorectal distension [see for example Schwetz I, Am J Physiology 286: G683-G691 (2004); for the method, see Ness T. J., Brain Research 450:153-169 (1988)].
• (3) The anti-diarrheal activity of the agents of the invention can be confirmed in rat defecation models during stress or CRF challenge [see for example Maillot C, Gastroenterology 1 19:1569-1579 (2002)].
• the agents of the invention show anxiolytic-like, visceral analgesic and anti-diarrheal effects following oral administration of 0.1 to 30 mg/kg. Furthermore, it has surprisingly been found that CRF induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in vivo can be successfully reversed using a dual CRF receptor 1 and 2 antagonist.
• a dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonist for use in the treatment, alleviation or prophylaxis of a condition characterized by a barrier dysfunction of mucous epithelia, epidermis or endothelia.
• a method of treatment, alleviation or prophylaxis of a condition characterized by a barrier dysfunction of mucous epithelia, epidermis or endothelia which comprises administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonist.
• a dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonist in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, alleviation or prophylaxis of a condition characterized by a barrier dysfunction of mucous epithelia, epidermis or endothelia.
• the condition is characterized by a barrier dysfunction of mucous epithelia.
• the condition is characterized by a barrier dysfunction of gastrointestinal mucous epithelia.
• Barrier dysfunctions of gastrointestinal mucous epithelia may be induced by radiation therapy and by drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, cytotoxic antibiotics, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids and others such as cisplatin, dacarbazine, procarbazine and hydroxyurea and combinations thereof.
• Barrier dysfunctions of gastrointestinal mucous epithelia may also be induced by malnutrition, total parenteral nutrition, food allergens or toxins such as toxins caused by metabolic disorders or liver diseases or by infection or released during bacterial or viral infection.
• conditions characterized by a barrier dysfunction of gastrointestinal mucous epithelia for which dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1 ) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonists may be useful include but are not limited to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome with or without diarrhea, short bowel syndrome, chronic enteropathy such as celiac disease, postoperative ileus, cystic fibrosis, reflux disease, heartburn, infectious diarrhea, intestinal neoplasms, intestinal adenocarcinomas, diabetes, sepsis, chronic heart failure and AIDS.
• CPF-1 corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1
• CRF-2 corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2
• the condition is characterized by a barrier dysfunction of respiratory mucous epithelia.
• Barrier dysfunctions of respiratory mucous epithelia may be induced by allergens, or toxins such as toxins caused by infection or released during bacterial or viral infection.
• conditions characterized by a barrier dysfunction of respiratory mucous epithelia for which dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonists may be useful include but are not limited to asthma, chronic bronchitis, rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, sepsis, chronic heart failure and AIDS.
• the condition is characterized by a barrier dysfunction of the epidermis.
• Barrier dysfunctions of epidermis may be induced by allergens, or toxins such as toxins caused by infection or released during bacterial or viral infection. More particularly, conditions characterized by a barrier dysfunction of epidermis for which dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonists may be useful include but are not limited to dermatitis, ichthyosis, and psoriasis.
• the condition is characterized by a barrier dysfunction of endothelia.
• Barrier dysfunctions of endothelia may be induced by allergens or toxins such as toxins caused by metabolic disorders or liver diseases or by infection or released during bacterial or viral infection.
• conditions characterized by a barrier dysfunction of endothelia for which dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1 ) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonists may be useful include but are not limited to ischemic injury, hypoxia, diabetes, sepsis, chronic heart failure, edema, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, thrombosis and cancer.
• the condition is characterized by a barrier dysfunction of the brain-blood barrier.
• conditions characterized by a barrier dysfunction of the brain-blood barrier for which dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonists may be useful include but are not limited to ischemic stroke, migraine, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, cancer brain metastases and encephalopathy.
• Conditions characterized by a barrier dysfunction of mucous epithelia, epidermis or endothelia for which dual corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-1 ) and 2 (CRF-2) antagonists may be useful include but are not limited to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, short bowel syndrome, postoperative ileus, allergy, dermatitis, sepsis, ischemic injury, multiple sclerosis and encephalopathy (Elias and Schmuth, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 9, 437-446, 2009; Lindsberg et al., J Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 30, 689-702. 2010; Marchiando et al., Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 5, 1 19-144, 2010; Ctiman and Simren, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7, 163-173, 2010).
