WO2011061971A1 - 鋼材の材質判定装置及び鋼材の材質判定方法 - Google Patents
鋼材の材質判定装置及び鋼材の材質判定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011061971A1 WO2011061971A1 PCT/JP2010/062760 JP2010062760W WO2011061971A1 WO 2011061971 A1 WO2011061971 A1 WO 2011061971A1 JP 2010062760 W JP2010062760 W JP 2010062760W WO 2011061971 A1 WO2011061971 A1 WO 2011061971A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
- G01N19/06—Investigating by removing material, e.g. spark-testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/20—Metals
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a steel material judgment device and a steel material judgment method for discriminating whether a steel material is a steel material made of carbon steel or a steel material made of low alloy steel.
- a steel material inspection device has been proposed for the purpose of performing the above-described determination stably and accurately (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3482265).
- Japanese Patent No. 3482265 since the steel material inspection apparatus of Japanese Patent No. 3482265 is not intended to stably perform the above-described discrimination, an apparatus that can still perform the above-described discrimination stably and accurately, and Development of a method is desired.
- the present invention provides a steel material judgment device and a steel material judgment method capable of stably and accurately discriminating whether a steel material is a steel material made of carbon steel or a steel material made of low alloy steel. With the goal.
- the present invention is caused by friction of an alloy component contained in the steel material from an imaging unit that continuously images a spark generated when the steel material is rubbed a plurality of times, and each captured image captured by the imaging unit.
- a detection means for detecting an alloy spark region corresponding to the alloy spark, and a calculation for calculating the total number of alloy spark regions by adding up the number of alloy spark regions for each captured image detected by the detection means for all captured images And when the total number is equal to or greater than a first threshold value, the steel material is determined to be a steel material made of low alloy steel, and when the total number is less than the first threshold value, the steel material is carbon steel.
- a discriminating means for judging that the steel material is made of a steel material.
- the types of sparks that occur when rubbing steel materials include alloy sparks that occur only when rubbing steel materials that contain alloy components, steel materials that do not contain any alloy components, and steel materials that contain alloy components. There is a normal spark that occurs when any of them is rubbed. Comparing the case of rubbing a steel material made of carbon steel with the case of rubbing a steel material made of low alloy steel, the number of alloy sparks generated is greater when the steel material made of low alloy steel is rubbed.
- the material determination apparatus detects an alloy spark region, which is a region in which an alloy spark image is represented, from a spark image generated when a steel material is rubbed.
- a first threshold value for determining whether the alloy spark region is low alloy steel or carbon steel is set, and the material determination device according to the present invention is configured so that the total number of detected alloy spark regions is the first.
- the steel material is determined as a steel material made of low alloy steel, and when it is less than the first threshold value, the steel material is determined as a steel material made of carbon steel. That is, according to the material determination apparatus according to the present invention, whether the steel material is made of carbon steel or low alloy steel is automatically determined based on the magnitude relationship between the first threshold value and the total number of detected alloy spark regions. Will be discriminated.
- the discrimination result as to whether the steel material is made of carbon steel or low alloy steel does not depend on the skill of the inspector, and the discrimination can be performed stably.
- the total number of alloy spark regions generated when the steel material made of low alloy steel is rubbed and the total number of alloy spark regions generated when the steel material made of carbon steel is rubbed are investigated in advance, and the first is based on the result of the investigation. If a threshold value is set, the material determination device according to the present invention can perform the discrimination with high accuracy.
- the above-described alloy spark region, the normal spark region that is the region where the captured image of the above-described normal spark is represented, the alloy spark region, and the normal spark region There are a peripheral region located in the periphery of each of the above and a background region that is a region in which captured images of the background of the alloy spark and the normal spark are represented.
- the alloy spark region and the normal spark region are collectively referred to as “spark region”.
- spark region has a higher density than the peripheral region located around each spark region, and the background region has a lower density than any spark region and any peripheral region.
- the alloy spark region and the normal spark region have different shapes.
- the spark region is detected from the captured image by binarizing the captured image based on the density, and the alloy is detected from the spark region based on the shape of the detected spark region.
- a method for detecting a spark region is conceivable.
- the concentration differs between the spark regions.
- the higher the concentration of the spark region the higher the concentration of the peripheral region located around the spark region.
- the density of the peripheral area with high density may be higher than that of the low density spark area.
- the threshold value for binarization is set to a density lower than the density of the spark area having a low density, even the pixels constituting the peripheral area having a high density may be detected.
- the threshold value for binarization is set to a density higher than the density of the peripheral area having a high density, there is a possibility that the spark pixel constituting the spark area having a low density may not be detected.
- the detection unit has a density equal to or higher than a second threshold value continuous with each other along the pixel line for one pixel line constituting each captured image.
- a first process for detecting a spark candidate pixel group comprising pixels having a pixel, and a third density that is less than the highest density and greater than the second threshold value.
- the pixel line is a column of pixels connected in a straight line from one end side to the other end side of the captured image in the horizontal direction or the vertical direction of the captured image, and has one pixel in the width direction of the column.
- the spark candidate pixel group refers to a group of pixels that may be a spark region.
- the spark pixel group refers to a group of pixels indicating a spark region.
- the second threshold value refers to a pixel density threshold value set to detect a spark candidate pixel group from a captured image.
