Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
  • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
  • H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
  • H03F3/217—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers
  • H03F3/2176—Class E amplifiers

Definitions

• Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to noise cancellation, and, more particularly, relate to the configuration of a differential drive amplifier and a coil arrangement.
• a shortcoming of long range and/or alignment insensitive wireless power systems can be the emission of high levels of conducted and radiated noise.
• some loosely coupled wireless power systems can utilize high voltages and large primary coils, both of which can contribute to noise emission when signals generated via switching are inputs to the system.
• Such systems can pose electromagnetic interference challenges when the systems operate near other electronic products (e.g., mobile phones, game controllers, media playback devices, etc.).
• Common-mode noise can be attributed to the use of high voltages and unshielded primary windings with considerable surface area.
• High voltages may be utilized when a system is operating at or near resonance to overcome weak coupling between the primary and secondary coils.
• the use of large, unshielded primary windings to transmit power over long distances can further expose surrounding areas to the resultant noise.
• FIGs. 1, 2a, and 2b are schematic diagrams of single switching device differential drive amplifiers in accordance with various example embodiments of the present invention.
• FIG. 3 illustrates an example switching device in accordance with various aspects
• FIG. 4 illustrates an example drive circuit in accordance with various example embodiments of the present invention
• FIG. 5 illustrates a wireless power system including a wireless transmitter and a wireless receiver according to an example embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of a wireless power transmitter including a differential drive amplifier according to an example embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 7 illustrate differential output signals according to various example
• FIG. 8 illustrates a two coil arrangement for planar voltage co-location according to various example embodiments of the present invention
• FIG. 9 illustrates a first coil layout for planar voltage co-location according to
• FIG. 10 illustrates a second coil layout for planar voltage co-location according to various example embodiments of the present invention
• FIG. 1 1 illustrates a two coil arrangement for planar voltage co-location on a
• FIG. 12 is a graph of the measured voltage versus distance from a center point of the two coil arrangement of FIG. 10 according to various example embodiments of the present invention.
• FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic diagram of another wireless power transmitter
• FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic diagram of yet another differential drive amplifier according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 15 illustrates a flow chart of one example method of the present invention.
• the term "wireless power” is used herein to mean any form of energy associated with electric fields, magnetic fields, electromagnetic fields, or otherwise that is transmitted between a transmitter to a receiver without the use of physical electrical conductors.
• the differential drive amplifier may include a single switching device (e.g., transistor) for receiving a single control signal (e.g., single gate drive signal) and generating differential output signals that are substantially equal and opposite with respect to each other. Due to the equal and opposite relationship between the differential output signals, the signals may be used to reduce or substantially eliminate common-mode noise that is present in the input signal.
• the differential drive amplifier may be included in, for example, wireless power systems to reduce the conducted and radiated noise of the systems. Further, some example embodiments of the present invention also support soft-switching functionality and maintain a phase angle versus output power relationship of a Class E amplifier.
• a differential drive amplifier may include a switching device.
• the switching device may be in communication or coupled with a first output node and a second output node, wherein the first output node and the second output node drive a load network.
• the differential drive amplifier may also include a drive circuit configured to drive the switching device, wherein the drive circuit is configured to provide a drive signal to the switching device to alter a conductive state of the switching device to produce a first output signal at the first output node and a second output signal at the second output node.
• the first and second output signals may be substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage.
• Another example embodiment is a wireless power transmitter.
• the power transmitter may include a differential drive amplifier having a first output node and a second output node, a supply network configured to provide power to the differential drive amplifier, and a load network in communication or coupled with the first output node and the second output node.
• the differential drive amplifier may comprise a switching device in communication or coupled with the first output node and in communication or coupled with the second output node, and a drive circuit configured to provide a drive signal to the switching device.
• the switching device may be configured to receive the drive signal and alter a conductive state of the switching device to produce a first output signal at the first output node and a second output signal at the second output node.
• the first and second output signals may be substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage.
