Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/10—Spiro-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/438—The ring being spiro-condensed with carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• Phosphohpase D (PLD, EC3 1 4 4 ) enzymes are phosphodiesterases that hydrolyze phospholipids to phosphatide acid (PA) are their free head groups
• PA phosphatidylcholine
• PA regulates biophysical properties of cellular membranes, acts as a second messenger to alter activities of many enzymes and proteins, and is subsequently metabolized to diacylglycerols and lysophosphatidic acids by lipid phosphate phosphatase and phosphohpase A 2 , respectively
• Diacylglycerols derived from PCs are important cellular signaling molecules and lysophosphatidic acid is released as an extracellular messenger that affects many cell types
• Evidence supports a role for PLD m regulated exocytosis, cell proliferation, membrane trafficking, and tumor formation
• Isoenzymes of PLD have been cloned from animals, fungi, plants, bacteria, and viruses
• Two mammalian PLD genes (PLDl and PLD2) have been identified, and several splice variant protein products have been characterized
• the mammalian isoenzymes have a conserved primary sequence and domain structure but are differentially regulated by upstream signaling pathways
• Both enzymes are members of the PXPH-PLD subfamily that have a pleckstrin homology (PH) and phox homology (PX) domains m tandem at their N terminal (Ehas M, Potocky M, Cvrckova F, Zarsky V , "Molecular diversity of phosphohpase D m angiosperms," BMC Genomics 2002,3(1) 2 Epub 2002 Feb 1) and are hypothesized to have pseudodimeric catalytic domains with invariant HXKX 4 D motifs (Pontmg CP, Kerr ID , "A novel family of phosphohpase D
• PLDl isoenzyme is under extensive control both in vitro and in vivo This tight regulation is in part the reason the enzyme was difficult to study for several decades until it was determined that phosphatidylmositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) was an essential regulator of catalytic activity (Brown et al , 1993) Interaction between PLD and lipid vesicles is dependent upon PIP 2 (Henage, L , Exton, J and Brown, H A Kinetic analysis of a mammalian Phosphohpase D Kinetic analysis of a mammalian Phosphohpase D Allosteric modulation by monomeric GTPases, Protein kinase C and polyphosphomosites (2006) / Biol Chem 281 3408-
• PLD2 has a relatively high basal activity and does not require modulation by GTPases for activation Initially this lead to an incorrect assumption that PLDl was the signaling isoenzyme and PLD2 was involved in more mundane housekeeping functions Recent evidence has shown that both PLDl and PLD2 are activated by many cell surface receptors, including tyrosine kmase growth factor receptors The production of PA appears to be essential to mediating the downstream processes modulated by these growth promoting and cell proliferative pathways
• the invention in one aspect, relates to isoform selective Phosphohpase D inhibitors
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 compnses three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 compnses eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 9 composes hydrogen
• compositions composing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound havmg a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkyls
• Also disclosed are methods for preparing a compound comprismg the steps of providmg a compound having a structure
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, wherein R composes three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue, wherein R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, and wherein R comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 7 and R 8 , together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, and wherein G is a protectmg group
• Also disclosed are methods for preparing a compound comprismg the steps of providing a compound having a structure
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 orgamc residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 composes three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 compnses eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl,
• each of R 5 and R 6 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 5 and R , together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein each of R 7 and R independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 7 and R 8 , together with the intermediate carbon, compnse an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cyclo
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 compnses three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 compnses eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl
• R 10 compnses an optionally substituted C1 to C 12 orgamc residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, and wherein X is a leaving group
• compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed product and a pharmaceutically acceptable earner
• Also disclosed are methods for inhibiting PLD activity in at least one cell composing the step of contacting the at least one cell with at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method in an amount effective to inhibit PLD activity response in the at least one cell
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkyls
• kits comprismg at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method and at least one agent known to increase PLD activity
• kits comprismg at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method and at least one agent known to decrease PLD activity BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
• Figure 1 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound PlG (see TABLE l)
• Figure 2 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound POQ (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 3 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound P23 (see TABLE l)
• Figure 4 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound PlP (see TABLE l)
• Figure 5 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound PlD (see TABLE l)
• Figure 6 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound NGF (see TABLE l)
• Figure 7 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound NFT (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 8 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound P22 (see TABLE l)
• Figure 9 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound POL (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 10 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound P2B (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 11 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound P2E (see TABLE 1).
• Figure 12 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound NG3 (see TABLE 1).
• Figure I 3 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound POA (see TABLE l).
• Figure 14 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound NGH (see TABLE l).
• Figure 15 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound NJ5 (see TABLE l).
• Figure 16 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound NGQ (see TABLE 1).
• Figure 17 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound PlE (see TABLE l).
• Figure 18 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound P2C (see TABLE 1).
• Figure 19 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound PlQ (see TABLE l).
• Figure 20 shows cellular enantiopure concentration response curves for compound NFW (see TABLE l).
• Figure 21 shows exogenous concentration response curves for compound PlP (see TABLE 1).
• Figure 22 shows exogenous concentration response curves for compound NFT (see TABLE 1).