- the third threshold value is a threshold value of the pixel density set to detect the pixels constituting the spark pixel group from the pixels constituting the spark candidate pixel group.
- the first process is a process of detecting a spark candidate pixel group including pixels having a density equal to or higher than a second threshold value that are continuous with each other along the pixel line. If the upper limit value that can be taken by the second threshold value is less than or equal to the density of the spark region with the lowest density, the spark pixels (pixels constituting the spark region) that are continuous with each other along the pixel line constitute a spark candidate pixel group Detected as a pixel. Further, if the lower limit value that can be taken by the second threshold value is made higher than the density of the background area having the highest density, it is excluded that the pixels constituting each background area are detected as the pixels constituting the spark candidate pixel group. it can.
- the concentration of the peripheral region having a high concentration may be higher than that of the spark region having a low concentration.
- the second threshold value is set between the upper limit value and the lower limit value described above, if there is a peripheral region whose density is higher than that of the spark region, the pixels constituting the peripheral region It is detected as a constituent pixel.
- the second process detects the highest density of the pixels constituting each spark candidate pixel group, and the pixels constituting each spark candidate pixel group with a third threshold value that is less than the highest density and higher than the second threshold value Is a process of detecting the pixels constituting the spark pixel group from the pixels constituting each spark candidate pixel group.
- the density of the color component for detection is higher than that in the peripheral region located around the spark region.
- the third density threshold value between the density of the spark pixels that constitute the pixel, it can be excluded that the pixels that constitute the peripheral region are detected as the spark pixels. That is, this makes it possible to accurately detect the spark pixel from the captured image.
- an individual third threshold value can be set for each second process performed for each spark candidate pixel group. For this reason, even if the density is different between the spark regions constituting each spark candidate pixel group, the third threshold value can be set in the above-described range in the second process performed for each spark candidate pixel group, A pixel constituting a spark region from each spark candidate pixel group can be detected as a pixel constituting the spark pixel group.
- a binarized image representing a spark pixel group is created, and a series of spark pixel groups in the binarized image is recognized as a spark region.
- the spark pixel group includes pixels that form a spark region. For this reason, what the spark pixel group recognized as the spark region in the third process is continuous is also composed of the pixels constituting the spark region. Therefore, the spark region can be accurately detected by the third process.
- 4th process is a process which detects an alloy spark area
- the fourth process is based on the ratio of the width of the end part on the front side in the sparking direction and the width of the end part on the rear side in the scattering direction in the spark region certified in the third process.
- a determination process for determining whether or not the spark region certified in the third process corresponds to the first determination pattern, and a spark region determined to correspond to the first determination pattern in the determination process is the alloy.
- a detection process for detecting as a spark region is the first detection process.
- the ratio of the width of the end portion on the front side in the scattering direction of the alloy spark and the width of the end portion on the rear side in the scattering direction is within a predetermined range.
- the first determination pattern is a pattern for determining whether the ratio of the width of the end portion on the front side in the scattering direction of the alloy spark and the width of the end portion on the rear side in the scattering direction is within a predetermined range. . For this reason, according to this preferable configuration, the alloy spark region can be detected with high accuracy.
- the determination process determines whether the spark region certified in the third process corresponds to the first determination pattern, and the direction of the spark region certified in the third process. Based on the relationship with the direction of the other spark region existing behind the spark region in the scattering direction and the length of the other spark region, the spark region recognized in the third process is determined as the second determination. It is also determined whether or not it corresponds to a pattern, and the detection process detects the spark region determined to correspond to the first determination pattern and the second determination pattern in the determination processing as the alloy spark region. And
- the direction of the other spark and the direction of the alloy spark have a predetermined relationship, and the length of the other spark is within a predetermined range.
- the second determination pattern is a pattern for determining whether the direction of the other spark and the direction of the alloy spark have a predetermined relationship, and whether the length of the other spark is within a predetermined range. .
- the spark region corresponding to both the first determination pattern and the second determination pattern is more likely to be an alloy spark region than the spark region corresponding to only the first determination pattern.
- the alloy spark region can be detected with higher accuracy than the configuration in which the spark region corresponding to the first determination pattern is detected as the alloy spark region.
- the determination process determines whether the spark region certified in the third process corresponds to the first determination pattern and the second determination pattern, and is certified in the third process. Based on the distance between the spark region and the other spark region, it is also determined whether or not the spark region certified in the third process corresponds to a third determination pattern, and the detection process includes the determination process. Then, a spark region determined to correspond to all of the third determination pattern from the first determination pattern is detected as the alloy spark region.
- the distance between the alloy spark and the other sparks behind the alloy spark is within a predetermined range.
- the third determination pattern is a pattern for determining whether the distance between the alloy spark and another spark behind the alloy spark in the scattering direction is within a predetermined range. For this reason, the spark region corresponding to all of the first determination pattern to the third determination pattern is more likely to be an alloy spark region than the spark region corresponding to both the first determination pattern and the second determination pattern. . For this reason, according to this preferable configuration, the alloy spark region can be detected with higher accuracy than the configuration in which the spark region corresponding to both the first determination pattern and the second determination pattern is detected as the alloy spark region.
