WO2011077991A1 - インク、該インクを用いて形成される燃料電池用触媒層およびその用途 - Google Patents
インク、該インクを用いて形成される燃料電池用触媒層およびその用途 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011077991A1 WO2011077991A1 PCT/JP2010/072392 JP2010072392W WO2011077991A1 WO 2011077991 A1 WO2011077991 A1 WO 2011077991A1 JP 2010072392 W JP2010072392 W JP 2010072392W WO 2011077991 A1 WO2011077991 A1 WO 2011077991A1
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- fuel cell
- catalyst layer
- ink
- cell catalyst
- cathode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/8673—Electrically conductive fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ink, a fuel cell catalyst layer formed using the ink, and an application thereof.
- Fuel cells are classified into various types according to the type of electrolyte and the type of electrode, and representative types include alkaline type, phosphoric acid type, molten carbonate type, solid electrolyte type, and solid polymer type.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that can operate at a low temperature (about ⁇ 40 ° C.) to about 120 ° C. attracts attention, and in recent years, development and practical application as a low-pollution power source for automobiles is progressing.
- a use of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell a vehicle driving source and a stationary power source are being studied. However, in order to be applied to these uses, durability over a long period of time is required.
- This polymer electrolyte fuel cell has a membrane electrode assembly in which a solid polymer electrolyte is sandwiched between an anode and a cathode. Fuel is supplied to the anode, oxygen or air is supplied to the cathode, and It takes a form in which oxygen is reduced and electricity is extracted. Hydrogen or methanol is mainly used as the fuel.
- a layer containing a catalyst (hereinafter referred to as “catalyst layer for fuel cell”) is provided on the cathode (air electrode) surface or anode (fuel electrode) surface of the fuel cell. Is also written.) Is formed.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer is usually formed by applying an ink containing a fuel cell catalyst and a solvent to the electrolyte membrane and / or the gas diffusion layer and drying.
- a catalyst mainly containing a noble metal is generally used as a fuel cell catalyst constituting an ink for forming a fuel cell catalyst layer.
- precious metals platinum that is stable at a high potential and has high activity has been mainly used (for example, see Patent Documents 1 to 10).
- Patent Documents 1 to 10 since platinum is expensive and has a limited amount of resources, development of an alternative fuel cell catalyst has been required.
- the noble metal used on the cathode surface may be dissolved in an acidic atmosphere, and there is a problem that it is not suitable for applications that require long-term durability. Therefore, development of a fuel cell catalyst that does not corrode in an acidic atmosphere, has excellent durability, has high oxygen reducing ability, and is inexpensive has been demanded. Furthermore, there has been a strong demand for the development of an ink containing a fuel cell catalyst having such characteristics and capable of efficiently forming an inexpensive and high-performance fuel cell catalyst layer.
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports that a zirconium-based ZrO x N compound exhibits oxygen reducing ability.
- Patent Document 11 discloses an oxygen reduction electrode material containing one or more nitrides selected from the group of elements of Group 4, Group 5 and Group 14 of the long periodic table as a platinum substitute material.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an ink for forming a fuel cell catalyst layer, which can efficiently form an inexpensive and high-performance fuel cell catalyst layer.
- the present inventors contain a fuel cell catalyst comprising a specific metal-containing oxycarbonitride, the fuel cell catalyst, an electronically conductive material, and By using an ink in which the content of the proton conductive material is controlled within a specific range, a low-cost and high-performance catalyst layer for a fuel cell can be efficiently formed, and a fuel cell provided with the catalyst layer
- the present inventors have found that the power generation characteristics can be improved, and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention relates to the following (1) to (8), for example.
- An ink for forming a fuel cell catalyst layer Including fuel cell catalyst, electron conductive material, proton conductive material and solvent
- the fuel cell catalyst comprises a metal-containing carbonitride containing niobium and / or titanium
- the mass ratio (A / B) of the content A of the fuel cell catalyst and the content B of the electron conductive material is 1 or more and 6 or less
- the mass ratio (D / C) of the total content C of the fuel cell catalyst and the electron conductive material and the content D of the proton conductive material is 0.2 or more and 0.6 or less. Characteristic ink.
- a catalyst layer for a fuel cell which is formed using the ink according to (1) or (2).
- An electrode having a fuel cell catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer, wherein the fuel cell catalyst layer is the fuel cell catalyst layer according to (3) or (4).
- a membrane electrode assembly having a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode is the electrode according to (5).
- a fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly according to (6).
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly according to (6).
- the ink of the present invention it is possible to efficiently form an inexpensive and high-performance fuel cell catalyst layer.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer of the present invention is excellent in durability and has a high catalytic ability, the fuel cell or the like provided with the fuel cell catalyst layer has extremely excellent power generation characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is an example of an exploded sectional view of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA).
- FIG. 2 is an example of an exploded cross-sectional view of a single cell of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a system for evaluating the power generation characteristics of a single cell of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- FIG. 4 is a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (1) produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 5 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (2) produced in Example 2.
- FIG. 6 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (3) produced in Example 3.
- FIG. 7 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (4) produced in Example 4.
- FIG. 8 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (5) produced in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 9 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (6) produced in Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 10 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (7) produced in Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 11 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (8) produced in Comparative Example 4.
- FIG. 12 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (9) produced in Comparative Example 5.
- FIG. 13 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (10) produced in Comparative Example 6.
- FIG. 14 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (11) produced in Comparative Example 7.
- FIG. 15 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve and a current-power density curve in the single cell (12) produced in Comparative Example 8.
- the ink of the present invention is an ink for forming a fuel cell catalyst layer, and includes a fuel cell catalyst, an electron conductive material, a proton conductive material, and a solvent.
- the mass ratio (A / B) between the content A of the fuel cell catalyst and the content B of the electron conductive material is 1 or more and 6 or less, preferably 2 or more and 5 or less, and preferably 3 or more and 4 or more. The following is more preferable.
- the mass ratio (D / C) of the total content C of the fuel cell catalyst and the electron conductive material to the content D of the proton conductive material is 0.2 or more and 0.6 or less. 0.3 or more and 0.5 or less is preferable, and 0.4 or more and 0.5 or less is more preferable.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer formed using the ink having the mass ratio (A / B) and the mass ratio (D / C) within the above ranges has excellent durability and high catalytic ability.
- the fuel cell catalyst used in the present invention comprises a metal-containing carbonitride containing niobium and / or titanium.