• CPF-1 corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1
• CRF-2 corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2
• the appropriate dosage will of course vary depending upon, for example, the compound employed, the host, the mode of administration and the nature and severity of the condition being treated
• a daily dosage of from about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg, preferably from about 1 to about 30 mg/kg animal body weight.
• an indicated daily dosage is in the range from about 1 to about 500 mg, preferably from about 1 to about 100 mg of an agent of the invention, conveniently administered, for example, in divided doses up to three times a day or in sustained release form.
• agents of the invention may be administered by any conventional route, in particular enterally, preferably orally, for example in the form of tablets or capsules, or parenterally, for example in the form of injectable solutions or suspensions.
• the present invention also provides an agent of the invention, for use as a pharmaceutical, e.g. for the treatment of diseases induced or facilitated by CRF, such as these indicated above.
• a compound of formula I for the treatment or alleviation of treatment of any state with increased endogenous level of CRF or in which the HPA (hypothalamic pituitary axis) is disregulated, or of various diseases induced or facilitated by CRF.
• the agents of the invention can be administered in vivo either alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents, e.g. agents effective in the treatment of diseases and conditions in which an increased endogenous level of CRF plays a role or is implicated.
• a suitable combination consists of a compound of the present invention with one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonists, serotonin 5- HT3 receptor agonists, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, CC 1 receptor antagonists, motilin receptor agonists, ⁇ -opioid receptor antagonists, opioid receptor agonists and opiates, other CRF receptor antagonists, glutamate receptor antagonists, neurokinin receptor antagonists, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, histamine H4 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, chloride channel activators, guanylate cyclase-c activators, muscarinic receptor antagonists, antispasmodics, stimulant laxatives, o
• a compound of the present invention may be administered as a combination with one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, such as, chiorpromazine, prochlorperazine, haloperidol, alizapride, domperidone, metoclopramide and itopride; serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonists, such as, cisapride, cinitapride, mosapride, renzapride, prucalopride, tegaserod, veiusetrag, ATI-7505 and compounds described in WO 2005068461 , US 2005228014, WO 2005080389, US 2006100426, US 2006100236, US 2006135764, US 2005277671 , WO 2005092882, WO 2005073222, JP 2005104896, JP 2005082508, WO 2005021539, JP 2004277319, JP 2004277318, WO 2004026869, EP 1362857
• R 1 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are each as hereinbefore described;
• R 1 , R 17 and R 1S are each as hereinbefore described;
• R 1 is as hereinbefore described
• R* 13 is hydrogen, alkyl C1 to 6, alkoxy C1 to 6, hydroxyalkyl C1 to 6, -C0 2 R 11 or phenyl optionally substituted by fluoro;
• R 11 is alkyl C1 to 6
• R xifc is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl C1 to 6 or chloro
• C is hydrogen, alkyl C1 to 6, methoxy, hydroxyalkyl C1 to 6, ethoxycarbonyl, pyridyl, benzojl , 3]dioxo-5-yl or phenyl, optionally substituted b fluoro, alkoxy C1 to
• R xla , R xi and R xlc comprises one or more deuterium moieties
• Acid addition salts may be produced from the free bases in known manner, and vice- versa.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is any salt of the parent compound that is suitable for administration to an animal or human.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt also refers to any salt which may form in vivo as a result of administration of an acid, another salt, or a prodrug which is converted into an acid or salt.
• a salt comprises one or more ionic forms of the compound, such as a conjugate acid or base, associated with one or more corresponding counter-ions. Salts can form from or incorporate one or more deprotonated acidic groups (e.g. carboxylic acids) one or more protonated basic groups (e.g. amines), or both (e.g. zwitterions).
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of this invention and, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
• the compounds of the present invention are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids, e.g., acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulphate/sulphate, borate, camsylate, citrate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, saccharate, stearate, succinate, tartrate, tosylate and tri
• Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maieic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p- toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
• Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like; particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
• Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from a parent compound, a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods.
• such salts can be prepared by reacting free acid forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base (such as Na. Ca, g, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or the like), or by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid.
• a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base such as Na. Ca, g, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or the like
• Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two.
• non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred, where practicable.
• a prodrug is a compound which is converted to a therapeutically active compound after administration. For example, conversion may occur by hydrolysis of an ester group or some other biologically labile group. Prodrug preparation is well known in the art. For example “Prodrugs and Drug Delivery Systems,” which is a chapter in Richard B. Silverman, Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, 2d Ed., Elsevier Academic Press: Amsterdam, 2004, pp. 496-557, provides further detail on the subject.
• the term “isomers” refers to different compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in arrangement and configuration of the atoms.