- the determination process determines whether or not the spark region certified in the third process corresponds to the first determination pattern, and the spark region certified in the third process and the spark It is also determined whether or not the spark region recognized in the third process corresponds to a third determination pattern based on the distance from the other spark region existing behind the region in the scattering direction, A spark region determined to correspond to the first determination pattern and the third determination pattern in the determination process is detected as the alloy spark region.
- a spark region corresponding to the first determination pattern and the third determination pattern is detected as an alloy spark region.
- the alloy spark region can be detected with higher accuracy than the configuration in which the spark region corresponding to the first determination pattern is detected as the alloy spark region.
- the discriminating means judges that the steel material is a steel material made of low alloy steel
- the content of the alloy component in the steel material is judged based on the total number.
- the total number of alloy sparks generated when rubbing a steel material made of low alloy steel increases as the alloy component content increases. For this reason, according to this preferable structure, content of the alloy component of the steel materials which consist of low alloy steel can be determined.
- an alloy component contained in the steel material is rubbed from an imaging step of continuously imaging a spark generated when the steel material is rubbed a plurality of times, and each captured image captured in the imaging step.
- the detection step of detecting the alloy spark region corresponding to the alloy spark generated by the above, and the number of alloy spark regions for each captured image detected in the detection step is summed for all captured images to calculate the total number of alloy spark regions
- the steel material is determined to be a steel material made of low alloy steel, and when the total number is less than the first threshold value, the steel material is
- a method for judging the material of a steel material comprising a discrimination step for judging that the steel material is made of carbon steel.
- the imaging step is characterized by imaging a spark generated when the steel material is rubbed with a friction member pressed against the steel material with a force of 2.94N or more and 9.8N or less.
- the force pressing the friction member against the steel is 2.94 N or more, the number of alloy sparks generated is stabilized. For this reason, according to this preferable method, it is possible to stably discriminate whether the steel material is a steel material made of carbon steel or a steel material made of low alloy steel. Further, when the pressing force is 9.8 N or less, the steel material can be rubbed without giving a deep scratch to the steel material. For this reason, according to the preferable method described above, the above-described discrimination can be performed stably and accurately without giving a deep scratch to the steel material.
- the present invention can provide a steel material judgment device and a steel material judgment method capable of stably and accurately discriminating whether a steel material is a steel material made of carbon steel or a steel material made of low alloy steel.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a steel material quality determination apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a captured image captured by the imaging unit.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the density distribution of the pixel line X.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a binarized image of the captured image.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the spark region a and the spark region b of the binarized image of FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the concentration distribution in the longitudinal direction of the corresponding region.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the number of alloy sparks generated when a steel material made of carbon steel and a steel material made of low alloy steel are rubbed.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a steel material quality determination apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a captured image captured by the imaging unit.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the density distribution of the pixel line X.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the exposure time of the image pickup means and the number of spark regions appearing in the picked-up image when each of the three steel materials made of low alloy steel is rubbed at a peripheral speed of the grinder grindstone of 30 m / sec. is there.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the pressing force of the grinder's grindstone against the steel material, the number of sparks generated and the depth of scratches on the steel material.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a material determination apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the material determination device 1 includes an imaging unit 11.
- a friction member (grinder 17 in this embodiment) is pressed against the steel material 18, and the imaging unit 11 continuously images the spark 19 generated from the steel material 18 by friction.
- the peripheral surface of the disc-shaped grindstone 171 provided in the grinder 17 is pressed against the steel material 18.
- the force which presses the peripheral surface of the grindstone 171 against the steel material 18 is 2.94N or more and 9.8N or less.
- the peripheral speed of the grindstone 171 of the grinder 17 when rubbing the steel material 18 is 30 m / sec.
- the exposure time of the imaging means 11 is 50 msec.
- the imaging means 11 images the spark 19 continuously 20 times at intervals of 50 msec in 1 sec.
- the steel material 18 contains Mo as an alloy component.
- the types of sparks 19 generated when the steel material 18 containing Mo as an alloy component is rubbed include alloy sparks and normal sparks.
- An alloy spark is a spark generated when a steel material containing Mo as an alloy component is rubbed.
- a normal spark is a spark that occurs even when a steel material containing no Mo as an alloy component or a steel material containing Mo as an alloy component is rubbed.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the captured image 2 captured by the imaging unit 11.
- the right direction (direction of arrow Z) in FIG. 2 is a direction corresponding to the direction of arrow Y in FIG.
- the direction of the arrow Y is a direction along the tangent of the part pressed against the steel material 18 among the parts of the peripheral surface of the grindstone 171 and away from the part.
- the captured image 2 is configured by arranging M pixel lines in which N pixels are arranged in the horizontal direction in FIG. 2 in the vertical direction in FIG.
- the captured image 2 includes an alloy spark region corresponding to an alloy spark, a normal spark region corresponding to a normal spark, a peripheral region located around each of the alloy spark region and the normal spark region, and an alloy spark and a normal spark.
- the spark region (generic name of the alloy spark region and the normal spark region) is represented in black, the peripheral region is represented in gray, and the background region is represented in white.
- region shown with the referential mark 24 is an alloy spark area
- the imaging unit 11 inputs the entire captured image 2 captured as described above to the detection unit 12.
- the detection unit 12 When the captured image 2 is input from the imaging unit 11, the detection unit 12 performs the first process on all the pixel lines of the entire captured image 2. The first process is performed for each pixel line.
