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Definitions

• This invention relates in general to treatment of human diseases and pathological conditions. More specifically, the invention relates to anti-angiogenesis therapy, either alone or in combination with other anti-cancer therapies, for the treatment of breast cancer.
• BACKGROUND Cancer remains to be one of the most deadly threats to human health.
• cancer affects nearly 1.3 million new patients each year, and is the second leading cause of death after heart disease, accounting for approximately 1 in 4 deaths.
• Breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer and the second leading cancer killer among American women. It is also predicted that cancer may surpass cardiovascular diseases as the number one cause of death within 5 years. Solid tumors are responsible for most of those deaths.
• the overall 5-year survival rate for all cancers has improved only by about 10% in the past 20 years. Cancers, or malignant tumors, metastasize and grow rapidly in an uncontrolled manner, making timely detection and treatment extremely difficult.
• Breast cancer is a disease that kills many women each year in the United States.
• trastuzumab is the first novel, biologically-based therapeutic agent approved for the treatment of a subpopulation of breast cancer patients having HER2 overexpressing cancers
• trastuzumab is the first novel, biologically-based therapeutic agent approved for the treatment of a subpopulation of breast cancer patients having HER2 overexpressing cancers
• several other approaches have shown promise and have entered the clinic.
• Compounds which inhibit angiogenesis have generated particular interest for reaching additional breast cancer populations and have been and are the subject of clinical trials both in the US and abroad.
• Angiogenesis is an important cellular event in which vascular endothelial cells proliferate, prune and reorganize to form new vessels from preexisting vascular network.
• VEGF-A vascular endothelial growth factor-A.
• VEGF-A is part of a gene family including VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F, and PlGF.
• VEGF-A primarily binds to two high affinity receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGFR-I (FIt-I) and VEGFR-2 (Flk-1/KDR), the latter being the major transmitter of vascular endothelial cell mitogenic signals of VEGF-A.
• FIt-I VEGFR-I
• VEGFR-2 Flk-1/KDR
• neuropilin-1 has been identified as a receptor for heparin-binding VEGF-A isoforms, and may play a role in vascular development.
• VEGF in addition to being an angiogenic factor in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, VEGF, as a pleiotropic growth factor, exhibits multiple biological effects in other physiological processes, such as endothelial cell survival, vessel permeability and vasodilation, monocyte chemotaxis and calcium influx. Ferrara and Davis-Smyth (1997), supra. Moreover, studies have reported mitogenic effects of VEGF on a few non-endothelial cell types, such as retinal pigment epithelial cells, pancreatic duct cells and Schwann cells. Guerrin et al. J. Cell Physiol. 164:385-394 (1995); Oberg-Welsh et al. MoI. Cell. Endocrinol. 126:125-132 (1997); Sondell et al. J. Neurosci. 19:5731-5740 (1999).
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• pathological angiogenesis The recognition of VEGF as a primary regulator of angiogenesis in pathological conditions has led to numerous attempts to block VEGF activities in conditions that involve pathological angiogenesis.
• VEGF expression is upregulated in a majority of malignancies and the overexpression of VEGF correlates with a more advanced stage or with a poorer prognosis in many solid tumors. Therefore, molecules that inhibit VEGF signaling pathways have been used for the treatment of relatively advanced solid tumors in which pathological angiogenesis is noted.
• the invention concerns uses of anti-VEGF antibody for effectively treating breast cancer patients for previously untreated metastic breast cancer.
• the invention provides data from a randomized phase III clinical trial of bevacizumab (AVASTIN®) in combination with chemotherapy regimes in subjects with previously untreated metastic breast cancer in human subjects.
• chemotherapy regimes include taxane therapy (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®)), anthracycline therapy (e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof) or capecitabine therapy.
• the treatment is used as first line therapy for locally recurrent or previously untreated metastatic breast cancer.
• Subjects in the clinical trials who received bevacizumab in combination with taxane therapy e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®))/anthracycline therapy (e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof) had an increase in progression free survival compared to subjects treated with the taxane therapy (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®))/anthracycline therapy (e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof) alone.
• Subjects in the clinical trials who received bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine therapy as described below had an increase in progression free survival compared to subjects treated with capecitabine therapy alone. The difference was significantly significant.
• a treatment regimen comprising an effective amount of at least one chemotherapy and an anti- VEGF antibody, wherein said subject has not received any chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
• the subject is HER2 -negative.
• the subject is HER2 positive.
• the subject has not received prior adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrence less than or equal to 12 months since last dose.
• the treatment regimen combining the chemotherapy and the administration of the anti-VEGF effectively extends the progression free survival (PFS) of the subject.
• the treatment regimen combining the chemotherapy and the anti-VEGF antibody has a safety profile that is consistent with results of prior bevacizumab trials.
• an anti-VEGF antibody with at least one chemotherapeutic agent in the manufacturer of a medicament for treating previously untreated metastatic breast cancer in a subject, wherein said subject has not received any chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
• the subject is HER2 -negative.
• the subject is HER2 positive.
• the subject has not received prior adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrence less than or equal to 12 months since last dose.
• the use of the anti-VEGF and the chemotherapeutic agent effectively extends the progression free survival (PFS) of the subject.
• the use of the chemotherapy and the anti-VEGF antibody has a safety profile that is consistent with results of prior bevacizumab trials.
• anti-VEGF antibodies for use in a method of treating locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a treatment regimen comprising an effective amount of a chemotherapy and an anti- VEGF antibody, wherein said subject has not received any chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
• the subject is HER2 -negative.
• the subject is HER2 positive.
• the subject has not received prior adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrence less than or equal to 12 months since last dose.
• the treatment regimen combining the chemotherapy and the administration of the anti-VEGF effectively extends the progression free survival (PFS) of the subject.
• the treatment regimen combining the chemotherapy and the anti-VEGF antibody has a safety profile that is consistent with results of prior bevacizumab trials.
• the PFS is extended about 1 month, 1.2 months, 2 months, 2.4 months, 2.9 months, 3 months, 3.5 months, 4, months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 1 year, about 2 years, about 3 years, etc. In one embodiment, the PFS is extended about 2.9 months to 3.5 months (e.g., with capecitabine). In one embodiment, the PFS is extended about 1.2 months to about 2.4 months (e.g., with taxane/anthracycline).
• chemotherapeutic agent exhibiting anticancer activity can be used according to any of the methods, uses and compositions provided herein.
• the chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, folic acid analogs, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs and related inhibitors, vinca alkaloids, epipodopyyllotoxins, antibiotics, L- Asparaginase, topoisomerase inhibitor, interferons, platinum cooridnation complexes, anthracenedione substituted urea, methyl hydrazine derivatives, adrenocortical suppressant, adrenocorticosteroides, progestins, estrogens, antiestrogen, androgens, antiandrogen, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog.
• the chemotherapeutic agent is for example, capecitabine, taxane, anthracycline, paclitaxel, docetaxel, paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®), doxorubicin, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide or combinations thereof.
• Two or more chemotherapeutic agents can be used (e.g., in a cocktail) to be administered in combination with administration of the anti-VEGF antibody.
• Clinical benefits of the any of the methods, uses and compositions provided herein according to the invention can be measured by, for example, duration of progression free survival (PFS), time to treatment failure, objective response rate and duration of response.
• PFS progression free survival
• the invention features a method of instructing a human subject with, e.g., breast, cancer by providing instructions to receive treatment with an anti-VEGF antibody so as to increase progression free survival of the subject, to decrease the subject's risk of cancer recurrence or to increase the subject's likelihood of survival.
• the method further comprises providing instructions to receive treatment with at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
• the treatment with the anti-VEGF antibody may be concurrent with or sequential to the treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent.
• the subject is treated as instructed by the method of instructing.
• the invention also provides a promotional method, comprising promoting the administration of an anti-VEGF antibody for treatment of, e.g., breast, cancer in a human subject.
• the method further comprises promoting the administration of at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
• Administration of the anti-VEGF antibody may be concurrent with or sequential to administration of the chemotherapeutic agent.
• Promotion may be conducted by any means available.
• the promotion is by a package insert accompanying a commercial formulation of the anti-VEGF antibody.
• the promotion may also be by a package insert accompanying a commercial formulation of the chemotherapeutic agent.
• Promotion may be by written or oral communication to a physician or health care provider.
• the promotion is by a package insert where the package inset provides instructions to receive therapy with anti-VEGF antibody.
• the promotion is followed by the treatment of the subject with the anti-VEGF antibody with or without the chemotherapeutic agent.
• the invention provides a business method, comprising marketing an anti-VEGF antibody for treatment of, e.g., breast, cancer in a human subject so as to increase progression free survival, or decrease the subject's likelihood of cancer recurrence or increase the subject's likelihood of survival.
• the method further comprises marketing a chemotherapeutic agent for use in combination with the anti-VEGF antibody.
• the marketing is followed by treatment of the subject with the anti-VEGF antibody with or without the chemotherapeutic agent.
• a business method comprising marketing a chemotherapeutic agent in combination with an anti-VEGF antibody for treatment of, e.g., breast, cancer in a human subject so as to increase progression free survival, or decrease the subject's likelihood of cancer recurrence or increase the subject's likelihood of survival.
• the marketing is followed by treatment of the subject with the combination of the chemotherapeutic agent and the anti-VEGF antibody.
• the anti-VEGF antibody may be substituted with a VEGF specific antagonist, e.g., a VEGF receptor molecule or chimeric VEGF receptor molecule as described herein.
• a VEGF specific antagonist e.g., a VEGF receptor molecule or chimeric VEGF receptor molecule as described herein.
• the anti-VEGF antibody is bevacizumab.
• the anti-VEGF antibody can be a monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a fully human antibody, or a humanized antibody.
• Exemplary antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), a G6 antibody, a B20 antibody, and fragments thereof.