- the metal-containing oxycarbonitride may contain a metal other than niobium and titanium.
- the metal other than niobium and titanium at least one metal selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, cobalt, nickel and copper is preferable, and iron, lanthanum More preferably, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, zirconium, hafnium and vanadium, more preferably at least one metal selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum, tantalum and zirconium, iron, lanthanum At least one metal selected from the group consisting of zirconium and zirconium is particularly preferred, and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of iron and lanthanum is very particularly preferred.
- a fuel cell catalyst comprising such a metal-containing carbonitride oxide has a catalytic ability equivalent to or better than that of a platinum catalyst, is excellent in durability, and is extremely cheaper than a platinum catalyst.
- composition formula of the metal-containing oxycarbonitride is MC x N y O z (where x, y, z represent the ratio of the number of atoms, 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0.01 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5 and 0.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.5.).
- composition formula it is more preferable that 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4, 1.0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.5, and 0.15 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5. 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3 and 1.2 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.3 are more preferable.
- M represents a metal atom containing niobium and / or titanium.
- M may contain a metal other than niobium and titanium.
- the metal other than niobium and titanium is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, cobalt, nickel and copper, More preferably, it is at least one selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium and vanadium, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum, tantalum and zirconium, Particularly preferred is at least one selected from the group consisting of iron, lanthanum and zirconium, and very particularly preferred is at least one selected from the group consisting of iron and lanthanum.
- niobium and / or titanium is represented by M1
- a metal atom other than niobium and titanium is represented by M2
- the composition formula of the metal-containing carbonitride oxide Is M1 1-a M2 a C x N y O z (where 1-a, a, x, y, z represent the ratio of the number of atoms, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0.01 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5, 0.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.5).
- composition formula it is more preferable that 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.45, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4, 1.0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.5, It is more preferable that ⁇ a ⁇ 0.4, 0.15 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3, and 1.2 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.3.
- a fuel cell catalyst comprising a metal-containing oxycarbonitride represented by such a composition formula tends to have a high catalytic ability.
- the fuel cell catalyst comprising the metal-containing carbonitride oxide containing the metal M is a compound whose composition formula is represented by MC x N y O z , or an oxide of the metal M or a metal M A mixture including a carbide, a nitride of metal M, a carbonitride of metal M, a carbonate of metal M, a nitride of metal M, and the like, wherein the composition formula is MC x N y O z as a whole (however, It may or may not contain a compound represented by MC x N y O z ), or both.
- the content of the fuel cell catalyst used in the present invention in the ink is preferably 0.1 to 50% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 45% by mass, and 0.1 to 40% by mass. More preferably.
- a fuel cell catalyst layer formed using an ink having a fuel cell catalyst content within the above range tends to have a high catalytic ability.
- the method for obtaining the metal-containing carbonitride oxide is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of heating the metal-containing carbonitride in an oxygen gas-containing inert gas.
- inert gas examples include nitrogen gas, helium gas, neon gas, argon gas, krypton gas, xenon gas, and radon gas.
- Nitrogen gas or argon gas is particularly preferable because it is relatively easily available.
- the concentration range of the oxygen gas in the inert gas depends on the heating time and the heating temperature, but is preferably 0.1 to 5% by volume, more preferably 0.1 to 2% by volume.
- the oxygen gas concentration is within the above range, a uniform metal-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed.
- the oxygen gas concentration is less than 0.1% by volume, it tends to be in an unoxidized state, and when it exceeds 5% by volume, oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the temperature range of the heating is preferably 600 to 1200 ° C, more preferably 700 to 1100 ° C. Moreover, when the heating temperature is within the above range, a uniform metal-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the oxidation tends not to proceed, and when it exceeds 1200 ° C., the oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the inert gas may contain hydrogen gas.
- concentration range of the hydrogen gas depends on the heating time and the heating temperature, but is preferably 0.01 to 4% by volume, more preferably 0.1 to 4% by volume.
- the inert gas contains hydrogen gas in the above range, the catalytic performance of the finally obtained fuel cell catalyst tends to increase. If the hydrogen gas concentration exceeds 4% by volume, the risk of explosion tends to increase.
- the gas concentration (volume%) in the present invention is a value in a standard state.
- Examples of the heating method include a stationary method, a stirring method, a dropping method, and a powder trapping method.
- the stationary method is a method in which a metal-containing carbonitride is placed in a stationary electric furnace and heated. There is also a method of heating by placing an alumina board, a quartz board or the like that weighs a metal-containing carbonitride.
- the stationary method is preferable in that a large amount of metal-containing carbonitride can be heated.
- the stirring method is a method in which a metal-containing carbonitride is placed in an electric furnace such as a rotary kiln and heated while stirring.
- the stirring method is preferable in that a large amount of metal-containing carbonitride can be heated and aggregation and growth of metal-containing carbonitride particles can be suppressed.
- the heating time of the metal-containing carbonitride is preferably 0.1 to 20 hours, and more preferably 1 to 20 hours.
- the heating time is within the above range, a uniform metal-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed.
- the heating time is less than 0.1 hour, the metal-containing carbonitride tends to be partially formed, and when it exceeds 20 hours, the oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the dropping method is a method of heating a furnace to a predetermined heating temperature while flowing an inert gas containing a small amount of oxygen gas in an induction furnace, maintaining a thermal equilibrium at the temperature, and then a crucible which is a heating area of the furnace.
- the metal-containing carbonitride is dropped and heated.
- the dropping method is preferable in that aggregation and growth of metal-containing carbonitride particles can be minimized.
- the heating time of the metal-containing carbonitride is usually 0.5 to 10 minutes, preferably 0.5 to 3 minutes.
- the heating time is within the above range, a uniform metal-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed, which is preferable.
- the heating time is less than 0.5 minutes, metal-containing carbonitride oxide tends to be partially formed, and when it exceeds 10 minutes, oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the powder trapping method is a metal-containing carbonitride in a vertical tubular furnace that is kept in a predetermined heating temperature by floating the metal-containing carbonitride in an inert gas atmosphere containing a small amount of oxygen gas. Is captured and heated.
- the heating time of the metal-containing carbonitride is 0.2 second to 1 minute, preferably 0.2 to 10 seconds.
- the heating time is within the above range, a uniform metal-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed, which is preferable.
- the heating time is less than 0.2 seconds, the metal-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be partially formed, and when it exceeds 1 minute, oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the metal-containing carbonitrous oxide obtained by the above-described production method may be used as it is, but the obtained metal-containing carbonitrous oxide is further pulverized to obtain a finer particle. You may use what was made into powder.