- the first process is a process of detecting a spark candidate pixel group made up of pixels having a density equal to or higher than a continuous second threshold from a pixel line to be subjected to the first process.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the density distribution of the pixel line X (see FIG. 2).
- spark regions 21, 22, 23 and peripheral regions 21 ′, 22 ′, 23 ′ located around the respective spark regions 21, 22, 23. To do.
- each of the spark regions 21, 22, 23 has a higher concentration than the peripheral regions 21 ′, 22 ′, 23 ′ located around the spark regions 21, 22, 23.
- the background region 20 has a lower density than any of the spark regions 21, 22, 23 and any of the peripheral regions 21 ', 22', 23 '.
- the concentrations of the spark regions 21, 22, and 23 are different from each other. Further, the concentration in the peripheral regions 21 ′, 22 ′, and 23 ′ is higher as it is closer to the spark regions 21, 22, and 23.
- the pixel located between the pixel X3 and the pixel X6 existing on the right side in the drawing is a pixel constituting the peripheral region 21 ′.
- a pixel (not including the pixel X2 and the pixel X3) located between the pixel X2 and the pixel X3 is a pixel constituting the spark region 21.
- the detection unit 12 first starts with pixels that form the pixel line X from pixels close to the end of one side of the pixel line X (the left side in FIG. 3 in the present embodiment). In order to the other side, it is determined whether or not the density is equal to or higher than the second threshold TH2.
- This second threshold value TH2 is equal to or lower than the lowest density among the density of each pixel constituting any spark region existing in the captured image 2 and the density of each pixel constituting the background area. The concentration is higher than the highest concentration.
- the second threshold value TH2 As a method of setting the second threshold value TH2 to a value within the above range, for example, the highest density among the densities of the pixels constituting the captured image 2 captured by the imaging unit 11 when no spark is generated. There is a method of setting a density slightly higher than the density as the second threshold value.
- the detection unit 12 first detects the pixel X1 as a pixel having a density equal to or higher than the second threshold value TH2.
- the detection means 12 recognizes the pixel X1 detected first as a start point pixel which is a pixel from which detection of a spark candidate pixel group is started.
- the detection unit 12 determines that the pixel existing on the other side of the pixel line X from the start point pixel X1 has a density lower than the second threshold value TH2 in order from the pixel closer to the start point pixel X1. It is determined whether or not there is. As shown in FIG. 3, among the pixels existing on the other side of the pixel line X from the start point pixel X1, the pixel closest to the start point pixel X1 among the pixels whose density is less than the second threshold TH2 is the pixel This is a pixel X5 located between X3 and the pixel X6.
- the detection unit 12 first detects the pixel X5 as a pixel whose density is less than the second threshold value TH2.
- the detection unit 12 identifies the pixel X4 adjacent to the pixel X5 on one side of the pixel line X of the detected pixel X5 as an end point pixel that is a pixel for which detection of the spark candidate pixel group is finished.
- the detecting means 12 detects a pixel group composed of pixels existing between the start point pixel X1 and the end point pixel X4 as a spark candidate pixel group 31 (see FIG. 3).
- the pixels constituting the background region 20 become less than the second threshold value TH2, and the pixels constituting the background region 20 constitute the spark candidate pixel group 31.
- the pixels constituting the spark regions 21, 22, and 23 are detected as the pixels constituting the spark candidate pixel group.
- the detection unit 12 When the spark candidate pixel group 31 is detected, the detection unit 12 recognizes the start point pixel and the end point pixel from the pixels existing on the other side of the pixel line X with respect to the end point pixel X4, and determines other spark candidate pixel groups. To detect.
- the detection means 12 includes the spark candidate pixel group 32 composed of the pixels constituting the spark region 22 and the pixels constituting the peripheral region 22 ′, and the pixels constituting the spark region 23 and the surroundings. It is assumed that a spark candidate pixel group 33 composed of pixels constituting the region 23 ′ is detected.
- the detection unit 12 When the detection unit 12 finishes the first process for all the pixel lines of the entire captured image 2, the detection unit 12 performs the second process for all the spark candidate pixel groups.
- the second process is performed for each spark candidate pixel group.
- the second process is a process of detecting the pixels constituting the spark pixel group from the pixels constituting each spark candidate pixel group.
- the detection means 12 uses a third threshold value TH31 that is less than the maximum density Cmax1 of the pixels constituting the spark candidate pixel group 31 and exceeds the second threshold value TH2, and generates a spark candidate pixel.
- the pixels constituting the group 31 are binarized.
- the detection unit 12 detects pixels having a density equal to or higher than the third threshold value TH31 as pixels constituting the spark pixel group 34.
- the third threshold value TH31 is higher than the highest density among the densities of the pixels constituting the peripheral area 21 ′, and is equal to or less than the lowest density among the densities of the pixels constituting the spark area 21.
- the spark pixel group 34 is composed of pixels constituting the spark pixel 21.
- an individual third threshold value can be set for each second process performed for each spark candidate pixel group. For this reason, even if the density of the spark regions constituting each spark candidate pixel group is different, in the second process performed for each spark candidate pixel group, the third threshold value is set between the spark region and the peripheral region. And the pixels constituting the spark region can be detected from each spark candidate pixel group.
