Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C275/00—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C275/04—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C275/20—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C275/24—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C275/00—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C275/46—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups containing any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom, e.g. acylureas
  • C07C275/48—Y being a hydrogen or a carbon atom
  • C07C275/50—Y being a hydrogen or an acyclic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
  • C07D239/52—Two oxygen atoms
  • C07D239/54—Two oxygen atoms as doubly bound oxygen atoms or as unsubstituted hydroxy radicals
  • C07D239/545—Two oxygen atoms as doubly bound oxygen atoms or as unsubstituted hydroxy radicals with other hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
  • C07D239/60—Three or more oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D239/62—Barbituric acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of alogliptin and its analogs, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that are useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
• DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
• Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and is considered one of the main threats to human health in the 21 st century.
• WHO World Health Organization
• uncontrolled diabetes can damage body systems, including the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.
• the WHO approximately 1.1 million people died from diabetes in 2005, and it is estimated that diabetes-related deaths will increase by more than 50% in the next decade.
• the socioeconomic burden of diabetes is substantial.
• Type 1 diabetes There are two main types of diabetes, designated type 1 and type 2, with type 2 diabetes accounting for over 90% of all diabetes cases globally.
• Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency, primarily caused by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet ⁇ -cells
• type 2 diabetes is characterized by abnormal insulin secretion and concomitant insulin resistance.
• ketoacidosis people with type 1 diabetes must take exogenous insulin for survival.
• those with type 2 diabetes are not dependent on exogenous insulin as much as subjects with type 1 diabetes, they may require exogenous insulin to control blood glucose levels.
• diabetes As diabetes has become a global health concern, research interest in the condition has rapidly increased. In addition to studies on prevention, many studies with the aim of developing new interventions for the treatment of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, have been conducted.
• Currently available medications for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes include metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones and insulin.
• these therapies are commonly associated with secondary failure and may cause hypoglycemia.
• Insulin resistance and progressively worsening hyperglycemia caused by reduced ⁇ -cell function are major challenges in managing type 2 diabetes. Evidence suggests that patients with insulin resistance do not develop hyperglycemia until their ⁇ -cells are unable to produce enough insulin. New agents that can enhance insulin secretion from islet ⁇ -cells in a sustained glucose-dependent manner could therefore hold promise for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
• DPP IV serine protease dipeptidyl- peptidase IV
• GLP-I glucagon-like peptide 1
• GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
• Alogliptin benzoate can be prepared as described in EP 1586571 (WO 2005/095381) according to the process set forth in Scheme 1 :
• 6-Chlorouracil (1) is alkylated with 2- (bromomethyl)benzonitrile in the presence of NaH and LiBr in a mixture of DMF- DMSO to produce the TV-benzyluracil derivative (2) in 54% yield.
• Compound (2) is further alkylated with iodomethane and NaH in DMF/THF to give the 1 ,3 disubstituted uracil (3) in 72% yield.
• the present invention is based on the discovery of a process for preparing pyrimidin- dione compounds, especially alogliptin and its salts and derivatives, which comprises the reaction of a urea derivative of formula (VIII) with a malonic acid or its derivatives to form intermediates of formulae (VII) or (VII-A), which are subsequently converted to a compound of formula (II) upon introduction of a leaving group X.
• Compound (II) then reacts with an amine to form compound (I), which is optionally converted to its salts of formula (IV).
• One or more steps in this process can be conducted in one stage, without isolation or purification of intermediates.
• the process of the invention is safe, cost- effective and can be conducted on industrial scale without facing the problems of prior art procedures.
• the present invention provides a process for producing a pyrimidin-dione derivative represented by the structure of formula (I):
• R 1 and R 5 are each independently H or (Ci-Cio)alkyl, R 2 is CH 2 Ar; and R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, which may be unsubstituted or substituted; the process comprising the following steps:
• R 1 , R 2 and R 5 are as defined above, and R is H, (Ci-Cio)alkyl, phenyl or N- oxysuccinimidyl, wherein each of the alkyl and phenyl can be substituted or unsubstituted;
• step (1) comprises a reaction between urea (VIII) and a malonic acid ester of formula R ⁇ 2 CCH(R 5 )CO 2 R, so as to generate a compound of formula (VII).
• step (1) comprises a reaction between urea (VIII) and a derivative of formula RO 2 CCH(R 5 )CN, so as to generate a compound of formula (VII-A).
• the process further comprises the step of converting the pyrimidin-dione product of formula (I) to a salt of formula (IV)
• Y is a counter-ion selected from the group consisting of acetate, trifluoroacetate, citrate, hydrochloride, L-lactate, succinate, benzoate and L-tartrate.