- Examples of the method for pulverizing the metal-containing carbonitride oxide include a roll rolling mill, a ball mill, a medium stirring mill, an airflow pulverizer, a mortar, a method using a tank disintegrator, and the like, and among these, a method using a planetary ball mill is preferable. .
- the catalyst for a fuel cell made of the metal-containing carbonitride after pulverization becomes finer particles, it tends to be suitably dispersed to form a uniform catalyst layer.
- a fuel cell catalyst composed of a metal-containing carbonitride after pulverization tends to have a larger BET specific surface area than before pulverization and to improve catalytic performance.
- the BET specific surface area of the fuel cell catalyst used in the present invention is preferably 1 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 1 to 100 m 2 / g, and particularly preferably 20 to 100 m 2 / g. .
- the value of the BET specific surface area in this invention can be measured with a commercially available BET measuring apparatus, for example, can be measured using Micromeritics Gemini 2360 by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the primary particle size of the metal-containing oxycarbonitride is preferably 5 nm to 1.5 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 nm to 1 ⁇ m, further preferably 5 nm to 500 nm, and 5 nm to 100 nm. Is particularly preferred.
- the primary particle diameter of the metal-containing oxycarbonitride is a value converted from the BET specific surface area using the following formula (1).
- the density p of the metal-containing carbonitride oxide is the density of the metal oxide constituting the metal-containing carbonitride oxide.
- niobium pentoxide (V) Nb 2 O 5
- titanium dioxide (IV) TiO 2
- iron when the density of triiron tetroxide (II, III) (Fe 3 O 4 ) is 5.17 g / cm 3 and lanthanum is included
- the metal-containing carbonitride oxide contains a plurality of types of metal atoms
- the sum of the density of each metal atom multiplied by the ratio of the number of atoms (provided that the sum of the number of atoms is 1) is used.
- the density of the metal oxide was used.
- the method for obtaining the metal-containing carbonitride is not particularly limited.
- the metal-containing carbonitride is obtained by heating a mixture of a metal oxide and carbon in a nitrogen atmosphere or an inert gas containing nitrogen.
- a metal-containing compound eg, organic acid salt, chloride, carbide, nitride, complex, etc.
- a mixture of metal carbide and metal nitride is heated in an inert gas such as nitrogen gas
- an inert gas such as nitrogen gas
- Examples thereof include a method (II) for producing a metal-containing carbonitride.
- the heating temperature in producing the metal-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, crystallinity and uniformity tend to be good. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- heating method examples include the above-described stationary method, stirring method, dropping method, and powder capturing method.
- the metal-containing carbonitride obtained by the above production method is preferably pulverized.
- the method for pulverizing the metal-containing carbonitride include, for example, a roll rolling mill, a ball mill, a medium stirring mill, an airflow pulverizer, a mortar, a method using a tank dismantling machine, etc.
- a mortar method is preferred.
- the electron conductive material used for this invention will not be specifically limited if it is generally used in order to form the catalyst layer for fuel cells.
- the electron conductive material include carbon, conductive polymer, conductive ceramic, metal, or conductive inorganic oxide such as tungsten oxide or iridium oxide. These electron conductive materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. In particular, carbon particles having a large specific surface area alone or a mixture of carbon particles having a large specific surface area and other electron conductive particles are preferable.
- Examples of the carbon include carbon black, graphite, graphite, activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, and fullerene.
- the particle diameter of carbon is preferably in the range of 10 to 1000 nm, and more preferably in the range of 10 to 100 nm. When the particle diameter of the carbon is less than 10 nm, it is difficult to form an electron conduction path. When the carbon particle diameter exceeds the above upper limit, the gas diffusibility of the formed fuel cell catalyst layer is reduced, or the fuel cell catalyst The usage rate tends to decrease.
- the conductive polymer is not particularly limited.
- polypyrrole, polyaniline, and polythiophene are preferable, and polypyrrole is more preferable.
- the proton conductive material used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used for forming a fuel cell catalyst layer.
- the proton conductive material examples include a perfluorocarbon polymer having a sulfonic acid group (for example, NAFION (registered trademark)), a hydrocarbon polymer compound having a sulfonic acid group, and an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid. And an organic / inorganic hybrid polymer partially substituted with a proton conductive functional group, and a proton conductor obtained by impregnating a polymer matrix with a phosphoric acid solution or a sulfuric acid solution. Among these, NAFION (registered trademark) is preferable. Further, when a “Flemion” membrane manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. or an “Aciplex” membrane manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd. is used as the proton conductive material, the reaction in the fuel cell tends to proceed even under conditions of high temperature and low humidity.
- NAFION registered trademark
- the solvent used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used for forming a fuel cell catalyst layer, and examples thereof include a volatile organic solvent or water.
- the solvent include alcohol solvents, ether solvents, halogen solvents, aromatic solvents, water and the like.
- alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are preferable, and specifically, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, and t-butanol are preferable.
- 2-propanol is preferred.
- These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the solvent used in the present invention in the ink is preferably 30 to 99% by mass, more preferably 50 to 99% by mass, and even more preferably 70 to 99% by mass.
- the ink tends to be applied uniformly.
- the ink of the present invention is produced, for example, by mixing the fuel cell catalyst, the electron conductive material, the proton conductive material and the solvent described above.
- the mixing order of the fuel cell catalyst, the electron conductive material, the proton conductive material and the solvent is not particularly limited.
- an ink can be prepared by mixing a fuel cell catalyst, an electron conductive material, a proton conductive material, and a solvent sequentially or simultaneously and dispersing the fuel cell catalyst or the like in a solvent.
- the premixed solution is prepared as a fuel cell catalyst, an electron conductive material And may be mixed with a solvent.
- the mixing time can be appropriately determined according to the dispersibility of the mixing means, fuel cell catalyst, etc., and the volatility of the solvent.
- a stirring device such as a homogenizer may be used, a ball mill, a bead mill, a jet mill, an ultrasonic dispersion device, or the like may be used, or these means may be combined.
- a mixing means using an ultrasonic dispersion device is preferable. Further, if necessary, mixing may be performed using a mechanism or device that maintains the temperature of the ink within a certain range.
- the catalyst layer for a fuel cell of the present invention is characterized by being formed using the ink described above.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer formed using the above-described ink has excellent durability and high catalytic ability.