• the anti-VEGF antibody has a heavy chain variable region comprising the following amino acid sequence:
• GTKVEIKR (SEQ ID No. 2).
• the antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof can also be an antibody that lacks an Fc portion, an F(ab') 2 , an Fab, or an Fv structure.
• the treatment is a combination of a VEGF-specific antagonist, e.g., anti-VEGF antibody, and at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist is a monotherapy.
• cancers including, but not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. More particular examples of such cancers include breast cancer, squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, gastric cancer, melanoma, and various types of head and neck cancer.
• the subject has metastatic breast cancer.
• the subject has metastatic breast cancer.
• Each of the above aspects can further include monitoring the subject for recurrence of the cancer. Monitoring can be accomplished, for example, by evaluating progression free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) or objective response rate (ORR). In one embodiment, the PFS or the OS or the ORR is evaluated after initiation of treatment.
• PFS progression free survival
• OS overall survival
• ORR objective response rate
• preferred dosages for the anti-VEGF antibody e.g., bevacizumab
• the frequency of administration will vary depending on the type and severity of the disease. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until the cancer is treated or the desired therapeutic effect is achieved, as measured by the methods described herein or known in the art.
• the anti-VEGF antibody is administered once every week, every two weeks, or every three weeks, at a dose range from about 5 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg, including but not limited to 5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg.
• the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist e.g., anti-VEGF antibody is administered locally or systemically (e.g., orally or intravenously).
• one aspect of the treatment is with the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist in a monotherapy or a monotherapy for the duration of the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist treatment period, e.g., in extended treatment phase or maintenance therapy, as assessed by the clinician or described herein.
• treatment, use or composition with the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist is in combination with an additional anti-cancer therapy, including but not limited to, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, differentiating therapy, biotherapy, immune therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a cytotoxic agent and/or an anti-proliferative compound.
• Treatment, use and composition with the VEGF-specific antagonist can also include any combination of the above types of therapeutic regimens.
• the chemotherapeutic agent and the VEGF- specif ⁇ c antagonist are administered concurrently.
• the subject can be further treated with the additional anti-cancer therapy before, during (e.g., simultaneously), or after administration of the VEGF- specific antagonist.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist administered either alone or with an anti-cancer therapy, can be administered as maintenance therapy.
• Figure 1 depicts the study design for the metastatic breast cancer trial using bevacizumab (BV) or placebo (PL) with various chemotherapies.
• Figure 2 depicts progression free survival (PFS) curves for capecitabine arm of the trial.
• INV investigator
• IRC PFS assessed by independent review committee (IRC), where placebo is PL and bevacizumab is BV.
• Figure 3 depicts PFS curves for taxane/anthracycline arm of the trial.
• INV is PFS assessed by investigator and IRC is PFS assessed by independent review committee (IRC), where placebo is PL and bevacizumab is BV.
• IRC independent review committee
• Figure 4 depicts a subgroup analyses of PFS in the capecitabine and taxane/anthracycline groups of the trial.
• Figure 5 depicts the objective response rate for capecitabine (Cape) and taxane/anthracycline (T/ Antra) groups.
• Figure 6 depicts a subgroup analysis of PFS for taxane/anthracycline (T/Anthra) cohorts.
• VEGF vascular endothelial cell growth factor
• VEGF-A 165-amino acid human vascular endothelial cell growth factor and related 121-, 145-, 189-, and 206- amino acid human vascular endothelial cell growth factors, as described by, e.g., Leung et al. Science, 246: 1306 (1989), and Houck et al. MoI. Endocrin., 5:1806 (1991), together with the naturally occurring allelic and processed forms thereof.
• VEGF-A is part of a gene family including VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F, and PlGF.
• VEGF-A primarily binds to two high affinity receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGFR-I (FIt-I) and VEGFR-2 (Flk-1/KDR), the latter being the major transmitter of vascular endothelial cell mitogenic signals of VEGF-A. Additionally, neuropilin-1 has been identified as a receptor for heparin-binding VEGF-A isoforms, and may play a role in vascular development.
• the term "VEGF” or "VEGF-A” also refers to VEGFs from non-human species such as mouse, rat, or primate. Sometimes the VEGF from a specific species is indicated by terms such as hVEGF for human VEGF or mVEGF for murine VEGF.
• VEGF refers to human VEGF.
• the term "VEGF” is also used to refer to truncated forms or fragments of the polypeptide comprising amino acids 8 to 109 or 1 to 109 of the 165-amino acid human vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Reference to any such forms of VEGF may be identified in the application, e.g., by "VEGF (8-109),” “VEGF (1-109)” or “VEGF165.”
• the amino acid positions for a "truncated” native VEGF are numbered as indicated in the native VEGF sequence. For example, amino acid position 17 (methionine) in truncated native VEGF is also position 17 (methionine) in native VEGF.
• the truncated native VEGF has binding affinity for the KDR and FIt-I receptors comparable to native VEGF.
• an "anti-VEGF antibody” is an antibody that binds to VEGF with sufficient affinity and specificity.
• the antibody selected will normally have a binding affinity for VEGF, for example, the antibody may bind hVEGF with a Kd value of between 100 nM-1 pM.
• Antibody affinities may be determined by a surface plasmon resonance based assay (such as the BIAcore assay as described in PCT Application Publication No. WO2005/012359); enzyme- linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA); and competition assays (e.g. RIA's), for example.
• the anti-VEGF antibody of the invention can be used as a therapeutic agent in targeting and interfering with diseases or conditions wherein the VEGF activity is involved.
• the antibody may be subjected to other biological activity assays, e.g., in order to evaluate its effectiveness as a therapeutic.
• biological activity assays are known in the art and depend on the target antigen and intended use for the antibody. Examples include the HUVEC inhibition assay; tumor cell growth inhibition assays (as described in WO 89/06692, for example); antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) assays (US Patent 5,500,362); and agonistic activity or hematopoiesis assays (see WO 95/27062).
• An anti-VEGF antibody will usually not bind to other VEGF homologues such as VEGF-B or VEGF-C, nor other growth factors such as PlGF, PDGF or bFGF.
• VEGF antagonist refers to a molecule capable of neutralizing, blocking, inhibiting, abrogating, reducing or interfering with VEGF activities including its binding to one or more VEGF receptors.
• VEGF antagonists include anti-VEGF antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, receptor molecules and derivatives which bind specifically to VEGF thereby sequestering its binding to one or more receptors, anti-VEGF receptor antibodies and VEGF receptor antagonists such as small molecule inhibitors of the VEGFR tyrosine kinases.
• a “native sequence” polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having the same amino acid sequence as a polypeptide derived from nature.
• a native sequence polypeptide can have the amino acid sequence of naturally-occurring polypeptide from any mammal.
• Such native sequence polypeptide can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or synthetic means.
• the term "native sequence” polypeptide specifically encompasses naturally- occurring truncated or secreted forms of the polypeptide (e.g., an extracellular domain sequence), naturally-occurring variant forms (e.g., alternatively spliced forms) and naturally- occurring allelic variants of the polypeptide.
• a polypeptide "variant” means a biologically active polypeptide having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity with the native sequence polypeptide.
• variants include, for instance, polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added, or deleted, at the N- or C-terminus of the polypeptide.
• a variant will have at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, more preferably at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity, and even more preferably at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity with the native sequence polypeptide.
• antibody is used in the broadest sense and includes monoclonal antibodies (including full length or intact monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multivalent antibodies, multispecif ⁇ c antibodies (e.g., bispecif ⁇ c antibodies), and antibody fragments (see below) so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
• the numbering of the residues in an immunoglobulin heavy chain is that of the EU index as in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991), expressly incorporated herein by reference.
• the "EU index as in Kabat” refers to the residue numbering of the human IgGl EU antibody.
• the "Kd" or "Kd value” according to this invention is in one embodiment measured by a radiolabeled VEGF binding assay (RIA) performed with the Fab version of the antibody and a VEGF molecule as described by the following assay that measures solution binding affinity of Fabs for VEGF by equilibrating Fab with a minimal concentration of ( 125 I)-labeled VEGF(109) in the presence of a titration series of unlabeled VEGF, then capturing bound
• RIA radiolabeled VEGF binding assay
• VEGF with an anti-Fab antibody-coated plate Choen, et al., (1999) J. MoI Biol 293:865-881.
• microtiter plates (Dynex) are coated overnight with 5 ug/ml of a capturing anti-Fab antibody (Cappel Labs) in 50 mM sodium carbonate (pH 9.6), and subsequently blocked with 2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in PBS for two to five hours at room temperature (approximately 23°C).
• a non-adsorbant plate (Nunc #269620) 100 pM or 26 pM [ 125 I]VEGF(109) are mixed with serial dilutions of a Fab of interest, e.g., Fab-12 (Presta et al., (1997) Cancer Res. 57:4593-4599).
• the Fab of interest is then incubated overnight; however, the incubation may continue for 65 hours to insure that equilibrium is reached. Thereafter, the mixtures are transferred to the capture plate for incubation at room temperature for one hour. The solution is then removed and the plate washed eight times with 0.1% Tween-20 in PBS.
• the Kd or Kd value is measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays using a BIAcoreTM-2000 or a BIAcoreTM-3000 (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) at 25 0 C with immobilized hVEGF (8-109) CM5 chips at -10 response units (RU).
• carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips (CM5, BIAcore Inc.) are activated with N-ethyl-N'- (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N- hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) according to the supplier's instructions.
• EDC N-ethyl-N'- (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride
• NHS N- hydroxysuccinimide
• Human VEGF is diluted with 1OmM sodium acetate, pH 4.8, into 5ug/ml ( ⁇ 0.2uM) before injection at a flow rate of 5ul/minute to achieve approximately 10 response units (RU) of coupled protein.
• IM ethanolamine is injected to block unreacted groups.
• a “blocking” antibody or an antibody “antagonist” is one which inhibits or reduces biological activity of the antigen it binds.