• Figure 23 shows exogenous concentration response curves for compound POL (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 24 shows exogenous concentration response curves for compound P2E (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 25 shows exogenous concentration response curves for compound NFW (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 27 shows exogenous concentration response curves for compound NGH (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 28 shows exogenous concentration response curves for compound P2B (see TABLE 1)
• Figure 30 shows and example chromatogram observed after chrial separation of racemate to obtain enantiompure tert-butyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 -oxo-2,8- diazaspiro[4 5]decane 8 carboxylate
• Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to "about” another particular value When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect It will be further understood that the endpomts of each of the ranges are significant both m relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herem, and that each value is also herein disclosed as "about” that particular value m addition to the value itself For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10" is also disclosed It is also understood that each umt between two particular units are also disclosed For example, if 10 and I5 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed
• a residue of a chemical species refers to the moiety that is the resultmg product of the chemical species m a particular reaction scheme or subsequent formulation or chemical product, regardless of whether the moiety is actually obtained from the chemical species
• an ethylene glycol residue in a polyester refers to one or more -OCH 2 CH 2 O- units m the polyester, regardless of whether ethylene glycol was used to prepare the polyester
• a sebacic acid residue in a polyester refers to one or more -CO(CH 2 )gCO- moieties in the polyester, regardless of whether the residue is obtamed by reactmg sebacic acid or an ester thereof to obtain the polyester
• the term "substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds
• the permissible substituents mclude acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds
• Illustrative substituents include, for example, those descnbed below
• the permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds
• the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen can have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of orgamc compounds descnbed herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms
• substitution or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is m accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that
• alkyl as used herein is a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example from 1 to 12 carbons, from 1 to 8 carbons, from 1 to 6 carbons, or from 1 to 4 carbons, such as methyl, ethyl, H-propyl, isopropyl, re- butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, n-pentyl, lsopentyl, j-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dode cyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like
• the alkyl group can be cyclic or acyclic
• the alkyl group can be branched or unbranched
• the alkyl group can be
• alkyl is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups, however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group
• halogenated alkyl specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halide, e g , fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine
• alkoxyalkyl specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below
• alkylamino specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more amino groups, as described below, and the like
• alkylalcohol and the like
• cycloalkyl as used herem is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms
• cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and the like
• heterocycloalkyl is a type of cycloalkyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus
• the cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted
• the cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, hal
• alkenyl as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of from 2 to 24 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond
• the alkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein
• cycloalkenyl as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bound, i e , C-C
• cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, norbornenyl, and the like
• heterocycloalkenyl is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is mcluded within the meaning of the term “cycloalkenyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus
• the cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted or unsub
• alkynyl is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond
• the alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups including optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herem
• cycloalkynyl is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least seven carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bound
• cycloalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, cycloheptynyl, cyclooctynyl, cyclononynyl, and the like
• heterocycloalkynyl is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is included withm the meaning of the term “cycloalkynyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus
• the cycloalkynyl group and heterocycloalkynyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted
• the cycloalkynyl group and heterocycloalkynyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including optional
• aryl as used herem is a group that contains any carbon-based aromatic group including benzene, naphthalene, phenyl, biphenyl, phenoxybenzene, and the like
• aryl also mcludes "heteroaryl,” which is defined as a group that contains an aromatic group that has at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus
• non-heteroaryl which is also included in the term “aryl,” defines a group that contains an aromatic group that does not contain a heteroatom
• the aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted
• the aryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, hetero
• aldehyde as used herein is represented by the formula— C(O)H
• amine or “amino” as used herein are represented by the formula NA 1 A 2 A 3 , where A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 can be, independently, hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein
• esters as used herein is represented by the formula— OC(O)A 1 or— C(O)OA 1 , where A 1 can be an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein
• polyyester as used herem is represented by the formula— (A' ⁇ ( ⁇ )C-A 2 -C( ⁇ ) ⁇ ) a — or— (A 1 O(O)C A 2 OC(O)) a — , where A 1 and A 2 can be, independently, an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herem and "a” is an interger from 1 to 500 "Polyester” is as the term used to describe
• ether as used herein is represented by the formula A 1 OA 2 , where A 1 and A 2 can be, independently, an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein
• polyether as used herein is represented by the formula— (A 1 O-A 2 O) 11 — , where A 1 and A 2 can be, independently, an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and "a” is an mteger of from 1 to 500
• polyether groups include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and polybutylene oxide
• halide as used herein refers to the halogens fluorine, chlorine
• Heterocycle refers to single and multi-cyclic aromatic or non-aromatic ring systems in which at least one of the ring members is other than carbon Heterocycle includes pyridtnde, pynmidme, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, oxazole, including, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, thiadiazole, including, 1 ,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, and 1,3,4- thiadiazole, triazole, including, 1,2,3-tnazole, 1,3,4-triazole, tetrazole, including 1,2,3,4- tetrazole and 1 ,2,4,5-tetrazole, pyridine, py
• ketone as used herein is represented by the formula A 1 C(O)A 2 , where A 1 and A 2 can be, independently, an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein
• sil as used herem is represented by the formula— SiA 1 A 2 A 3 , where A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 can be, independently, hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herem
• sulfo-oxo is represented by the formulas— S(O)A 1 ,— S(O) 2 A 1 ,— OS(O) 2 A 1 , or— OS(O) 2 OA 1 , where A 1 can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein Throughout this specification "S(O)” is a short hand notation for S— O
• sulfonyl is used herem to refer to the sulfo-oxo group represented by the formula— S(O) 2 A , where A can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described here
• organic residue defines a carbon containing residue, i e , a residue comprising at least one carbon atom, and includes but is not limited to the carbon-containing groups, residues, or radicals defined herein above
• Organic residues can contain various heteroatoms, or be bonded to another molecule through a heteroatom, including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or the like Examples of orgamc residues include but are not limited alkyl or substituted alkyls, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy, mono or di-substituted amino, amide groups, etc
• Organic residues can preferably comprise 1 to 18 carbon atoms, 1 to 15, carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• an organic residue can comprise 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 2 to IS, carbon atoms, 2 to 12 carbon atoms, 2 to 8 carbon atoms, 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or
• a very close synonym of the term “residue” is the term "radical,” which as used m the specification and concludmg claims, refers to a fragment, group, or substructure of a molecule described herein, regardless of how the molecule is prepared For example, a 2,4 thiazolidmedione radical in a particular compound has the structure