• compound (I) is reacted with an acid HY to generate the corresponding salt.
• a currently preferred salt is the benzoate salt. Examples of the acid
• the steps of reacting compound (II) with an amine of formula (III) to generate compound (I) followed by a reaction with an acid HY are conducted in one stage without separation or purification of any intermediates.
• a halogen F, Cl, Br or I
• a sulfonate e.g., tosylate (OTs), mesylate (OMs) and the like
• a sulfide e.g., SMe, SPh and the like
• imidazole Im
• benzotriazole benzotriazole
• step (2) comprises reacting a compound of formula (VII)
• halogen-containing reagents include, but are not limited to, phosphorous oxychloride, phosphorous pentachloride, thionyl chloride, phosphorous tribromide and N-bromosuccinimide, as well as any other halogen-containing reagents known to a person of skill in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
• the malonic acid derivative of formula (VII) or (VII-A) can be malonic acid or is a malonic acid ester such as methyl, ethyl, phenyl or N-oxysuccinimidyl ester, or the corresponding nitrile derivative.
• HNR 3 R 4 is a cyclic moiety in which R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, which may be substituted.
• HNR 3 R 4 is a diamine of formula (V): HNR 6 R 7 -NHR 8 , wherein R 6 and R 7 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, NHR 8 is a substituent of such ring, and R 8 is H or a nitrogen protecting group.
• HNR 3 R 4 is represented by the structure:
• R 8 is H or a nitrogen protecting group, and n is 0, 1 or 2 (thus defining a 5, 6 or 7 membered ring).
• the substituents NHR 8 can be located at any position on the ring.
• HNR 3 R 4 is represented by the structure
• the protecting group R can be any nitrogen protecting group known to a person of skill in the art. Such protecting groups include acid labile protecting groups, base labile protecting groups, or protecting groups that are removable under neutral conditions.
• R 8 is an acid labile nitrogen protecting group such as tert-Butyloxycarbonyl ( ⁇ oc/)
• step (3) of the process of the invention comprises reacting a compound of formula (II) with diamine of (V) under conditions sufficient to form a compound of formula (VI):
• R 1 , R 2 and R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are as defined above.
• the compound of formula (VI) is represented by the structure of formula (VI-A):
• R , 1 , R r>2 , r R> 5 , R and n are as defined above.
• the compound of formula (VI) is represented by the structure of formula (VI-B):
• R » • , r R>2 , T Rj 5 , r R>8 and n are as defined above.
• the steps of reacting compound (II) with a diamine of formula (V) to generate compound (VI) followed by reaction with an acid HY are conducted in one stage without separation or purification of any intermediates.
• the process of the invention comprises the steps of: (a) reacting a compound of formula (II) with a diamine of formula (V) under conditions sufficient to form compound (VI); (b) reacting compound (VI) with acid HY to form a salt as one- stage synthesis without separation and purification of compound (VI); and (c) optionally, if needed, removing the protecting group so as to form a compound of formula (I).
• Y is a counter-ion selected from the group consisting of acetate, trifluoroacetate, citrate, hydrochloride, L-lactate, succinate, benzoate and L-tartrate.
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl, preferably methyl.
• R 2 is -(CH 2 )-(2- cyanophenyl).
• R 5 is H.
• R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a ring represented by the structure:
• R is H or a nitrogen protecting group (preferably Boc), and n is 0, 1 or 2.
• R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a ring represented by the structure:
• R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a ring represented by the structure:
• R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a ring represented by the structure: HR 8
• the pyrimidin-dione of the formula (I) is 2-[6-[3(i?)-Aminopiperidin-l-yl]-3- methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-l-ylmethyl]benzonitrile (alogliptin), or a salt thereof, especially the benzoate salt (alogliptin benzoate).
• the present invention further relates to certain intermediates formed in the process described herein. Such intermediates are novel and form further aspects of the present invention.
• the present invention relates to a compound of the formula (VII), wherein the compound is represented by the structure:
• R 1 is H or (C-Co)alkyl
• R 2 CH 2 Ar
• R 5 H.
• the compound of formula (VII) is represented by the structure:
• the present invention relates to a compound of the formula (VII-A), wherein the compound is represented by the structure: wherein
• R 1 is H or (Ci-Ci O )alkyl
• R 2 CH 2 Ar
• the compound of formula (VII-A) is represented by the structure:
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula (VIII), wherein the compound is represented by the structure:
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula (VI), wherein the compound is represented by the structure:
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula (I), or a salt of formula (IV), wherein such compounds are prepared in accordance with the processes described herein.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula (I), or a salt of formula (IV), wherein such compounds are prepared in accordance with the processes described herein, for use in the treatment of diabetes, preferably type-2 diabetes.