• a VEGF-specific antagonist antibody binds VEGF and inhibits the ability of VEGF to induce angiogenesis, to induce vascular endothelial cell proliferation or to induce vascular permeability.
• blocking antibodies or antagonist antibodies completely inhibit the biological activity of the antigen.
• multivalent antibody is used throughout this specification to denote an antibody comprising three or more antigen binding sites.
• the multivalent antibody is engineered to have the three or more antigen binding sites and is generally not a native sequence IgM or IgA antibody.
• Antibody fragments comprise only a portion of an intact antibody, generally including an antigen binding site of the intact antibody and thus retaining the ability to bind antigen.
• Examples of antibody fragments encompassed by the present definition include: (i) the Fab fragment, having VL, CL, VH and CHl domains; (ii) the Fab' fragment, which is a Fab fragment having one or more cysteine residues at the C-terminus of the CHl domain; (iii) the Fd fragment having VH and CHl domains; (iv) the Fd' fragment having VH and CHl domains and one or more cysteine residues at the C-terminus of the CHl domain; (v) the Fv fragment having the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody; (vi) the dAb fragment (Ward et al., Nature 341, 544-546 (1989)) which consists of a VH domain; (vii) isolated CDR regions; (viii) F(ab') 2 fragments,
• the term "monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigen. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations that typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen.
• the modifier "monoclonal” is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
• the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al, Nature 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567).
• the "monoclonal antibodies” may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al, Nature 352:624-628 (1991) or Marks et al, J. MoI Biol. 222:581-597 (1991), for example.
• an “Fv” fragment is an antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen recognition and binding site.
• This region consists of a dimer of one heavy and one light chain variable domain in tight association, which can be covalent in nature, for example in scFv. It is in this configuration that the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define an antigen binding site on the surface of the V R -V L dimer.
• the six CDRs or a subset thereof confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody.
• a single variable domain or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen
• antibody variable domain refers to the portions of the light and heavy chains of antibody molecules that include amino acid sequences of Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs; ie., CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3), and Framework Regions (FRs).
• CDRs Complementarity Determining Regions
• FRs Framework Regions
• V R refers to the variable domain of the heavy chain.
• V L refers to the variable domain of the light chain.
• the amino acid positions assigned to CDRs and FRs may be defined according to Kabat (Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1987 and 1991)). Amino acid numbering of antibodies or antigen binding fragments is also according to that of Kabat.
• CDRs Complementarity Determining Regions
• Each variable domain typically has three CDR regions identified as CDRl, CDR2 and CDR3.
• Each complementarity determining region may comprise amino acid residues from a "complementarity determining region" as defined by Kabat (i.e.
• a complementarity determining region can include amino acids from both a CDR region defined according to Kabat and a hypervariable loop.
• the CDRHl of the heavy chain of antibody 4D5 includes amino acids 26 to 35.
• FR Framework regions
• Each variable domain typically has four FRs identified as FRl, FR2, FR3 and FR4.
• the CDRs are defined according to Kabat, the light chain FR residues are positioned at about residues 1-23 (LCFRl), 35-49 (LCFR2), 57-88 (LCFR3), and 98-107 (LCFR4) and the heavy chain FR residues are positioned about at residues 1-30 (HCFRl), 36- 49 (HCFR2), 66-94 (HCFR3), and 103-113 (HCFR4) in the heavy chain residues.
• the light chain FR residues are positioned about at residues 1-25 (LCFRl), 33-49 (LCFR2), 53-90 (LCFR3), and 97-107 (LCFR4) in the light chain and the heavy chain FR residues are positioned about at residues 1- 25 (HCFRl), 33-52 (HCFR2), 56-95 (HCFR3), and 102-113 (HCFR4) in the heavy chain residues.
• the FR residues will be adjusted accordingly.
• the heavy chain FRl residues are at positions 1-25 and the FR2 residues are at positions 36-49.
• the "Fab" fragment contains a variable and constant domain of the light chain and a variable domain and the first constant domain (CHl) of the heavy chain.
• F(ab') 2 antibody fragments comprise a pair of Fab fragments which are generally covalently linked near their carboxy termini by hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known in the art.
• Single-chain Fv or “scFv” antibody fragments comprise the V H and V L domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain.
• the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V H and V L domains, which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
• diabodies refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light chain variable domain (V L ) in the same polypeptide chain (V H and V L ).
• V H heavy chain variable domain
• V L light chain variable domain
• linear antibodies refers to the antibodies described in Zapata et al., Protein Eng., 8(10): 1057-1062 (1995). Briefly, these antibodies comprise a pair of tandem Fd segments (V H -C H I-V H -C H I) which, together with complementary light chain polypeptides, form a pair of antigen binding regions. Linear antibodies can be bispecific or monospecific.
• the monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric" antibodies (immunoglobulins) in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 :6851-6855 (1984)).
• chimeric antibodies immunoglobulins in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences
• Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric antibodies which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin.
• humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
• donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
• Fv framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
• humanized antibodies may comprise residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance.
• the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
• the humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
• Fc immunoglobulin constant region
• a "human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence which corresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human and/or has been made using any of the techniques for making human antibodies as disclosed herein. This definition of a human antibody specifically excludes a humanized antibody comprising non-human antigen-binding residues.
• Human antibodies can be produced using various techniques known in the art. In one embodiment, the human antibody is selected from a phage library, where that phage library expresses human antibodies (Vaughan et al. Nature Biotechnology 14:309-314 (1996): Sheets et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95:6157-6162 (1998)); Hoogenboom and Winter, J. MoI.
• Human antibodies can also be made by introducing human immunoglobulin loci into transgenic animals, e.g., mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated. Upon challenge, human antibody production is observed, which closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and antibody repertoire. This approach is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the human antibody may be prepared via immortalization of human B lymphocytes producing an antibody directed against a target antigen (such B lymphocytes may be recovered from an individual or may have been immunized in vitro). See, e.g., Cole et al, Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985);
• An "affinity matured” antibody is one with one or more alterations in one or more
• Preferred affinity matured antibodies will have nanomolar or even picomolar affinities for the target antigen.
• Affinity matured antibodies are produced by procedures known in the art. Marks et al.
• a "functional antigen binding site" of an antibody is one which is capable of binding a target antigen.
• the antigen binding affinity of the antigen binding site is not necessarily as strong as the parent antibody from which the antigen binding site is derived, but the ability to bind antigen must be measurable using any one of a variety of methods known for evaluating antibody binding to an antigen.
• the antigen binding affinity of each of the antigen binding sites of a multivalent antibody herein need not be quantitatively the same.
• the number of functional antigen binding sites can be evaluated using ultracentrifugation analysis as described in Example 2 of U.S. Patent Application
• An antibody having a "biological characteristic" of a designated antibody is one which possesses one or more of the biological characteristics of that antibody which distinguish it from other antibodies that bind to the same antigen.
• a “species-dependent antibody” is one which has a stronger binding affinity for an antigen from a first mammalian species than it has for a homologue of that antigen from a second mammalian species.
• the species-dependent antibody "binds specifically" to a human antigen (i.e. has a binding affinity (Kd) value of no more than about 1 x 10 ⁇ 7 M, preferably no more than about 1 x 10 " M and most preferably no more than about 1 x 10 " M) but has a binding affinity for a homologue of the antigen from a second nonhuman mammalian species which is at least about 50 fold, or at least about 500 fold, or at least about 1000 fold, weaker than its binding affinity for the human antigen.
• the species-dependent antibody can be any of the various types of antibodies as defined above, but typically is a humanized or human antibody.
• antibody mutant refers to an amino acid sequence variant of the species-dependent antibody wherein one or more of the amino acid residues of the species-dependent antibody have been modified. Such mutants necessarily have less than 100% sequence identity or similarity with the species-dependent antibody.
• the antibody mutant will have an amino acid sequence having at least 75% amino acid sequence identity or similarity with the amino acid sequence of either the heavy or light chain variable domain of the species-dependent antibody, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%. Identity or similarity with respect to this sequence is defined herein as the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical (i.e same residue) or similar (i.e.
• a salvage receptor binding epitope to the antibody (especially an antibody fragment), as described, e.g., in US Patent 5,739,277.
• a nucleic acid molecule encoding the salvage receptor binding epitope can be linked in frame to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide sequence of this invention so that the fusion protein expressed by the engineered nucleic acid molecule comprises the salvage receptor binding epitope and a polypeptide sequence of this invention.
• the term "salvage receptor binding epitope” refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , or IgG 4 ) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule (e.g., Ghetie et ah, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 18:739-766 (2000), Table 1). Antibodies with substitutions in an Fc region thereof and increased serum half-lives are also described in WO00/42072, WO 02/060919; Shields et al., J. Biol. Chem.
• the serum half-life can also be increased, for example, by attaching other polypeptide sequences.
• antibodies or other polypeptides useful in the methods of the invention can be attached to serum albumin or a portion of serum albumin that binds to the FcRn receptor or a serum albumin binding peptide so that serum albumin binds to the antibody or polypeptide, e.g., such polypeptide sequences are disclosed in WOO 1/45746.
• the serum albumin peptide to be attached comprises an amino acid sequence of DICLPRWGCLW.
• the half-life of a Fab is increased by these methods. See also, Dennis et al. J. Biol. Chem. 277:35035-35043 (2002) for serum albumin binding peptide sequences.
• a "chimeric VEGF receptor protein” is a VEGF receptor molecule having amino acid sequences derived from at least two different proteins, at least one of which is a VEGF receptor protein. In certain embodiments, the chimeric VEGF receptor protein is capable of binding to and inhibiting the biological activity of VEGF.
• An "isolated” antibody is one that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials that would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes.
• the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS- PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, silver stain.
• Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step.
• fragment is meant a portion of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule that contains, preferably, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or more of the entire length of the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide.
