WO2011081185A1 - コク味付与剤 - Google Patents
コク味付与剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011081185A1 WO2011081185A1 PCT/JP2010/073721 JP2010073721W WO2011081185A1 WO 2011081185 A1 WO2011081185 A1 WO 2011081185A1 JP 2010073721 W JP2010073721 W JP 2010073721W WO 2011081185 A1 WO2011081185 A1 WO 2011081185A1
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- glu
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- drink
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K5/02—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link
- C07K5/0215—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link containing natural amino acids, forming a peptide bond via their side chain functional group, e.g. epsilon-Lys, gamma-Glu
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
- A23L27/21—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids
- A23L27/22—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids containing glutamic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/60—Salad dressings; Mayonnaise; Ketchup
- A23L27/63—Ketchup
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/88—Taste or flavour enhancing agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
- C07K5/06—Dipeptides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
- C07K5/08—Tripeptides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a body taste imparting agent and a composite body taste imparting agent comprising a peptide exhibiting CaSR agonist activity. Moreover, this invention relates to the seasoning which contains the peptide which shows CaSR agonist activity more than fixed concentration.
- kokumi There are various taste patterns in the above-mentioned “kokumi”, but there is a high need for a kokumi imparting agent that can give a kokumi taste whose taste pattern is a first taste type. Moreover, since the substance imparting richness is usually used in foods and the like, it is required to have excellent stability. Furthermore, it is industrially desired that the substance imparting richness can be produced more simply and at low cost.
- the present invention searches for many variation compounds having CaSR agonist activity, has a more excellent body taste imparting action, in particular, a taste-type body taste imparting action, is excellent in stability, and is produced simply and at low cost.
- a substance capable of imparting kokumi that can be obtained, to provide a kokumi imparting agent comprising the substance, and to provide a complex kokumi imparting agent comprising the substance in combination with another substance having CaSR agonist activity Is an issue. It is another object of the present invention to provide a food composition containing the substance at a certain concentration.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva L- ⁇ -glutamyl-L-norvaline
- the taste pattern can give a rich taste that is a taste type.
- the preferred taste that the found ⁇ -Glu-Nva has an extremely high titer compared to the similar dipeptide ⁇ -Glu-Cys, is excellent in stability, and has a stronger taste.
- the found ⁇ -Glu-Nva can be a useful body taste imparting agent by itself.
- the present invention provides a richness imparting agent comprising ⁇ -Glu-Nva.
- the present invention also provides a food composition containing ⁇ -Glu-Nva (hereinafter also referred to as “the food composition of the present invention”).
- the present invention also relates to (a) ⁇ -Glu-Nva, (b) ⁇ -Glu-X-Gly (X represents an amino acid or amino acid derivative), ⁇ -Glu-Val-Y (Y is an amino acid or amino acid).
- the taste pattern has an excellent body taste imparting action of a unique taste type having a profile as shown in FIG.
- a rich body taste imparting agent and a complex body taste imparting agent that can be produced easily and at low cost can be provided.
- the outstanding food composition which contains the substance which has the outstanding rich taste imparting effect more than a fixed density
- concentration can be provided.
- the taste pattern is similar to the taste pattern of salt, so it is possible to impart a salty-like richness and a taste / punch to the taste of low-salt foods.
- FIG. 1 shows a taste profile of a taste-type body taste imparting agent.
- the ⁇ -Glu-Nva targeted in the present invention includes L- ⁇ -glutamyl-L-norvaline and / or a salt thereof, particularly an edible salt, in which two amino acids are peptide-bonded. Since ⁇ -Glu-Nva has an excellent kokumi imparting effect, it can be used as a kokumi imparting agent. ⁇ -Glu-Nva has a (concentration range) of 0.1 ppb to 99.9% by mass, preferably 1 ppb to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.01 ppm to the weight of the food composition imparting a rich taste. It can be used by adding 1% by mass.
- another aspect of the present invention provides a food composition containing ⁇ -Glu-Nva, preferably 0.1 ppb to 99.9% by mass, preferably 1 ppb to 10% by mass, more preferably ⁇ -Glu-Nva.
- the present invention preferably relates to a food composition containing 0.01 ppm to 1% by mass. More specifically, for example, ⁇ -Glu-Nva is converted into 0.1ppb, 0.005 ppm, 0.02 ppm or 0.01% or more in terms of mass, from 99.9%, 90.0%, 50%,
- the present invention relates to a food composition containing 600,000 ppm, 100,000 ppm, 80 ppm, 30 ppm, or 10 ppm or less.
- the richness imparting agent of the present invention is composed of amino acids such as sodium glutamate (MSG), nucleic acids such as inosine monophosphate (IMP), inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, citric acid.
- MSG sodium glutamate
- IMP inosine monophosphate
- inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, citric acid.
- the taste is further increased compared to the case where other seasoning raw materials are used alone. Seasoning can be provided.
- the concentration in the case of using ⁇ -Glu-Nva in combination with the above other seasoning materials can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art through examination such as sensory evaluation.
- the term “kokumi” means five basic tastes represented by sweet taste, salty taste, sour taste, bitter taste, and umami. It means a taste that cannot be expressed in terms of basic taste, as well as thickness, thickness (mounthfulness), continuity, harmony, etc. The taste is also enhanced.
- “kokumi impartation” means to enhance the five basic tastes expressed by sweetness, salty taste, acidity, bitterness, umami, and to give a taste around the basic tastes such as thickness, spread, and unity. Say. This can also be expressed as a taste enhancing action. Therefore, ⁇ -Glu-Nva which is the rich taste imparting agent of the present invention can also be expressed as a flavor enhancer.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva which is a body taste imparting agent of the present invention can be used as a sweetness enhancer, salty taste enhancer, sour taste enhancer, bitterness enhancer or umami enhancer.
- the taste changes with the passage of time after eating, but they are called an initial taste, a middle taste, and an after taste in order from immediately after eating.
- taste, medium and aftertaste are tastes to be felt from 0 to 2 seconds, from 2 to 5 seconds, and after 5 seconds, respectively, after eating. Further, the period from 0 to 5 seconds is called “first taste”, and the period from about 2 seconds to about 30 seconds is called “medium after taste” (see FIG. 1).
- the initial taste and the middle taste are referred to as “first middle taste”, and the middle taste and aftertaste are referred to as “medium after taste”.
- the effect of a substance having CaSR activity on kokumi and taste patterns can be confirmed by methods such as a human taste test. Examples of such human taste sensory tests include, but are not limited to, the tests shown in the Examples of the present specification.
- CaSR means a calcium sensing receptor (Calcium® Sensing® Receptor), which belongs to the class C of the 7-transmembrane receptor, and is also referred to as a calcium receptor.
- the “CaSR agonist” means a substance that binds to the CaSR and activates the CaSR.
- activate CaSR means that a ligand binds to CaSR and activates a guanine nucleotide-binding protein to transmit a signal. The property of binding to CaSR and activating CaSR is referred to as “CaSR agonist activity”.
- a test substance is added to a CaSR activity measurement system for measuring CaSR activity, and the CaSR activity is measured.
- the CaSR activity when the test substance is added is compared with the CaSR activity when the test substance is not added.
- the measurement of CaSR activity can be performed using, for example, a measurement system using cells that express CaSR.
- the cell may be a cell that endogenously expresses CaSR or a recombinant cell into which a CaSR gene has been introduced exogenously.
- the CaSR activity measurement system can detect binding (reaction) between an activator and CaSR when an extracellular ligand (activator) specific to CaSR is added to the cell expressing CaSR. It can be used without particular limitation as long as it can transmit a detectable signal in the cell in response to the binding (reaction) between the activator and CaSR.
- CaSR activity is detected by reaction with the test substance, it is determined that the test substance has CaSR stimulating activity.
- CaSR examples include human CaSR encoded by the human CaSR gene registered under GenBank Accession No. NM_000388.
- CaSR is not limited to the protein encoded by the gene of the above sequence, and as long as it encodes a protein having a CaSR function, it is 60% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more. It may be a protein encoded by a homologous gene.
- the CaSR function can be examined by expressing these genes in cells and measuring changes in current and intracellular calcium ion concentration when calcium is added.
- the origin of the CaSR is not particularly limited, and examples include CaSR derived from any animal including mice, rats, dogs and the like as well as the human CaSR.
- the CaSR activity can be confirmed using a living cell expressing CaSR or a fragment thereof, a cell membrane expressing CaSR or a fragment thereof, an in vitro system containing a protein of CaSR or a fragment thereof, or the like.