- the detecting means 12 performs the third process when the second process is completed.
- a binarized image of each captured image 2 is created from each captured image 2.
- the binarized image of each captured image 2 is a pixel detected as a pixel constituting the spark pixel group in the second process among the pixels constituting each captured image 2 input from the imaging means 11 and other pixels.
- the pixel is an image binarized into black and white.
- FIG. 4 is a binarized image 5 of the captured image 2 of FIG. In FIG. 4, pixels detected as pixels constituting the spark pixel group are represented in black, and pixels not detected as pixels constituting the spark pixel group are represented in white.
- the detection unit 12 corresponds to the sparks generated when the steel material 18 is rubbed in the spark image group of the captured image 2 in the binarized image 5 of each captured image 2.
- the spark regions a to j are identified by performing a labeling process on the binarized image 5, detecting a cluster of spark pixel groups, and authorizing the detected cluster as one spark region.
- the spark pixel group includes pixels that form a spark region. For this reason, what the spark pixel group recognized as the spark region in the third process is continuous is also composed of the pixels constituting the spark region. For this reason, the spark region is accurately detected by the third process.
- the detection means 12 performs the fourth process on all the spark regions certified in the third process.
- the fourth process is performed for each spark region certified in the third process.
- region aj (refer FIG. 4) recognized by the 3rd process is demonstrated.
- the detecting means 12 calculates the number of pixels constituting each spark region aj.
- the detection means 12 extracts a spark region having a number of pixels less than a predetermined number (for example, less than 125 pixels) from the spark regions a to j.
- a predetermined number for example, less than 125 pixels
- the spark regions c, d, e, and h have a large area and are composed of a predetermined number or more of pixels. Accordingly, here, it is assumed that the spark regions a, b, f, g, i, and j are extracted.
- the detection means 12 extracts a spark region having a length less than a predetermined length from the extracted spark region.
- the length of the spark region can be, for example, the distance between the pixel existing on the left side in the drawing and the pixel existing on the right side among the pixels constituting the spark region.
- the spark regions f and i are long, and here, the spark regions a, b, g, and j are extracted.
- the detection means 12 has a width of the front end portion (hereinafter referred to as “front end portion”) of the spark in the extracted spark region (having a length less than a predetermined length) and a rear side in the scattering direction.
- the width of the end portion (hereinafter referred to as “rear end portion”) is calculated, and it is determined whether or not the first determination pattern is met.
- the front side of the spark scattering direction is the right side
- the rear side of the spark scattering direction is the left side.
- the front end portion is, for example, a portion constituted by pixels existing on the right side in the binarized image 5 among the pixels constituting the spark region.
- the rear end portion is, for example, a portion constituted by pixels existing on the left side in the binarized image 5 among the pixels constituting the spark region.
- variety of a front-end part and a rear-end part is a dimension of the front-end part and rear-end part of the direction orthogonal to the straight line which passes along the center part of a front-end part, and the center part of a rear-end part, for example. If the spark region a is described as an example, the detection unit 12 determines whether or not the first determination pattern is satisfied based on the ratio between the front end width L01 and the rear end width L02.
- the detection unit 12 determines that the first determination pattern falls when the ratio of the front end width L01 to the rear end width L02 is equal to or less than a predetermined value (for example, 0.4). To do. As shown in FIG. 4, the spark region a is determined not to correspond to the first determination pattern because there is no difference in the width of the front end portion and the rear end portion, and only the spark regions b, g, j are the first determination pattern. It is assumed that it falls under.
- a predetermined value for example, 0.4
- the shape of the alloy spark generated when the steel material containing Mo as an alloy component is rubbed is a bowl shape.
- the saddle shape means a shape in which the rear end portion positioned on the rear side in the spark scattering direction has a larger width than the front end portion positioned on the front side in the spark scattering direction. Therefore, the spark region determined as the first determination pattern is highly likely to be an alloy spark region.
- the alloy spark is small in size and short in length. For this reason, a spark region with a large number of pixels or a spark region with a long length is less likely to be an alloy spark region.
- the calculation amount is quick and small by determining whether or not the first determination pattern corresponds only to a spark region having a number of pixels less than a predetermined number and having a length less than the predetermined number. Thus, it is possible to detect a spark region that is highly likely to be an alloy spark region.
- the detecting means 12 determines whether or not the spark region determined to correspond to the first determination pattern also corresponds to the second determination pattern.
- the determination performed for the spark region b will be described.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the spark region a and the spark region b of the binarized image 5 of FIG.
- the left side of the spark region b means, for example, a region on the left side of the spark region b and sandwiched between the first partition line L1 and the second partition line L2, as shown in FIG. .
- the first division straight line L1 is parallel to a straight line L passing through the width direction central portion 61 of the front end portion of the spark region b and the width direction central portion 62 of the rear end portion, and in a direction orthogonal to the straight line L.
- the straight line L passes through the part 64 of the spark region b farthest from the straight line L.
- the second partitioned straight line L2 is a straight line that is parallel to the straight line L and passes through the portion 65 of the spark region b that is farthest from the straight line L on the other direction side in the direction orthogonal to the straight line L.
- the detection means 12 determines that another spark region a having a predetermined length exists on the left side of the spark region b.