• a fragment may contain 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or more nucleotides or 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 190, 200 amino acids or more.
• an "anti-angio genesis agent” or “angiogenesis inhibitor” refers to a small molecular weight substance, a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, an isolated protein, a recombinant protein, an antibody, or conjugates or fusion proteins thereof, that inhibits angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, or undesirable vascular permeability, either directly or indirectly. It should be understood that the anti-angio genesis agent includes those agents that bind and block the angiogenic activity of the angiogenic factor or its receptor.
• an anti-angiogenesis agent is an antibody or other antagonist to an angiogenic agent as defined throughout the specification or known in the art, e.g., but are not limited to, antibodies to VEGF-A or to the VEGF-A receptor (e.g., KDR receptor or FIt-I receptor), VEGF-trap, anti-PDGFR inhibitors such as GleevecTM (Imatinib Mesylate).
• Anti-angiogensis agents also include native angiogenesis inhibitors, e.g., angiostatin, endostatin, etc. See, e.g., Klagsbrun and D'Amore, Annu. Rev.
• a "maintenance" dose herein refers to one or more doses of a therapeutic agent administered to the subject over or after a treatment period.
• the maintenance doses are administered at spaced treatment intervals, such as approximately every week, approximately every 2 weeks, approximately every 3 weeks, or approximately every 4 weeks.
• “Survival” refers to the subject remaining alive, and includes progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Survival can be estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and any differences in survival are computed using the stratified log-rank test.
• PFS progression free survival
• RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
• “Overall survival” refers to the subject remaining alive for a defined period of time, such as about 1 year, about 2 years, about 3 years, about 4 years, about 5 years, about 10 years, etc., from initiation of treatment or from initial diagnosis. In the studies underlying the invention the event used for survival analysis was death from any cause. By “extending survival” or “increasing the likelihood of survival” is meant increasing PFS and/or OS in a treated subject relative to an untreated subject (i.e.
• VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist e.g., a VEGF antibody
• a control treatment protocol such as treatment only with the chemotherapeutic agent, such as those use in the standard of care for breast cancer, e.g., capecitabine, taxane, anthracycline, paclitaxel, docetaxel, paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®), doxorubicin, epirubicin, 5- fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide or combinations thereof.
• Survival is monitored for at least about one month, two months, four months, six months, nine months, or at least about 1 year, or at least about 2 years, or at least about 3 years, or at least about 4 years, or at least about 5 years, or at least about 10 years, etc., following the initiation of treatment or following the initial diagnosis.
• Hazard ratio is a statistical definition for rates of events.
• hazard ratio is defined as representing the probability of an event in the experimental arm divided by the probability of an event in the control arm at any specific point in time.
• Hazard ratio in progression free survival analysis is a summary of the difference between two progression free survival curves, representing the reduction in the risk of death on treatment compared to control, over a period of follow-up.
• concurrent administration includes a dosing regimen when the administration of one or more agent(s) continues after discontinuing the administration of one or more other agent(s).
• monotherapy is meant a therapeutic regimen that includes only a single therapeutic agent for the treatment of the cancer or tumor during the course of the treatment period.
• Monotherapy using a VEGF-specific antagonist means that the VEGF-specific antagonist is administered in the absence of an additional anti-cancer therapy during treatment period.
• maintenance therapy is meant a therapeutic regimen that is given to reduce the likelihood of disease recurrence or progression.
• Maintenance therapy can be provided for any length of time, including extended time periods up to the life-span of the subject. Maintenance therapy can be provided after initial therapy or in conjunction with initial or additional therapies. Dosages used for maintenance therapy can vary and can include diminished dosages as compared to dosages used for other types of therapy. See also “maintenance” herein.
• cancer and “cancerous” refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. Included in this definition are benign and malignant cancers as well as dormant tumors or micrometastatses.
• cancer examples include but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. More particular examples of such cancers include breast cancer, squamous cell cancer, lung cancer (including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and squamous carcinoma of the lung), cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer (including gastrointestinal cancer), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma and various types of head and neck cancer, as well as B-cell lymphoma (including low grade/follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL); small lymphocytic (SL) NHL; intermediate grade
• Metastasis is meant the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body. Cancer cells can break away from a primary tumor, penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and grow in a distant focus (metastasize) in normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Metastasis can be local or distant. Metastasis is a sequential process, contingent on tumor cells breaking off from the primary tumor, traveling through the bloodstream, and stopping at a distant site. At the new site, the cells establish a blood supply and can grow to form a life-threatening mass. Both stimulatory and inhibitory molecular pathways within the tumor cell regulate this behavior, and interactions between the tumor cell and host cells in the distant site are also significant.
• subject is meant a mammal, including, but not limited to, a human or non-human mammal, such as a bovine, equine, canine, ovine, or feline.
• a human or non-human mammal such as a bovine, equine, canine, ovine, or feline.
• the subject is a human.
• Patients are also subjects herein.
• the term "instructing" a subject means providing directions for applicable therapy, medication, treatment, treatment regimens, and the like, by any means, but preferably in writing, such as in the form of package inserts or other written promotional material.
• the term "promoting" means offering, advertising, selling, or describing a particular drug, combination of drugs, or treatment modality, by any means, including writing, such as in the form of package inserts. Promoting herein refers to promotion of a therapeutic agent, such as a VEGF antagonist, e.g., anti-VEGF antibody or chemotherapeutic agent, for an indication, such as breast cancer treatment, where such promoting is authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as having been demonstrated to be associated with statistically significant therapeutic efficacy and acceptable safety in a population of subj ects .
• FDA Food and Drug Administration
• marketing is used herein to describe the promotion, selling or distribution of a product (e.g., drug). Marketing specifically includes packaging, advertising, and any business activity with the purpose of commercializing a product.
• a “population" of subjects refers to a group of subjects with cancer, such as in a clinical trial, or as seen by oncologists following FDA approval for a particular indication, such as breast cancer therapy.
• the population comprises at least about 1200 subjects.
• anti-cancer therapy refers to a therapy useful in treating cancer.
• anti-cancer therapeutic agents include, but are limited to, e.g., surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, growth inhibitory agents, cytotoxic agents, agents used in radiation therapy, anti- angiogenesis agents, apoptotic agents, anti-tubulin agents, and other agents to treat cancer, such as anti-HER-2 antibodies (e.g., Herceptin®), anti-CD20 antibodies, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist (e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), HER1/EGFR inhibitor (e.g., erlotinib (Tarceva ® )), platelet derived growth factor inhibitors (e.g., Gleevec TM (Imatinib Mesylate)), a COX-2 inhibitor (e.g., celecoxib), interferons, cytokines, antagonists (e.g., neutralizing antibodies) that bind to one or more
• cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
• the term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g. At 211 , 1 131 , 1 125 , Y 90 , Re 186 , Re 188 , Sm 153 , Bi 212 , P 32 and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof.
• radioactive isotopes e.g. At 211 , 1 131 , 1 125 , Y 90 , Re 186 , Re 188 , Sm 153 , Bi 212 , P 32 and radioactive isotopes of Lu
• chemotherapeutic agents e.g. At 211 , 1 131 , 1 125 , Y 90 , Re 186
• chemotherapeutic agent is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer.
• chemotherapeutic agents include is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer.
• chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan); bryostatin; callystatin; CC- 1065 (including its adozeles
• calicheamicin especially calicheamicin gammall and calicheamicin omegall
• dynemicin including dynemicin A
• bisphosphonates such as clodronate
• an esperamicin as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores
• aclacinomysins actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, ADRIAMYCIN® doxorubicin
• morpholino-doxorubicin including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin
• epirubicin including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin
• epirubicin including esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potf ⁇ romycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin
• anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues such as denopter
• anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors
• SERMs selective estrogen receptor modulators
• tamoxifen including NOLVADEX® tamoxifen
• raloxifene including NOLVADEX® tamoxifen
• droloxifene 4-hydroxytamoxifen
• trioxifene keoxifene
• LYl 17018, onapristone and FARESTON- toremifene
• aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® megestrol acetate, AROMASIN® exemestane, formestanie, fadrozole, RIVISOR® vorozole, FEMARA® letrozole, and ARIMIDEX® anastrozole
• anti-androgens such as flutamide, nil
• cytokine is a generic term for proteins released by one cell population which act on another cell as intercellular mediators.
• cytokines are lymphokines, monokines, and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines are growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); epidermal growth factor; hepatic growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta; mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as NGF
• a “growth inhibitory agent” when used herein refers to a compound or composition which inhibits growth of a cell in vitro and/or in vivo.
• the growth inhibitory agent may be one which significantly reduces the percentage of cells in S phase.
• growth inhibitory agents include agents that block cell cycle progression (at a place other than S phase), such as agents that induce Gl arrest and M-phase arrest.
• Classical M-phase blockers include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), TAXOL®, and topo II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, etoposide, and bleomycin.
• DNA alkylating agents such as tamoxifen, prednisone, dacarbazine, mechlorethamine, cisplatin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and ara-C. Further information can be found in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn and Israel, eds., Chapter 1 , entitled “Cell cycle regulation, oncogenes, and antineoplastic drugs” by Murakami et al. (WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 1995), especially p. 13.
• prodrug refers to a precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into the more active parent form. See, e.g., Wilman, "Prodrugs in Cancer Chemotherapy” Biochemical Society Transactions, 14, pp. 375-382, 615th Meeting Harbor (1986) and Stella et al., “Prodrugs: A Chemical Approach to Targeted Drug Delivery,” Directed Drug Delivery, Borchardt et al., (ed.), pp. 247-267, Humana Press (1985).
• the prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited to, phosphate-containing prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing prodrugs, sulfate- containing prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs, ⁇ -lactam-containing prodrugs, optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosine and other 5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more active cytotoxic free drug.
• cytotoxic drugs that can be derivatized into a prodrug form for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, those chemotherapeutic agents described above.