• radical for example an alkyl
• substituted alkyl the radical
• the number of atoms m a given radical is not critical to the present invention unless it is indicated to the contrary elsewhere herein
• Organic radicals contain one or more carbon atoms
• An organic radical can have, for example, 1-26 carbon atoms, 1-18 carbon atoms, 1-12 carbon atoms, 1-8 carbon atoms, 1-6 carbon atoms, or 1-4 carbon atoms
• an organic radical can have 2-26 carbon atoms, 2-18 carbon atoms, 2-12 carbon atoms, 2-8 carbon atoms, 2-6 carbon atoms, or 2-4 carbon atoms
• Organic radicals often have hydrogen bound to at least some of the carbon atoms of the organic radical
• an organic radical that comprises no inorganic atoms is a 5 ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2- naphthyl radical
• an organic radical can contam 1-10 inorganic heteroatoms bound thereto or therein, including halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the like Examples of organic radicals mclude but are not limited to an alky
• Inorganic radicals contain no carbon atoms and therefore comprise only atoms other than carbon Inorganic radicals compose bonded combinations of atoms selected from hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, which can be present individually or bonded together m their chemically stable combinations Inorgamc radicals have 10 or fewer, or preferably one to six or one to four inorganic atoms as listed above bonded together Examples of inorganic radicals include, but not limited to, amino, hydroxy, halogens, nitro, thiol, sulfate, phosphate, and like commonly known inorganic radicals The inorganic radicals do not have bonded therein the metallic elements of the periodic table (such as the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanide metals, or actinide metals), although such metal ions can
• a structure of a compound can be represented by a formula
• n is typically an integer That is, R" is understood to represent five independent substituents, R n(a) , R n(b) , R n(c) , R n(d) , R n(e)
• independent substituents it is meant that each R subshtuent can be independently defined For example, if in one instance R n(a) is halogen, then R n(b) is not necessarily halogen in that instance
• treatment refers to the medical management of a patient with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder
• active treatment that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder
• causal treatment that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder
• palliative treatment that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder
• preventative treatment that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder
• supportive treatment that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder
• the term covers any treatment of a subject, including a mammal (e g , a human), and mcludes (i) preventing the disease from occurring m a subject that can be
• subject also includes domesticated animals (e g , cats, dogs, etc ), livestock (e g , cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc ), and laboratory animals (e g , mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, fruit fly, etc )
• domesticated animals e g , cats, dogs, etc
• livestock e g , cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc
• laboratory animals e g , mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, fruit fly, etc
• prevent refers to precluding, averting, obviating, forestalling, stopping, or hindering something from happening, especially by advance action It is understood that where reduce, inhibit or prevent are used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the use of the other two words is also expressly disclosed
• diagnosis means having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by the compounds, compositions, or methods disclosed herem
• diagnosis means having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by a compound or composition that can inhibit PLDl
• diagnosis refers to having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition characterized by PLD2 activity
• a diagnosis can be in reference to a disorder, such as a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation, and the like, as discussed herem
• the phrase "identified to be in need of treatment for a disorder," or the like, refers to selection of a subject based upon need for treatment of the disorder
• a subject can be identified as having a need for treatment of a disorder (e g , a disorder related to PLD2 activity) based upon an earlier diagnosis by a person of skill and thereafter subjected to treatment for the disorder
• the identification can, in one aspect, be performed by a person different from the person making the diagnosis
• the administration can be performed by one who subsequently performed the administration
• administering refers to any method of providing a pharmaceutical preparation to a subject Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravagmal administration, ophthalmic administration, mtraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, mtra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration Administration can be continuous or intermittent
• a preparation can be administered therapeutically, that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition
• a preparation can be administered prophylactically, that is, administered for prevention of a disease or condition
• contacting refers to bringing a disclosed compound and a cell, target histamine receptor, or other biological entity together m such a manner that the compound can affect the activity of the target (e g , sphceosome, cell, etc ), either directly, i e , by interacting with the target itself, or indirectly, i e , by interacting with another molecule, co-factor, factor, or protein on which the activity of the target is dependent
• the term "effective amount” refers to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired result or to have an effect on an undesired condition For example, a
• therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic result or to have an effect on undesired symptoms, but is generally insufficient to cause adverse side affects
• the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the seventy of the disorder, the specific composition employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion of the specific compound employed, the duration of the treatment, drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed and like factors well known in the medical arts
• the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration Consequently, smgle dose compositions can contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose
• the dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician m the event of any contrain
• pharmaceutically acceptable descnbes a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i e , without causing an unacceptable level of undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable earner” refers to sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use
• aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coatmg matenals such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size m the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants
• These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents
• Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents such as paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid and the like It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like Prolonged ab
• the term "derivative" refers to a compound having a structure derived from the structure of a parent compound (e g , a compound disclosed herein) and whose structure is sufficiently similar to those disclosed herein and based upon that similarity, would be expected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds, or to induce, as a precursor, the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds
• exemplary derivatives include salts, esters, amides, salts of esters or amides, and N-oxides of a parent compound
• hydrolysable residue is meant to refer to a functional group capable of undergoing hydrolysis, e g , under basic or acidic conditions
• hydrolysable residues include, without limitation, acid halides, activated carboxyhc acids, and various protecting groups known in the art (see, for example, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” T W Greene, P G M Wuts, Wiley-Interscience, 1999)
• leaving group refers to an atom (or a group of atoms) with electron withdrawing ability that can be displaced as a stable species, taking with it the bonding electrons
• suitable leaving groups include sulfonate esters, including triflate, mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, and halides
• IC 50 is mtended to refer to the concentration of a substance (e g , a compound or a drug) that is required for 50% inhibition of a biological process, or component of a process, including a protein, subumt, organelle, ribonucleoprotem, etc
• a substance e g , a compound or a drug
• an IC 50 can refer to the concentration of a substance that is required for 50% inhibition in vivo, as further defined elsewhere herein
• the disclosed compounds contain one chiral center, the compounds exist in two enantiomeric forms Unless specifically stated to the contrary, a disclosed compound mcludes both enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers, such as the specific 50 SO mixture referred to as a racemic mixture
• the enantiomers can be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as formation of diastereoisomenc salts which may be separated, for example, by crystallization (see, CRC Handbook of Optical Resolutions via
• Designation of a specific absolute configuration at a chiral carbon in a disclosed compound is understood to mean that the designated enantiomeric form of the compounds can be provided m enantiomeric excess (ee)