• an optical isomer or “a stereoisomer” refers to any of the various stereo isomeric configurations which may exist for a given compound of the present invention and includes geometric isomers. It is understood that a substituent may be attached at a chiral center of a carbon, sulfur or phosphorus atom. Therefore, the invention includes enantiomers, diastereomers or racemates of the compound. "Enantiomers” are a pair of stereoisomers that are non- superimposable mirror images of each other.
• a 1 :1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a "racemic" mixture.
• the term is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.
• "Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
• the absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn- Ingold- Prelog R-S system. When a compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S.
• Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown can be designated ⁇ +) or ⁇ -) depending on the direction (dextro- or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.
• Certain of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as ( ?)- or (S)-.
• the present invention is meant to include atl such possible isomers, including racemic mixtures, optically pure forms and intermediate mixtures.
• Optically active (R)- and (S)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. If the compound contains a double bond, the substituent may be E or Z configuration. If the compound contains a disubstituted cycloalkyl, the cycloalkyl substituent may have a cis- or trans-configuration. All tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.
• Stereoisomeric mixtures e.g., mixtures of diastereomers
• Diastereomeric mixtures, e g may be separated into their individual diastereomers by means of fractionated crystallisation, chromatography, solvent distribution and similar procedures. This separation may take place either at the level of a starting compound or in a compound of formula (I) itself.
• Enantiomers may be separated through the formation of diastereomeric salts, e.g., by salt formation with an enantiomer-pure chiral acid, or by means of chromatography, e.g., by HPLC, using chromatographic substrates with chiral ligands.
• any asymmetric atom (e.g., carbon or the like) of the compound ⁇ s) of the present invention can be present in racemic or enantiomerically enriched, for example the (R)-, (S)- or (R,S)- configuration.
• each asymmetric atom has at least 50 % enantiomeric excess, at least 60 % enantiomeric excess, at least 70 % enantiomeric excess, at least 80 % enantiomeric excess, at least 90 % enantiomeric excess, at least 95 % enantiomeric excess, or at least 99 % enantiomeric excess in the (R)- or (S)- configuration.
• Substituents at atoms with unsaturated bonds may, if possible, be present in cis- (Z)- or trans- (E)- form. Accordingly, as used herein a compound of the present invention can be in the form of one of the possible isomers, rotamers, atropisomers, tautomers or mixtures thereof, for example, as substantially pure geometric (cis or trans) isomers, diastereomers, optical isomers (antipodes), racemates or mixtures thereof.
• Any resulting mixtures of isomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemica! differences of the constituents, into the pure or substantially pure geometric or optical isomers, diastereomers, racemates, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
• any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, e.g. , by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof, obtained with an optically active acid or base, and liberating the optically active acidic or basic compound.
• a basic moiety may thus be employed to resolve the compounds of the present invention into their optical antipodes, e.g., by fractional crystallization of a salt formed with an optically active acid, e.g. , tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, diacetyl tartaric acid, di-0, 0'-p-toluoyl tartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid or camphor-10-sulfonic acid.
• Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• a further aspect of the invention we provide a method of treatment or alleviation of any state with increased endogenous level of C F or in which the HPA (hypothalamic pituitary axis) is disregulated, or of various diseases induced or facilitated by CRF which comprises administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I as hereinbefore described, or a salt thereof.
• HPA hypothalamic pituitary axis
• composition comprising a compound of formula I as hereinbefore described, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
• compositions for separate administration of the combination partners and for the administration in a fixed combination i.e., a single galenical composition comprising at least two combination partners
• Pharmaceutical compositions contain, e.g., from about 0.1% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 20% to about 60%, of the active ingredients.
• compositions for the combination therapy for enteral or parenteral administration are, e.g., those in unit dosage form, such as tablets including sugar-coated tablets, capsules, suppositories and ampoules. These are prepared in a manner known, per se, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, granulating, sugar-coating, dissolving or lyophilizing processes. It will be appreciated that the unit content of a combination partner contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute an effective amount since the necessary effective amount can be reached by administration of a plurality of dosage units.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for particular routes of administration such as oral administration, parenteral administration, and rectal administration, etc.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be made up in a solid form including capsules, tablets, pills, granules, powders or suppositories, or in a liquid form including solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or can contain conventional inert diluents, lubricating agents, or buffering agents, as well as adjuvants, such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifers and buffers etc.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with
• diluents e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or glycine;
• lubricants e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or potyethyleneglycol; for tablets also
• lubricants e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or potyethyleneglycol
• binders e.g. , magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone; if desired
• disintegrants e.g., starches, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures; and/or
• compositions intended for oral use are prepared according to any method known In the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions can contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
• Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients are, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• the tablets are uncoated or coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
• Formulations for oral use can be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• compositions are aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories are advantageously prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions.