- An example using living cells is shown below, but is not limited thereto.
- CaSR is expressed in cultured cells such as Xenopus oocytes, hamster ovary cells, and human fetal kidney cells. This can be achieved by introducing a plasmid carrying a foreign gene into which a CaSR gene has been cleaned and introducing the plasmid state or cRNA using it as a template.
- an electrophysiological technique or a fluorescent indicator reagent for increasing intracellular calcium can be used.
- CaSR expression is first confirmed by a response with calcium or a specific activator.
- An oocyte in which an intracellular current is observed or a cultured cell in which fluorescence of a fluorescent indicator reagent is observed is used with respect to calcium having a concentration of about 5 mM. The concentration dependence is measured by changing the calcium concentration.
- the test substance is prepared to about 1 ⁇ M to 1 mM, added to the oocyte or cultured cell, and the CaSR activity of the test substance is measured by measuring the CaSR activity in the presence of the test substance. taking measurement.
- examples of the CaSR agonist activity test include, but are not limited to, the tests shown in the test examples of the present specification.
- the amino acid or peptide used in combination with ⁇ -Glu-Nva in the complex rich taste imparting agent of the present invention is ⁇ -Glu-X-Gly (X represents an amino acid or an amino acid derivative), ⁇ -Glu-Val-Y (Y Represents an amino acid or an amino acid derivative), ⁇ -Glu-Abu, ⁇ -Glu-Ala, ⁇ -Glu-Gly, ⁇ -Glu-Cys, ⁇ -Glu-Met, ⁇ -Glu-Thr, ⁇ -Glu-Val , ⁇ -Glu-Orn, Asp-Gly, Cys-Gly, Cys-Met, Glu-Cys, Gly-Cys, Leu-Asp, D-Cys, ⁇ -Glu-Met (O), ⁇ -Glu- ⁇ - Glu-Val, ⁇ -Glu-Val-NH 2 , ⁇ -Glu-Val-ol, ⁇ -Glu-Ser, ⁇ -Glu-Tau, ⁇ -Glu-Cys (S-Me) (
- X may be any of the above amino acids or derivatives thereof, but an amino acid other than Cys or a derivative thereof is preferred.
- ⁇ -Glu-Val-Gly, ⁇ -Glu-Abu-Gly, ⁇ -Glu-tLeu-Gly, ⁇ -Glu-Nva-Gly, and ⁇ -Glu-Abu are preferable as the peptide used in combination.
- the kokumi imparting agent of the present invention is composed of ⁇ -Glu-Nva and has a unique taste-adding excellent kokumi imparting action having a profile as shown in FIG.
- Peptides having different profiles are preferably used in combination with, for example, ⁇ -Glu-Val-Gly.
- an amino acid residue means the following amino acids.
- amino acid derivatives are various derivatives of the above amino acids.
- amino acids side chains such as special amino acids, unnatural amino acids, amino alcohols, terminal carbonyl groups, amino groups, cysteine thiol groups, and the like are substituted with various substituents. Substituted ones are mentioned.
- substituents include an alkyl group, an acyl group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an alkylamino group, a nitro group, a sulfonyl group, and various protective groups.
- Val-NH 2 Valinamide
- Val-ol Valinol (2-amino- 3-methyl-1-butanol) and the like.
- ⁇ -Glu-Cys (SNO) -Gly has the following structural formula
- ⁇ -Glu-Met (O) and ⁇ -Glu-Cys (S-Me) (O (O) in the formula means a sulfoxide structure.
- ( ⁇ ) of ⁇ -Glu means that another amino acid is bonded via a carboxyl group at the ⁇ position of glutamic acid.
- the ⁇ -Glu-Nva and the amino acid or peptide used in combination with the ⁇ -Glu-Nva of the present invention may be commercially available when they are commercially available, or (1) a method of chemically synthesizing, or (2) Although it can be obtained by appropriately using a known method such as a method of synthesizing by an enzymatic reaction, chemical synthesis is easier. Since ⁇ -Glu-Nva used in the present invention has a short number of amino acid residues of 2 residues, the chemical synthesis method is simple, and the number of amino acid residues contained is 3 residues. Compared with a tripeptide, it can be produced more easily and at a low cost, which is very advantageous in industry.
- the oligopeptide when chemically synthesizing ⁇ -Glu-Nva of the present invention and amino acids or peptides used in combination therewith, the oligopeptide can be synthesized by using a peptide synthesizer or semi-synthesized.
- the chemical synthesis method include a peptide solid phase synthesis method.
- the peptide thus synthesized can be purified by conventional means such as ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, affinity chromatography and the like.
- Such peptide solid phase synthesis methods, and subsequent peptide purification, are well known in the art.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva used in the present invention and an amino acid or peptide used in combination therewith by an enzymatic reaction for example, the method described in International Publication Pamphlet WO 2004/011653 may be used.
- Good That is, an amino acid or dipeptide in which the carboxyl terminus of one amino acid or dipeptide is esterified or amidated, and an amino acid in which the amino acid is free (for example, an amino acid in which the carboxyl group is protected) are combined in the presence of a peptide-forming enzyme. It is also possible to produce by producing the dipeptide or tripeptide produced by reacting in the above.
- the peptide-forming enzyme examples include a culture of a microorganism having the ability to produce a peptide, a microbial cell separated from the culture, a treated product of the microorganism, or a peptide-generating enzyme derived from the microorganism.
- the matters described in WO 2004/011653 are included in the description of this specification.
- the peptides used in the present invention may be present in plants such as vegetables and fruits, microorganisms such as yeast, and other natural products. If they exist in nature, they can be extracted from these and used.
- the kokumi imparting agent or the complex kokumi imparting agent of the present invention can be used as a seasoning as it is or by mixing it with a carrier and other seasoning ingredients that are acceptable for food and drink.
- seasoning materials include, for example, flavorings, sugars, sweeteners, dietary fibers, vitamins, amino acids such as sodium glutamate (MSG), nucleic acids such as inosine monophosphate (IMP), and inorganic substances such as sodium chloride. Examples thereof include organic acids such as salts and citric acid, and various yeast extracts.
- the low salt food preferable as a food composition containing the rich taste imparting agent or the complex rich taste imparting agent of the present invention is a food originally containing sodium chloride, and particularly a food having a reduced salt content.
- Such low-salt foods include dairy products such as butter and cheese, animal fats and oils such as margarine, sauce and roux, and / or vegetable oils and fats, emulsified foods such as dressings and mayonnaise, various curries, stews and meat extracts. ⁇ Various soups including cream are included.
- brewed foods such as miso and soy sauce, processed vegetable foods such as pickles and pickles, processed meat products such as ham and sausage, processed fishery products such as salmon, dried fish and boiled fish, cooked meatballs, hamburger, fried foods, yakitori It is done.
- the low salt food those having a salt content of 0.01 to 0.5% by mass at the time of eating are preferable.
- a food composition containing the richness imparting agent or the complex richness imparting agent of the present invention foods containing Lamiaceae herbs and spices or Lamiaceae herbs and spices are added. Is also preferable.
- the herb of Lamiaceae include, in addition to perilla and basil, anise, oregano, sage, thyme, mint, peppermint, bergamot, marjoram, mint, lavender, and rosemary.
- the herb and spices of Lamiaceae at the time of eating are 0.01% A content of ⁇ 10% by mass is preferred.
- sauce dressing, soup, snack or processed meat food ham, sausage, etc.
- the food composition containing the rich taste imparting agent or composite rich taste imparting agent of the present invention is preferably a food containing miso.
- miso examples include rice miso, barley miso, soybean miso, and mixed miso containing two or more of these, but there is no particular limitation.
- Such a miso-containing food is not particularly limited as long as it contains miso.
- the above-mentioned food is preferably one in which the miso at the time of eating is 0.01 to 99.9% by weight . Furthermore, it is also preferable that it is a foodstuff containing a tomato as a food composition containing the rich taste imparting agent or composite rich taste imparting agent of this invention from another viewpoint.
- a food containing tomato is not limited as long as it contains tomato, and examples thereof include tomato sauce, tomato ketchup, tomato paste, and various soups containing tomato.
- the above-mentioned foods are those in which the tomatoes at the time of eating are 0.01 to 99.9% by weight as solids preferable.
- the ⁇ -Glu-Nva and the amino acid or peptide used together in the present invention also include a salt form.
- the salt may be a pharmacologically acceptable edible salt, such as a carboxyl group.