• Enantiomeric excess is the presence of a particular enantiomer at greater than 50%, for example, greater than 6 0%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%
• the designated enanuomer is substantially free from the other enantiomer
• the "R” forms of the compounds can be substantially free from the "S” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "S” forms
• "S” forms of the compounds can be substantially free of “R” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "R” forms
• a disclosed compound when it has two or more chiral carbons, it can have more than two optical isomers and can exist m diastereoisomeric forms
• the compound when there are two chiral carbons, the compound can have up to four optical isomers and two pairs of enantiomers ((S,S)/(R,R) and (R,S)/(S,R))
• the pairs of enantiomers e g , (S,S)/(R,R)
• the stereoisomers that are not mirror-images e g , (S 1 S) and (R,S)
• the diastereoisomenc pairs can be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization and the individual enantiomers within each pair may be separated as described above Unless otherwise specifically excluded, a disclosed compound includes each diastereoisomer of such compounds and mixtures thereof
• compositions of the invention Disclosed are the components to be used to prepare the compositions of the invention as well as the compositions themselves to be used within the methods disclosed herein
• these and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds can not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herem
• A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited each is individually and collectively contemplated meaning combinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F
• compositions disclosed herein have certain functions Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result
• the invention relates to compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, useful as isoform selective Phosphohpase D inhibitors
• each disclosed compound or derivative can be optionally further substituted
• any one or more derivative can be optionally omitted from the invention
• a disclosed compound can be provided by the disclosed methods
• the disclosed compounds can be employed m the disclosed methods of using
• the invention relates to a compound comprises a structure represented by a formula
• each independently comprises an optional covalent bond
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkyl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R comprises
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 10 comprises hydrogen, an optionally
• R 1 IS an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, wherein R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, wherein each of R 7 and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein R 9 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, and wherein
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 compnses three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, mtro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 orgamc residue
• R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 compnses eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxa
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 12 is a co
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 12 is an optionally substituted
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 12 is an optionally substituted
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• each of R 5 and R 6 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyan
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 10 comprises an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, and wherein
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 1 composes an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tofluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 10 composes an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl,
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 independently compnses N or C-R 11
• each R 11 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnflu
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydroly sable residue
• each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 independently comprises N or C-R 1 ', wherein each R 11 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 independently comprises N or C-R 11 , wherein each R 11 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl,
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• each independently comprises an optional covalent bond
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfiuoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• each of R 5 and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R comprises an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, and wherein
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 10 comprises an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, and where
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trrfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 10 compnses an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and
• each R 11 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amnio, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 2 compnses three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 compnses eight substituents nidependently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• each of R 5 and R 6 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, t
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfony
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C ⁇ cycloalkyl
• R 9 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 3 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cyoloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R s independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each R 11 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• each R 11 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tofluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 12 is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 organic residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• each of R and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• each R 11 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 12 is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 organic residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• each of R and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• each R 11 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 orgamc residue
• R is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 orgamc residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 8 composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• each R 11 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, rutro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 12 is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 organic residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 8 comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• each R 11 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 12 is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 organic residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 7 comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• each R 11 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 12 is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 organic residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 7 comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• each R 11 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifiuoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 12 is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 organic residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R is optionally substituted aryl selected from phenyl and naphthyl
• R 1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from furanyl, pyranyl, lmidazolyl, thiophenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidmyl, pyrazmyl, triazmyl, tetrazmyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophene, indolyl, mdazolyl, quinolmyl, naphthyridmyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, and benzotriazolyl
• R 1 is optionally substituted cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl,
• R is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl selected from oxrrane, oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydro-2H-pyran, oxepane, oxocane, dioxirane, dioxetane, dioxolane, dioxane, dioxepane, dioxocane, tmirane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, thietane , thiocane, dithiirane, dithietane, dithiolane, dithiane, dithiepane, dithiocane, oxathiirane, oxathietane, oxathiolane, oxathiane, oxathiepane, oxathiocane, aziridme
• R 1 is optionally substituted cycloalkenyl selected from cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptadienyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, cyclononenyl, and cyclononadienyl
• R 1 is optionally substituted heterocycloalkenyl comprising a mono-, di- or tri-unsaturated analog of a heterocycloalkyl selected from oxirane, oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydro-2H-pyran, oxepane, oxocane, dioxirane, dioxetane, dioxolane, dioxane, dioxepane, dioxocane, thrirane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydro-2H- thiopyran, thiepane, thiocane, dithiirane, dithietane, dithiolane, dithiane, dithiepane, dithiocane, oxathurane, oxathietane, oxathiolane, ox
• R 1 is halophenyl, for example 4-fluorophenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• each R 2 is hydrogen
• each R 2 is independently selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• each R 2 is independently selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, and alkylsulfonyl
• at least one R 2 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i- butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, l-pentyl, s-pentyl, neopent
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 3 is hydrogen.