• the wireless power system may include a wireless power receiver and a wireless power transmitter.
• the wireless power receiver may include at least one secondary coil.
• the wireless power transmitter may include a differential drive amplifier having a first output node and a second output node, a supply network configured to provide power to the differential drive amplifier, and a load network.
• the differential drive amplifier may comprise a switching device in communication or coupled with the first output node and the second output node, and the load network may be driven via the first output node and the second output node.
• the differential drive amplifier may also include a drive circuit configured to provide a drive signal to the switching device.
• the switching device may be configured to receive the drive signal and alter a conductive state of the switching device to produce a first output signal at the first output node and a second output signal at the second output node.
• the first and second output signals may be substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage.
• an example apparatus which includes a means for switching.
• the means for switching may be in communication or coupled with a first output node and a second output node, wherein the first output node and the second output node drive a load network.
• the apparatus may also include a means for driving the switching device, wherein the means for driving the switching device is configured to provide a drive signal to the switching device to alter a conductive state of the switching device to produce a first output signal at the first output node and a second output signal at the second output node.
• the first and second output signals may be substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage.
• Yet another example embodiment of the present invention is an example method.
• the example method may comprise receiving a drive signal from a drive circuit at a switching device, and altering a conductive state of the switching device based on the drive signal to produce a first output signal at a first output node and a second output signal at a second output node.
• the first and second output signals may be substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage.
• the example method may also include driving a load network with the first output signal and the second output signal via the first output node and the second output node, respectively.
• Another example embodiment of the present invention is an example apparatus, the example apparatus may include a first coil driven by a first signal, and a second coil driven by a second signal.
• the first and second signals may be substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage.
• the first coil and the second coil may have a spiral configuration within a common plane that provides for co- location of substantially equal and opposite voltages within the first and second coils, respectively, at any location on the common plane.
• differential, opposing signals that are capable of limiting or eliminating common mode noise that would otherwise be output from an amplifier.
• the inversely oriented replica signals when brought into close proximity to each other, may affect the fields generated by the signals in a manner that substantially cancels or destroys undesired noise.
• a single switching device is utilized for generating a first output signal and a second output signal.
• the first output signal and the second output signal (collectively referred to as differential output signals) may be substantially equal in magnitude, but opposite in polarity, relative to a reference voltage.
• the differential output signals may be generated in a manner that involves a reduction in the quantity of active components over conventional solutions.
• the differential output signals may be used to drive a load network that may comprise a variety of components, including, for example, one or more coils or windings.
• a differential drive amplifier such as the single switching device transistor differential drive amplifier described herein, may be utilized in conjunction with a coil arrangement that co-locates high and low voltages of differential output signals for noise reduction with little or no impact on magnetic field generation.
• voltages are referred to as being
• co-located when a two substantially equal in magnitude, but opposite in polarity, voltages are present in substantially the same location.
• Some example embodiments of the present invention generate co-located voltages through the use of tightly coupled coil conductors having an arrangement that provide for substantially equal in magnitude, but opposite in polarity, voltages at a given location as further described below.
• the conductors in one or more primary coils may be positioned physically close to one another to generate co-located voltages. According to some example embodiments, if implemented in this manner, inter-coil capacitive coupling may dominate the capacitive coupling to ground, and the electric field projected by the primary coil can approach zero.
• the differential drive amplifier and the coil arrangement dramatically reduce the magnitude of a signal that is capacitively connected to both ground and surrounding electronic devices. As a result, common mode emissions and interference with other electronics may be reduced.
• Various example embodiments of the present invention also increase or maximize the efficiency of wireless power transfer, for example, for charging the batteries of, or otherwise powering, one or more portable devices (e.g., mobile phones, MP3 players, portable projectors, digital cameras, and the like). Some example embodiments utilize minimal design requirements and reduce the component requirements thereby reducing costs. Additionally, while example embodiments described herein may be directed to wireless power transfer, example embodiments of the differential drive amplifier may be implemented in a wide range of applications, not limited to wireless power systems.
• FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of an example single switching device
• the amplifier 10 includes an upper RLC (resistor/inductor/capacitor) network 20 connected to a supply voltage (+Vcc), and a lower RLC network 30 connected to ground.
• the upper network 20 and the lower network 30 share a switching device 40, which floats between the two networks.
• the switching device 40 may receive a control or drive signal that may control the switching operations of the switching device 40.
• the switching device 40 may also define two output nodes nl and n2, where differential output signals are respectively present.
• the control or drive signal may cause the switching device to alter its conductive state. In this manner, differential output signals may be produced at node nl and node n2 that are substantially equal and opposite with respect to each other.
• the upper RLC network 20 may be matched with the lower RLC network 30, such that the characteristics (e.g., resistances, capacitances, inductances, and the like) of the components of the networks are substantially identical.
• the switching device 40 may be connected between inductors (also referred to as windings or coils) LI and L2, which may be matched and tightly coupled.
• the inductors L3 and L4 may also be matched and tightly coupled.
• the term "float" may be used to indicate that a device is not connected to a fixed potential (e.g., +Vcc or ground).
• a device may be floating if it is connected through non-zero impedance components, such as inductors or capacitors to a fixed potential.
• non-zero impedance components such as inductors or capacitors
• the potential at a terminal of a floating component may tend to wander or float with respect to a fixed potential.
• the switching device 40 which may be embodied as a transistor (e.g., a field effect transistor or the like), may switch open or closed in response to a control or drive signal, such as the square wave depicted in FIG. 1.
• a control or drive signal such as the square wave depicted in FIG. 1.
• the currents II and 12 in the upper and lower networks are in opposite directions in the respective networks.
• differential output signals may be generated at nodes nl and n2. Due to the coupling effect of the L3 inductor with the L4 inductor, the differential output signals generated at nodes nl and n2 may interact to eliminate noise present in the input signal.
• the load R L may receive a signal having an associated reduction in both conducted and radiated noise.
• the coupling between inductors L3 and L4 may facilitate the reduction in noise provided by the amplifier.
• inductors L3 and L4 may be positioned as close together as possible so that the inductors are strongly coupled.
• a pair of strongly coupled inductors may be used that are combined in a single package, such as the Coiltronix DRQ 127-470- R, which results in the inductors being as closely coupled as possible.
• the current in each of the inductors may be forced to be almost equivalent in value, facilitating the generation of the inversely oriented signals.
• the inductors L3 and L4 may be inter- wounded coils used for transmitting wireless power to one or more secondary coils and may utilize strong coupling by maintaining the inductors in close proximity.
• FIG. 2a depicts another example embodiment of the present invention in the form of a single switching device differential drive amplifier 50 for use with a wireless power system.
• FIG. 2a depicts the inductors LI and L2 of FIG. 1 as the “coupled inductors” of the amplifier 50 and the inductors L3 and L4 of FIG. 1 as the "transmitting coils" (also referred to as primary coils) of amplifier 50.
• the transmitting coils may be configured to induce a current in one or more secondary coils (not depicted) to provide wireless power to a load connected to the one or more secondary coils, such as to charge a battery or otherwise provided power to operate a device.
• amplifier 50 reduces the number of components by combining the capacitors C 0 in FIG. 1 into a single capacitor C 0 /2 (having half the capacitance rating).
• FIG. 2b depicts yet another example embodiment of a single switching device differential drive amplifier 60.
• the amplifier 60 employs a further reduction in the number of components by modifying the capacitance network between node nl and node n2 to eliminate the two capacitors C and the common ground, and to include a single shunt capacitor C/2 (having half the capacitance rating).
• the single shunt capacitor may be replaced by a number of capacitors where the combined capacitance is C/2.
• the switching device 40 utilized by various example embodiments may be any means for performing switching with respect to a control signal.
• the switching device may comprise a transistor, such as the field effect transistor 70 depicted in FIG. 3.