• the present invention relates to a method of treating diabetes, preferably type-2 diabetes, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of formula (I), or a salt of formula (IV), wherein such compounds are prepared in accordance with the processes described herein.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I), or a salt of formula (IV), wherein such compounds are prepared in accordance with the processes described herein for the preparation of a medicament to treat diabetes, preferably type-2 diabetes.
• Compound (VII) can be obtained by reacting compound (VIII) with malonic acid or the ester of formula RO 2 CCH(R 5 )CO 2 R.
• Compound (VII-A) can be obtained by reacting compound (VIII) with the corresponding nitrile derivative of formula RO 2 CCH(R 5 )CN (e.g., cyanoacetic acid or its ester). These reactions are preferably conducted in a solvent and at a temperature ranging from room temperature to reflux.
• the process comprises the following steps:
• the malonate derivative is a malonic acid derivative (i.e.,
• the malonate derivative is a malonate ester (i.e., RO 2 CCH(R 5 )CO 2 R), such as methyl, ethyl, phenyl esters and the like, as well as active esters, such as succinimidyl, nitrophenyl, pentafluorophenyl and the like.
• the malonate ester is dimethyl malonate. In another particular embodiment, the malonate ester is diethyl malonate.
• the malonate derivative is a nitrile derivative (i.e., RO 2 CCH(R 5 )CN) wherein R is as defined above, for example cyanoacetic acid or its ester.
• R is as defined above, for example cyanoacetic acid or its ester.
• the reaction can further optionally employ a catalyst such as metal alkoxides or other organic bases, which accelerate this reaction.
• a catalyst such as metal alkoxides or other organic bases, which accelerate this reaction.
• the catalyst if used, can be, e.g., potassium tert-butoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium isopropoxide and/or sodium n-butoxide.
• the amount of the catalyst can vary, but it is typically used in an amount of about 25-30% by weight based on the total weight of the malonate and urea derivative (VIII).
• solvents include, but are not limited to, ether solvents such as 1 ,4-dioxane, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the like; alcohols such as ethanol and 2-methoxyethanol; amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylacetamide (DMA); aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene or xylene; and polar solvents such as DMSO, acetic anhydride, acetic acid, tetramethylurea and the like.
• ether solvents such as 1 ,4-dioxane, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the like
• alcohols such as ethanol and 2-methoxyethanol
• amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylacetamide (DMA)
• aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene or xy
• the solvent is a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride, lower fatty alcohol or a mixture of lower fatty alcohol and benzene, toluene or xylene.
• the lower fatty alcohol is e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and/or n-butanol. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
• microwave conditions can reduce the reaction time to 0.5-1 h, so these conditions may be used in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention.
• the substituted urea (VIII) can be prepared by standard methods of chemical synthesis known in the art, for example, in accordance with the methods described In Science of Synthesis, Vol. 18; Knight, J. G., Ed.; Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart, 2005, 665-758; J. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 2035; In Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5 th ed., Vol. A27; VCH: Weinheim, 1996, 355-365; In Houben-Weyl, 4 th ed., Vol. E4; Hagemann, H., Ed.; Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart, 1983, 334- 367; Tetrahedron Letters,
• Alkyl- and phenyl malonate and malonic acid are commercial compounds
• active esters of malonic acid can be prepared by standard methods of chemical synthesis, for example, according to well-known procedures for preparation of amino acid active esters (See: Tetrahedron 61 (2005) 10827-10852; Current Organic Chemistry, 2001, 5,
• step 1 i.e., compounds (VII) or (VII-A), as well as certain compounds of formula (VIII) are novel and form further aspects of the present invention.
• Step 2 compound (VII) or (VII-A) is converted to a compound of formula (II) by contacting compound (VII) or (VII-A) with a reagent that introduces the group X, and/or results in the formation of group X.
• X is a halogen (Hal), and is preferably a bromine atom or a chlorine atom, but can also be other halogens such as iodo or fluoro.
• compound (II) can be prepared by reacting compound (VII) of (VII-A) with a halogenating agent such as phosphorous pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, thionyl chloride, phosphorous tribromide, N- bromosuccinimide, and the like.
• a halogenating agent such as phosphorous pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, thionyl chloride, phosphorous tribromide, N- bromosuccinimide, and the like.