• R 3 is an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, l-pentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, s-hexyl, dimethylbutyl, and cyclohexyl
• R 3 is an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl,
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• each R is hydrogen
• each R 4 is independently selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• each R is independently selected from halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amnio, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, and alkylsulfonyl
• at least one R is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i- butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, l-pentyl, s-pentyl, ne
• R 5 comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 5 and R 6 , together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 5 is hydrogen
• R 5 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 5 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido
• R 6 composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluororaethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 5 and R 6 , together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 6 is hydrogen
• R 6 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 6 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro
• R 6 is hydrogen and wherein R 5 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 6 is hydrogen and wherein R 5 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, and alkylsulfonyl
• R 6 is hydrogen and wherein R 5 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, l-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, l-butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, l-pentyl, s-pentyl,
• R 5 and R 6 together with the intermediate carbon, compose an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 5 and R 6 , together with the intermediate carbon comprise cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl
• R 7 comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 7 and R 8 , together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 7 is hydrogen
• R 7 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amnio, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 7 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro,
• R 8 comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 7 and R , together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 8 is hydrogen
• R 8 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 8 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alk
• R 8 is hydrogen and wherein R 7 is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 8 is hydrogen and wherein R is selected from halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, and alkylsulfonyl
• R 8 is hydrogen and wherein R 7 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, l-butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, s-pentyl, ne
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 9 is hydrogen
• R 9 is an optionally substituted C1 to C ⁇ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, l-butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, i hexyl, s-hexyl, dimethylbutyl, and cyclohexyl
• R 9 is an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl,
• R 10 comprises an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 10 is an optionally substituted alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, s-hexyl, dimethylbutyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, cycloheptyl, octyl, cyclooctyl, nonyl,
• R 10 is an optionally substituted aryl selected from phenyl and naphthyl
• R 10 is an optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from furanyl, pyranyl, imidazolyl, thiophenyl, pyridmyl, pyridazmyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, tnazinyl, tetrazmyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophene, mdolyl, indazolyl, qumohnyl, naphthyndinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzoiriudazolyl, and benzorriazolyl
• R i0 is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, bicyclo[3 1 0]hexyl, bicyclo[4 1 O]heptyl, bicyclo[5 1 O]octyl, bicyclo[6 1 0]nonyl, bicyclo[3 2 O]heptyl, bicyclo[42 O]octyl, bicyclo[5 20]nonyl, bicyclo[3 3 O]octyl, bicyclo[4 3 0]nonyl, bicyclo[2 2 l]heptyl, bicyclo[3 2 ljoctyl, bicyclo[4 2 ljnonyl, bicyclo[2 2 2]oct
• R 10 is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl selected from oxirane, oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydro-2H-pyran, oxepane, oxocane, dioxrrane, dioxetane, dioxolane, dioxane, dioxepane, dioxocane, thnrane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, thiepane, thiocane, dithurane, dithietane, dithiolane, dithiane, dithiepane, dithiocane, oxathiirane, oxathietane, oxathiolane, oxathiane, oxathiepane, oxathiocane, az
• R 10 is optionally substituted cycloalkenyl selected from cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptadienyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, cyclononenyl, and cyclononadienyl
• R 10 is optionally substituted heterocycloalkenyl comprismg a mono-, di- or tn-unsaturated analog of a heterocycloalkyl selected from oxirane, oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydro-2H-pyran, oxepane, oxocane, dioxirane, dioxetane, dioxolane, dioxane, dioxepane, dioxocane, thiirane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydro-2H- thiopyran, thiepane, thiocane, dithurane, dithietane, dithiolane, dithiane, dithiepane, dithiocane, oxathrirane, oxathietane, oxathiolane
• R 1 is phenylethynyl, indolyl, quniolinyl, naphthyl, phenylcyclopropyl, or fluorophenyl
• R 11 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, or an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i- propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, l-butyl, s-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, l-pentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, s hexyl, dunethylbutyl, or cyclohexyl
• from 1 to 5 R 11 groups are present in a disclosed compound
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 R 11 groups can be
• R 12 is a covalent bond, a C1 to C3 alkyl, for example, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, ethynyl, n-propyl, or i-propyl, or a C1 to C3 cycloalkyl, for example, cyclopropyl, imidazole, 1,3-dioxolane, or 1,3,5-tnazme
• R has a structure
• Ar is an optionally substituted C4 to C10 organic residue selected from aryl and heteroaryl
• Ar is phenyl, indolyl, qumohnyl, naphthyl, or fluorophenyl 15.
• each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 independently comprises N or C-R 11
• 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 Y groups can be N
• no more than two of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 are N
• only one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 is N
• each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 independently comprises C-R 11
• each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 independently comprises C-R 11 and wherein no more than two R 11 non-hydrogen substituents are present
• a compound can be present as
• the compound inhibits PLD activity, that is, a compound can inhibit PLDl activity and/or PLD2 activity In a further aspect, the compound inhibits PLDl response in CaIu 1 cells In a further aspect, the compound inhibits PLD2 response m HEK293gfpPLD2 cells In a further aspect, the compound inhibits in vitro PLDl response In a further aspect, the compound inhibits in vitro PLD2 response
• the compound can have a PLD 1 IC 50 of less than about 10 ⁇ M, of less than about 5 ⁇ M, of less than about 1 ⁇ M, of less than about 500 nM, of less than about 100 nM, or of less than about 50 nM
• the compound can have a PLD2 IC 50 of less than about 10 ⁇ M, of less than about 5 ⁇ M, of less than about 1 ⁇ M, of less than about 500 nM, of less than about 100 nM, or of less than about 50 nM
• the compound can have a P
• the compound can have a PLDl IC 50 of less than about 10 ⁇ M, of less than about 1 ⁇ M, of less than about 500 nM, of less than about 100 nM, of less than about 60 nM, or of less than about 20 nM
• the compound can have a PLD2 IC 50 of less than about 10 ⁇ M, of less than about 1 ⁇ M, of less than about 500 nM, of less than about 100 nM, of less than about 60 nM, or of less than about 20 nM
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 12 is a co
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula wherein R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, wherein R 3 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, wherein each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to
• the R-enantiomer of a disclosed compound inhibits PLD activity more potently than the corresponding S-enantiomer
• a particular R-enanhomer of a disclosed compound can have an IC5 0 for PLDl and/or PLD2 of less than about 10 ⁇ M, of less than about 5 ⁇ M, of less than about 1 ⁇ M, of less than about 500 nM, of less than about 100 nM, or of less than about 50 nM, while the corresponding S-enantiomer of the disclosed compound has an IC 50 of >10 ⁇ M
• the S-enantiomer of a disclosed compound inhibits PLD activity more potently than the corresponding R-enantiomer
• a particular S-enantiomer of a disclosed compound can have an IC5 0 for PLDl and/or PLD2 of less than about 10 ⁇ M, of less than about 5 ⁇ M, of less than about 1 ⁇ M, of less than about 500 nM, of less than about 100 nM, or of less than about 50 nM, while the corresponding R-enantiomer of the disclosed compound has an IC 50 of >10 ⁇ M
• the compound exhibits a PLDl PLD2 inhibition ratio of at least about 2 1, of at least about 3 1, of at least about 5:1, of at least about 10 1, of at least about 20 1 , of at least about 50 1 , or of at least about 75 1
• the compound exhibits a PLD2 PLDl inhibition ratio of at least about 2 1, of at least about 3 1, of at least about 5 1 , of at least about 10 1 , of at least about 20 1 , of at least about 50 1 , or of at least about 75 1
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 9 comprises hydrogen, an
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, wherein R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, wherein each of R 7 and R 8 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein R 9 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, wherein R 12 is
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 12 is an optionally substituted
• a compound has a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• each of R 7 and R s independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tofluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• R 9 composes hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 9 composes hydrogen,
• the disclosed compounds can be provided as a mixture of both the R- enan ⁇ omer and the S-enantiomer, it can be desired to provide the mixture of enantiomers of a disclosed compound enoched in the more potent compound Such can be desired in order to, for example, increase the concentration of an active (or more active) enantiomer or m order to decrease the concentration of a less active (or inactive) enantiomer Such can improve potency of a pharmaceutical preparation Such also can minimize undesired side-effects present m a less active enantiomer and not present (or less present) m a more active enantiomer Additionally, selection of a particular enantiomer can facilitate targeting PLDl over PLD2 or PLD2 over PLDl
• a disclosed compound can be provided m a form enoched m R-enantiomer of the compound
• a disclosed compound can be provided in an enantiomeoc excess of greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99% of the R-enantiomer of the compound.