- the method for forming the fuel cell catalyst layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method in which the above-described ink is applied to an electrolyte membrane and / or gas diffusion layer described later and then dried.
- the catalyst layer for the fuel cell is formed on the electrolyte membrane and / or the gas diffusion layer by a transfer method. The method of forming is mentioned.
- Examples of the application method include a dipping method, a screen printing method, a roll coating method, and a spray method.
- the method of drying is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of heating with a heater.
- the drying temperature is preferably 40 to 100 ° C, more preferably 60 to 100 ° C, and further preferably 80 to 100 ° C.
- the application and the drying may be performed simultaneously. In this case, it is preferable that the drying is completed immediately after coating by adjusting the coating amount and the drying temperature.
- the mass of the fuel cell catalyst per unit area in the fuel cell catalyst layer is preferably 2.5 to 4.3 mg / cm 2 , more preferably 3.3 to 4.1 mg / cm 2. It is preferably 3.7 to 4.0 mg / cm 2 .
- the catalytic ability tends to be high.
- the catalyst layer for a fuel cell of the present invention can be effectively used as an alternative catalyst layer for the platinum catalyst layer.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer of the present invention can be used for either the anode catalyst layer or the cathode catalyst layer, but is preferably used for the cathode catalyst layer because of its excellent durability and high oxygen reducing ability.
- it is useful for a cathode catalyst layer of a membrane electrode assembly provided in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- the electrode of the present invention is characterized by having the above-described fuel cell catalyst layer and gas diffusion layer.
- the electrode of the present invention can be used as either a cathode or an anode. Since the electrode of the present invention is excellent in durability and has a large oxygen reducing ability, it is more industrially superior when used as a cathode.
- the gas diffusion layer is a layer that diffuses gas and is not particularly limited as long as it has electron conductivity, high gas diffusibility, and high corrosion resistance.
- As the gas diffusion layer generally used are carbon-based porous materials such as carbon paper and carbon cloth, and aluminum foil coated with stainless steel and corrosion-resistant material for weight reduction.
- the membrane electrode assembly of the present invention is a membrane electrode assembly comprising a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode is the electrode described above. Yes.
- the membrane electrode assembly is obtained by forming the fuel cell catalyst layer on the electrolyte membrane and / or the gas diffusion layer, then sandwiching both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane with the gas diffusion layer with the catalyst layer inside, and hot pressing. Can do.
- the temperature during hot pressing is appropriately selected depending on the components in the electrolyte membrane and / or catalyst layer to be used, but is preferably 100 to 160 ° C, more preferably 120 to 160 ° C, and more preferably 120 to 140 More preferably, the temperature is C. If the temperature during hot pressing is less than the lower limit, bonding may be insufficient, and if it exceeds the upper limit, components in the electrolyte membrane and / or the catalyst layer may be deteriorated.
- the pressure during hot pressing is appropriately selected depending on the components in the electrolyte membrane and / or the catalyst layer and the type of the gas diffusion layer, but is preferably 1 to 10 MPa, more preferably 1 to 6 MPa. More preferably, it is ⁇ 5 MPa. If the pressure during hot pressing is less than the lower limit, bonding may be insufficient, and if the pressure exceeds the upper limit, the porosity of the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer may be reduced and performance may be deteriorated. .
- the hot pressing time is appropriately selected depending on the temperature and pressure during hot pressing, but is preferably 1 to 20 minutes, more preferably 3 to 20 minutes, and further preferably 5 to 20 minutes. preferable.
- the catalytic ability of the membrane electrode assembly can be evaluated by, for example, the maximum power density calculated as follows.
- the membrane electrode assembly is fixed with a bolt with a sealing material (gasket), a separator with a gas flow path, and a current collector plate, and tightened to a predetermined surface pressure (4N).
- a sealing material gasket
- separator with a gas flow path
- current collector plate a current collector plate
- Hydrogen was supplied to the anode side as a fuel at a flow rate of 1 liter / minute, oxygen was supplied to the cathode side as an oxidant at a flow rate of 2 liters / minute, and a back pressure of 300 kPa was applied on both sides while the single cell temperature was 90 ° C. Measure the current-voltage characteristics (see Figure 3). The maximum power density is calculated from the obtained current-voltage characteristic curve. The larger the maximum power density, the higher the catalytic ability of the membrane electrode assembly. The maximum power density is preferably 50 mW / cm 2 or more, more preferably 100 mW / cm 2 or more, and further preferably 200 mW / cm 2 or more.
- electrolyte membrane for example, a perfluorosulfonic acid-based electrolyte membrane or a hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membrane is generally used, but a membrane or porous body in which a polymer microporous membrane is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte.
- a membrane filled with a polymer electrolyte may be used.
- the fuel cell of the present invention is characterized by including the membrane electrode assembly described above.
- Fuel cell electrode reactions occur at the so-called three-phase interface (electrolyte-electrode catalyst-reaction gas). Fuel cells are classified into several types depending on the electrolyte used, etc., and include molten carbonate type (MCFC), phosphoric acid type (PAFC), solid oxide type (SOFC), and solid polymer type (PEFC). . Especially, it is preferable to use the membrane electrode assembly of this invention for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- MCFC molten carbonate type
- PAFC phosphoric acid type
- SOFC solid oxide type
- PEFC solid polymer type
- Nitrogen / oxygen About 0.01 g of a sample was weighed, sealed in a Ni capsule, and measured with an oxygen-nitrogen analyzer (LE600 TC600).
- Metal niobium, titanium, iron, lanthanum: About 0.1 g of a sample is weighed into a quartz beaker, and the sample is completely thermally decomposed using sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. After cooling, the solution is made up to 100 ml. This solution was appropriately diluted and quantified using ICP-OES (VISTA-PRO manufactured by SII) or ICP-MS (HP7500 manufactured by Agilent).
- ICP-OES VISTA-PRO manufactured by SII
- ICP-MS HP7500 manufactured by Agilent
- BET specific surface area measurement BET specific surface area was measured using Micromeritics Gemini 2360 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the primary particle diameter of a fuel cell catalyst comprising a metal-containing oxycarbonitride was determined from the ratio of the number of atoms of each metal atom determined from the BET specific surface area and elemental analysis using the following formula (1). The value was calculated from the density of the metal oxide.
- d 6 / (p ⁇ S) (1)
- d Primary particle diameter ( ⁇ m) of fuel cell catalyst comprising metal-containing carbonitride oxide
- p Density (g / cm 3 ) of a catalyst for a fuel cell comprising a metal-containing carbonitride S: BET specific surface area of a fuel cell catalyst comprising a metal-containing carbonitride (m 2 / g) [Reference Example 1] 1.