• radiation therapy is meant the use of directed gamma rays or beta rays to induce sufficient damage to a cell so as to limit its ability to function normally or to destroy the cell altogether. It will be appreciated that there will be many ways known in the art to determine the dosage and duration of treatment. Typical treatments are given as a one time administration and typical dosages range from 10 to 200 units (Grays) per day.
• Reduce or inhibit is meant the ability to cause an overall decrease preferably of 20% or greater, more preferably of 50% or greater, and most preferably of 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or greater.
• Reduce or inhibit can refer to the symptoms of the disorder being treated, the presence or size of metastases or micrometastases, the size of the primary tumor, the presence or the size of the dormant tumor, or the size or number of the blood vessels in angiogenic disorders.
• intravenous infusion refers to introduction of a drug into the vein of an animal or human subject over a period of time greater than approximately 5 minutes, preferably between approximately 30 to 90 minutes, although, according to the invention, intravenous infusion is alternatively administered for 10 hours or less.
• intravenous bolus or “intravenous push” refers to drug administration into a vein of an animal or human such that the body receives the drug in approximately 15 minutes or less, preferably 5 minutes or less.
• subcutaneous administration refers to introduction of a drug under the skin of an animal or human subject, preferable within a pocket between the skin and underlying tissue, by relatively slow, sustained delivery from a drug receptacle.
• the pocket may be created by pinching or drawing the skin up and away from underlying tissue.
• subcutaneous infusion refers to introduction of a drug under the skin of an animal or human subject, preferably within a pocket between the skin and underlying tissue, by relatively slow, sustained delivery from a drug receptacle for a period of time including, but not limited to, 30 minutes or less, or 90 minutes or less.
• the infusion may be made by subcutaneous implantation of a drug delivery pump implanted under the skin of the animal or human subject, wherein the pump delivers a predetermined amount of drug for a predetermined period of time, such as 30 minutes, 90 minutes, or a time period spanning the length of the treatment regimen.
• a drug delivery pump implanted under the skin of the animal or human subject, wherein the pump delivers a predetermined amount of drug for a predetermined period of time, such as 30 minutes, 90 minutes, or a time period spanning the length of the treatment regimen.
• subcutaneous bolus refers to drug administration beneath the skin of an animal or human subject, where bolus drug delivery is preferably less than approximately 15 minutes, more preferably less than 5 minutes, and most preferably less than 60 seconds.
• Administration is preferably within a pocket between the skin and underlying tissue, where the pocket is created, for example, by pinching or drawing the skin up and away from underlying tissue.
• a “disorder” is any condition that would benefit from treatment with the antibody. This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose the mammal to the disorder in question.
• disorders to be treated herein include cancer; benign and malignant tumors; leukemias and lymphoid malignancies; neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic and other glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal and blastocoelic disorders; and inflammatory, angiogenic and immunologic disorders.
• the term "therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a drug effective to treat a disease or disorder in a mammal.
• the therapeutically effective amount of the drug may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder.
• the drug may prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic.
• efficacy in vivo can, for example, be measured by assessing the duration of survival, duration of progression free survival (PFS), the response rates (RR), duration of response, and/or quality of life.
• Treatment refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those in which the disorder is to be prevented.
• label when used herein refers to a detectable compound or composition which is conjugated directly or indirectly to the polypeptide.
• the label may be itself be detectable (e.g., radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels) or, in the case of an enzymatic label, may catalyze chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition which is detectable.
• the VEGF antigen to be used for production of antibodies may be, e.g., the VEGF 16S molecule as well as other isoforms of VEGF or a fragment thereof containing the desired epitope.
• Other forms of VEGF useful for generating anti-VEGF antibodies of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
• Human VEGF was obtained by first screening a cDNA library prepared from human cells, using bovine VEGF cDNA as a hybridization probe. Leung et al. (1989) Science, 246:1306. One cDNA identified thereby encodes a 165 -amino acid protein having greater than 95% homology to bovine VEGF; this 165-amino acid protein is typically referred to as human VEGF (h VEGF) or VEGF 165 . The mitogenic activity of human VEGF was confirmed by expressing the human VEGF cDNA in mammalian host cells. Media conditioned by cells transfected with the human VEGF cDNA promoted the proliferation of capillary endothelial cells, whereas control cells did not.
• VEGF is expressed in a variety of tissues as multiple homodimeric forms (121, 145, 165, 189, and 206 amino acids per monomer) resulting from alternative RNA splicing.
• VEGF 12 I is a soluble mitogen that does not bind heparin; the longer forms of VEGF bind heparin with progressively higher affinity.
• VEGF heparin-binding forms of VEGF can be cleaved in the carboxy terminus by plasmin to release a diffusible form(s) of VEGF.
• Amino acid sequencing of the carboxy terminal peptide identified after plasmin cleavage is ATg 110 -AIa 111 .
• Amino terminal "core" protein, VEGF (1-110) isolated as a homodimer binds neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (such as the antibodies referred to as 4.6.1 and 3.2E3.1.1) and soluble forms of VEGF receptors with similar affinity compared to the intact VEGF 16S homodimer.
• VEGF-B placenta growth factor
• VEGF-C vascular endothelial growth factor
• VEGF-D vascular endothelial growth factor-E
• a receptor tyrosine kinase, Flt-4 (VEGFR-3) has been identified as the receptor for VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Joukov et al. EMBO. J. 15:1751(1996); Lee et al. Proc.
• VEGF-C has been shown to be involved in the regulation of lymphatic angiogenesis. Jeltsch et al. Science 276: 1423-1425(1997).
• VEGF receptors Two VEGF receptors have been identified, FIt-I (also called VEGFR-I) and KDR (also called VEGFR-2). Shibuya et al. (1990) Oncogene 8:519-527; de Vries et al. (1992) Science 255:989-991; Terman et al. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 187:1579-1586. Neuropilin-1 has been shown to be a selective VEGF receptor, able to bind the heparin- binding VEGF isoforms (Soker et al. (1998) Cell 92:735-45).
• Anti-VE GF antibodies that are useful in the methods of the invention include any antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that bind with sufficient affinity and specificity to VEGF and can reduce or inhibit the biological activity of VEGF.
• An anti-VEGF antibody will usually not bind to other VEGF homologues such as VEGF-B or VEGF-C, nor other growth factors such as PlGF, PDGF, or bFGF.
• the anti-VEGF antibodies include, but are not limited to, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the same epitope as the monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody A4.6.1 produced by hybridoma ATCC HB 10709; a recombinant humanized anti- VEGF monoclonal antibody generated according to Presta et al. (1997) Cancer Res. 57:4593- 4599.
• the anti-VEGF antibody is "Bevacizumab (BV)", also known as “rhuMAb VEGF” or "AVASTIN®”.
• It comprises mutated human IgGl framework regions and antigen-binding complementarity-determining regions from the murine anti-hVEGF monoclonal antibody A.4.6.1 that blocks binding of human VEGF to its receptors.
• Bevacizumab was the first anti-angiogenesis therapy approved by the FDA and is approved for the treatment metastatic colorectal cancer (first- and second-line treatment in combination with intravenous 5-FU-based chemotherapy), advanced non- squamous, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (first-line treatment of unresectable, locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic NSCLC in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel) and metastatic HER2 -negative breast cancer (previously untreated, metastatic HER2 -negative breast cancer in combination with paclitaxel).
• NSCLC advanced non- squamous, non-small cell lung cancer
• metastatic HER2 -negative breast cancer previously untreated, metastatic HER2 -negative breast cancer in combination with paclitaxel.
• Bevacizumab and other humanized anti-VEGF antibodies are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,879 issued Feb. 26, 2005. Additional antibodies include the G6 or B20 series antibodies (e.g., G6-31, B20-4.1), as described in PCT Publication No. WO2005/012359, PCT Publication No. WO2005/044853, and US Patent Application 60/991,302, the content of these patent applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference. For additional antibodies see U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,060,269, 6,582,959, 6,703,020; 6,054,297; WO98/45332; WO 96/30046; WO94/10202; EP 0666868B1; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006009360,
• antibodies include those that bind to a functional epitope on human VEGF comprising of residues F17, M18, D19, Y21, Y25, Q89, 191, KlOl, E103, and C104 or, alternatively, comprising residues F17, Y21, Q22, Y25, D63, 183 and Q89.
• the anti-VEGF antibody has a heavy chain variable region comprising the following amino acid sequence:
• GTKVEIKR (SEQ ID No. 2).
• a "G6 series antibody” is an anti-VEGF antibody that is derived from a sequence of a G6 antibody or G ⁇ -derived antibody according to any one of Figures 7, 24-26, and 34-35 of PCT Publication No. WO2005/012359, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. See also PCT Publication No. WO2005/044853, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
• the G6 series antibody binds to a functional epitope on human VEGF comprising residues F17, Y21, Q22, Y25, D63, 183 and Q89.
• a "B20 series antibody” according to this invention is an anti-VEGF antibody that is derived from a sequence of the B20 antibody or a B20-derived antibody according to any one of Figures 27-29 of PCT Publication No. WO2005/012359, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. See also PCT Publication No. WO2005/044853, and US Patent Application 60/991,302, the content of these patent applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
• the B20 series antibody binds to a functional epitope on human VEGF comprising residues F17, M18, D19, Y21, Y25, Q89, 191, KlOl, E103, and C104.
• a “functional epitope” refers to amino acid residues of an antigen that contribute energetically to the binding of an antibody. Mutation of any one of the energetically contributing residues of the antigen (for example, mutation of wild-type VEGF by alanine or homo log mutation) will disrupt the binding of the antibody such that the relative affinity ratio (IC50mutant VEGF/IC50wild-type VEGF) of the antibody will be greater than 5 (see Example 2 of WO2005/012359). In one embodiment, the relative affinity ratio is determined by a solution binding phage displaying ELISA.