- ammonium salts salts with alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, salts with alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, aluminum salts, zinc salts, triethylamine, ethanolamine, morpholine, pyrrolidine
- alkali metals such as sodium and potassium
- alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium
- aluminum salts such as calcium and magnesium
- zinc salts triethylamine, ethanolamine, morpholine, pyrrolidine
- salts with organic amines such as piperidine, piperazine and dicyclohexylamine
- salts with basic amine acids such as arginine and lysine.
- salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrobromic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, Salts with organic carboxylic acids such as tannic acid, butyric acid, hibenzic acid, pamoic acid, enanthic acid, decanoic acid, teocric acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p And salts with organic sulfonic acids such as toluenesulfonic acid.
- inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrobromic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, succin
- the rich taste imparting agent, food composition, or complex rich taste imparting agent of the present invention can be used in any form without limitation on physical properties such as dry powder, paste, and solution.
- the rich taste imparting agent, food composition, or complex rich taste imparting agent of the present invention can be used by blending it with various foods and beverages such as foods, beverages and seasonings.
- the amount of the amino acid or peptide to be obtained is not particularly limited as long as the desired effect can be obtained. However, the amount of ⁇ -Glu-Nva and / or the amount of amino acid or peptide is the total mass of food, beverage or seasoning.
- the amount is about 0.1 ppb to 99.9% by mass, preferably about 1 ppb to 10% by mass, and more preferably about 0.01 ppm to 1% by mass.
- any solid or liquid carrier that is acceptable for foods and beverages may be further blended.
- the carrier include glucose, lactose, sucrose, starch, mannitol, dextrin, fatty acid glyceride, polyethylene glycol, hydroxyethyl starch, ethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, gelatin, albumin, amino acid, water, and physiological saline. Water etc. are mentioned.
- the seasoning raw material may be any seasoning raw material used in the art and is not particularly limited, but more specifically, the above-mentioned ones are already mentioned.
- the content of any of the above carriers and other seasoning ingredients is not particularly limited.
- the yeast extract is not particularly limited in any of the cells from which it is derived, its culture conditions, and the extraction treatment method, and any yeast extract can be used. Further, heat treatment, enzyme treatment, concentration, powder It may be one that has been processed.
- the rich taste imparting agent, food composition, or complex rich taste imparting agent of the present invention can be used in any form without limitation on physical properties such as dry powder, paste, and solution.
- the rich taste imparting agent, food composition, or composite rich taste imparting agent of the present invention can be used by blending with various foods and drinks such as foods and beverages.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing various foods and drinks, characterized in that ⁇ -Glu-Nva is added so that 1 mass ppb to 99.9% by mass is added to the production intermediate of various foods and drinks. .
- various foods and drinks low salt foods are preferable.
- This invention also provides the manufacturing method of various food-drinks characterized by adding the food composition of this invention to the manufacture intermediate goods of various food-drinks.
- various foods and drinks low salt foods are preferable.
- a taste enhancer comprising ⁇ -Glu-Nva is used as a raw material for foods and beverages (for example, umami raw material, protein hydrolyzate, or herbs / spices). ), And, if necessary, a method for producing a food / beverage product or a food / beverage product intermediate product including a step of further cooking the resulting food / beverage material mixture.
- the step of adding and mixing the taste enhancer composed of ⁇ -Glu-Nva to the raw material for food and drink the concentration of ⁇ -Glu-Nva in the intermediate product of the food and drink is preferably 0.005 to 600,000 ppm by weight, preferably Preferably includes a step of 0.1 to 100,000 ppm by weight.
- the ⁇ -Glu-Nva concentration of the food and drink obtained by adding the intermediate product of the food and drink to another food and drink raw material for example, agricultural products, marine products, livestock meat, dairy products, or processed products thereof
- the step of adding and mixing the taste enhancer comprising ⁇ -Glu-Nva to the food / beverage material the ⁇ -Glu-Nva concentration of the food / beverage product is 0.005 to 30 ppm by weight, preferably 0.05 to 10 ppm. It is preferable that the process is included.
- food / beverage products are foods (for example, sauce dressing, soup, snack, or livestock meat processed food) containing Lamiaceae herb spice.
- food / beverage products are foodstuffs containing miso. In this case, 0.02 to 80 ppm by weight of ⁇ -Glu-Nva, 0.01 to 99.9% by weight of miso (more preferably 0.1 to 90.0% by weight), and other food ingredients It is preferable to contain.
- food / beverage products are the foodstuffs containing a tomato.
- 0.02 to 80 ppm by weight of ⁇ -Glu-Nva, 0.01 to 99.9% by weight of tomato (more preferably 0.1 to 90.0% by weight), and other food ingredients It is preferable to contain.
- a method for enhancing the taste of food and drink which includes a step of adding 0.01 to 50% by weight of the composition containing ⁇ -Glu-Nva to the food and drink. It is preferable that the enhancement is richness imparting.
- the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples, but these do not limit the present invention.
- the reaction solution was kept at 0 ° C., and DMAP (4-Dimethyaminopyridine, 0.21 g, 0.2 equivalent, 1.70 mmol) and WSC ⁇ HCl (1-Ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -carbodiimide hydrochloride, 1.81 g, 1.1 equivalent, 9.34 mmol) was added.
- the temperature of the reaction solution was gradually raised and stirred at room temperature overnight (16 hours).
- the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate (500 ml) was added to the residue, the organic layer was brought to 50 ° C., and then washed twice with water (100 ml) and 5% aqueous citric acid solution (100 ml).
- Dioxane was removed by concentration under reduced pressure, and the operation of adding n-hexane (30 ml) to the residue and concentrating under reduced pressure was repeated three times to obtain H-Nva-OBzl ⁇ HCl in a quantitative yield.
- H-Nva-OBzl ⁇ HCl was dissolved in methylene chloride (60 ml), and the reaction solution was kept at 0 ° C.
- Z-Glu-OBzl N- ⁇ -Carbobenzoxy-L-glutamic acid ⁇ -benzyl ester, 3.24 g, 8.72 mmol
- triethylamine (1.34 ml, 1.1 equivalents, 9.59 mmol)
- HOBt ⁇ H 2 O (1 -Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate, 1.47 g, 1.1 equivalents, 9.59 mmol
- WSC ⁇ HCl (1.84 g, 1.1 equivalents, 9.59 mmol
- the temperature of the reaction solution was gradually raised and stirred at room temperature overnight (16 hours).
- the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate (200 ml) was added to the residue, and the organic layer was washed twice with water (80 ml) and 5% aqueous citric acid solution (80 ml), saturated brine (80 ml), 5
- the extract was washed twice with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (80 ml) and with saturated brine (80 ml), and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Magnesium sulfate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
- the reaction solution was kept at 0 ° C., and DMAP (4-Dimethyaminopyridine, 0.05 g, 0.2 equivalent, 0.40 mmol) and WSC ⁇ HCl (1-Ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -carbodiimide hydrochloride, 0.43 g, 1.1 equivalent, 2.20 mmol) was added. The temperature of the reaction solution was gradually raised and stirred at room temperature overnight (16 hours).
- the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate (100 ml) was added to the residue, water (30 ml), 5% aqueous citric acid solution (30 ml) twice, saturated brine (30 ml), 5% sodium bicarbonate
- the extract was washed twice with an aqueous solution (30 ml) and with saturated brine (30 ml), and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Magnesium sulfate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Boc-Nle-OBzl (0.61 g, 1.90 mmol) as an oil.
- the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate (100 ml) was added to the residue, and the organic layer was washed twice with water (30 ml) and 5% aqueous citric acid solution (30 ml), saturated brine (30 ml), 5
- the extract was washed twice with an aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (30 ml) and with saturated brine (30 ml), and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Magnesium sulfate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
- CaSR expression plasmid was prepared as follows. Based on the DNA sequence (CaSR (calcium receptor): NM_000388, SEQ ID NO: 1, 2) registered in NCBI, synthetic oligo DNA (forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 3: ACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGACCATGGCATTTTATAGCTGCTGCTGG)) and reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 1) 4: TTATGAATTCACTACGTTTTCTGTAACAG) was synthesized.
- CaSR calcium receptor
- PCR was carried out under the following conditions using cDNA derived from human kidney (manufactured by Clontech) as a material and the above primers and Pfu Ultra DNA Polymerase (manufactured by Stratagene). After 3 minutes at 94 ° C., 35 times of 94 ° C. for 30 seconds, 55 ° C. for 30 seconds and 72 ° C. for 2 minutes were repeated 35 times, followed by reaction at 72 ° C. for 7 minutes. After agarose electrophoresis and staining with a DNA staining reagent, it was detected whether or not amplification was performed by UV irradiation. In addition, the chain length of the PCR product was confirmed by comparison with a DNA marker of known size that was electrophoresed simultaneously.