• the reaction is conducted in a solvent such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF), and the like, or by using a halogenating agent such as phosphorus oxychloride alone, or mixtures thereof with water as a solvent, preferably at a temperature ranging from about room temperature to reflux.
• X is a leaving group such as a sulfonate (e.g., OMs, OTs and the like), a sulfide (e.g., SMe, SPh), imidazole (Im), benzotriazole (Bta), and the like.
• a sulfonate e.g., OMs, OTs and the like
• a sulfide e.g., SMe, SPh
• imidazole (Im) benzotriazole
• Bta benzotriazole
• the reaction is performed in phosphorus oxychloride as a solvent at 6O 0 C to reflux.
• Phosphorus pentachloride can be added for acceleration of the reaction.
• the reaction can be performed in an organic solvent, preferably, acetonitrile, optionally in the presence of a phase transfer agent and a catalyst.
• the catalyst is preferably a chloride anion-containing compound, more preferably, the phase transfer agent and catalyst is the same compound, such as benzyltriethylammonium chloride or alike.
• X is NH 2 .
• compound (II) can be prepared from compound (VIII) by reacting compound (VIII) with cyanoacetic acid or its ester, analogously to a known procedure (J. of Organic Chemistry (1951), 39:1879-1890), the contents of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein.
• the intermediate (compound VII-A) can be converted to compound (II) upon reaction with a base, e.g., a hydroxide.
• compound (II) is reacted with an amine HNR 3 R 4 so as to displace the group X with a group NR 3 R 4 .
• solvent alcohol solvents such as water-containing or anhydrous methanol, ethanol and the like; ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the like, polar solvents such as DMSO, DMF, dimethylacetamide (DMA) and the like, or mixtures thereof with water and the like can be mentioned.
• the reaction can be carried out in the presence of a base, for example inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, soda ash, potassium carbonate or organic base such as a tertiary amine, including acyclic amines (for example, trimethylamine, triethylamine, dimethylphenylamine diisopropylethylamine, tributylamine), cyclic amines (for example, N-methylmorpholine) and aromatic amines (dimethylaniline, dimethylaminopyridine, pyridine).
• a base for example inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, soda ash, potassium carbonate or organic base such as a tertiary amine, including acyclic amines (for example, trimethylamine, triethylamine, dimethylphenylamine diisopropylethylamine, tributylamine), cyclic amines (for example, N-methylmorpholine) and aromatic
• the amine HNR 3 R 4 is a cyclic moiety in which R 3 and R 4 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, which may be substituted.
• Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino (NH 2 ), alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio and thioalkyl.
• compound (III) is a diamine of formula (V): HNR R NHR , wherein R 8 is H or a nitrogen protecting group as described herein or as is otherwise known to a person of skill in the art.
• R 6 and R 7 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, NHR 8 is a substituent at any position of such ring, and R 8 is H or a nitrogen protecting group.
• HNR 3 R 4 is represented by the structure:
• R is H or a nitrogen protecting group, and n is 0, 1 or 2.
• HNR R 4 is represented by the structure
• HNR 3 R 4 is represented by the structure
• R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a ring represented by the structure:
• compound of formula (III) or (V) is a cyclic diamine, N- protected by an acid labile protecting group.
• the compound of formula (III) or (V) is (R)-piperidin-3-yl-carbamic acid tert -butyl ester.
• an organic solvent such as THF
• compound (IV) can be prepared by reacting compound (I) with an acid HY in a solvent at room temperature or under heating.
• step 3 and step 4 can be combined into a single step without separation and purification of compound (I).
• compound (II) is reacted with amine (III) followed by a reaction with an acid HY, in one step without isolation of any intermediates.
• amine (III) is represented by the structure of compound (V)
• the steps of reacting compound (II) with a compound (V) to generate compound (VI) followed by reaction with an acid HY can be conducted in one stage without separation or purification of any intermediates.
• the process of the invention comprises the steps of: (a) reacting a compound of formula (II) with a diamine of formula (V) under conditions sufficient to form compound (VI); (b) reacting compound (VI) with acid HY to form a salt as one-stage synthesis without separation and purification of compound (VI); and (c) optionally, if needed, removing the protecting group so as to form a compound of formula (I).
• Y is a counter-ion selected from the group consisting of acetate, trifluoroacetate, citrate, hydrochloride, L-lactate, succinate, benzoate and L-tartrate.
• the corresponding acid HY is acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, L-lactic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid or L-tartaric acid.
• a currently preferred acid is benzoic acid.