- the detection means 12 determines that the spark region b is the first based on the relationship between the direction of the spark region b and the direction of the spark region a. It is determined whether it corresponds to 2 determination patterns.
- the direction of the spark region b is, for example, the direction of the straight line L described above.
- the direction of the other spark region a is, for example, the direction of a straight line L3 passing through the leftmost pixel and the rightmost pixel among the pixels constituting the spark region a.
- One specific example of the relationship between the direction of the spark region b and the direction of the other spark region a is an angle formed by the direction of the spark region b and the direction of the other spark region a. In this case, when the formed angle is equal to or smaller than the predetermined angle, the detection unit 12 determines that the spark region b also corresponds to the second determination pattern.
- the angle formed by the direction of the spark region b and the direction of the other spark region a is equal to or smaller than a predetermined angle, and the detection means 12 determines that the spark region b also corresponds to the second determination pattern. .
- the detection means 12 determines with the spark area
- the predetermined direction is, for example, the right direction in the binarized image 5, that is, the direction along the tangent line of the portion pressed against the steel material 18 of the peripheral surface portion of the grindstone 171 and away from the portion. It is. *
- the other sparks are scattered behind the alloy sparks so that they follow the alloy sparks.
- the angle formed by the direction of the other spark and the direction of the alloy spark is within a predetermined range, and the lengths of the other sparks are within a predetermined range.
- the spark region determined to be applicable to the second determination pattern is more likely to be an alloy spark region than the spark region determined to be applicable only to the first determination pattern.
- the spark region j is determined to correspond to the second determination pattern.
- the spark region g does not fit in the left region sandwiched between the first partition line L11 and the second partition line L12. 2 It is assumed that it is determined not to correspond to the determination pattern.
- the detecting means 12 determines whether or not the spark region determined to be also applicable to the second determination pattern also corresponds to the third determination pattern.
- the determination performed for the spark region b will be described.
- the detection means 12 is sandwiched between the first segment straight line L1 and the second segment straight line L2 shown in FIG. 5 from the captured image 2 shown in FIG. 2, and the spark scattering direction from the front end portion of the spark region b.
- a corresponding region P (see FIG. 2) corresponding to a linear region extending backward by a predetermined distance is recognized.
- region has extended even to the back of the scattering direction rather than the rear-end part of the spark area
- the detecting means 12 calculates the concentration distribution of the corresponding region P in the longitudinal direction of the corresponding region P (direction corresponding to the direction parallel to the first and second partition lines L1 and L2).
- FIG. 6 shows the concentration distribution.
- the detection means 12 calculates the average density in the longitudinal direction of the corresponding region P from the density distribution.
- the detecting means 12 calculates a corrected density obtained by adding or subtracting a predetermined amount of density to the calculated average density.
- the detection means 12 recognizes a portion corresponding to the rear end portion of the spark region b from the corresponding region P.
- the detection means 12 also displays the spark region b in the third determination pattern.
- the length W of the section whose density is less than the corrected density is not within the predetermined range, it is determined that the spark region b does not correspond to the third determination pattern.
- the other sparks described above scatter slightly away from the alloy sparks behind the alloy sparks. For this reason, in the alloy spark region, there is a section where the concentration is low by a distance corresponding to some distance behind the spark scattering direction. For this reason, the spark region determined to be applicable to the third determination pattern is more likely to be an alloy spark region than the spark region determined to be applicable only to the first determination pattern and the second determination pattern.
- the spark region a is slightly separated from the rear of the spark region b in the spark scattering direction. For this reason, here, it is assumed that the detection unit 12 determines that the spark region b also corresponds to the third pattern. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 4, since the distance between the spark region j and the spark region i is greatly separated, here, it is determined that the detection unit 12 determines that the spark region j does not correspond to the third pattern. To do.
- the detection unit 12 determines that the spark region a to j corresponds to all of the first determination pattern to the third determination pattern (spark region corresponding to the spark region 24 in FIG. 2). Is detected as an alloy spark region.
- the calculating unit 13 calculates the total number of alloy spark regions by adding the number of alloy spark regions for each captured image detected by the detecting unit 12 as described above for all captured images.
- the discrimination unit 14 determines that the steel material 18 is a steel material made of low alloy steel, and the total number is the first threshold value. When it is less than this, it determines with the steel materials 18 being the steel materials which consist of carbon steel.
- the low alloy steel means a steel having a Cr content of less than 2% among steels satisfying at least one of the following conditions 1 to 4.
- Condition 1 The Cr content is 0.5% or more.
- Condition 2 Ni content is 0.5% or more.
- Condition 3 Mo content is 0.25% or more.
- Condition 4 Cu content is 0.25% or more.
- Carbon steel means steel that does not satisfy all the conditions 1 to 4.
- FIG. 7 shows the total number of alloy spark regions calculated by the calculation means 13 for four samples of steel materials made of carbon steel, and the alloy spark region calculated by the calculation means 13 for five samples of steel materials made of low alloy steel. It is a graph which shows a total number. As shown in FIG. 7, the number of alloy spark regions (alloy sparks) is higher in steel materials made of low alloy steel when the steel material made of carbon steel is rubbed and when the steel material made of low alloy steel is rubbed. . Therefore, the first threshold value is set to a number between the total number of alloy spark regions generated when the steel material made of low alloy steel is rubbed and the total number of alloy spark regions generated when the steel material made of carbon steel is rubbed.