- Plasmid vector pBR322 was cleaved with restriction enzyme EcoRV (Takara), and the gene fragment amplified by PCR was ligated to the cleavage site using Ligation kit (Promega).
- the Escherichia coli DH5 ⁇ strain was transformed with this reaction solution, and a transformant carrying a plasmid in which the PCR amplification product was cloned was selected, and the PCR amplification product was further confirmed by DNA nucleotide sequence analysis.
- a human CaSR expression plasmid hCaSR / pcDNA3.1 was prepared.
- Assay Buffer 146 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO 4 , 1 mg / ml Glucose, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.2) 200 ul / well of Ca 2+ fluorescent indicator Calcium 4 Assay Kit (Molecular Devices) dissolved in 0.75 to 1.25 mM CaCl 2 ) was added and allowed to stand at 37 ° C. for 1 hour and then at room temperature for 10 minutes to incorporate the indicator. .
- test compound ⁇ -Glu-Nva or ⁇ -Glu-Nle
- BSA-containing assay buffer 0.1% BSA-containing assay buffer
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva showed strong CaSR activity similar to ⁇ -Glu-Cys. It is known that a low molecular weight peptide having CaSR action activity is useful as a body taste imparting agent (Patent Document 1), and it was suggested that ⁇ -Glu-Nva is a particularly excellent body taste imparting agent.
- Example 1 Evaluation of kokumi imparting activity ⁇ -Glu-Nva The strength of the savoriness imparting activity was examined by a quantitative sensory evaluation test.
- the quantitative sensory evaluation test was performed as follows. In distilled water containing sodium glutamate (0.05 g / dl), inosinic acid monophosphate (0.05 g / dl), and sodium chloride (0.5 g / dl), the test compound was added to 0.00001-0.5 g / The strength of the kokumi imparting activity when mixed in dl was measured. About the sample which showed the acidity with respect to the additive-free control after sample dissolution, it was used according to the range of pH ⁇ 0.2 with respect to the additive-free control with NaOH.
- the “prior taste” is a taste of 0 to 2 seconds after the mouth is contained, and the medium after taste is a taste after that.
- the test compounds showed a wide variety of richness-imparting activity at the above-mentioned added concentrations.
- Table 3 shows the results of typical concentrations. Table 3 also shows the results of the same evaluation for ⁇ -Glu-Val-Gly, ⁇ -Glu-Cys, ⁇ -Glu-Val, ⁇ -Glu-Ala and ⁇ -Glu-Ser.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva has an excellent kokumi-imparting activity and that the taste pattern has an excellent start-up. This leading edge is one of the advantages of ⁇ -Glu-Cys. Moreover, ⁇ -Glu-Nva is excellent in stability, which is also an advantage over ⁇ -Glu-Cys. ⁇ -Glu-Nva also has a high titer that is comparable to that of conventional dipeptides. In addition, since ⁇ -Glu-Nva has a short amino acid residue of 2 residues, ⁇ -Glu-Nva can be produced more easily and at a lower cost than a tripeptide having 3 amino acid residues. This is possible and is very advantageous from an industrial point of view.
- Example 2 Effect of ⁇ -Glu-Nva on Basil ⁇ -Glu-Nva is a taste-type dipeptide, and the body taste imparting activity activity at the time of eating is ⁇ -Glu-Abu, ⁇ -Glu-Val, etc. It was found that the expression was slightly slower than the conventional high-titer dipeptide. On the other hand, it was also found that the kokumi imparting effect was manifested very quickly as compared with high-titer medium aftertaste tripeptides such as ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly (glutathione) and ⁇ -Glu-Val-Gly.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva is more “Lamiaceae” than ⁇ Glu peptides having high kokumi imparting activity, such as ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly and ⁇ -Glu-Abu, which have similar kokumi imparting activity. It has been found that it has a very specific effect of “strengthening and favoring without changing the balance of taste and flavor of herbs and spices”.
- Lamiaceae herbs and spices range from anise, oregano, sage, thyme, mint, peppermint, bergamot, marjoram, mint, lavender, rosemary, and other Italian foods worldwide.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva can improve the taste and flavor of foods using herbs and spices of Lamiaceae at a lower cost and in a minute amount, and is very advantageous from an industrial viewpoint.
- Example 3 Effect of ⁇ -Glu-Nva on taste buds ⁇ -Glu-Nva is a taste-type dipeptide, and the activity of imparting rich taste at the time of eating is ⁇ -Glu-Abu, ⁇ -Glu-Val, etc. It was found to be expressed slightly later than other high titer pioneering dipeptides. On the other hand, it was also found that the kokumi imparting effect was manifested very quickly as compared with high-titer medium aftertaste tripeptides such as ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly (glutathione) and ⁇ -Glu-Val-Gly.
- the sensory evaluation test was performed as follows. A commercially available general miso (raw material of soybeans and wheat) was dissolved in hot water so as to be 10.0% by weight to prepare a miso solution. To this solution, ⁇ -Glu-Nva, ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly, or ⁇ -Glu-Abu was mixed as a sample. The measurement uses a two-point discrimination test method.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva is more effective than ⁇ Glu peptides having high kokumi-giving activity, such as ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly and ⁇ -Glu-Abu, which have similar kokumi-giving activity. It has been found that it has a very specific effect of “strengthening and favoring without changing the balance between taste and flavor”. Miso is widely used as a seasoning, miso soup, soup, sauce, and cooked products. Therefore, ⁇ -Glu-Nva can improve the taste and flavor of foods using miso at a lower cost and in a minute amount, and is very advantageous from an industrial viewpoint.
- Example 4 Effect of ⁇ -Glu-Nva on tomato ketchup ⁇ -Glu-Nva is a pioneered dipeptide, but the body taste imparting activity during eating is ⁇ -Glu-Abu, ⁇ -Glu-Val, etc. It was found to be expressed slightly later than the other high-potency pioneering dipeptides. On the other hand, it was also found that the kokumi imparting effect was manifested very quickly as compared with high-titer medium aftertaste tripeptides such as ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly (glutathione) and ⁇ -Glu-Val-Gly.
- the sensory evaluation test was performed as follows. A commercially available general tomato ketchup was dissolved in hot water so as to be 33.3% by weight to prepare a tomato ketchup solution. To this solution, ⁇ -Glu-Nva, ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly, or ⁇ -Glu-Abu was mixed as a sample. The measurement uses a two-point discrimination test method.
- ⁇ -Glu-Nva “tomatoes better than ⁇ Glu peptides having high kokumi-imparting activity, such as ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly and ⁇ -Glu-Abu, which have similar kokumi-giving activity. It has been found that it has a very specific effect of “strengthening and favoring without changing the balance of taste and flavor of tomatoes such as seasonings and sauces used”. Tomatoes are widely used in seasonings, soups, sauces, and cooked products. Therefore, ⁇ -Glu-Nva can improve the taste and flavor of foods using tomatoes at a lower cost and in a minute amount, and is very advantageous from an industrial viewpoint.