- anode ink An aqueous solution (Nafion 5% aqueous solution) containing 0.6 g of Pt-supported carbon (TEC10E60E, Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo) in 50 ml of pure water and further containing a proton conductive material (NAFION (registered trademark); 0.25 g).
- Ink for the anode (1) was prepared by adding 5 g of Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and mixing for 1 hour with an ultrasonic dispersing machine (UT-106H type Sharp Manufacturing System).
- a gas diffusion layer (carbon paper TGP-H-060, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) was immersed in acetone for 30 seconds to perform degreasing. After drying, it was immersed in a 10% polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter also referred to as “PTFE”) aqueous solution for 30 seconds. After drying at room temperature, heating was performed at 350 ° C. for 1 hour to disperse PTFE inside the carbon paper to obtain a gas diffusion layer (hereinafter also referred to as “GDL”) having water repellency.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the anode ink (1) prepared in 1 above was applied to the surface of the GDL having a size of 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm at 80 ° C. by an automatic spray coating apparatus (manufactured by Saneitec Co., Ltd.). By repeatedly spraying, an electrode having an anode catalyst layer (1) having a Pt amount of 1 mg / cm 2 per unit area was produced.
- Example 1 Preparation of catalyst for fuel cell 5.88 g (56 mmol) of niobium carbide (NbC, manufactured by Soekawa Rikagaku Co., Ltd.), 0.87 g (5 mmol) of iron acetate (Fe (CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 , manufactured by ALDRICH) and niobium nitride ( NbN (manufactured by High Purity Chemical Laboratory) 5.14 g (48 mmol) was thoroughly mixed. This mixed powder was heated in a tube furnace at 1600 ° C. for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain 10.89 g of carbonitride (1) containing iron and niobium. The obtained carbonitride (1) was pulverized in a mortar to become a sintered body.
- fuel cell catalyst (1) By heating 1.05 g of the pulverized carbonitride (1) in a rotary kiln at 900 ° C. for 7 hours while flowing nitrogen gas containing 0.75 volume% oxygen gas and 4 volume% hydrogen gas, And 1.18 g of niobium-containing carbonitride oxide (hereinafter also referred to as “fuel cell catalyst (1)”) was obtained. Table 1 shows the results of elemental analysis of the fuel cell catalyst (1).
- the BET specific surface area of the fuel cell catalyst (1) was 4.2 m 2 / g, and the primary particle diameter of the fuel cell catalyst (1) was 317 nm.
- a cathode ink (1) was prepared by mixing for 1 hour using a UT-106H type Sharp Manufacturing System.
- a gas diffusion layer (carbon paper TGP-H-060, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) was immersed in acetone for 30 seconds to perform degreasing. After drying, it was immersed in a 10% polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter also referred to as “PTFE”) aqueous solution for 30 seconds. After drying at room temperature, heating was performed at 350 ° C. for 1 hour to disperse PTFE inside the carbon paper to obtain a gas diffusion layer (hereinafter also referred to as “GDL”) having water repellency.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the cathode ink (1) prepared in 2 above was applied to the surface of the GDL having a size of 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm at 80 ° C. by an automatic spray coating apparatus (manufactured by Sanei Tech Co., Ltd.). By repeating spray coating, an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1) in which the total amount of the fuel cell catalyst (1) and carbon black was 5 mg / cm 2 per unit area was produced. The mass of the fuel cell catalyst (1) per unit area in the cathode catalyst layer (1) was 3.3 mg / cm 2 .
- MEA Membrane Electrode Assembly
- Cathode an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1) on the surface of the GDL prepared in 3 above was used.
- the MEA (1) in which the electrolyte membrane was disposed between the cathode and the anode was produced as follows.
- the electrolyte membrane was heated in 3% hydrogen peroxide water at 80 ° C. for 1 hour, and then heated in pure water at 80 ° C. for 1 hour. Then, it heated at 80 degreeC for 1 hour in 1M sulfuric acid aqueous solution, and was then heated at 80 degreeC for 1 hour in pure water.
- MEA (1) was produced by thermocompression bonding at 3 ° C. for 6 minutes (see FIG. 1).
- the MEA (1) produced in 4 above is sandwiched between two sealing materials (gaskets), two separators with gas flow paths, two current collector plates, and two rubber heaters. Were fixed with bolts and tightened to a predetermined surface pressure (4N) to produce a single cell (1) (25 cm 2 ) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- Example 2 Preparation of Fuel Cell Catalyst
- the fuel cell catalyst (1) prepared in 1 of Example 1 was solved as follows using a planetary ball mill (Premium 7 manufactured by Frichche, rotation radius: 2.3 cm, revolution radius: 16.3 cm). Crushed.
- a sealable zirconia mill container (capacity 45 ml, inner diameter 45 mm), 0.9 g of fuel cell catalyst (1), 40 g of zirconia balls (made by Nikkato) with a diameter of 0.5 mm, and 7 ml of acetonitrile (dispersing solvent) are placed. It was. The zirconia mill container was sealed, and the inside of the container was sufficiently purged with argon.
- the crushed catalyst was designated as a fuel cell catalyst (2).
- the zirconia mill container was cooled with water. After water cooling, acetonitrile and the fuel cell catalyst (2) were separated from zirconia balls. Further, using a rotary evaporator, acetonitrile was removed from the acetonitrile and the fuel cell catalyst (2), and the fuel cell catalyst (2) was taken out.
- the BET specific surface area of the fuel cell catalyst (2) was 30 m 2 / g, and the primary particle size of the fuel cell catalyst (2) was 44 nm.
- Electrode having cathode catalyst layer (2) in the same manner as in Example 1 except that cathode ink (2) was used instead of cathode ink (1) was made.
- the mass of the fuel cell catalyst (2) per unit area in the cathode catalyst layer (2) was 4.0 mg / cm 2 .
- unit cell (2) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (2) was used instead of MEA (1).
- Example 3 Preparation of catalyst for fuel cell 4 g (50 mmol) of titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), 1.5 g (125 mmol) of carbon black (manufactured by Cabot, XC-72) and 0.16 g (0.5 mmol) of lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 3 ) ) was mixed well. The mixture was heated at 1700 ° C. for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain 2.7 g of titanium and lanthanum-containing carbonitride (2). Since this carbonitride (2) became a sintered body, it was pulverized in a mortar.