• 96-well Maxisorp immunoplates are coated overnight at 4 0 C with an Fab form of the antibody to be tested at a concentration of 2ug/ml in PBS, and blocked with PBS, 0.5% BSA, and 0.05% Tween20 (PBT) for 2h at room temperature.
• Serial dilutions of phage displaying hVEGF alanine point mutants (residues 8-109 form) or wild type hVEGF (8-109) in PBT are first incubated on the Fab-coated plates for 15 min at room temperature, and the plates are washed with PBS, 0.05% Tween20 (PBST).
• the bound phage is detected with an anti-M13 monoclonal antibody horseradish peroxidase (Amersham Pharmacia) conjugate diluted 1 :5000 in PBT, developed with 3,3', 5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, Kirkegaard & Perry Labs, Gaithersburg, MD) substrate for approximately 5 min, quenched with 1.0 M H3PO4, and read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm.
• TMB 3,3', 5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
• the ratio of IC50 values (IC50,ala/IC50,wt) represents the fold of reduction in binding affinity (the relative binding affinity).
• Hi VEGF receptor molecules
• VEGFRl also known as FIt-I
• VEGFR2 also known as KDR and FLK-I for the murine homo log
• FIt-I FIt-I
• KDR FLK-I for the murine homo log
• FIt-I FIt-I
• KDR FLK-I for the murine homo log
• RTKs receptor tyrosine kinases
• the RTKs comprise a large family of transmembrane receptors with diverse biological activities. At least nineteen (19) distinct RTK subfamilies have been identified.
• RTK receptor tyrosine kinase family
• the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family includes receptors that are crucial for the growth and differentiation of a variety of cell types (Yarden and Ullrich (1988) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 57:433-478; Ullrich and Schlessinger (1990) Cell 61 :243-254).
• the intrinsic function of RTKs is activated upon ligand binding, which results in phosphorylation of the receptor and multiple cellular substrates, and subsequently in a variety of cellular responses (Ullrich & Schlessinger (1990) Cell 61 :203-212).
• receptor tyrosine kinase mediated signal transduction is initiated by extracellular interaction with a specific growth factor (ligand), typically followed by receptor dimerization, stimulation of the intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity and receptor trans- phosphorylation. Binding sites are thereby created for intracellular signal transduction molecules and lead to the formation of complexes with a spectrum of cytoplasmic signaling molecules that facilitate the appropriate cellular response, (e.g., cell division, differentiation, metabolic effects, changes in the extracellular microenvironment) see, Schlessinger and Ullrich (1992) Neuron 9: 1-20.
• both FIt-I and KDR have seven immunoglobulin-like domains in the extracellular domain, a single transmembrane region, and a consensus tyrosine kinase sequence which is interrupted by a kinase-insert domain.
• the extracellular domain is involved in the binding of VEGF and the intracellular domain is involved in signal transduction.
• VEGF receptor molecules, or fragments thereof, that specifically bind to VEGF can be used in the methods of the invention to bind to and sequester the VEGF protein, thereby preventing it from signaling.
• the VEGF receptor molecule, or VEGF binding fragment thereof is a soluble form, such as sFlt-1.
• a soluble form of the receptor exerts an inhibitory effect on the biological activity of the VEGF protein by binding to VEGF, thereby preventing it from binding to its natural receptors present on the surface of target cells.
• VEGF receptor fusion proteins examples of which are described below.
• a chimeric VEGF receptor protein is a receptor molecule having amino acid sequences derived from at least two different proteins, at least one of which is a VEGF receptor protein (e.g., the flt-1 or KDR receptor), that is capable of binding to and inhibiting the biological activity of VEGF.
• the chimeric VEGF receptor proteins of the invention consist of amino acid sequences derived from only two different VEGF receptor molecules; however, amino acid sequences comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, or all seven Ig-like domains from the extracellular ligand-binding region of the flt-1 and/or KDR receptor can be linked to amino acid sequences from other unrelated proteins, for example, immunoglobulin sequences.
• chimeric VEGF receptor proteins include, e.g., soluble Flt-l/Fc, KDR/Fc, or FLt-1/KDR/Fc (also known as VEGF Trap). (See for example PCT Application Publication No. WO97/44453)
• a soluble VEGF receptor protein or chimeric VEGF receptor proteins of the invention includes VEGF receptor proteins which are not fixed to the surface of cells via a transmembrane domain.
• soluble forms of the VEGF receptor including chimeric receptor proteins, while capable of binding to and inactivating VEGF, do not comprise a transmembrane domain and thus generally do not become associated with the cell membrane of cells in which the molecule is expressed.
• the invention encompasses antiangiogenic therapy, a novel cancer treatment strategy aimed at inhibiting the development of tumor blood vessels required for providing nutrients to support tumor growth. Because angiogenesis is involved in both primary tumor growth and metastasis, the antiangiogenic treatment provided by the invention is capable of inhibiting the neoplastic growth of tumor at the primary site as well as preventing metastasis of tumors at the secondary sites, therefore allowing attack of the tumors by other therapeutics.
• methods of treating a subject diagnosed with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer comprising administering to the subject a treatment regimen combining an effective amount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent and an anti- VEGF antibody, wherein said subject has not received any chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
• the subject has not received prior adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrence less than or equal to 12 months since last dose.
• the treatment regimen combining the chemotherapy and the administration of the anti-VEGF effectively extends the progression free survival (PFS) of the subject.
• PFS progression free survival
• an anti-VEGF antibody with at least one chemotherapeutic agent in the manufacturer of a medicament for treating previously untreated metastatic breast cancer in a subject wherein said subject has not received any chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
• the subject has not received prior adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrence less than or equal to 12 months since last dose.
• the use of the anti-VEGF and the chemotherapeutic agent effectively extends the progression free survival (PFS) of the subject.
• anti-VEGF antibodies for use in a method of treating locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a treatment regimen combining an effective amount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent and an anti-VEGF antibody, wherein said subject has not received any chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
• the subject has not received prior adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrence less than or equal to 12 months since last dose.
• the use of the anti-VEGF and the chemotherapeutic agent effectively extends the progression free survival (PFS) of the subject.
• PFS progression free survival
• the administration of the chemotherapy and the anti-VEGF antibody has a safety profile that is consistent with results of prior bevacizumab trials (see, e.g., the bevacizumab product insert).
• the subject is HER2 negative. In some embodiments of the invention, the subject is HER2 positive.
• HER2 is recognized as an important predictive and prognostic factor in some breast cancers. See, e.g., Slamon DJ, et al. Science. 1989;244:707-712; and Sjogren S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:462-469.
• HER2 gene amplification is a permanent genetic change that results in the continuous overexpression of the HER2 receptor (HER2 protein). See, e.g., Simon R, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:l 141-11465; and, Sliwkowski MX, et al. Semin Oncol.
• HER2 overexpression is associated with decreased overall survival. See, e.g., Slamon DJ, et al. Science. 1987;235: 177-182; and, Paik S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8: 103-112.
• Several commercial assays are available to determine HER2 status, e.g., HercepTest® and PathwayTM for protein and PathVysion® and HER2 FISH pharmDxTM for gene alteration.
• the invention features the use or compositions of a combination of at least one VEGF- specif ⁇ c antagonist with one or more additional anti-cancer therapies.
• anti-cancer therapies include, without limitation, surgery, radiation therapy (radiotherapy), biotherapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these therapies.
• cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative agents can be used in combination with the VEGF-specific antagonist.
• the invention provides treating breast cancer, by administering effective amounts of an anti-VEGF antibody and one or more chemotherapeutic agents to a subject susceptible to, or diagnosed with, locally recurrent or previously untreated metastatic cancer.
• chemotherapeutic agents may be used in the combined treatment methods and uses of the invention.
• An exemplary and non-limiting list of chemotherapeutic agents contemplated is provided herein under "Definition", or described herein.
• the invention features the methods and uses of a VEGF-specific antagonist with one or more chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., a cocktail) or any combination thereof.
• the chemotherapeutic agent is for example, capecitabine, taxane, anthracycline, paclitaxel, docetaxel, paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®), doxorubicin, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide or combinations thereof therapy.
• VEGF antagonist e.g., anti-VEGF antibody
• lapatinib Tykerb®
• the combined administration includes simultaneous administration, using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and consecutive administration in either order, wherein preferably there is a time period while both (or all) active agents simultaneously exert their biological activities.
• Preparation and dosing schedules for such chemotherapeutic agents may be used according to manufacturers' instructions or as determined empirically by the skilled practitioner. Preparation and dosing schedules for chemotherapy are also described in Chemotherapy Service Ed., M. C. Perry, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (1992). The chemotherapeutic agent may precede, or follow administration of the VEGF-specific antagonist or may be given simultaneously therewith.
• other therapeutic agents useful for combination tumor therapy with the antibody of the invention include antagonist of other factors that are involved in tumor growth, such as EGFR, ErbB2 (also known as Her2), ErbB3, ErbB4, or TNF. Sometimes, it may be beneficial to also administer one or more cytokines to the subject.
• the VEGF antibody is co-administered with a growth inhibitory agent.
• the growth inhibitory agent may be administered first, followed by the VEGF antibody.
• simultaneous administration or administration of the VEGF antibody first is also contemplated. Suitable dosages for the growth inhibitory agent are those presently used and may be lowered due to the combined action (synergy) of the growth inhibitory agent and anti-VEGF antibody.
• the formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
• the composition may comprise a cytotoxic agent, cytokine, growth inhibitory agent and/or VEGFR antagonist.
• Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.
• other therapeutic agents useful for combination cancer therapy with the antibody of the invention include other anti-angio genie agents. Many anti-angiogenic agents have been identified and are known in the arts, including those listed by Carmeliet and Jain (2000).