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Abstract
Description
一方、カルシウムセンシング受容体(Calcium Sensing Receptor:CaSR)は、カルシウム受容体とも呼ばれるが、当該受容体シグナルは種々の生体内機能を調節し、CaSRアゴニスト活性を有する物質はコク味付与剤として用いることができる(特許文献1および2、非特許文献4)。
一方、γ-グルタミンをN末端に有するいくつかのγ-グルタミルペプチドについては、酵素活性の研究等において基質として合成された例は知られているが(特許文献3、非特許文献1~3)、γ-Glu-Nvaが食品用途に用いられた例や天然に存在した例は知られていない。尚、特許文献1及び2の内容は、本明細書の記載に含まれるものとする。
また、本発明はγ-Glu-Nvaを含有する食品組成物をも提供する(以下、「本発明の食品組成物」ともいう。)。また、本発明は、(a)γ-Glu-Nvaに、(b)γ-Glu-X-Gly(Xはアミノ酸又はアミノ酸誘導体を表す)、γ-Glu-Val-Y(Yはアミノ酸又はアミノ酸誘導体を表す)、γ-Glu-Abu、γ-Glu-Ala、γ-Glu-Gly、γ-Glu-Cys、γ-Glu-Met、γ-Glu-Thr、γ-Glu-Val、γ-Glu-Orn、Asp-Gly、Cys-Gly、Cys-Met、Glu-Cys、Gly-Cys、Leu-Asp、D-Cys、γ-Glu-Met(O)、γ-Glu-γ-Glu-Val、γ-Glu-Val-NH2、γ-Glu-Val-ol、γ-Glu-Ser、γ-Glu-Tau、γ-Glu-Cys(S-Me)(O)、γ-Glu-Leu、γ-Glu-Ile、γ-Glu-t-Leuおよびγ-Glu-Cys(S-Me)からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上のアミノ酸又はペプチド、を併用してなる複合コク味付与剤を提供する。
本発明のコク味付与剤を用いると、その呈味パターンが食塩の呈味パターンに類するため、減塩食品の呈味に塩味様濃厚感及び先味・パンチを付与できるので、食品中の食塩の含有量を低下させても、元の食品と同様の塩味感を保持でき、健康志向の高い食品にすることができる。このような食品としては、各種スープや各種ソースなどがあげられる。特に、本発明のコク味付与剤を含有する食品を喫食すると、食べたとたんに、塩味様濃厚感及び先味・パンチを感じることができるという利点がある。
γ-Glu-Nvaは優れたコク味付与効果を有するため、コク味付与剤として用いることができる。γ-Glu-Nvaは、コク味を付与する食品組成物の重量に対して、(濃度幅)0.1ppb~99.9質量%、好ましくは1ppb~10質量%、より好ましくは0.01ppm~1質量%、含有するように添加して用いることができる。すなわち、本発明の別の態様は、γ-Glu-Nvaを含有する食品組成物、好ましくは、γ-Glu-Nvaを0.1ppb~99.9質量%、好ましくは1ppb~10質量%、より好ましくは0.01ppm~1質量%含有する食品組成物に関する。更に詳細には、例えば、γ-Glu-Nvaを、質量換算で、0.1ppb、0.005ppm、0.02ppm又は0.01%以上から、99.9%、90.0%、50%、600,000ppm、100,000ppm、80ppm、30ppm、又は10ppm以下、含有する食品組成物に関する。
また、味覚は喫食後の時間経過とともに変化するが、喫食直後から順に、先味(initial taste)、中味(middle taste)及び後味(after taste)と呼ぶ。これらは相対的な概念であるが、概して、先味、中味及び後味は、それぞれ喫食後0から2秒まで、2秒から5秒まで、及び5秒以降に感じる呈味である。また、0から5秒までを「先中味」といい、2秒以降約30秒前後までを「中後味」とする(図1参照)。3区分に分けた評価について、喫食者の評価への集中が困難なため、ふつう2区分に分けた評価を常用する。
また、先味と中味を合わせて「先中味」といい、中味と後味を合わせて「中後味」という。
コク味及び呈味パターンに対するCaSR活性を有する物質の効果は、ヒトによる味覚試験などの方法によって確認することができる。このようなヒトによる味覚官能試験としては、例えば本願明細書の実施例で示される試験が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
1)CaSR活性を測定するためのCaSR活性測定系に被検物質を添加して、CaSR活性を測定する。
2)被検物質を添加したときのCaSR活性と、被検物質を添加しなかったときのCaSR活性を比較する。
3)被検物質を添加したときにCaSRアゴニスト活性を示す被検物質を選択する。
上記CaSRは、その由来は特に制限されず、上記ヒトのCaSRのみならず、マウス、ラット、イヌなどを含むあらゆる動物由来のCaSRが挙げられる。
以下に生きた細胞を用いた一例を示すが、これに限定されるものではない。
CaSRは、アフリカツメガエル卵母細胞やハムスター卵巣細胞やヒト胎児腎臓細胞等の培養細胞に発現させる。これは外来遺伝子を保持するプラスミドにCaSR遺伝子をクリーニングしたものを、プラスミドの状態もしくはそれを鋳型にしたcRNAを導入することで可能となる。反応の検出には電気生理学的手法や細胞内カルシウム上昇の蛍光指示試薬を用いることができる。
CaSRの発現は、初めにカルシウムもしくは特異的活性化剤による応答で確認する。5mM程度の濃度のカルシウムに対して、細胞内電流が観察された卵母細胞もしくは蛍光指示試薬の蛍光が観察された培養細胞を使用する。カルシウムの濃度を変えて濃度依存性を測定する。次に、被検物質を1μM~1mM程度に調製し、卵母細胞もしくは培養細胞に添加し、上記被検物質存在下でのCaSR活性を測定することで、上記被検物質のCaSRアゴニスト活性を測定する。
又、より具体的には、CaSRアゴニスト活性試験としては例えば本願明細書の試験例で示される試験が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
特に、本発明のコク味付与剤はγ-Glu-Nvaからなり、図1に示されるようなプロフィールを有するユニークな先味型の優れたコク味付与作用を有するので、このようなプロフィールとは異なるプロフィールを有するペプチト、例えば、γ―Glu-Val-Glyと組み合わせて用いるのが好ましい。
(1)Gly:グリシン
(2)Ala:アラニン
(3)Val:バリン
(4)Leu:ロイシン
(5)Ile:イソロイシン
(6)Met:メチオニン
(7)Phe:フェニルアラニン
(8)Tyr:チロシン
(9)Trp:トリプトファン
(10)His:ヒスチジン
(11)Lys:リジン
(12)Arg:アルギニン
(13)Ser:セリン
(14)Thr:トレオニン
(15)Asp:アスパラギン酸
(16)Glu:グルタミン酸
(17)Asn:アルパラギン
(18)Gln:グルタミン
(19)Cys:システイン
(20)Pro:プロリン
(21)Orn:オルニチン
(22)Sar:サルコシン
(23)Cit:シトルリン
(24)N-Val(又は、Nva):ノルバリン (2-アミノ吉草酸)
(25)N-Leu(又は、Nle):ノルロイシン
(26)Abu:α-アミノ酪酸
(27)Tau:タウリン
(28)Hyp:ヒドロキシプロリン
(29)t-Leu:tert-ロイシン
(30)Cle:シクロロイシン
(31)Aib:α-アミノイソブチル酸(α-aminoisobutyric acid、2-メチルアラニン)
(32)Pen:L-ペニシラミン(penicillamine)
(33)allo-Thr:アロスレオニン
(34)allo-Ile:アロイソロイシン
さらに、上述したような酵素的な方法や化学的合成方法以外にも本発明において用いられるペプチドが、野菜や果物等の植物、酵母等の微生物、その他の天然物中に存在する場合がある。天然に存在する場合には、これらから抽出して用いることも可能である。
本発明のコク味付与剤あるいは複合コク味付与剤は、そのままで、又は飲食品的に許容しうる担体や他の調味原料と混合して、調味料とすることができる。他の調味原料としては、例えば、香料、糖類、甘味料、食物繊維類、ビタミン類、グルタミン酸ナトリウム(MSG)などのアミノ酸類、イノシン一リン酸(IMP)などの核酸類、塩化ナトリウムなどの無機塩類、クエン酸などの有機酸類が挙げられ、更には種々の酵母エキスも挙げられる。