• Said compositions may be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers. In addition, they may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances.
• Said compositions are prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and contain about 0.1-75%, or contain about 1-50%, of the active ingredient.
• Suitable compositions for transdermal application include an effective amount of a compound of the invention with carrier.
• Carriers include absorbable pharmacologically acceptable solvents to assist passage through the skin of the host.
• transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound of the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin.
• Suitable compositions for topical application e.g., to the skin and eyes, include aqueous solutions, suspensions, ointments, creams, gels or sprayable formulations, e.g., for delivery by aerosol or the like.
• Topical delivery systems will in particular be appropriate for dermal application, e.g., for the treatment of skin cancer, e.g., for prophylactic use in sun creams, lotions, sprays and the like. They are thus particularly suited for use in topical, including cosmetic, formulations well-known in the art. Such may contain solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and preservatives.
• a topical application may also pertain to an inhalation or to an intranasal application. They are conveniently delivered in the form of a dry powder (either alone, as a mixture, for example a dry blend with lactose, or a mixed component particle, for example with phospholipids) from a dry powder inhaler or an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurised container, pump, spray, atomizer or nebuliser, with or without the use of a suitable propellant.
• a dry powder either alone, as a mixture, for example a dry blend with lactose, or a mixed component particle, for example with phospholipids
• the pharmaceutical composition or combination of the present invention can be in unit dosage of about 1 -1000 mg of active ingredients) for a subject of about 50-70 kg, or about 1 -500 mg or about 1-250 mg or about 1 -150 mg or about 0.5-100 mg, or about 1-50 mg of active ingredients.
• the therapeutically effective dosage of a compound, the pharmaceutical composition, or the combinations thereof is dependent on the species of the subject, the body weight, age and individual condition, the disorder or disease or the severity thereof being treated. A physician, clinician or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily determine the effective amount of each of the active ingredients necessary to prevent, treat or inhibit the progress of the disorder or disease.
• the above-cited dosage properties are demonstrable in vitro and in vivo tests using advantageously mammals, e g., mice, rats, dogs, monkeys or isolated organs, tissues and preparations thereof.
• the compounds of the present invention can be applied in vitro in the form of solutions, e.g., preferably aqueous solutions, and in vivo either enterally, parenterally, advantageously intravenously, e.g. , as a suspension or in aqueous solution.
• the dosage in vitro may range between about 1CT 3 molar and 10 s molar concentrations.
• a therapeutically effective amount in vivo may range depending on the route of administration, between about 0,1-500 mg/kg, or between about 1-100 mg/kg.
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives, drugs, drug stabilizers, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, such like materials and combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, pp. 1289- 1329) Except insofar as any conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention refers to an amount of the compound of the present invention that will elicit the biological or medical response of a subject, for example, reduction or inhibition of an enzyme or a protein activity, or ameliorate symptoms, alleviate conditions, slow or delay disease progression, or prevent a disease, etc.
• a therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount of the compound of the present invention that, when administered to a subject, is effective to (1 ) at least partially alleviating, inhibiting, preventing and/or ameliorating a condition, or a disorder or a disease (i) mediated by CRF, or ⁇ ii) associated with CRF activity, or (iii) characterized by abnormal activity of CRF; or (2) reducing or inhibiting the activity of CRF; or (3) reducing or inhibiting the expression of CRF.
• a therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount of the compound of the present invention that, when administered to a cell, or a tissue, or a non-ceilular biological material, or a medium, is effective to at least partially reducing or inhibiting the activity of CRF; or at least partially reducing or inhibiting the expression of CRF.
• the meaning of the term "a therapeutically effective amount" as illustrated in the above embodiment for CRF also applies by the same means to any other relevant proteins/peptides/enzymes.
• the term "subject" refers to an animal.
• the animal is a mammal.
• a subject also refers to for example, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, fish, birds and the like.
• the subject is a human.
• the term “inhibition” or “inhibiting” refers to the reduction or suppression of a given condition, symptom, or disorder, or disease, or a significant decrease in the baseline activity of a biological activity or process.
• treating refers in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof).