- the material determination apparatus 1 can discriminate whether the steel material is a steel material made of carbon steel or a steel material made of low alloy steel. For this reason, according to the material determination apparatus 1, the said discrimination result does not depend on an inspector's skill, and this discrimination can be performed stably.
- the discrimination means 14 determines the alloy component content in the steel material 18 based on the total number of alloy spark regions calculated by the calculation means 13. As shown in FIG. 7, the total number of alloy sparks generated when rubbing a steel material made of low alloy steel increases as the Mo content increases. For this reason, the material determination apparatus 1 can determine the content rate of the alloy component of the steel material which consists of low alloy steel, when the steel material 18 is steel material which consists of low alloy steel.
- the correlation between the alloy component content of the steel material made of carbon steel and low alloy steel and the total number of alloy sparks was investigated in advance using a plurality of samples, and the alloy component content rate from the total number of alloy sparks. A correlation equation for calculating is obtained. And based on this correlation type
- the discriminating means 14 provides a result display means 15 such as a monitor for the discrimination result of whether the steel material is a steel material made of carbon steel or a steel material made of low alloy steel and the content ratio of the alloy component of the steel material made of low alloy steel. It is displayed or stored in the storage means 16 such as a hard disk or memory.
- the preferable exposure time of the imaging means 2 is a time within the range of 15 msec to 250 msec when the peripheral speed of the grindstone is 30 m / msec. If the exposure time is shorter than the above range, the spark region on the captured image 2 becomes small. For this reason, as shown in FIG. 8, it is difficult to detect the alloy spark region from the captured image 2. On the other hand, if the exposure time is longer than the above range, the spark regions overlap, and the spark regions cannot be distinguished one by one, and it is difficult to accurately detect the spark region from the captured image 2. Moreover, in the above discrimination performed by the inspector visually observing the spark, the inspector is considered to visually recognize the alloy spark due to the afterimage effect. Similarly to the case where the inspector visually recognizes the alloy spark, it is preferable to set the exposure time to be equal to the time (50 to 250 msec) at which the afterimage effect occurs in order for the alloy spark to appear in the captured image.
- the force with which the circumferential surface of the grindstone 171 is pressed against the steel material 18 is 2.94N or more and 9.8N or less. If the force with which the peripheral surface of the grindstone 171 is pressed against the steel material 18 is 2.94 N or more, the number of alloy sparks generated is stabilized as shown in FIG. For this reason, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to stably and accurately discriminate whether the steel material is a steel material made of carbon steel or a steel material made of low alloy steel. Moreover, if the force pressed is 9.8 N or less, as shown in FIG. 9, the steel material 18 can be rubbed without giving the steel material 18 a deep flaw. For this reason, according to this embodiment, the said discrimination can be performed stably and accurately, without giving the steel material 18 a deep crack.
- spark region corresponding to all of the first determination pattern to the third determination pattern is detected as the alloy spark region, but the spark region corresponding to the first determination pattern, the first determination pattern, and the second determination are detected.
- a spark region corresponding to the pattern, or a spark region corresponding to the first determination pattern and the third determination pattern may be detected as an alloy spark region.
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Abstract
Description
火花候補画素群とは、火花領域である可能性のある画素の群れをいう。
火花画素群とは、火花領域を示す画素の群れをいう。