このような低塩食品としては、バター、チーズ等の乳製品、マーガリン、 ソース、ルーなどの動物油脂及び/又は植物油脂含有食品、ドレッシング、マヨネーズなどの乳化食品等、各種カレーやシチュー、肉エキス・クリームを含む各種スープなどがあげられる。又、味噌、醤油など醸造食品、漬物、ピクルスなど野菜加工食品、ハム・ソーセージなど畜肉加工食品、蒲鉾、干物、佃煮など水産加工食品、調理済みのミートボール、ハンバーグ、揚げもの、焼き鳥などもあげられる。これらのうち、低塩食品としては、喫食時の食塩含有量が0.01~0.5質量%であるものが好ましい。
本発明のコク味付与剤を上記低塩食品に含有させることにより、これらの食品を喫食した時、最初に、塩味様濃厚感及び先味・パンチを感じることができる。
また、別の観点から、本発明のコク味付与剤あるいは複合コク味付与剤を含有する食品組成物として、シソ科のハーブ・スパイス類、もしくは、シソ科のハーブ・スパイス類が添加された食品も好ましい。シソ科のハーブとしては、シソ、バジルのほかに、アニス、オレガノ、セージ、タイム、ハッカ、ペパーミント、ベルガモット、マジョラム、ミント、ラベンダー、ローズマリーなどが挙げられるが、特にこれらに限定されない。シソ科のハーブ・スパイス類と本発明のコク味付与あるいは複合コク味付与剤を含有する食品の場合、上記食品としては、喫食時のシソ科のハーブ・スパイス類が固形分として、0.01~10質量%であるものが好ましい。
このような、γ-Glu-Nvaとシソ科ハーブ・スパイスを含有する食品としては、例えば、ソース・ドレッシング、スープ、スナックまたは畜肉加工食品(ハム、ソーセージ等)が好ましい。
さらに、別の観点から、本発明のコク味付与剤あるいは複合コク味付与剤を含有する食品組成物として、トマトを含有する食品であることも好ましい。このような、トマトを含有する食品としては、トマトを含有する限りにおいて得に制限はないが、例えば、トマトソース、トマトケチャップ、トマトペースト、トマトを含有する各種スープ類などが挙げられる。トマト類と本発明のコク味付与あるいは複合コク味付与剤を含有する食品の場合、上記食品としては、喫食時のトマト類が固形分として、0.01~99.9重量%であるものが好ましい。
本発明のコク味付与剤、食品組成物、あるいは複合コク味付与剤は、食品、飲料、調味料等の各種飲食品に配合して用いることができる。
本発明のコク味付与剤、食品組成物、あるいは複合コク味付与剤を食品、飲料、調味料等の各種飲食品に配合して用いる場合の最終的なγ-Glu-Nvaの量及び併用されるアミノ酸又はペプチドの量は所望の効果が得られる量であれば特に制限されないが、γ-Glu-Nvaの量及び/又はアミノ酸若しくはペプチドの量として、食品、飲料あるいは調味料等の全質量を基準として、それぞれについて0.1ppb~99.9質量%、好ましくは1ppb~10質量%、より好ましくは0.01ppm~1質量%程度である。
上記担体としては、例えば、グルコース、乳糖、ショ糖、澱粉、マンニトール、デキストリン、脂肪酸グリセリド、ポリエチレングリコール、ヒドロキシエチルデンプン、エチレングリコール、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタン脂肪酸エステル、ゼラチン、アルブミン、アミノ酸、水、生理食塩水等が挙げられる。
上記の調味原料は、当業界で用いられるいずれの調味原料であってもよく特に制限されないが、より具体的には既に上述のものが挙げられる。
上記の担体、他の調味原料等はいずれもその含有量は特に制限されない。
上記調味原料のうち、酵母エキスは、由来となる菌体・その培養条件・抽出処理方法のいずれも特に限定されず任意の酵母エキスを用いることができ、更に加熱処理、酵素処理、濃縮、粉末化処理等が施されたものでも良い。
本発明のコク味付与剤、食品組成物、あるいは複合コク味付与剤は、乾燥粉末、ペースト、溶液などの物性に制限なしにあらゆる形態で用いることができる。
本発明のコク味付与剤、食品組成物、あるいは複合コク味付与剤は、食品、飲料等の各種飲食品に配合して用いることができる。
本発明は又、各種飲食品の製造中間品に、1質量ppb~99.9質量%含有させるようにγ-Glu-Nvaを添加することを特徴とする、各種飲食品の製造方法を提供する。ここで各種飲食品としては、低塩食品が好ましい。
本発明のコク味付与剤を用いる製造中間品の製造方法については、γ-Glu-Nvaからなる呈味増強剤を飲食品原料(例えば、うま味原料、たん白加水分解物、またはハーブ・スパイス類)に添加混合する工程、および、必要に応じて、得られる飲食品原料混合物をさらに調理する工程を含む、飲食品又は飲食品の製造中間品の製造方法が好ましい。
ここで、γ-Glu-Nvaからなる呈味増強剤を飲食品原料に添加混合する工程が、飲食品の製造中間品のγ-Glu-Nva濃度を0.005~600,000重量ppm、好ましくは、0.1~100,000重量ppmとする工程を含むのが好ましい。
又、飲食品の製造中間品を別の飲食品原料(例えば、農産物、水産物、畜肉、乳製品、または、それらの加工品等)に添加して、得られる飲食品のγ-Glu-Nva濃度を0.005~30重量ppm、好ましくは、0.05~10重量ppmとする工程をさらに含むのが好ましい。
又、γ-Glu-Nvaからなる呈味増強剤を飲食品原料に添加混合する工程が、飲食品のγ-Glu-Nva濃度を0.005~30重量ppm、好ましくは、0.05~10ppm とする工程を含むのが好ましい。
又、上記の製造方法において、飲食品が味噌を含有する食品であるのが好ましい。この場合、0.02~80重量ppmのγ-Glu-Nvaと、0.01~99.9重量%の味噌(さらに好ましくは、0.1~90.0重量%)と、他の食品原料とを含有するのが好ましい。
又、上記の製造方法において、飲食品がトマトを含有する食品であるのが好ましい。この場合、0.02~80重量ppmのγ-Glu-Nvaと、0.01~99.9重量%のトマト(さらに好ましくは、0.1~90.0重量%)と、他の食品原料とを含有するのが好ましい。
さらに、γ-Glu-Nvaを含有する組成物を飲食品に、好ましくは、0.01重量~50重量%添加する工程を有する、飲食品の呈味増強方法も挙げられ、ここで、呈味増強がコク味付与であるのが好ましい。
以下に、実施例を挙げて本発明をさらに詳しく説明するが、これらは本発明を限定するものではない。
Boc-Nva・DCHA(t-Butoxycarbonyl-L-norvaline dicyclohexylammonium salt、3.39 g、8.49 mmol)とベンジルアルコール(1.01 g、9.34 mmol)を塩化メチレン(CH2Cl2、60 ml)に溶解した。反応液を0 ℃に保ち、DMAP(4-Dimethyaminopyridine、0.21 g、0.2当量、1.70 mmol)及びWSC・HCl(1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride、1.81 g、1.1当量、9.34 mmol)を加えた。反応液の温度を徐々に昇温し、室温で一夜(16時間)攪拌した。反応液を減圧濃縮し、残渣に酢酸エチル(500 ml)を加え、有機層を50 ℃にした後に、水(100 ml)、5 %クエン酸水溶液(100 ml)で2回、飽和食塩水(100 ml)、5 %炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液(100 ml)で2回及び飽和食塩水(100 ml)で洗浄し、無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥した。硫酸マグネシウムをろ過して除き、ろ液を減圧濃縮した。減圧濃縮の途中で結晶が析出して来たので、結晶をろ過して集め、減圧乾燥してBoc-Nva-OBzl (2.41 g、7.83 mmol)を結晶として得た。
別途合成したBoc-Nva-OBzlをあわせたBoc-Nva-OBzl (2.68 g、8.72 mmol)に4N HCl / ジオキサン溶液(43.6 ml)を加え、室温で1時間攪拌した。減圧濃縮してジオキサンを除き、残渣にn-ヘキサン(30 ml)を加えて減圧濃縮する操作を3回繰り返して、定量的な収率でH-Nva-OBzl・HClを得た。
ESI-MS:(M+H)+ = 247.1、(M-H)‐ = 245.2.
1H-NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ (ppm): 0.77 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.18-1.33 (2H, m), 1.50-1.73 (2H, m), 1.97-2.08 (2H, m), 2.36 (2H, dd, J=6.6 and 8.4Hz), 3.68 (1H, t, J=8.4Hz), 4.15 (1H, dd, J=5.2 and 8.8Hz).