- fuel cell catalyst (3) By heating 1.0 g of pulverized carbonitride (2) at 900 ° C. for 4 hours in a tubular furnace while flowing nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of oxygen gas and 1% by volume of hydrogen gas, titanium and 1.18 g of lanthanum-containing carbonitride (hereinafter also referred to as “fuel cell catalyst (3)”) was obtained.
- the elemental analysis results of the fuel cell catalyst (3) are shown in Table 1.
- the BET specific surface area of the fuel cell catalyst (3) was 11 m 2 / g, and the primary particle size of the fuel cell catalyst (3) was 127 nm.
- unit cell (3) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (3) was used instead of MEA (1).
- Example 4 Preparation of fuel cell catalyst
- the fuel cell catalyst (3) was crushed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the fuel cell catalyst (3) was used instead of the fuel cell catalyst (1). .
- the crushed catalyst was designated as a fuel cell catalyst (4).
- the BET specific surface area of the fuel cell catalyst (4) was 45 m 2 / g, and the primary particle size of the fuel cell catalyst (4) was 31 nm.
- Electrode having catalyst layer for fuel cell Electrode having cathode catalyst layer (4) in the same manner as 3 in Example 1 except that cathode ink (4) was used instead of cathode ink (1) was made.
- the mass of the fuel cell catalyst (4) per unit area in the cathode catalyst layer (4) was 4.0 mg / cm 2 .
- MEA MEA (4) was produced in the same manner as 4 in Example 1 except that the electrode having the cathode catalyst layer (4) was used instead of the electrode having the cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell (4) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (4) was used instead of MEA (1).
- MEA MEA (5) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrode having the cathode catalyst layer (5) was used instead of the electrode having the cathode catalyst layer (1).
- MEA MEA (6) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (6) was used instead of an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell A unit cell (6) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (6) was used instead of MEA (1).
- MEA MEA (7) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (7) was used instead of the electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell (7) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (7) was used instead of MEA (1).
- MEA MEA (8) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (8) was used instead of the electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell (8) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (8) was used instead of MEA (1).
- MEA MEA (9) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (9) was used instead of the electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell (9) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (9) was used instead of MEA (1).
- MEA MEA (10) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (10) was used instead of the electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell (10) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (10) was used instead of MEA (1).
- MEA MEA (11) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the electrode having the cathode catalyst layer (11) was used instead of the electrode having the cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell (11) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (11) was used instead of MEA (1).
- the mass of the fuel cell catalyst (4) per unit area in the cathode catalyst layer (12) was 4.0 mg / cm 2 .
- MEA MEA (12) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (12) was used instead of an electrode having a cathode catalyst layer (1).
- unit cell (12) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that MEA (12) was used instead of MEA (1).
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Abstract
Description
燃料電池用触媒層を形成するためのインクであって、
燃料電池用触媒、電子伝導性材料、プロトン伝導性材料および溶媒を含み、
前記燃料電池用触媒がニオブおよび/またはチタンを含む金属含有炭窒酸化物からなり、
前記燃料電池用触媒の含有量Aと前記電子伝導性材料の含有量Bとの質量比(A/B)が、1以上6以下であり、
前記燃料電池用触媒および前記電子伝導性材料との合計含有量Cと、プロトン伝導性材料の含有量Dとの質量比(D/C)が、0.2以上0.6以下であることを特徴とするインク。
前記金属含有炭窒酸化物の一次粒子径が5nm~1.5μmであることを特徴とする(1)に記載のインク。
(1)または(2)に記載のインクを用いて形成されることを特徴とする燃料電池用触媒層。
単位面積当たりの燃料電池用触媒の質量が、2.5~4.3mg/cm2であることを特徴とする(3)に記載の燃料電池用触媒層。
燃料電池用触媒層とガス拡散層とを有する電極であって、前記燃料電池用触媒層が(3)または(4)に記載の燃料電池用触媒層であることを特徴とする電極。
カソードとアノードと前記カソード及び前記アノードの間に配置された電解質膜とを有する膜電極接合体であって、前記カソードが(5)に記載の電極であることを特徴とする膜電極接合体。
(6)に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする燃料電池。
(6)に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする固体高分子型燃料電池。
本発明のインクは、燃料電池用触媒層を形成するためのインクであって、燃料電池用触媒、電子伝導性材料、プロトン伝導性材料および溶媒を含む。
本発明に用いる燃料電池用触媒は、ニオブおよび/またはチタンを含む金属含有炭窒酸化物からなる。
d;金属含有炭窒酸化物の一次粒子径(μm)
p;金属含有炭窒酸化物の密度(g/cm3)
S;金属含有炭窒酸化物のBET比表面積(m2/g)
なお、本発明においては、金属含有炭窒酸化物の一次粒子径dの算出に当たり、金属含有炭窒酸化物の密度pとしては、該金属含有炭窒酸化物を構成する金属の酸化物の密度を代用することにより求めた。なお、金属原子の種類によっては、複数種の酸化物となり得るが、最も安定な酸化物の密度を、前記金属の酸化物の密度とした。すなわち、金属原子としてニオブを含む場合には、五酸化ニオブ(V)(Nb2O5)の密度4.47g/cm3を用い、チタンを含む場合には、二酸化チタン(IV)(TiO2)の密度4.27g/cm3を用い、鉄を含む場合には、四酸化三鉄(II,III)(Fe3O4)の密度5.17g/cm3を用い、ランタンを含む場合には、酸化ランタン(III)(La2O3)の密度6.51g/cm3を用いる。
本発明に用いる電子伝導性材料は、燃料電池用触媒層を形成するために一般的に用いられているものであれば特に限定されない。
本発明に用いるプロトン伝導性材料としては、燃料電池用触媒層を形成するために一般的に用いられているものであれば特に限定されない。
本発明に用いる溶媒としては、燃料電池用触媒層を形成するために一般的に用いられているものであれば特に限定されないが、揮発性の有機溶媒または水等が挙げられる。
本発明のインクは、例えば、上述した燃料電池用触媒、電子伝導性材料、プロトン伝導性材料および溶媒を混合することによって製造される。燃料電池用触媒、電子伝導性材料、プロトン伝導性材料および溶媒の混合順序は、特に制限されない。例えば、燃料電池用触媒、電子伝導性材料、プロトン伝導性材料および溶媒を順次又は同時に混合し、燃料電池用触媒等を溶媒に分散させることにより、インクを調製できる。また、固体のプロトン伝導性材料を、水および/またはメタノール、エタノール、プロパノールなどのアルコール溶媒に予備混合した溶液を調製してから、その予備混合した溶液を、燃料電池用触媒、電子伝導性材料および溶媒と混合してもよい。
本発明の燃料電池用触媒層は、上述したインクを用いて形成されることを特徴としている。上述したインクを用いて形成される燃料電池用触媒層は、耐久性に優れ、高い触媒能を有する。
本発明の燃料電池用触媒層は、白金触媒層の代替触媒層として有効に使用することができる。
1.元素分析
炭素:試料約0.01gを量り取り、炭素硫黄分析装置(堀場製作所製EMIA-920V)にて測定を行った。
島津製作所株式会社製 マイクロメリティクス ジェミニ2360を用いてBET比表面積を測定した。
金属含有炭窒酸化物からなる燃料電池用触媒の一次粒子径は、下記式(1)を用いてBET比表面積、および元素分析から求めた各金属原子の原子数の比から求めた金属の酸化物の密度から換算した値とした。
d;金属含有炭窒酸化物からなる燃料電池用触媒の一次粒子径(μm)
p;金属含有炭窒酸化物からなる燃料電池用触媒の密度(g/cm3)
S;金属含有炭窒酸化物からなる燃料電池用触媒のBET比表面積(m2/g)
[参考例1]
1.アノード用インクの調製
Pt担持カーボン(TEC10E60E、田中貴金属工業製)0.6gを純水50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.25g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)5gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、アノード用インク(1)を調製した。
ガス拡散層(カーボンペーパーTGP-H-060、東レ社製)を、アセトンに30秒間浸漬し、脱脂を行った。乾燥後、10%のポリテトラフルオロエチレン(以下「PTFE」とも記す。)水溶液に30秒間浸漬した。室温乾燥後、350℃で1時間加熱することにより、カーボンペーパー内部にPTFEを分散させ、撥水性を持たせたガス拡散層(以下「GDL」とも記す。)を得た。
1.燃料電池用触媒の調製
炭化ニオブ(NbC、添川理化学株式会社製)5.88g(56mmol)、酢酸鉄(Fe(CH3CO2)2、ALDRICH社製)0.87g(5mmol)および窒化ニオブ(NbN、高純度化学研究所製)5.14g(48mmol)を充分に混合した。この混合粉末を管状炉において、1600℃で3時間、窒素雰囲気中で加熱することにより、鉄およびニオブを含有する炭窒化物(1)10.89gを得た。得られた炭窒化物(1)は、焼結体になるため乳鉢で粉砕した。
上記1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(1)0.237gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.1183gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.142g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(1)を調製した。