• treating refers to alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter including those which may not be discernible by the patient.
• treating or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, ⁇ e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both.
• “treating” or “treatment” refers to preventing or delaying the onset or development or progression of the disease or disorder.
• a pro-drug is an active or inactive compound that is modified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such as hydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of this invention following administration of the prodrug to a subject.
• the suitability and techniques involved in making and using pro-drugs are well known by those skilled in the art.
• Prodrugs can be conceptually divided into two non-exclusive categories, bioprecursor prodrugs and carrier prodrugs. See The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Ch. 31-32 (Ed. Wermuth, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 2001).
• bioprecursor prodrugs are compounds, which are inactive or have low activity compared to the corresponding active drug compound, that contain one or more protective groups and are converted to an active form by metabolism or solvolysis.
• Carrier prodrugs are drug compounds that contain a transport moiety, e.g., that improve uptake and/or localized delivery to a site(s) of action. Desirably for such a carrier prodrug, the linkage between the drug moiety and the transport moiety is a covalent bond, the prodrug is inactive or less active than the drug compound, and any released transport moiety is acceptably non-toxic.
• the transport moiety is intended to enhance uptake, typically the release of the transport moiety should be rapid. In other cases, it is desirable to utilize a moiety that provides slow release, e.g., certain polymers or other moieties, such as cyclodextrins.
• Carrier prodrugs can, for example, be used to improve one or more of the following properties: increased lipophilicity, increased duration of pharmacological effects, increased site-specificity, decreased toxicity and adverse reactions, and/or improvement in drug formulation (e.g., stability, water solubility, suppression of an undesirable organoleptic or physiochemical property).
• lipophilicity can be increased by esterification of (a) hydroxy! groups with lipophilic carboxylic acids (e.g., a carboxylic acid having at least one lipophilic moiety), or (b) carboxylic acid groups with lipophilic alcohols (e.g., an alcohol having at least one lipophilic moiety, for example aliphatic alcohols).
• Exemplary prodrugs are, e.g., esters of free carboxylic acids and S-acyl derivatives of thiols and O-acyl derivatives of alcohols or phenols, wherein acyl has a meaning as defined herein.
• Preferred are pharmaceutically acceptable ester derivatives convertible by solvolysis under physiological conditions to the parent carboxylic acid, e.g., lower alkyl esters, cycloalkyl esters, lower alkenyl esters, benzyl esters, mono- or di-substituted lower alkyl esters, such as the a- ⁇ amino, mono- or di-lower alkylamino, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, the a-(lower alkanoyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl or di-lower alkylaminocarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, such as the pivaloyloxymethyl ester and the like conventionally used in the
• amines have been masked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives which are cleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bundgaard, J. Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)).
• drugs containing an acidic NH group such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked with N- acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard, Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985)). Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers.
• EP 039,051 (Sloan and Little) discloses annich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates, or include other solvents used for their crystallization.
• the present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention, i.e. compounds of formula (I), wherein (1) one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature, and/or (2) the isotopic ratio of one or more atoms is different from the naturally occurring ratio.
• compounds of formula (I) wherein (1) one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature, and/or (2) the isotopic ratio of one or more atoms is different from the naturally occurring ratio.
• isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention comprises isotopes of hydrogen, such as 2 H and 3 H, carbon, such as ,1 C, 1J C and 1 C, chlorine, such as 36 CI, fluorine, such as 18 F, iodine, such as 1 ⁇ ⁇ and 125 l, nitrogen, such as 13 N and 15 N, oxygen, such as 15 0, 17 0 and 18 0, phosphorus, such as 32 P, and sulphur, such as 3S S.
• Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I) for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
• the radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. S H, and carbon-14, i.e. U C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.
• substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances and deuterium analogues are included within the scope of the compounds of the present invention.
• Substitution with positron emitting isotopes such as 1 C, 13 F, s O and 13 N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy.
• PET Positron Emission Topography
• Isotopically-iabeled compounds of formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-iabeled reagents in place of the non-labelled reagent previously employed.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D 2 0, de- acetone, de-D SO.
• Compounds of the invention i.e. compounds of formula I that contain groups capable of acting as donors and/or acceptors for hydrogen bonds may be capable of forming co-crystals with suitable co-crystal formers.
• These co-crystals may be prepared from compounds of formula I by known co-crystal forming procedures. Such procedures include grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution compounds of formula Iwith the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions and isolating co-crystals thereby formed.