Boc-Nle・0.2AcOEt(t-Butoxycarbonyl-L-norvleucine ・0.2 mol ethylacetate、0.51 g、2.00 mmol)とベンジルアルコール(0.24 g、 mmol)を塩化メチレン(CH2Cl2、30 ml)に溶解した。反応液を0 ℃に保ち、DMAP(4-Dimethyaminopyridine、0.05 g、0.2当量、0.40 mmol)及びWSC・HCl(1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride、0.43 g、1.1当量、2.20 mmol)を加えた。反応液の温度を徐々に昇温し、室温で一夜(16時間)攪拌した。反応液を減圧濃縮し、残渣に酢酸エチル(100 ml)を加え、水(30 ml)、5 %クエン酸水溶液(30 ml)で2回、飽和食塩水(30 ml)、5 %炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液(30 ml)で2回及び飽和食塩水(30 ml)で洗浄し、無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥した。硫酸マグネシウムをろ過して除き、ろ液を減圧濃縮してBoc-Nle-OBzl (0.61 g、1.90 mmol)を油状物として得た。
Boc-Nle-OBzl (0.61 g、1.90 mmol)に4N HCl / ジオキサン溶液(9.40 ml)を加え、室温で1時間攪拌した。減圧濃縮してジオキサンを除き、残渣にn-ヘキサン(5.0 ml)を加えて減圧濃縮する操作を3回繰り返して、定量的な収率でH-Nle-OBzl・HClを得た。
H-Nle-OBzl・HClを塩化メチレン(30 ml)に溶解し、反応液を0 ℃に保った。反応液にZ-Glu-OBzl (N-α-Carbobenzoxy-L-glutamic acid α-benzyl ester、0.70 g、 1.90 mmol)、トリエチルアミン(0.29 ml、1.1当量、2.10 mmol)、HOBt・H2O(1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate、0.32 g、1.1当量、2.10 mmol)及びWSC・HCl(0.41 g、1.1当量、2.10 mmol)を加えた。反応液の温度を徐々に昇温し、室温で一夜(16時間)攪拌した。反応混合物を減圧濃縮し、残渣に酢酸エチル(100 ml)を加え、有機層を、水(30 ml)、5 %クエン酸水溶液(30 ml)で2回、飽和食塩水(30 ml)、5 %炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液(30 ml)で2回及び飽和食塩水(30 ml)で洗浄し、無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥した。硫酸マグネシウムをろ過して除き、ろ液を減圧濃縮した。残渣を酢酸エチルとn-ヘキサンから再結晶し、結晶をろ過して集め、減圧乾燥してZ-Glu(Nle-OBzl)-OBzl (0.91 g)を結晶として得た。
ESI-MS:(M+H)+ = 261.1、(M-H)- = 259.0.
1H-NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ (ppm): 0.79 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.18-1.30 (4H, m), 1.60-1.70 (1H, m), 1.70-1.80 (1H, m), 2.04-2.10 (2H, m), 2.38-2.44 (2H, m), 3.73 (1H, t, J=6.3Hz), 4.19 (1H, dd, J=5.0 and 8.8Hz).
CaSR発現プラスミドの調製を以下のように行った。
NCBIに登録されたDNA配列(CaSR(カルシウム受容体):NM_000388、配列番号1、2)を元に、PCRに使う合成オリゴDNA(フォワードプライマー(配列番号3:ACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGACCATGGCATTTTATAGCTGCTGCTGG)、及びリバースプライマー(配列番号4:TTATGAATTCACTACGTTTTCTGTAACAG)を合成した。
ヒト腎臓由来のcDNA(Clontech社製)を材料として、前記プライマー、及びPfu Ultra DNA Polymerase(Stratagene社製)を用い、以下の条件でPCRを実施した。94℃で3分の後、94℃で30秒、55℃で30秒、72℃で2分を35回繰り返した後、72℃で7分反応させた。アガロース電気泳動を行い、DNA染色試薬で染色した後、紫外線照射によってPCRによって増幅がなされたか否かを検出した。又、同時に電気泳動したサイズ既知のDNAマーカーと比較することで、PCR産物の鎖長を確認した。
プラスミドベクターpBR322を制限酵素EcoRV(Takara社製)によって切断し、その切断部位にPCRによって増幅された遺伝子断片をLigation kit(Promega社製)を用いて連結した。この反応溶液でエシェリヒア・コリDH5α株を形質転換し、PCR増幅産物がクローニングされたプラスミドを保持する形質転換体を選抜し、更にPCR増幅産物をDNA塩基配列解析によって確認した。
この組換えプラスミドを用いてヒトCaSR発現プラスミドhCaSR/pcDNA3.1を作製した。
293E細胞(EBNA1発現HEK293細胞、ATCC No.CRL-10852)を、200μg/mlのG418(ジェネティシン)存在下、10%のウシ胎児血清を含むDMEM/Ham's-F12(3.15/ml Glucose含有Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium、ナカライテスク)にて培養した。3×106ceells/10mlでF25フラスコに撒き、CO2インキュベータ(5%CO2、37℃)に24時間静置した後、トランスフェクション試薬Fugene6(Roche)にてヒトCaSR発現プラスミドhCaSR/pcDNA3.1をトランスフェクションした。CO2インキュベータに6~7時間置いた後、細胞を10%ウシ胎児血清含有DMEM/Ham's-F12にて回収し、70,000cells/wellでpoly-D-lysine coat 96well plate(BD-Biocoat)に播種した。
CO2インキュベータにて24時間静置した後、この細胞を播種した96 well plateから培地を除去し、Assay Buffer (146mM NaCl、5mM KCl、1mM MgSO4、1mg/ml Glucose、20mM HEPES(pH 7.2)、0.75~1.25 mM CaCl2)に溶解したCa2+蛍光指示薬Calcium 4 Assay Kit(Molecular Devices)を200μl/well添加し、37℃で1時間、次いで室温で10分静置し指示薬を取り込ませた。
この96well plateに、0.1%BSA含有Assay Bufferに溶解した被験化合物(γ-Glu-Nva又はγ-Glu-Nle)を50μl/well添加し、FLEX Station(Molecular Devices)で3分間蛍光強度変化を測定した。
化合物添加前後の蛍光強度の最大値と最小値の差(RFU(Max-Min))をFLEX Stationの自動計算にて求めた。化合物最大濃度添加時のRFU(Max-Min)を100%、被験化合物を含まない0.1%BSA含有Assay Bufferを使用時のRFU(Max-Min)を0%と定義した活性率を計算し、表計算ソフトXfitもしくはグラフパッドプリズムにてカーブフィッティングし、活性率50%時の化合物濃度であるEC50値を求めた。結果を表1に示した。
また、比較例として、他のジペプチドについて同様に測定した値を表2に示した。
表1
γ-Glu-Nvaについて、
定量的な官能評価試験によりコク味付与活性の強度を調べた。
定量的官能評価試験は以下のように実施した。グルタミン酸ナトリウム(0.05g/dl)、イノシン酸一リン酸(0.05g/dl)、塩化ナトリウム(0.5g/dl)を含有する蒸留水に、被験化合物を0.00001~0.5g/dlにて混合した場合の、コク味付与活性の強度を測定した。試料溶解後に無添加コントロールに対し酸性を呈したサンプルについては、NaOHで無添加コントロールに対しpH±0.2の幅に合わせて使用した。官能評点について、コントロール:0点、強い:3点、非常に強い:5点とするとともに、尺度をより明確にするため、γ-Glu-Val-Glyの先味、中後味を各々3.0点とした。採点ついては、直線尺度法を用い、-5~0~5点の位置を示した直線に対し、該当する採点を位置として記入する方法を用いた。また、食品の調味開発を累積で1年以上経験し、うま味塩味溶液に添加したγ-Glu-Cys-Glyとγ-Glu-Val-Glyの力価の差が10倍前後と判定できる者(定期的に確認)をパネラーとした。評価は、n=4で実施した。尚、「先味」とは、口含み後、0~2秒の呈味、中後味はそれ以降の呈味である。被検化合物は上記添加濃度で幅広くコク味付与活性を示したが、代表的な濃度の結果を表3に示した。
又、γ-Glu-Val-Gly、γ-Glu-Cys、γ-Glu-Val、γ-Glu-Alaとγ-Glu-Serについて同様に評価した結果も表3に示した。
γ-Glu-Nvaは先味型ジペプチドであるが、喫食時のコク味付与効果活性が、γ-Glu-Abu、γ-Glu-Valなど、これまでの高力価な先味型ジペプチドより、わずかに遅く発現することがわかった。一方、γ-Glu-Cys-Gly(グルタチオン)、γ-Glu-Val-Glyなど高力価な中後味型トリペプチドと比較すると、非常に早いコク味付与効果の発現であることもわかった。この点に着目し、他の高コク味付与効果活性を有するγGluペプチドでは認められない、γ-Glu-Nvaのコク味付与効果活性が発現する時間に同調し、風味が強化されるハーブ・スパイス類を見出し、詳細に調べた。
官能評価試験を次のように実施した。市販の代表的なハーブ・スパイス粉末を0.5重量%となるように水に分散し、ハーブ・スパイス溶液を調製した。この溶液に対し、試料としてγ-Glu-Nva、γ-Glu-Cys-Gly、又はγ-Glu-Abuを混合した。測定は2点識別試験法を用い、(1)γ-Glu-Nva0.00015重量%と同等のコク味付与活性であるγ-Glu-Cys-Gly0.02重量%、(2)γ-Glu-Nva0.00015重量%と同等量であるγ-Glu-Abu0.00015重量%、(3)γ-Glu-Nva0.00015重量%と同等のコク味付与活性であるγ-Glu-Abu0.003重量%を比較評価し、“ハーブ・スパイス溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましい”方をパネルに判断させた。食品の調味開発を累積で1年以上経験し、うま味塩味溶液に添加したγ-Glu-Cys-Glyとγ-Glu-Val-Glyの力価の差が10倍前後と判定できる者(定期的に確認)をパネルとした。評価はN=9で実施した。