• the anti-VEGF antibody of the invention is used in combination with another VEGF antagonist or a VEGF receptor antagonist such as VEGF variants, soluble VEGF receptor fragments, aptamers capable of blocking VEGF or VEGFR, neutralizing anti-VEGFR antibodies, low molecule weight inhibitors of VEGFR tyrosine kinases and any combinations thereof.
• two or more anti-VEGF antibodies may be co-administered to the subject.
• the appropriate dosage of VEGF-specific antagonist will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether the VEGF-specific antagonist is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the subject's clinical history and response to the VEGF-specific antagonist, and the discretion of the attending physician.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist is suitably administered to the subject at one time or over a series of treatments.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist and the one or more anti-cancer therapeutic agent of the invention are administered in a therapeutically effective or synergistic amount.
• a therapeutically effective amount is such that co-administration of a VEGF-specific antagonist and one or more other therapeutic agents, or administration of a composition of the invention, results in reduction or inhibition of the cancer as described above.
• a therapeutically synergistic amount is that amount of a VEGF-specific antagonist and one or more other therapeutic agents necessary to synergistically or significantly reduce or eliminate conditions or symptoms associated with a particular disease.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist and the one or more other therapeutic agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially in an amount and for a time sufficient to reduce or eliminate the occurrence or recurrence of a tumor, a dormant tumor, or a micrometastases.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist and the one or more other therapeutic agents can be administered as maintenance therapy to prevent or reduce the likelihood of recurrence of the tumor.
• the appropriate doses of chemotherapeutic agents or other anti-cancer agents will be generally around those already employed in clinical therapies, e.g., where the chemotherapeutics are administered alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics. Variation in dosage will likely occur depending on the condition being treated. The physician administering treatment will be able to determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject.
• the subject may be subjected to radiation therapy.
• the administered VEGF antibody is an intact, naked antibody.
• the VEGF antibody may be conjugated with a cytotoxic agent.
• the conjugated antibody and/or antigen to which it is bound is/are internalized by the cell, resulting in increased therapeutic efficacy of the conjugate in killing the cancer cell to which it binds.
• the cytotoxic agent targets or interferes with nucleic acid in the cancer cell. Examples of such cytotoxic agents include maytansinoids, calicheamicins, ribonucleases and DNA endonucleases.
• the invention also features a method of instructing a human subject with breast cancer or a health care provider by providing instructions to receive treatment with an anti-VEGF antibody so as to increase the time for progression free survival, to decrease the subject's risk of cancer recurrence or to increase the subject's likelihood of survival.
• the method further comprises providing instructions to receive treatment with at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
• the treatment with the anti-VEGF antibody may be concurrent with or sequential to the treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent.
• the subject is treated as instructed by the method of instructing. Treatment of breast cancer by administration of an anti-VEGF antibody with or without chemotherapy may be continued until cancer recurrence or death.
• the invention further provides a promotional method, comprising promoting the administration of an anti-VEGF antibody for treatment of breast cancer in a human subject.
• the method further comprises promoting the administration of at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
• Administration of the anti-VEGF antibody may be concurrent with or sequential to administration of the chemotherapeutic agent.
• Promotion may be conducted by any means available.
• the promotion is by a package insert accompanying a commercial formulation of the anti-VEGF antibody.
• the promotion may also be by a package insert accompanying a commercial formulation of the chemotherapeutic agent.
• Promotion may be by written or oral communication to a physician or health care provider.
• the promotion is by a package insert where the package inset provides instructions to receive breast cancer therapy with anti-VEGF antibody.
• the package insert include some or all of the results under Example 1.
• the promotion is followed by the treatment of the subject with the anti-VEGF antibody with or without the chemotherapeutic agent.
• the invention provides a business method, comprising marketing an anti-VEGF antibody for treatment of breast cancer in a human subject so as to increase the subject's time for progression free survival, to decrease the subject's likelihood of cancer recurrence or increase the subject's likelihood of survival.
• the method further comprises marketing a chemotherapeutic agent for use in combination with the anti-VEGF antibody.
• the marketing is followed by treatment of the subject with the anti-VEGF antibody with or without the chemotherapeutic agent.
• a business method comprising marketing a chemotherapeutic agent in combination with an anti-VEGF antibody for treatment of breast cancer in a human subject so as to increase the subject's time for progression free survival, to decrease the subject's likelihood of cancer recurrence or increase the subject's likelihood of survival.
• the marketing is followed by treatment of the subject with the combination of the chemotherapeutic agent and the anti-VEGF antibody.
• the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist composition will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular subject being treated, the clinical condition of the individual subject, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
• the "therapeutically effective amount" of the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist to be administered will be governed by such considerations, and is the minimum amount necessary to prevent, ameliorate, or treat, or stabilize, the cancer; to increase the time until progression (duration of progression free survival) or to treat or prevent the occurrence or recurrence of a tumor, a dormant tumor, or a micrometastases.
• the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist need not be, but is optionally, formulated with one or more agents currently used to prevent or treat cancer or a risk of developing a cancer.
• the effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist present in the formulation, the type of disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed above. These are generally used in the same dosages and with administration routes as used hereinbefore or about from 1 to 99% of the heretofore employed dosages.
• VEGF-specific antagonist is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the subject, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion.
• a typical daily dosage might range from about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above.
• Particularly desirable dosages include, for example, 5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 15 mg/kg.
• the treatment is sustained until the cancer is treated, as measured by the methods described above or known in the art.
• other dosage regimens may be useful.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist is an antibody
• the antibody of the invention is administered once every week, every two weeks, or every three weeks, at a dose range from about 5 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg, including but not limited to 5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg.
• the progress of the therapy of the invention is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays.
• such dosing regimen is used in combination with a chemotherapy regimen as the first line therapy for treating locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Further information about suitable dosages is provided in the Example below. The duration of therapy will continue for as long as medically indicated or until a desired therapeutic effect (e.g., those described herein) is achieved.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist therapy is continued for 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 8 months, 10 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, or for a period of years up to the lifetime of the subject.
• the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonists of the invention are administered to a subject, e.g., a human subject, in accord with known methods, such as intravenous administration as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes.
• Ex vivo strategies involve transfecting or transducing cells obtained from the subject with a polynucleotide encoding a VEGF antagonist. The trans fected or transduced cells are then returned to the subject.
• the cells can be any of a wide range of types including, without limitation, hematopoietic cells (e.g., bone marrow cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, or B cells), fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, or muscle cells.
• the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist is an antibody
• the antibody is administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, and intranasal, and, if desired for local immunosuppressive treatment, intralesional administration.
• Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
• the antibody is suitably administered by pulse infusion, particularly with declining doses of the antibody.
• the dosing is given by injections, most preferably intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic.
• the VEGF-specific antagonist compound is administered locally, e.g., by direct injections, when the disorder or location of the tumor permits, and the injections can be repeated periodically.
• the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist can also be delivered systemically to the subject or directly to the tumor cells, e.g., to a tumor or a tumor bed following surgical excision of the tumor, in order to prevent or reduce local recurrence or metastasis, for example of a dormant tumor or micrometastases.
• an inhibitory nucleic acid molecule or polynucleotide containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist can be delivered to the appropriate cells in the subject.
• the nucleic acid can be directed to the tumor itself.
• the nucleic acid can be introduced into the cells by any means appropriate for the vector employed. Many such methods are well known in the art (Sambrook et al., supra, and Watson et al., Recombinant DNA, Chapter 12, 2d edition, Scientific American Books, 1992). Examples of methods of gene delivery include liposome mediated transfection, electroporation, calcium phosphate/DEAE dextran methods, gene gun, and microinjection.
• compositions of the agents (e.g., antibodies) used in accordance with the invention are prepared for storage by mixing an antibody having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers ⁇ Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions.
• Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine,
• Zn-protein complexes Zn-protein complexes
• non-ionic surfactants such as TWEENTM, PLURONICSTM or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Lyophilized anti-VEGF antibody formulations are described in WO 97/04801, expressly incorporated herein be reference.
• the formulation contains a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, typically, e.g., sodium chloride, and preferably at about physiological concentrations.
• the formulations of the invention can contain a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative.
• the preservative concentration ranges from 0.1 to 2.0%, typically v/v.
• Suitable preservatives include those known in the pharmaceutical arts. Benzyl alcohol, phenol, m-cresol, methylparaben, and propylparaben are examples of preservatives.
• the formulations of the invention can include a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant at a concentration of 0.005 to 0.02%.
• bevacizumab is supplied for therapeutic uses in 100 mg and 400 mg preservative-free, single-use vials to deliver 4 ml or 16 ml of bevacizumab (25 mg/ml).
• the 100 mg product is formulated in 240 mg ⁇ , ⁇ -trehalose dehydrate, 23.2 mg sodium phosphate (monobasic, monohydrate), 4.8 mg sodium phosphate (dibasic, anhydrous), 1.6 mg polysorbate 20, and Water for Injection, USP.
• the 400 mg product is formulated in 960 mg ⁇ , ⁇ -trehalose dehydrate, 92.8 mg sodium phosphate (monobasic, monohydrate), 19.2 mg sodium phosphate (dibasic, anhydrous), 6.4 mg polysorbate 20, and Water for Injection, USP. See also the label for bevacizumab.
• the formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
• the composition may comprise a cytotoxic agent, cytokine, growth inhibitory agent and/or VEGFR antagonist.
• Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.
• the active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions.
• colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules
• Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained- release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsule. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No.
• copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ⁇ ethyl-L-glutamate non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate
• degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOTTM (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate)
• poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid While polymers such as ethylene - vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods.
• encapsulated antibodies When encapsulated antibodies remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37°C, resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S-S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.
• the formulations to be used for in vivo administration may be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
• the main advantage of the of any of the methods, uses and compositions provided herein is the ability of producing marked anti-cancer effects in a human subject without causing significant toxicities or adverse effects, so that the subject benefited from the treatment overall.
• the safety profile is comparable to previous bevacizumab phase III studies.