• the R- enantiomer is substantially free from the S-enantiomer.
• the "R" forms of the compounds can be provided substantially free from the "S" forms of the compounds.
• the invention relates to methods of making compounds useful as isoform selective Phospholipase D inhibitors, which can be useful in the treatment disorder associated with PLD activity
• the compounds of this invention can be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the disclosed schemes, m addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature, exemplified m the experimental sections or clear to one skilled in the art For clarity, examples having a fewer substituent can be shown where multiple substituents are allowed under the definitions disclosed herein
• the method can comprise one or both of two chemical transformations
• the first transformation involves a reaction between an amine functionality and a carbonyl functionality in a reductive animation reaction
• the product of this reaction can, thus, be an amine, which can be isolated or earned into another chemical transformation in umsolated form
• G can be a protecting group, which can be removed subsequent to this reaction as well as before, or concurrently with, further reaction
• Both the starting amino compound and the carbonyl compound can be prepared or obtained commercially
• a stereocenter is present in the amino compound
• a particular steroisomer can be obtained during preparation of the amino compound by, for example, cmral separation
• One or more stereocenters are present in the product of the reaction
• a particular steroisomer of the product can be obtained by, for example, chiral separation of a racemic mixture of stereoisomers
• the second transformation involves a reaction between the deprotected amine functionality and an activated carboxyl functionality, yielding an amide
• the invention relates to a method for preparing a compound comprising the steps of providing a compound having a structure
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 orgamc residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl
• each of R 7 and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 7 and R 8 , together with the intermediate carbon, compnse an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein R 9 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue, and wherein G is a protectmg group
• providing is chiral separation
• the method further compnses the step of reacting with a compound havmg a structure
• R 10 compnses an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, and whereni X is a leaving group
• G is tert-butyloxycarbonyl
• the method can comprise one or both of two chemical transformations
• the first transformation involves a reaction between an amine functionality and an el ⁇ ctrophihc alkyl functionality m a nucleophilic substitution reaction
• the product of this reaction can, thus, be an amine, which can be isolated or earned into another chemical transformation m unisolated form
• G can be a protecting group, which can be removed subsequent to this reaction as well as before, or concurrently with, further reaction
• Both the starting amino compound and the electrophilic alkyl compound can be prepared or obtained commercially A stereocenter is present m the amino compound A particular steroisomer can be obtained during preparation of the amino compound by, for example, chiral separation One or more stereocenters are present in the product of the reaction A particular steroisomer of the product can be obtained by, for example, chiral separation of a racemic mixture of stereoisomers
• the second transformation involves a reaction between the deprotected amine functionality and an activated carboxyl functionality, yielding an amide
• the method composes the steps of providing a compound having a structure
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted
• each of R 5 and R 6 independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 5 and R 6 , together with the intermediate carbon, compose an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein each of R 7 and R 8 independently compnses hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 7 and R 8 , together with the intermediate carbon, compose an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl
• the method further comprises the step of reacting with a compound having a structure
• R 10 comprises an optionally substituted C1 to C12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, and wherein X is a leaving group
• G is tert-butyloxycarbonyl
• the method comprises the steps of providmg a compound having a structure
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R comprises an optionally substituted C1 to C 12 organic residue selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, and wherein X is a leaving group
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 compnses eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl
• each of R and R independently comprises hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, tnfluoromethyl, amino, cyano, mtro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 5 and R 6 , together with the intermediate carbon, compnse an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, wherein each of R 7 and R 8 independently composes hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or R 7 and R 8 , together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted C3 to C6
• the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions composmg the disclosed compounds That is, a pharmaceutical composition can be provided composing a therapeutically effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method and a pharmaceutically acceptable earner
• the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprise the disclosed compounds (including pharmaceutically acceptable deovatives (e g , salt(s)) thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable earner, and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants
• the compositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and seveoty of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known m the art of pharmacy
• compositions can be administered by oral, parenteral (e g , intramuscular, mtraperitoneal, intravenous, ICV, mtracisternal injection or infusion, subcutaneous in j ection, or implant), by inhalation spray, nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topical routes of administration and can be formulated, alone or together, m suitable dosage umt formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable earners, adjuvants and vehicles appropriate for each route of administration
• warm-blooded animals such as mice, rats, horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, monkeys, etc
• composition as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising specified ingredients m predetermined amounts or proportions, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients m the specified amounts This term in relation to pharmaceutical compositions is mtended to encompass a product comprising one or more active ingredients, and
• salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids
• pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases
• Salts denved from such inorganic bases include aluminum, aminonium, calcium, copper (-ic and -ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganese (-ic and -ous), potassium, sodium, zmc and the like salts
• Particularly preferred are the aminonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts Salts denved from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases mclude salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed mclude ion exchange resms such as, for example, argmine, betaine,
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids” includes inorganic acids, organic acids, and salts prepared therefrom, for example, acetic, benzenesulfomc, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfomc, fumanc, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, lsethiomc, lactic, maleic, malic, mandehc, methanesulfomc, mucic, mtric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfomc acid and the like Preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids
• the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable denvatives thereof, of this invention can be combmed as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques
• the earner can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e g , oral or parenteral (including intravenous)
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active mgredient
• the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in water emulsion or as a water-m-oil liquid emulsion
• the compounds of the invention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof can also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices
• the compositions can be prepared by any one or be administered.