第2しきい値とは、火花候補画素群を撮像画像から検出するために設定された画素の濃度のしきい値をいう。
第3しきい値とは、火花候補画素群を構成する画素から火花画素群を構成する画素を検出するために設定された画素の濃度のしきい値をいう。
第1処理は、画素ラインに沿って互いに連続する第2しきい値以上の濃度を有する画素からなる火花候補画素群を検出する処理である。第2しきい値が採り得る上限値を、最も濃度が低い火花領域の濃度以下とすれば、画素ラインに沿って互いに連続する火花画素(火花領域を構成する画素)が火花候補画素群を構成する画素として検出される。また、第2しきい値が採り得る下限値を、最も濃度が高い背景領域の濃度より高くすれば、各背景領域を構成する画素が火花候補画素群を構成する画素として検出されることを排除できる。但し、上述のように、濃度の高い周辺領域の濃度は、濃度の低い火花領域よりも高くなる場合がある。このため、上述の上限値と下限値との間に第2しきい値を設定した場合、濃度が火花領域よりも高い周辺領域が存在すると、周辺領域を構成する画素が、火花候補画素群を構成する画素として検出される。
条件1:Crの含有率が0.5%以上であること。
条件2:Niの含有率が0.5%以上であること。
条件3:Moの含有率が0.25%以上であること。
条件4:Cuの含有率が0.25%以上であること。
また、炭素鋼とは、条件1~4の全ての条件を満たさない鋼を意味する。
Claims (9)
- 鋼材を摩擦した際に生じる火花を連続的に複数回撮像する撮像手段と、
前記撮像手段が撮像した各撮像画像から、前記鋼材に含有される合金成分が摩擦されることにより生じた合金火花に対応する合金火花領域を検出する検出手段と、
前記検出手段が検出した各撮像画像についての合金火花領域の数を全撮像画像について合計して、合金火花領域の総数を算出する算出手段と、
前記総数が第1しきい値以上である場合、前記鋼材が低合金鋼からなる鋼材であると判定し、前記総数が前記第1しきい値未満である場合、前記鋼材が炭素鋼からなる鋼材であると判定する弁別手段とを備えることを特徴とする鋼材の材質判定装置。 - 前記検出手段は、前記各撮像画像を構成する1つの画素ラインについて、前記画素ラインに沿って互いに連続する第2しきい値以上の濃度を有する画素からなる火花候補画素群を検出する第1処理と、
前記各火花候補画素群を構成する画素の最高濃度を検出し、該最高濃度未満であり且つ前記第2しきい値より大きい第3しきい値で前記各火花候補画素群を構成する画素を二値化することにより、前記各火花候補画素群を構成する画素から火花画素群を構成する画素を検出する第2処理と、
前記各撮像画像を構成する全画素ラインについて、前記第1処理と前記第2処理とを実行することにより、前記火花画素群を表した二値化画像を作成し、該二値化画像において連続する前記火花画素群を前記鋼材を摩擦した際に生じる火花に対応する火花領域と認定する第3処理と、
前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域から、前記合金火花領域を検出する第4処理とを行うことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の鋼材の材質判定装置。 - 前記第4処理は、
前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域における火花の飛散方向前方側の端部の幅と前記飛散方向後方側の端部の幅との比に基づいて、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域が第1判定パターンに該当するか否かを判定する判定処理と、
前記判定処理にて前記第1判定パターンに該当すると判定された火花領域を前記合金火花領域として検出する検出処理とを含むことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の鋼材の材質判定装置。 - 前記判定処理は、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域が前記第1判定パターンに該当するか否かを判定すると共に、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域の向きと該火花領域の前記飛散方向後方に存在する他の火花領域の向きとの関係、及び、前記他の火花領域の長さに基づいて、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域が第2判定パターンに該当するか否かも判定し、
前記検出処理は、前記判定処理にて前記第1判定パターン及び前記第2判定パターンに該当すると判定された火花領域を前記合金火花領域として検出することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の鋼材の材質判定装置。 - 前記判定処理は、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域が前記第1判定パターン及び前記第2判定パターンに該当するか否かを判定すると共に、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域と前記他の火花領域との距離に基づいて、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域が第3判定パターンに該当するか否かも判定し、
前記検出処理は、前記判定処理にて前記第1判定パターンから前記第3判定パターンの全てに該当すると判定された火花領域を前記合金火花領域として検出することを特徴とする請求項4に記載の鋼材の材質判定装置。 - 前記判定処理は、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域が前記第1判定パターンに該当するか否かを判定すると共に、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域と該火花領域の前記飛散方向後方に存在する他の火花領域との距離に基づいて、前記第3処理にて認定された火花領域が第3判定パターンに該当するか否かも判定し、
前記検出処理は、前記判定処理にて前記第1判定パターン及び前記第3判定パターンに該当すると判定された火花領域を前記合金火花領域として検出することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の鋼材の材質判定装置。 - 前記弁別手段は、前記鋼材が低合金鋼からなる鋼材であると判定する場合、該鋼材における合金成分の含有率を前記総数に基づいて判定することを特徴とする請求項1から6の何れか1項に記載の鋼材の材質判定装置。
- 鋼材を摩擦した際に生じる火花を連続的に複数回撮像する撮像ステップと、
前記撮像ステップにおいて撮像した各撮像画像から、前記鋼材に含有される合金成分が摩擦されることにより生じた合金火花に対応する合金火花領域を検出する検出ステップと、
前記検出ステップにおいて検出した各撮像画像についての合金火花領域の数を全撮像画像について合計して、合金火花領域の総数を算出する算出ステップと、
前記総数が第1しきい値以上である場合、前記鋼材が低合金鋼からなる鋼材であると判定し、前記総数が前記第1しきい値未満である場合、前記鋼材が炭素鋼からなる鋼材であると判定する弁別ステップとを含むことを特徴とする鋼材の材質判定方法。 - 前記撮像ステップは、2.94N以上9.8N以下の力で前記鋼材に押し付けられた摩擦部材で前記鋼材を摩擦した際に生じる火花を撮像することを特徴とする請求項8に記載の鋼材の材質判定方法。
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JP7209278B2 (ja) | 2018-11-06 | 2023-01-20 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 鋼材成分識別装置、鋼材成分識別方法、及び鋼材成分識別プログラム |
JP2021013123A (ja) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-02-04 | 株式会社大林組 | 火の粉検知システム及び火の粉検知方法 |
JP7326943B2 (ja) | 2019-07-08 | 2023-08-16 | 株式会社大林組 | 火の粉検知システム及び火の粉検知方法 |
JP7494985B2 (ja) | 2019-07-08 | 2024-06-04 | 株式会社大林組 | 火の粉検知システム及び火の粉検知方法 |
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US8761444B2 (en) | 2014-06-24 |
EP2503319A1 (en) | 2012-09-26 |
CA2775288A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
CN102667443A (zh) | 2012-09-12 |
US20120281876A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
CA2775288C (en) | 2014-12-02 |
EP2503319B1 (en) | 2019-04-10 |
AR079112A1 (es) | 2011-12-28 |
EP2503319A4 (en) | 2016-04-27 |
CN102667443B (zh) | 2014-08-27 |
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