γ-Glu-Nva0.00015重量%の方が“ハーブ・スパイス溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましい”と評価したパネル数を表4に示した。シソ科のハーブ・スパイスに効果を認めたが、代表としてバジルの結果を示す。
この結果から、(1)と(3)のように、同等のコク味力価でも、γ-Glu-Nvaに、シソ科ハーブ・スパイスの呈味・風味を極めて著しく強化する特異な効果を認めた。
N=9
*)有意水準1%で、γ-Glu-Nvaの方が、シソ科のバジル溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましいと言える。
**)有意水準5%で、γ-Glu-Nvaの方が、シソ科のバジル溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましいと言える。
γ-Glu-Nvaは先味型ジペプチドであるが、喫食時のコク味付与効果活性が、γ-Glu-Abu、γ-Glu-Valなど、他の高力価な先味型ジペプチドより、わずかに遅く発現することがわかった。一方、γ-Glu-Cys-Gly(グルタチオン)、γ-Glu-Val-Glyなど高力価な中後味型トリペプチドと比較すると、非常に早いコク味付与効果の発現であることもわかった。この点に着目し、他の高コク味付与効果活性を有するγGluペプチドでは認められない、γ-Glu-Nvaのコク味付与効果活性が発現する時間に同調し、風味が強化される調味料類を見出し、詳細に調べた。
官能評価試験を次のように実施した。市販の一般的な味噌(大豆・麦原料)を10.0重量%となるように熱水に溶解し、味噌溶液を調製した。この溶液に対し、試料としてγ-Glu-Nva、γ-Glu-Cys-Gly、又はγ-Glu-Abuを混合した。測定は2点識別試験法を用い、(1)γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%と同等のコク味付与活性であるγ-Glu-Cys-Gly0.02重量%、(2)γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%と同等量であるγ-Glu-Abu0.0004重量%、(3)γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%と同等のコク味付与活性であるγ-Glu-Abu0.003重量%を比較評価し、“味噌溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましい”方をパネルに判断させた。食品の調味開発を累積で1年以上経験し、うま味塩味溶液に添加したγ-Glu-Cys-Glyとγ-Glu-Val-Glyの力価の差が10倍前後と判定できる者(定期的に確認)をパネルとした。評価はN=9で実施した。
γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%の方が“味噌溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましい”と評価したパネル数を表5に示した。
この結果から、(1)と(3)のように、同等のコク味力価でも、γ-Glu-Nvaに、味噌の呈味・風味を極めて著しく強化する特異な効果を認めた。
N=9
*)有意水準5%で、γ-Glu-Nvaの方が、味噌溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましいと言える。
**)有意水準1%で、γ-Glu-Nvaの方が、味噌溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましいと言える。
γ-Glu-Nvaは先味型ジペプチドであるが、喫食時のコク味付与効果活性が、γ-Glu-Abu、γ-Glu-Valなど、他の高力価な先味型ジペプチドより、わずかに遅く発現することがわかった。一方、γ-Glu-Cys-Gly(グルタチオン)、γ-Glu-Val-Glyなど高力価な中後味型トリペプチドと比較すると、非常に早いコク味付与効果の発現であることもわかった。この点に着目し、他の高コク味付与効果活性を有するγGluペプチドでは認められない、γ-Glu-Nvaのコク味付与効果活性が発現する時間に同調し、風味が強化される調味料類を見出し、詳細に調べた。
官能評価試験を次のように実施した。市販の一般的なトマトケチャップを33.3重量%となるように熱水に溶解し、トマトケチャップ溶液を調製した。この溶液に対し、試料としてγ-Glu-Nva、γ-Glu-Cys-Gly、又はγ-Glu-Abuを混合した。測定は2点識別試験法を用い、(1)γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%と同等のコク味付与活性であるγ-Glu-Cys-Gly0.02重量%、(2)γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%と同等量であるγ-Glu-Abu0.0004重量%、(3)γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%と同等のコク味付与活性であるγ-Glu-Abu0.003重量%を比較評価し、“トマトケチャップ溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましい”方をパネルに判断させた。食品の調味開発を累積で1年以上経験し、うま味塩味溶液に添加したγ-Glu-Cys-Glyとγ-Glu-Val-Glyの力価の差が10倍前後と判定できる者(定期的に確認)をパネルとした。評価はN=9で実施した。
γ-Glu-Nva0.0004重量%の方が“トマトケチャップ溶液を呈味・風味のバランスを変えずに強め好ましい”と評価したパネル数を表6に示した。トマトを使用したその他のソース類などでも効果が認められたが、代表としてトマトケチャップの例を示す。
この結果から、(1)と(3)のように、同等のコク味力価でも、γ-Glu-Nvaに、トマトの呈味・風味を極めて著しく強化する特異な効果を認めた。
Claims (16)
- γ-Glu-Nvaからなるコク味付与剤。
- (a)γ-Glu-Nvaに、
(b)γ-Glu-X-Gly(Xはアミノ酸又はアミノ酸誘導体を表す)、γ-Glu-Val-Y(Yはアミノ酸又はアミノ酸誘導体を表す)、γ-Glu-Abu、γ-Glu-Ala、γ-Glu-Gly、γ-Glu-Cys、γ-Glu-Met、γ-Glu-Thr、γ-Glu-Val、γ-Glu-Orn、Asp-Gly、Cys-Gly、Cys-Met、Glu-Cys、Gly-Cys、Leu-Asp、D-Cys、γ-Glu-Met(O)、γ-Glu-γ-Glu-Val、γ-Glu-Val-NH2、γ-Glu-Val-ol、γ-Glu-Ser、γ-Glu-Tau、γ-Glu-Cys(S-Me)(O)、γ-Glu-Leu、γ-Glu-Ile、γ-Glu-t-Leuおよびγ-Glu-Cys(S-Me)からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上のアミノ酸又はペプチド、を併用してなる複合コク味付与剤。 - γ-Glu-Nvaを0.1ppb~99.9質量%含有する食品組成物。
- 0.005~30重量ppmのγ-Glu-Nvaと、0.01~10重量%のシソ科のハーブ・スパイス類と、他の食品原料とを含有する、請求項3記載の食品組成物。
- 0.02~80重量ppmのγ-Glu-Nvaと、0.01~99.9重量%の味噌と、他の食品原料とを含有する、請求項3記載の食品組成物。
- 0.02~80重量ppmのγ-Glu-Nvaと、0.01~99.9重量%のトマトと、他の食品原料とを含有する、請求項3記載の食品組成物。
- γ-Glu-Nvaからなる呈味増強剤を飲食品原料に添加混合する工程、および、必要に応じて、得られる飲食品原料混合物をさらに調理する工程を含む、飲食品又は飲食品の製造中間品の製造方法。
- γ-Glu-Nvaからなる呈味増強剤を飲食品原料に添加混合する工程が、飲食品の製造中間品のγ-Glu-Nva濃度を0.005~600,000重量ppmとする工程を含む、請求項7記載の飲食品又は飲食品原料の製造中間品の製造方法。
- 飲食品の製造中間品を別の飲食品原料に添加して、得られる飲食品のγ-Glu-Nva濃度を0.005~30重量ppmとする工程をさらに含む、請求項8記載の飲食品の製造方法。
- γ-Glu-Nvaからなる呈味増強剤を飲食品原料に添加混合する工程が、飲食品のγ-Glu-Nva濃度を0.005~30重量ppmとする工程を含む、請求項8記載の飲食品の製造方法。
- 飲食品がシソ科ハーブ・スパイスを含有する食品である、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載の飲食品の製造方法。
- 飲食品が味噌を含有する食品である、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載の飲食品の製造方法。
- 飲食品がトマトを含有する食品である、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載の飲食品の製造方法。
- 請求項7~13のいずれかに記載の方法により得られる飲食品又は飲食品の製造中間品。
- γ-Glu-Nvaを含有する組成物を飲食品に添加する工程を有する、飲食品の呈味増強方法。
- 呈味増強がコク味付与である、請求項15記載の方法。
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SG2012048179A SG182290A1 (en) | 2009-12-28 | 2010-12-28 | Flavor-enriching agent |
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RU2012132447/10A RU2532834C2 (ru) | 2009-12-28 | 2010-12-28 | Агент для придания кокуми |
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