• compositions of this mvention can include a pharmaceutically acceptable earner and a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the mvention
• the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds
• the pharmaceutical earner employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas
• solid earners mclude lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and steanc acid
• liquid earners are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water
• gaseous earners mclude carbon dioxide and nitrogen
• any convenient pharmaceutical media can be employed for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, colonng agents and the like can be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions, while earners such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubncants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like can be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical earners are employed Optionally, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques
• a tablet containing the composition of this invention can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants
• Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient m a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubncant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent
• Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent
• compositions suitable for parenteral administration can be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water
• a suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose Dispersions can also be prepared m glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils
• a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms
• compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions
• the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions
• the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability
• the pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage, thus, preferably should be preserved agamst the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bactena and fungi
• the earner can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e g , glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof
• compositions can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, mouth washes, gargles, and the like Further, the compositions can be m a form suitable for use in transdermal devices
• These formulations can be prepared, utilizing a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, via conventional processing methods
• a cream or ointment is prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt% to about 10 wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency
• compositions of this invention can be m a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the earner is a solid It is preferable that the mixture forms umt dose suppositories Suitable earners include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art The suppositories can be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in moulds
• the pharmaceutical formulations described above can mclude, as appropriate, one or more additional earner ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavonng agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubncants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like
• additional earner ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavonng agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubncants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like
• other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient
• Compositions containing a compound of the invention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can also be prepared m powder or liquid concentrate form
• an appropriate dosage level will generally be about 0 01 to 500 mg per kg patient body weight per day which can be administered m single or multiple doses
• the dosage level will be about 0 1 to about 250 mg/kg per day, more preferably about 0 5 to about 100 mg/kg per day
• a suitable dosage level can be about 0 01 to 250 mg/kg per day, about 0 05 to 100 mg/kg per day, or about 0 1 to 50 mg/kg per day Within this range the dosage can be 0 05 to 0 5, 0 5 to 5 or 5 to 50 mg/kg per day
• the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 1 0 to 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly 1 0, 5 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 800, 900, and 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated
• the compounds can be administered on 0 01 to 500 mg per kg patient body weight per day
• compositions can further compose other therapeutically active compounds, as discussed further herein, which are usually applied m the treatment of the above mentioned pathological conditions
• the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having a structure represented by a formula
• R 1 is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 3 compnses hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, al
• a pharmaceutical composition can compose a therapeutically effective amount of any one or more disclosed compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable earner In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition can compose a therapeutically effective amount of one or more product of any disclosed method and a pharmaceutically acceptable earner In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a medicament comprising combinmg at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method with a pharmaceutically acceptable earner or diluent
• compositions can be prepared from the disclosed compounds It is also understood that the disclosed compositions can be employed in the disclosed methods of using
• the mvention relates to a kit composing at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method and at least one agent known to increase PLD activity
• a kit composes at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method and at least one agent known to decrease PLD activity
• the at least one compound or the at least one product and the at least one agent are co-formulated
• the at least one compound or the at least one product and the at least one agent are co-packaged
• kits can also compose compounds and/or products co-packaged, co-formulated, and/or co-delivered with other components
• a drug manufacturer a drug reseller, a physician, a compounding shop, or a pharmacist can provide a kit composing a disclosed compound and/or product and another component for delivery to a patient
• kits can be used m connection with the disclosed methods of making, the disclosed methods of using, and/or the disclosed compositions
• the method of use is directed to the treatment of a disorder
• the disclosed compounds can be used as single agents or in combmation with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration or reduction of nsk of the aforementioned diseases, disorders and conditions for which the compound or the other drugs have utility, where the combination of drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone
• the other drug(s) can be administered by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a disclosed compound
• a pharmaceutical composition m unit dosage form containing such drugs and the disclosed compound is preferred
• the combination therapy can also be administered on overlapping schedules It is also envisioned that the combination of one or more active ingredients and a disclosed compound can be more efficacious than either as a single agent
• compositions and methods of the present invention can further comprise other therapeutically active compounds as noted herein which are usually applied m the treatment of the above mentioned pathological conditions
• the invention relates to a method for the treatment of a disorder associated with PLD activity m a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method in a dosage and amount effective to treat the disorder in the mammal
• the disorder is associated with PLD activity dysfunction
• the PLD inhibited is PLDl
• the PLD inhibited is PLD2
• the mammal is a human
• the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment for the disorder prior to the administering step
• the method further comprises the step of identifying a mammal m need of treatment for the disorder
• the disorder is a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation
• the disorder is cancer
• the disorder is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastnc cancer, and colorectal cancer
• the disorder is selected from lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and malignant melanoma
• the invention relates to a method for inhibiting PLD activity in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the subject at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method in a dosage and amount effective to inhibit PLD activity in the subject
• the PLD inhibited is PLDl
• the PLD inhibited is PLD2
• the mammal is a human
• the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for PLD inhibition prior to the administering step
• the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of a disorder related to PLD activity prior to the administering step
• the method further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need of PLD inhibition
• the invention relates to a method for inhibiting PLD activity m at least one cell, comprising the step of contacting the at least one cell with at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method in an amount effective to inhibit PLD activity response in the at least one cell
• contacting is via administration to a mammal
• the cell is mammalian, for example, human
• the cell has been isolated from a mammal prior to the contacting step
• the PLD inhibited is PLDl
• the PLD inhibited is PLD2
• the invention relates to the use of a compound for PLD inhibition, the compound having a structure represented by a formula
• each independently comprises an optional covalent bond
• R is an optionally substituted C3 to C9 organic residue selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
• R 2 comprises three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulfonyl, and an optionally substituted C1 to C6 organic residue
• R 3 comprises hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1 to C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, or a hydrolysable residue
• R 4 comprises eight substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, cyano, nitro, azide, carboxamido, alkoxy, thiol, alkylsulf
• the invention relates to use of at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method m the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition associated with PLD activity
• the use is in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder associated with PLD activity in a mammal
• the disorder is a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation
• the disorder is cancer
• the disorder is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer
• the disorder is selected from lymphoma, cancers of the bram, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and malignant melanoma
• the invention also relates to use as therapeutic anti-cancer agent to prevent malignant migration of cancer cells to distant sites (i e , metastasis) as well as more localized invasiveness (e g , malignant gliomas), use for treating disorders involving signaling pathways that have been shown to be regulated by PLD, including RAS/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, NFKB, and mTOR pathways where PLD has been implicated as an essential mediator of these cell signaling and metabolic pathways, use for treating disorders involving the formation of ether-linked phospholipids where PLD plays a role in the regulated production of these molecular species
• PLD inhibitors in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders (i e , as outlined in the DSM IV), which can include neurodegenerative diseases, use for treating diabetes and metabolic syndrome where PLD has been associated with disorders in cellular signaling and metabolic
• the disclosed compounds and compositions can be evaluated for their ability to act as inhibitors of PLDl, PLD2, or both by any suitable known methodology known m the art Also disclosed herem is a screening method of identifying an agent that selectively inhibits a PLD enzyme or isoenzyme Numerous such methods are known and can be used to screen the disclosed compositions for PLD-inhibiting activity For example, suitable screening methods are disclosed in Scott S A , et al Nat Chem Biol 2009 Feb, 5(2) 108-17, Brown, H A , et al Cell 1993 75(6) 1137-44, Ivanova.