ガス拡散層(カーボンペーパーTGP-H-060、東レ社製)を、アセトンに30秒間浸漬し、脱脂を行った。乾燥後、10%のポリテトラフルオロエチレン(以下「PTFE」とも記す。)水溶液に30秒間浸漬した。室温乾燥後、350℃で1時間加熱することにより、カーボンペーパー内部にPTFEを分散させ、撥水性を持たせたガス拡散層(以下「GDL」とも記す。)を得た。
電解質膜として、Nafion膜N-117(DuPont社製)を用いた。カソードとして、上記3で作製したGDLの表面にカソード触媒層(1)を有する電極を用いた。アノードとして、参考例1で作製したGDLの表面にアノード触媒層(1)を有する電極を用いた。
図2に示すように、上記4で作製したMEA(1)を、2つシール材(ガスケット)、2つのガス流路付きセパレーター、2つの集電板および2つのラバーヒータで挟んでボルトで固定し、所定の面圧(4N)になるように締め付けて、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(1)(25cm2)を作製した。
上記5で作製した単セル(1)を90℃、アノード加湿器を95℃、カソード加湿器を65℃に温度調節した。アノード側に燃料として水素を流量1リットル/分で供給し、カソード側に酸化剤として酸素を流量2リットル/分で供給し、両側ともに300kPaの背圧をかけながら、単セル(1)における電流―電圧特性を測定した(図3参照)。得られた電流―電圧特性曲線から最大出力密度を算出した。当該最大出力密度が大きいほど、MEAにおける触媒能が高いことを示す。MEA(1)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、63mW/cm2であった。
1.燃料電池用触媒の調製
実施例1の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(1)を、遊星ボールミル(フリッチェ社製 Premium7、自転半径:2.3cm、公転半径:16.3cm)により以下のとおり解砕した。
上記1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(2)0.284gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.071gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.142g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(2)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(2)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(2)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(2)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(2)の質量は、4.0mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(2)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(2)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(2)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(2)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(2)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(2)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(2)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、198mW/cm2であった。
1.燃料電池用触媒の調製
酸化チタン(TiO2)4g(50mmol)、カーボンブラック(キャボット社製、XC-72)1.5g(125mmol)および酸化ランタン(La2O3)0.16g(0.5mmol)を充分に混合した。この混合物を、1700℃で3時間、窒素雰囲気中で加熱することにより、チタンおよびランタン含有炭窒化物(2)2.7gが得られた。この炭窒化物(2)は、焼結体になるため乳鉢で粉砕した。
上記1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(3)0.237gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.1183gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.142g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(3)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(3)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(3)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(3)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(3)の質量は、3.3mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(3)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(3)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(3)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(3)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(3)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(3)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(3)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、121mW/cm2であった。
1.燃料電池用触媒の調製
燃料電池用触媒(1)の代わりに燃料電池用触媒(3)を用いた以外は、実施例2の1と同様にして、燃料電池用触媒(3)を解砕した。当該解砕後の触媒を燃料電池用触媒(4)とした。燃料電池用触媒(4)のBET比表面積は45m2/gであり、燃料電池用触媒(4)の一次粒子径は、31nmであった。
燃料電池用触媒(2)の代わりに燃料電池用触媒(4)を用いた以外は、実施例2の2と同様にして、カソード用インク(4)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(4)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(4)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(4)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(4)の質量は、4.0mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(4)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(4)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(4)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(4)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(4)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(4)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(4)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、293mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例2の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(2)0.1183gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.237gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.142g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(5)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(5)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(5)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(5)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(2)の質量は、1.67mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(5)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(5)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(5)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(5)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(5)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(5)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(5)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、32mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例2の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(2)0.311gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.044gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.142g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(6)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(6)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(6)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(6)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(2)の質量は、4.38mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(6)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(6)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(6)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(6)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(6)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(6)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(6)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、102mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例2の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(2)0.284gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.071gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.036g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(7)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(7)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(7)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(7)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(2)の質量は、4.0mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(7)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(7)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(7)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(7)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(7)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(7)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(7)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、53mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例2の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(2)0.284gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.071gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.284g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(8)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(8)