• the transistor 70 is an n-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS).
• NMOS transistor may be used to control switching between the drain (D) and source (S) terminals which is accomplished by controlling the terminals at the gate (G) and source (S).
• An NMOS may normally operate in an OFF mode (or the switch is open between drain and source), and transitions to an ON mode (or the switch closes between drain and source) if a positive voltage is applied at gate compared to the voltage at the source.
• the gate of the transistor 70 may be connected to a control signal or a drive signal for controlling the conductivity from the source to the drain.
• an input signal to the gate may alter a conductive state of the transistor.
• the gate of the transistor 70 (or another switching device) may be connected to a drive signal provided by a drive circuit.
• the drain may constitute a first output node and may be connected to a supply voltage through an inductor.
• the source may constitute a second output node, and may be connected to ground through an inductor.
• the transistor 70 illustrates one example switching device that may be implemented in accordance with various example embodiments. Other types of switching devices may also be implemented in accordance with example embodiments.
• the switching device may be embodied as, or part of, a processor (e.g., a signal processor), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a drive circuit 80 in accordance with some example
• the drive circuit 80 may receive an input signal at 81 and provide a drive signal at 84 to the gate of the switching device 40.
• the drive signal at 84 may be generated via a gate drive transformer 82 and an h-bridge network 83.
• an isolated drive scheme may be implemented using the transformer 82.
• the transformer 82 may be a pulse transformer. The transformer 82 may sense the voltage difference across its input terminals and apply the same voltage across its output terminals. By connecting the output terminals of the transformer 82 across the gate and source of the switching device 40, switching may be performed even though the source and the drain are floating between nl and n2.
• the switching device 40 may be designed to switch at a rapid speed, which may require a rapidly changing drive signal at the gate of the switching device.
• the h-bridge circuit 83 may be utilized. Referring to FIG. 4, the h-bridge circuit 83 may include diodes, Dl and D2, and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), Bl and B2. The diodes and the capacitors, CI and C2, may form a voltage doubler circuit, which may be used to generate a direct current (DC) voltage across nodes n4 and n2.
• the BJTs may be set in a push-pull configuration to drive the gate of switching device 40 using this DC voltage.
• Bl may be a PNP transistor and act as a closed switch between the collector (connected to node n4) and emitter (connected to node ng), while the BJTs base voltage (connected to node n3) may be higher than the voltage at the emitter.
• B2 may be an NPN transistor and act as a closed switch between its collector (connected to node n2) and emitter (connected to node ng) while its base voltage (connected to node n3) may be lower than the voltage at the emitter.
• B l and B2 may act as open switches.
• Bl may sense a positive voltage between its base and emitter terminals resulting in current flowing from the capacitor CI to the gate of switching device 40.
• B2 may sense the lower voltage between its base and its emitter causing the gate of
• the h-bridge 83 provides for fast ramp up and ramp down of the voltage of the signal at the gate of switching device 40 (with respect to the source) thereby allowing for rapid switching.
• FIG. 5 depicts an example wireless power system in accordance with various aspects
• the wireless power system of FIG. 5 may include a wireless power transmitter 102 and a wireless power receiver 104.
• the wireless power transmitter 102 may include a differential drive amplifier 100, which, in turn, may include a single switching device 110 and a drive circuit 120.
• the drive circuit 120 may receive an input signal 121.
• the wireless power transmitter 102 may also include a supply network 130 and primary coils 140.
• the wireless power receiver 104 may include secondary coils 150, a rectifier 160, and a load 170, which may be a dynamic load. In some example embodiments, the load 170 may be rechargeable battery for an electronic device.
• the wireless power system of FIG. 5 implements switching operations to convert a DC voltage provided by the supply network 130 into a high frequency signal.
• the differential drive amplifier 100 may operate, as described above, to generate two high frequency output signals that are differential and substantially equal and opposite.