• the screening method can compose providing a sample comprising a phoshohpid, a primary alcohol, and a PLD under conditions that allow the hydrolysis of the phospholipids to a phosphatidylalcohol, contacting the sample with a candidate agent, measuring enzymatic activity, comparing the enzymatic activity to a control, a decrease in enzymatic activity compared to the control identifying an agent that inhibits the PLD
• the screening method can compose providing a sample comprising a phoshohpid and a PLD under conditions that allow the hydrolysis of the phospholipids to a phosphatide acid, contacting the sample with a candidate agent, measuring enzymatic activity, comparing the enzymatic activity to a control, a decrease in enzymatic activity compared to the control identifying an agent that inhibits the PLD
• the PLD is a myr-Aff-1 -stimulated mammalian human PLDl or human PLD2
• the screening method can comprise providing a cell selectively expressing a PLD isoenzyme, comprismg a phoshohpid, contacting the cell with a candidate agent in the presence of a primary alcohol, measuring the levels of phosphatidylalcohol in the cell, comparing the phosphatidylalcohol levels to a control, a decrease in phosphatidylalcohol levels compared to the control identifying an agent that inhibits the PLD isoenzyme
• the cell is the human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lme CaIu-I
• NSCLC human non-small-cell lung cancer
• the cell has been stimulated to activate PLDl m the cell
• the cell can be stimulated with phorbol 12-mynstate 13 -acetate (PMA)
• the cell is mediated predominately by PLD2
• the cell stably overexpresses recombinant PLD2
• the cell can be a HEK293 cell stably overexpressing green florescent protein (GFP)-tagged PLD2
• the primary alcohol of the disclosed methods is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, or octanol
• the primary alcohol ot the disclosed methods is deuterated such that the resulting phosphatidylalcohol will be deuterated to facilitate detection
• the primary alcohol is methanols, ethanol-d ⁇ , propanol-ds, or butanol-dio
• Other such deuterated primary alcohols are known and can be used herein
• the phosphatidylalcohol can be phosphatidylbutanol-d 9
• Enzymatic activity can be measured using standard enzyme assays known in the art Enzyme assays generally measure either the consumption of substrate or production of product over time A large number of different methods of measuring the concentrations of substrates and products exist and many enzymes can be assayed m several different ways
• Enzyme assays can be split into two groups according to their sampling method continuous assays, where the assay gives a continuous readmg of activity, and discontinuous assays, where samples are taken, the reaction stopped and then the concentration of substrates/products determined Continuous assays are most convenient, with one assay giving the rate of reaction with no further work necessary
• continuous assays including spectrophotometric assays, fluorometric assays, calorimetric assays, chemiluminescence assays, and light scattering assays
• Calorimetry is the measurement of the heat released or absorbed by chemical reactions These assays are very general, smce many reactions involve some change in heat and with use of a microcalorimeter, not much enzyme or substrate is required These assays can be used to measure reactions that are impossible to assay in any other way [5]
• Cheniilummescence is the emission of light by a chemical reaction Some enzyme reactions produce light and this can be measured to detect product formation These types of assay can be extremely sensitive, since the light produced can be captured by photographic film over days or weeks, but can be hard to quantify, because not all the light released by a reaction will be detected
• Static Light Scattering measures the product of weight-averaged molar mass and concentration of macromolecules in solution Given a fixed total concentration of one or more species over the measurement tune, the scattering signal is a direct measure of the weight-averaged molar mass of the solution, which will vary as complexes form or dissociate Hence the measurement quantifies the stoichiometry of the complexes as well as kinetics Light scattering assays of protein kinetics is a very general technique that does not require an enzyme
• Discontinuous assays are when samples are taken from an enzyme reaction at intervals and the amount of product production or substrate consumption is measured in these samples.
• radiometric assays measure the incorporation of radioactivity into substrates or its release from substrates
• the radioactive isotopes most frequently used m these assays are 14 C, 32 P, 35 S and 125 I Since radioactive isotopes can allow the specific labeling of a smgle atom of a substrate, these assays are both extremely sensitive and specific They are frequently used in biochemistry and are often the only way of measuring a specific reaction in crude extracts
• Chromatographic assays measure product formation by separating the reaction mixture into its components by chromatography This is usually done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but can also use the simpler technique of thm layer chromatography Although this approach can need a lot of material, its sensitivity can be mcreased by labelling the substrates/products with a radioactive or fluorescent tag Assay sensitivity has also been mcreased by switching protocols to unproved chromatographic instruments (e g ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography) that operate at pump pressure a few-fold higher than HPLC instruments

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