• Suitable co-crystal formers include those described in WO 2004/078163. Hence the invention further provides co-crystals comprising a compound of formula I.
• the invention further includes any variant of the present processes, in which an intermediate product obtainable at any stage thereof is used as starting material and the remaining steps are carried out, or in which the starting materials are formed in situ under the reaction conditions, or in which the reaction components are used in the form of their salts or optically pure antipodes.
• the leaving group R y may be any conventionally known leaving group, examples of which include, -Ts (tosylate), -Tf (triflate) or Ms (mesylate).
• protecting group a readily removable group that is not a constituent of the particular desired end product of the compounds of the present invention.
• the protection of functional groups by such protecting groups, the protecting groups themselves, and their cleavage reactions are described for example in standard reference works, such as J. F. W. McOmie, "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", Plenum Press, London and New York 1973, in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", Third edition, Wiley, New York 1999, in “The Peptides”; Volume 3 (editors: E. Gross and J.
• Salts of compounds of the present invention having at least one salt-forming group may be prepared in a manner known per se.
• salts of compounds of the present invention having acid groups may be formed, for example, by treating the compounds with metal compounds, such as alkali metal salts of suitable organic carboxylic acids, e. g. the sodium salt of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, with organic alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds, such as the corresponding hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, carbonate or hydrogen carbonate, with corresponding calcium compounds or with ammonia or a suitable organic amine, stoichiometric amounts or only a small excess of the salt-forming agent preferably being used.
• metal compounds such as alkali metal salts of suitable organic carboxylic acids, e. g. the sodium salt of 2-ethylhexanoic acid
• organic alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds such as the corresponding hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates, such
• Acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention are obtained in customary manner, e.g. by treating the compounds with an acid or a suitable anion exchange reagent.
• Internal salts of compounds of the present invention containing acid and basic salt-forming groups, e.g. a free carboxy group and a free amino group, may be formed, e.g. by the neutralisation of salts, such as acid addition salts, to the isoelectric point, e.g. with weak bases, or by treatment with ion exchangers.
• Salts can be converted in customary manner into the free compounds; metal and ammonium salts can be converted, for example, by treatment with suitable acids, and acid addition salts, for example, by treatment with a suitable basic agent.
• racemates can be separated, for example, by the formation of salts with optically pure salt-forming reagents and separation of the mixture of diastereoisomers so obtainable, for example by means of fractional crystallisation, or by chromatography over optically active column materials.
• Intermediates and final products can be worked up and/or purified according to standard methods, e.g. using chromatographic methods, distribution methods, (re-) crystallization, and the like.
• All the above-mentioned process steps can be carried out under reaction conditions that are known per se, including those mentioned specifically, in the absence or, customarily, in the presence of solvents or diluents, including, for example, solvents or diluents that are inert towards the reagents used and dissolve them, in the absence or presence of catalysts, condensation or neutralizing agents, for example ion exchangers, such as cation exchangers, e.g.
• mixtures of isomers that are formed can be separated into the individual isomers, for example diastereoisomers or enantiomers, or into any desired mixtures of isomers, for example racemates or mixtures of diastereoisomers, for example analogously to the methods described under "Additional process steps”.
• solvents from which those solvents that are suitable for any particular reaction may be selected include those mentioned specifically or, for example, water, esters, such as lower alkyl-lower alkanoates, for example ethyl acetate, ethers, such as aliphatic ethers, for example diethyl ether, or cyclic ethers, for example tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, liquid aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene or toluene, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol or 1- or 2-propanol, nitriles, such as acetonitrile, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride or chloroform, acid amides, such as dimethylformamide or dimethyl acetamide, bases, such as heterocyclic nitrogen bases, for example pyridine or A/-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, carboxylic acid anhydrides, such as lower alkanoic acid anhydrides, for example acetic anhydride,
• the compounds, including their salts, may also be obtained in the form of hydrates, or their crystals may, for example, include the solvent used for crystallization. Different crystalline forms may be present.
• the invention relates also to those forms of the process in which a compound obtainable as an intermediate at any stage of the process is used as starting material and the remaining process steps are carried out, or in which a starting material is formed under the reaction conditions or is used in the form of a derivative, for example in a protected form or in the form of a salt, or a compound obtainable by the process according to the invention is produced under the process conditions and processed further in situ.
• organic compounds according to the preferred embodiments may exhibit the phenomenon of tautomerism.
• chemical structures within this specification can only represent one of the possible tautomeric forms, it should be understood that the preferred embodiments encompasses any tautomeric form of the drawn structure.