• the differential output signals may be delivered to respective primary coils that are positioned to provide for noise cancellation through a coupling of the primary coils 140.
• the primary coils 140 may be oriented such that the currents in the coils flow in the same direction, thereby providing for noise cancellation while also having a minimal effect on the magnetic field generation of the primary coils 140. Due to the direction of the current, magnetic fields may be generated that have the same polarity.
• the magnetic field may induce a current in the one or more secondary coils of the wireless power receiver 150.
• the one or more secondary coils 150 may receive an induced alternating current (AC) signal, which may then be rectified, via the rectifier 160, and fed to a load 170.
• AC induced alternating current
• FIG. 6 illustrates a more detailed schematic diagram of a wireless power transmitter.
• the differential drive amplifier 100 may utilize a DC supply provided by the supply network 130.
• the supply network 130 may include two, tightly coupled choke inductors (LDC) 131 and 132 which can feed the DC voltage to the drain and source terminals of the switching device 110.
• LDC tightly coupled choke inductors
• the tight coupling of the choke inductors 131 and 132 can be partially responsible for aligning the phases of the high and low sides of the differential drive amplifier outputs.
• the switching device 1 10 may comprise a transistor that is floating on an AC
• An isolated drive circuit 120 may provide the signal to the gate terminal by receiving an input signal at 121 and providing a drive or control signal to the gate of the switching device 110 at 124. Similar to the isolated drive circuit illustrated in FIG. 4, the isolated drive circuit 120 may include a transformer 122 and an h-bridge 123. LI and Rl may be included to soften the changes (dV/dT) in the drive signal and prevent high order harmonics from being created. According to various example embodiments, the drive circuit 120 assists the switching device 110 in maintaining zero-voltage switching across various loading conditions.
• the drive circuit may provide a step function
• FIG. 7 illustrates example differential output signals with respect to ground that be generated at the output nodes of the switching device based on a step function input signal.
• the step function may generate differential output signals that are half-sine signals.
• Signal 11 1 may be a positive output signal that may be captured at the drain of the switching device 1 10.
• Signal 1 12 may be a negative output signal that may be captured at the source of the switching device 110. It is noteworthy that signals 1 11 and 1 12 are substantially equal in magnitude, but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage. In the example illustrated in FIG. 7, the reference voltage is approximately 6 volts. However, in accordance with various example embodiments, the reference voltage may be, for example, zero volts.
• a wireless power system in accordance with example embodiments may also include a receiver (not shown in FIG. 6) including one or more secondary coils and a rectifier to receive power from the primary coils 140a and 140b.
• the receiver may also be included in the load network.
• the shunt capacitor network 101 may be connected between the output nodes (e.g., the drain and the source) of the switching device 110.
• the shunt capacitor network 101 of FIG. 6 includes a single capacitor 102, however, some example embodiments of the present invention may include a number of capacitors within the shunt capacitor network 101.
• the shunt capacitor network 101 facilitates tuning the switching device 1 10 for zero-voltage switching when the switching device 1 10 is implemented as a transistor. In this regard, charge may be alternatively stored and released from shunt capacitor network 102 in response to the switching operations.
• the balance capacitor network 103 may include a number of capacitors (e.g.,
• capacitors 104, 105, and 106) that are used to provide an isolated ground reference, which may contribute to improved balance between the differential drive amplifier output signals.
• capacitors 104 and 105 may be matched.
• the connections to ground included in the balance capacitor network 103 may also provide a path to shunt high-frequency noise to ground.
• the primary coil network 180 may include primary coils 140a and 140b and
• the primary coil network 180 may include a single primary coil.
• the primary coils 140a and 140b may be a pair of equal- length coils that are tightly coupled. The tight coupling of the two primary coils may also facilitate maintaining the phase relationship between the differential amplifier output signals.
• the primary coils 140a and 140b may co-locate voltages with equal and opposite potential and reduce noise emissions. Because the currents flow through the primary coils 140a and 140b in the same direction, the magnetic fields generated by the coils are unaffected or substantially unaffected.