• the work-up treatment in each step can be applied by a typical method, wherein isolation and purification is performed as necessary by selecting or combining conventional methods, such as crystallization, recrystallization, distillation, partitioning, silica gel chromatography, preparative HPLC and the like.
• alkyl group refers to any saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, including straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic alkyl groups (cycloalkyl).
• the alkyl group has 1-10 carbons designated here as Ci-C] 0 -alkyl.
• the alkyl group has 1-6 carbons designated here as C]-C 6 -alkyl.
• the alkyl group has 1-4 carbons designated here as Ci-C 4 -alkyl.
• the alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups including, but not limited to from halogen, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino (NH 2 ), alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio and thioalkyl.
• a "cycloalkyl” group refers to a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl group has 3-10 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl group has 5-10 carbon atoms.
• Exemplary monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
• An alkylcycloalkyl is an alkyl group as defined herein bonded to a cycloalkyl group as defined herein.
• the cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with any one or more of the substituents defined above for alkyl.
• An "Ar” group i.e., an aryl group, refers to an aromatic ring system containing from 6- 14 ring carbon atoms.
• the aryl ring can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and the like.
• Non-limiting examples of aryl groups are phenyl, naphthyl including 1-naphthyl and 2- naphthyl, and the like.
• a currently preferred Ar group is phenyl.
• An alkylaryl refers to an alkylene group (e.g., CH 2 ) which is substituted by an aryl group.
• the aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted through available carbon atoms with one or more groups defined hereinabove for alkyl.
• All stereoisomers of the above compounds are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pure form.
• the compounds of the present invention can have asymmetric centers at any of the atoms. Consequently, the compounds can exist in enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms or in mixtures thereof.
• the present invention contemplates the use of any racemates (i.e. mixtures containing equal amounts of each enantiomers), enantiomerically enriched mixtures (i.e., mixtures enriched for one enantiomer), pure enantiomers or diastereomers, or any mixtures thereof.
• the chiral centers can be designated as R or S or R,S or d,D, 1,L or d,l, D,L.
• nitrogen protecting group refers to a group which may be attached to a nitrogen atom to protect said nitrogen atom from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction.
• the nitrogen protecting group can be an acid labile protecting group, a base labile protecting group, or a protecting group that is removable under neutral conditions.
• a currently preferred nitrogen protecting groups is tert-Butyloxycarbonyl (Boc).
• Other suitable nitrogen protecting group include, but are not limited to: (Fmoc), p- nitrobenzenesulfoethoxycarbonyl propargyloxycarbonyl, picolinyl, prenyl, o- nitrobenzyloxy methyl, 4-methyoxyphenoxymethyl, guaiacolmethyl, siloxymethyl, such as triisopropylsiloxymethyl, 2-cyanoethyoxymethyl, 2-quinolinylmethyl, dichloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl and 2-[4-nitrophenyl]ethylsulfonate, as well as benzyl, p-methoxy benzyl, trityl, cbz groups which are all readily cleaved via hydrogenation.
• Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
• nitrogen-protecting groups are described by C. B. Reese and E. Haslam, "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, “J.G. W. McOmie, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1973, Chapters 3 and 4, respectively, and T. W. Greene and P.G. M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 2 nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1991, Chapters 2 and 3, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• 2-cyanobenzylamine hydrochloride (90 g) and Dichloromethane (800 ml) were taken into a round bottomed (RB) flask. Methyl isocyanate (45.6 g) was added at 5°C. Triethylamine (81 g) in Dichloromethane (300 ml) was added at the same temperature and stirred at room temperature for 16h. Water (1 L) was added and stirred for 30 min. The obtained solid was collected by filtration and dried in oven at 50°C for 12h. The yield is 85% and the purity 99.8%.
• l-(2-isocyanobenzyl)-3-methylurea (30 g), acetic acid (105 ml) and malonic acid (18 g) were mixed and heated to 60°C.
• Acetic anhydride 60 ml was added at 60°C and heating was continued for two hours at 80°C.
• the reaction mixture was poured over ice water (300 ml) and the obtained solid was filtered, washed with water (1x500 ml) and methyl-tert-butylether (100 ml). The yield is 60% with 93.4% purity.
• the compound thus prepared can be used for the next step without purification or purified by crystallization or column chromatography.
• Compound can be also precipitated from concentrated methylene chloride solution by hexanes and used as a crude for the next step or purified by reslurring in isopropanol, filtered off, washed with isopropanol, and dried under vacuum at 55-60° C.

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