• 1H-NMR Spectra are run on either a Bruker AVANCE 400 (400 MHz) spectrometer or on a Bruker AVANCE 500 (500 MHz) NMR spectrometer using ICON-NMR. Spectra are measured at 298K and are referenced using the solvent peak, chemical shifts ( ⁇ -values) are reported in ppm, where included, coupling constants (J) are given in Hz, spectra splitting pattern are designated as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quadruplet (q), multiplet or more overlapping signals (m), broad signal (br), solvent is given in parentheses.
• MS are either Agilent 1100 HPLC/Micromass Platform Mass Spectrometer combinations or Waters Acquity UPLC with SQD Mass Spectrometer or Waters Alliance HT HPLC system equipped with a MS detector Waters MicromassZQ or Waters Micromass formerly LCZ system. Mass spectra are run on LCMS systems using electrospray ionization. [M+H]+ refers to mono-isotopic molecular weights.
• the various starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of the preferred embodiments may be isolated and purified, where appropriate, using conventional techniques such as precipitation, filtration, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, catch and release, and chromatography. Unless otherwise stated, all starting materials are obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Salts may be prepared from compounds by known salt-forming procedures.
• the preparative separation is carried out on one of the five columns listed above and with either methanol or 2-propanol (with addition of DEA or TFA if necessary for optimum separation) and C0 2 .
• the total amount of sample is dissolved in ethanol, and multiple injections are carried out until all the sample solution is used. Injection volumes range from 50 ⁇ to 200 ⁇ depending on sample concentration and limit of loading on the column.
• Example 2 The compounds of the following tabulated Examples (Table 2) are prepared by a similar method to that of Example 2.0 from 5-chloro-2-methylnicotinoyl chloride (Intermediate C) or 2-chloro-5-trtfluoromethy
• Example 4 The compounds of the following tabulated Examples (Table 4) were prepared by a similar method to that of Example 4.1 from trans-methanesulfonic acid 4-(2-chloro-5- trifluoromethyl-benzoylaminoj-cyclohexylmethyl ester (Intermediate G) or Trans- methanesulfonic acid 4-[(5-chloro-2-methyl-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-cyclohexyl methyl ester (Intermediate F)(the preparations of which are described in the 'Preparation of Intermediates' section) and the appropriate pyrazole.
• Step 2 Trans-2-Chloro-N-r4-f4-chloro-3-hvdroxvmethvl-Pvrazol-1-vlmethvl)- cydohexyl]-5-trifluoromethyl-benzamide
• Methyl trans-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylate (43g, 222mmol) was added to MeOH (500ml) to give a colourless solution.
• the solution was cooled to 10°C and triethylamine (46.4ml, 333mmol) was added dropwise, followed by a solution of di- tert-butyldicarbonate (53.3g, 244mmoL) in MeOH (400ml) over 20 minutes.
• the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure.
• Methyl trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylate (55.5g, 216mmo! was suspended in ethanoi (900ml) and THF (100ml) and the mixture was cooled to 5 9 C.
• Granular calcium chloride (47.9g, 431 mmo!) was added portionwise to give a milky suspension.
• Sodium borohydride (32.6g, 863mmol) was added portionwise over 25mins at 5°C.
• the reaction mixture (white emulsion) was stirred at 5"C for 1 hour, the water bath was removed and then the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred at room temperature overnight.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to 10°C and 5% potassium carbonate (200ml) was added dropwise until the pH of the solution was pH11. A colourless precipitate formed which was filtered off.
• the solid was stirred with ethyl acetate (2000ml) and water (500ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with 0.5M HCI (200 mi), then washed with water (2 x 200ml) and saturated brine (100ml). The organic solution was dried over anhydrous MgS0 , filtered and evaporated to give a white solid . The solid was dried under high vacuum overnight to constant weight; [M+H]+230.
• Step 1 Trans-trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino- cyclohexylmethyl ester
• Step 3 Trans-4-(3,5-Diethyl-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-cyclohexylamine hydrochloride Trans-[4-(3,5-Diethyl-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-cyc!ohexyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (80mg, 0.24mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (1ml). 4M HCI/dioxan (1ml) was added and the RM was stirred at RT for 2 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the title product which was used without further purification; LC-MS Rt 1.59mins [M+H]+ 236.