• the magnetic fields generated by the first coil and the second coil may have the same polarity.
• the series capacitor 141 may be connected between the primary coils to facilitate bringing the load into a phase angle that is suitable from the perspective of the differential drive amplifier.
• a first capacitor may be connected between the first output node of the switching device and the first coil
• a second capacitor may be connected between the second output node of the switching device and the second coil.
• the first and second capacitors may have capacitance ratings that are double the capacitance of the series capacitor 141.
• the first and second capacitors may be implemented in conjunction with a primary coil network that includes a single coil.
• the primary coil network 180 may be configured to facilitate noise cancellation by co-locating substantially equal and opposite voltages at any location on a planar surface defined by the primary coil network.
• the primary coil network 180 may be configured to co-locate substantially equal and opposite voltages at any location in a three-dimensional space surrounding the primary coil network 180.
• the primary coils may be driven by differential output signals as described above.
• the primary coil arrangements and configurations described herein may be utilized in conjunction with any type of differential drive amplifier, including but not limited to a single switching device differential drive amplifier as described herein.
• the primary coil arrangements and configurations may be used with a differential drive amplifier that includes multiple switching devices and/or transistors.
• each primary coil may be wound as a spiral on a geometric plane.
• the distance between each turn of a coil may be increased as the spiral configuration moves towards the center of an area.
• the first coil and the second coil may therefore have a spiral configuration within a common plane that provides for co-location of substantially equal and opposite voltages within the first and second coils, respectively, at any location on the common plane.
• a single coil may be utilized that spirals into a center point or area, and then spirals back out.
• a coil arrangement may be constructed of two coils that are connected at a central location to achieve a single coil example embodiment.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a two coil arrangement according to various example
• FIG. 9 illustrates the example embodiment of FIG. 8 with only the first coil being depicted.
• FIG. 10 illustrates the example
• FIG. 8 embodiment of FIG. 8 with only the second coil being depicted.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a two coil arrangement oriented on a coordinate system axis for measuring distances from the center or origin.
• differential output signals are applied to the coils, co-location of substantially equal and opposite voltages can be achieved.
• voltages may be measured at each turn of the coils. Each turn is associated with a particular location on the coordinate system.
• FIG. 12 depicts a graph of the voltages measured at each turn. The data points with voltages above zero are associated with measurements taken at turns of a first coil, and the data points with voltage below zero are associated with measurements taken at turns of a second coil. Since the turns are positioned at a particular distance from the center, the horizontal axis can be defined with respect to distance. As indicated by the data points, measurements taken on the first coil and on the second coil have equal and opposite voltages at the same or substantially the same distance from the center.
• a secondary coil network may be arranged in a similar manner.
• the coil arrangements may also be implementing in a receiver of a wireless power system.
• the secondary coil network may utilize a center tap to ground coil configuration with similar coil geometry to achieve similar results.
• FIG. 13 depicts another example embodiment of the present invention in the form a wireless power transmitter that includes a single switching device differential drive amplifier.
• the wireless power transmitter of FIG. 7 is similar to wireless power transmitter depicted in FIG. 6, in that, the wireless power transmitter of FIG. 7 includes a supply network, a drive circuit, a switching device, a shunt capacitor network, a balance capacitor network, and a primary coil network. Part identifiers, passive device values, and part characteristics are also provided, by way of example, for the elements of the example embodiment of FIG. 7.
• FIG. 14 depicts yet another example embodiment of a differential drive amplifier that is not connected to a primary coil network.
• FIG. 15 includes receiving a drive signal from a drive circuit at a switching device at 200, and altering a conductive state of the switching device based on the drive signal at 210. By altering a conductive state of the switching device, a first output signal at a first output node and a second output signal at a second output node may be produced. The first and second output signals may be substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity relative to a reference voltage.
• the example method may also include driving a load network with the first output signal and the second output signal via the first output node and the second output node, respectively at 220.

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