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(8)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(8)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(2)の質量は、4.0mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(8)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(8)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(8)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(8)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(8)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(8)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(8)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、57mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例4の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(4)0.1183gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.237gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.142g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(9)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(9)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(9)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(9)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(4)の質量は、1.67mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(9)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(9)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(9)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(9)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(9)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(9)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(9)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、43mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例4の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(4)0.311gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.044gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.142g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(10)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(10)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(10)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(10)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(4)の質量は、4.38mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(10)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(10)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(10)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(10)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(10)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(10)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(10)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、180mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例4の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(4)0.284gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.071gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.036g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(11)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(11)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(11)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(11)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(4)の質量は、4.0mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(11)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(11)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(11)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(11)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(11)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(11)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(11)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、64mW/cm2であった。
1.インクの調製
実施例4の1で調製した燃料電池用触媒(4)0.284gと、電子伝導性材料としてカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラックEC300J、LION社製)0.071gとを、2-プロパノール(和光純薬工業製)50mlに加え、さらにプロトン伝導性材料(NAFION(登録商標);0.284g)を含有する水溶液(Nafion5%水溶液、和光純薬工業製)2.84gを入れて、超音波分散機(UT-106H型シャープマニファクチャリングシステム社製)で1時間混合することにより、カソード用インク(12)を調製した。
カソード用インク(1)の代わりにカソード用インク(12)を用いた以外は、実施例1の3と同様にして、カソード触媒層(12)を有する電極を作製した。また、カソード触媒層(12)における単位面積あたりの燃料電池用触媒(4)の質量は、4.0mg/cm2であった。
カソード触媒層(1)を有する電極の代わりにカソード触媒層(12)を有する電極を用いた以外は、実施例1の4と同様にして、MEA(12)を作製した。
MEA(1)の代わりにMEA(12)を用いた以外は、実施例1の5と同様にして、固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル(12)を作製した。
単セル(1)の代わりに単セル(12)を用いた以外は、実施例1の6と同様にして、単セル(12)における電流―電圧特性を測定し、最大出力密度を算出した。MEA(12)における触媒能、すなわち最大出力密度は、90mW/cm2であった。
1’ アノードガス拡散層
2 カソード触媒層
3 アノード触媒層
4 電解質膜
11 膜電極接合体(MEA)
12 ガスケット
13 セパレーター
14 集電板
15 ラバーヒータ
21 固体高分子形燃料電池の単セル
22 カソード加湿器
23 アノード加湿器
24 電流-電圧特性測定装置
Claims (8)
- 燃料電池用触媒層を形成するためのインクであって、
燃料電池用触媒、電子伝導性材料、プロトン伝導性材料および溶媒を含み、
前記燃料電池用触媒がニオブおよび/またはチタンを含む金属含有炭窒酸化物からなり、
前記燃料電池用触媒の含有量Aと前記電子伝導性材料の含有量Bとの質量比(A/B)が、1以上6以下であり、
前記燃料電池用触媒および前記電子伝導性材料との合計含有量Cと、プロトン伝導性材料の含有量Dとの質量比(D/C)が、0.2以上0.6以下であることを特徴とするインク。 - 前記金属含有炭窒酸化物の一次粒子径が5nm~1.5μmであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のインク。
- 請求項1または2に記載のインクを用いて形成されることを特徴とする燃料電池用触媒層。
- 単位面積当たりの燃料電池用触媒の質量が、2.5~4.3mg/cm2であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の燃料電池用触媒層。
- 燃料電池用触媒層とガス拡散層とを有する電極であって、前記燃料電池用触媒層が請求項3または4に記載の燃料電池用触媒層であることを特徴とする電極。
- カソードとアノードと前記カソード及び前記アノードの間に配置された電解質膜とを有する膜電極接合体であって、前記カソードが請求項5に記載の電極であることを特徴とする膜電極接合体。
- 請求項6に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする燃料電池。
- 請求項6に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする固体高分子型燃料電池。
Priority Applications (4)
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US13/518,741 US20120258381A1 (en) | 2009-12-25 | 2010-12-13 | Ink, fuel cell catalyst layer formed by using the ink and uses thereof |
CN2010800580755A CN102687319A (zh) | 2009-12-25 | 2010-12-13 | 墨、使用该墨形成的燃料电池用催化剂层及其用途 |
EP10839224.2A EP2518806B1 (en) | 2009-12-25 | 2010-12-13 | Ink, fuel cell catalyst layer formed by using the ink and uses thereof |
JP2011520475A JP5000786B2 (ja) | 2009-12-25 | 2010-12-13 | インク、該インクを用いて形成される燃料電池用触媒層およびその用途 |
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EP (1) | EP2518806B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP5000786B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102687319A (ja) |
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JP5126864B1 (ja) * | 2011-09-09 | 2013-01-23 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 燃料電池用触媒層及びその用途 |
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WO2015137377A1 (ja) | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | 窒素含有炭素材料及びその製造方法、並びに、スラリー、インク、及び燃料電池用電極 |
JP6568326B2 (ja) | 2016-04-04 | 2019-08-28 | ダイオキサイド マテリアルズ,インコーポレイティド | 触媒層及び電解槽 |
CN110649272A (zh) * | 2019-09-29 | 2020-01-03 | 先进储能材料国家工程研究中心有限责任公司 | 质子交换膜燃料电池用催化剂的制备工艺 |
WO2023014300A1 (en) * | 2021-08-02 | 2023-02-09 | Temasek Polytechinc | Preparation of a catalyst ink for manufacturing a catalyst coated membrane (ccm) |
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JP5000786B2 (ja) | 2012-08-15 |
EP2518806A1 (en) | 2012-10-31 |
TW201140926A (en) | 2011-11-16 |
JP5755177B2 (ja) | 2015-07-29 |
EP2518806B1 (en) | 2015-08-19 |
CN102687319A (zh) | 2012-09-19 |
EP2518806A4 (en) | 2014-04-23 |
JP2012151135A (ja) | 2012-08-09 |
JPWO2011077991A1 (ja) | 2013-05-02 |
US20120258381A1 (en) | 2012-10-11 |
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