• This compound is prepared from N-(3-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-2,2,2- trifluoroacetamide (Int. BB step 1) and trans-trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 4-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-cyclohexylmethyl ester (Int. B step 1) analogously to
• Pyrazolo methylcyclohexylamines used to synthesis final compounds were prepared analogously to Intermediate B by replacing 3,5-diethyl-1H-pyrazole (step 2) with the appropriate pyrazole.
• the pyazoles were either commercially available of were prepared according to, or a combination of, the following methods from the appropriate commercially available starting materials: Pyrazole A
• Step 1 d B -Pentane-2,4-dione
• Pentane-2,4-dione (10.00g, lOOmmol) and potassium carbonate (1.00g, 7.25mmol) were placed in a flask with deuterium oxide (50ml) and the reaction mixture was heated at 120°C for 18 hours.
• the product was extracted into Et 2 0, dried over gS0 4 and the solvent was removed in vacuo (no heat, 300mbar).
• the resulting product was deuterated again using the same above set of conditions to yield the title compound which was used in the next step without further puriifcation.
• Step 3 4-Chloro-3,5-d 6 -dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole
• step 1 3-Oxo-2-pyridin-3-yl-butyronitrile (step 1)(1.00 g, 6.49 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (10 ml) and water (2 ml). Hydrazine hydrobromide (2.82 g, 24.97 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc and sat. NaHC0 3 .
• Acetic acid (1.3 ml, 22.36 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 2-(2-chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanenitrile (2.0 g, 8.94 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (0 65 ml, 13.41 mmol) in dry toluene (25 ml).
• the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 20 h.
• the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between 2M HCI and EtOAc.
• the organic extract was extracted several times with 2M HCI then discarded.
• the acidic extract was neutralised with NaHC0 3 then re-extracted 3x with EtOAc.
• Step 2 3-(5- ethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-pyridine
• step 1 1-Pyridin-3-yl-butane-1 ,3-dione (step 1)(500 mg, 3.06 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (20 ml). Hydrazine monohydrate (230 mg, 223 ⁇ , 4.60mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hour. After cooling to RT, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved in DCM, dried over (MgS04) filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound which was used without further purification.
• Step 1 Trans-4-(2-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-cyclohexane carboxylic acid methyl ester
• step 1 To a solution of trans-4-(2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-cyclohexane carboxylic acid methyl ester (step 1)(95.2g, 0.26mol) in dry THF (1000 ml) under nitrogen at 0°C was added lithium aluminium hydride pellets (20g, 0.53mol) portion wise over 3 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for a further 2 hours and then carefully quenched at 0°C by the addition of water (40ml) in THF (60ml) followed by further THF (500ml) to maintain a mobile suspension.
• step 2 To a stirred suspension of trans-2-chloro-N-(4-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexyl)-5- trifluoromethyl-benzamide (step 2)(24 g, 71.5 mmol) in DC (72 ml) under N 2 at RT, was added triethylamine (29.7 ml, 214 mmol) followed by DMSO (24 ml), giving an almost homogenous solution. The mixture was cooled to 0°C (ice/salt bath), and to this was added dropwise a solution/suspension of sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex (34.1 g, 214 mmol) in DMSO (30 ml): DCM (20 ml) over a period of -90 min.
• the mixture was stirred at 0-5°C over a 1 h period then allowed to warm to RT over 2 h.
• the mixture was cooled to 0°C in an ice bath and was quenched by the addition of 1 M HCl (aq) (40 ml) dropwise over 30 min.
• the mixture was then diluted with water (60 ml) and DCM (150 ml). 2 M HCl was added to give pH -1-2.
• the organic phase was separated, washed again with 2 M HCi (100 ml), followed by sat. NaHC0 3 (100 ml).
• Step 1 Trans-4-[(5-Chloro-2-methyl-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-cyclohexane carboxylic acid methyl ester
• Trans-4-Amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (2,14g, 11.05mmol) was suspended in THF (50ml) and Et 3 N (2.79g, 27.6mmol) and cooled to 0°C.
• 5-Chloro-2- methylnicotinoyl chloride (Intermediate C)(2.20g, 11.05mmol) was slowly added portionwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and HCI.
• step 1 Trans-4-[(5-Chloro-2-methyl-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (step 1 ) (2.20g, 7.08mmo! was placed in a flask with dry THF (100ml). This was cooled to 0°C and lithium aluminum hydride (0.537 g, 14.16 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hours and then quenched with water (0.5ml), 2M NaOH (0.5ml) and then water again (1.5ml). The solids were filtered off through Celite® (filter material) and the filtrate was partitioned between EtOAc and water.

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