• the efficacy of the treatment of the invention can be measured by various endpoints commonly used in evaluating cancer treatments, including but not limited to, tumor regression, tumor weight or size shrinkage, time to progression, duration of survival, progression free survival, overall response rate, duration of response, and quality of life.
• the anti-angio genie agents of the invention target the tumor vasculature and not necessarily the neoplastic cells themselves, they represent a unique class of anticancer drugs, and therefore may require unique measures and definitions of clinical responses to drugs. For example, tumor shrinkage of greater than 50% in a 2- dimensional analysis is the standard cut-off for declaring a response.
• the anti- VEGF antibody of the invention may cause inhibition of metastatic spread without shrinkage of the primary tumor, or may simply exert a tumouristatic effect. Accordingly, novel approaches to determining efficacy of an anti-angiogenic therapy should be employed, including for example, measurement of plasma or urinary markers of angiogenesis and measurement of response through radiological imaging.
• the invention provides methods for increasing progression free survival of a human subject susceptible to or diagnosed with a cancer.
• Time to disease progression is defined as the time from administration of the drug until disease progression or death.
• the combination treatment of the invention using anti- VEGF antibody and one or more chemotherapeutic agents significantly increases progression free survival by at least about 1 month, 1.2 months, 2 months, 2.4 months, 2.9 months, 3.5 months, preferably by about 1 to about 5 months, when compared to a treatment with chemotherapy alone.
• the PFS median in months (95% CI) is 9.2 months (8.6, 10.1) in the subjects treated with bevacizumab and taxane therapy (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®))/anthracycline therapy (e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof) compared to 8.0 months (6.7, 8.4) the taxane/anthracycline therapy without bevacizumab, with a HR (95% CI) 0.644 (0.522, 0.795), p-value (log-rank) less than 0.0001.
• taxane therapy e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®)
• anthracycline therapy e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof
• the PFS in the subjects treated with bevacizumab and taxane/anthracycline is 10.7 months compared to 8.3 in subjects treated with placebo and taxane/anthracycline.
• the PFS median in months (95% CI) is 8.6 months (8.1, 9.5) in the subjects treated with bevacizumab and capecitabine compared to 5.7 months (4.3, 6.2) with capecitabine therapy without bevacizumab, with a HR (95% CI) 0.688 (0.564, 0.840), p-value (log-rank) 0.0002.
• the PFS in the subjects treated with bevacizumab and capecitabine is 9.7 months compared to 6.2 in subjects treated with placebo and capecitabine.
• the treatment of the invention significantly increases response rate in a group of human subjects susceptible to or diagnosed with a cancer who are treated with various therapeutics. Response rate is defined as the percentage of treated subjects who responded to the treatment.
• the combination treatment of the invention using anti-VEGF antibody and one or more chemotherapeutic agents significantly increases response rate in the treated subject group compared to the group treated with chemotherapy alone.
• the invention provides methods for increasing duration of response in a human subject or a group of human subjects susceptible to or diagnosed with a cancer. Duration of response is defined as the time from the initial response to disease progression.
• the invention can be used for increasing the duration of survival of a human subject susceptible to or diagnosed with a cancer.
• a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine
• Animals are immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining, e.g., 100 ⁇ g or 5 ⁇ g of the protein or conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites.
• the animals are boosted with 1/5 to 1/10 the original amount of peptide or conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites.
• Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus.
• the animal is boosted with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and/or through a different cross-linking reagent.
• Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions.
• aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response.
• monoclonal antibodies Various methods for making monoclonal antibodies herein are available in the art.
• the monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al, Nature, 256:495 (1975), or by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567).
• a mouse or other appropriate host animal such as a hamster or macaque monkey
• lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for immunization.
• lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)).
• the hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
• a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
• the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
• HAT medium hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine
• Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium.
• preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors available from the SaIk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California USA, and SP-2 or X63- Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland USA.
• Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol, 133:3001 (1984); Brodeur et al, Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)).
• Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen.
• the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
• RIA radioimmunoassay
• ELISA enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
• the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59- 103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI- 1640 medium.
• the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal.
• the monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures such as, for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
• DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures ⁇ e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the monoclonal antibodies).
• the hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA.
• the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells. Recombinant production of antibodies will be described in more detail below.
• antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al, Nature, 348:552-554 (1990). Clackson et al, Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al, J. MoL Biol., 222:581-597 (1991) describe the isolation of murine and human antibodies, respectively, using phage libraries.
• the DNA also may be modified, for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy- and light-chain constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567; Morrison, et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 81 :6851 (1984)), or by co valently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
• non-immunoglobulin polypeptides are substituted for the constant domains of an antibody, or they are substituted for the variable domains of one antigen- combining site of an antibody to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising one antigen- combining site having specificity for an antigen and another antigen-combining site having specificity for a different antigen.
• a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as
• “import” residues which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al, Nature, 321 :522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al, Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al, Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such "humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567) wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non- human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
• variable domains both light and heavy
• sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences.
• the human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework (FR) for the humanized antibody (Sims et ah, J. Immunol, 151 :2296 (1993); Chothia et ⁇ /., J. MoI Biol, 196:901 (1987)).
• Another method uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains.
• the same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al, J. Immnol, 151 :2623 (1993)).
• humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.
• Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art.
• Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen.
• FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved.
• the CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
• transgenic animals ⁇ e.g., mice
• transgenic animals that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production.
• J H antibody heavy-chain joining region
• phage display technology can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V) domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors.
• V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage, such as M 13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous particle contains a single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome, selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting those properties.
• the phage mimics some of the properties of the B-cell.
• Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats; for their review see, e.g. , Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3:564-571 (1993).
• V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse array of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of V genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice.
• a repertoire of V genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Marks et al., J. MoI. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al, EMBOJ. 12:725-734 (1993). See, also, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,565,332 and 5,573,905.
• human antibodies may also be generated by in vitro activated B cells (see U.S. Patents 5,567,610 and 5,229,275).
• F(ab') 2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture.
• Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner.
• the antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv). See WO 93/16185.
• Amino acid sequence modification(s) of the antibodies described herein are contemplated. For example, it may be desirable to improve the binding affinity and/or other biological properties of the antibody.
• Amino acid sequence variants of the antibody are prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the antibody nucleic acid, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of, residues within the amino acid sequences of the antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution is made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics.
• the amino acid changes also may alter post-translational processes of the antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites.
• a useful method for identification of certain residues or regions of the antibody that are preferred locations for mutagenesis is called "alanine scanning mutagenesis" as described by Cunningham and Wells Science, 244:1081-1085 (1989).
• a residue or group of target residues are identified ⁇ e.g., charged residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) and replaced by a neutral or negatively charged amino acid (most preferably alanine or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with antigen.
• Those amino acid locations demonstrating functional sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing further or other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution.
• Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues.
• terminal insertions include antibody with an N-terminal methionyl residue or the antibody fused to a cytotoxic polypeptide.
• Other insertional variants of the antibody molecule include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the antibody to an enzyme (e.g. for ADEPT) or a polypeptide which increases the serum half- life of the antibody.
• variants are an amino acid substitution variant. These variants have at least one amino acid residue in the antibody molecule replaced by a different residue.
• the sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations are also contemplated.
• Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the antibody are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
• Amino acids may be grouped according to similarities in the properties of their side chains (in A. L. Lehninger, in Biochemistry, second ed., pp. 73-75, Worth Publishers, New York (1975)):
• non-polar Ala (A), VaI (V), Leu (L), He (I), Pro (P), Phe (F), Trp (W), Met (M)
• uncharged polar GIy (G), Ser (S), Thr (T), Cys (C), Tyr (Y), Asn (N), GIn (Q)
• Naturally occurring residues may be divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, VaI, Leu, He;
• Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.
• cysteine residue not involved in maintaining the proper conformation of the antibody also may be substituted, generally with serine, to improve the oxidative stability of the molecule and prevent aberrant crosslinking.
• cysteine bond(s) may be added to the antibody to improve its stability (particularly where the antibody is an antibody fragment such as an Fv fragment).
• a particularly preferred type of substitutional variant involves substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of a parent antibody (e.g. a humanized or human antibody).
• a parent antibody e.g. a humanized or human antibody
• the resulting variant(s) selected for further development will have improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody from which they are generated.
• a convenient way for generating such substitutional variants involves affinity maturation using phage display. Briefly, several hypervariable region sites (e.g. 6-7 sites) are mutated to generate all possible amino substitutions at each site.
• the antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene III product of M 13 packaged within each particle. The phage-displayed variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g. binding affinity) as herein disclosed.
• alanine scanning mutagenesis can be performed to identify hypervariable region residues contributing significantly to antigen binding.
• Such contact residues and neighboring residues are candidates for substitution according to the techniques elaborated herein.
• Another type of amino acid variant of the antibody alters the original glycosylation pattern of the antibody. By altering is meant deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the antibody, and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the antibody.
• Glycosylation of antibodies is typically either N-linked or O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue.
• the tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain.
• O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5- hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
• Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (for O-linked glycosylation sites).
• the carbohydrate attached thereto may be altered.
• antibodies with a mature carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached to an Fc region of the antibody are described in US Pat Appl No US 2003/0157108 Al, Presta, L. See also US 2004/0093621 Al (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd).
• Antibodies with a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GIcNAc) in the carbohydrate attached to an Fc region of the antibody are referenced in WO03/011878, Jean-Mairet et al. and US Patent No. 6,602,684, Umana et al.
• Antibodies with at least one galactose residue in the oligosaccharide attached to an Fc region of the antibody are reported in WO97/30087, Patel et al. See, also, WO98/58964 (Raju, S.) and WO99/22764 (Raju, S.) concerning antibodies with altered carbohydrate attached to the Fc region thereof.
• ADCC antigen-dependent cell-mediated cyotoxicity
• CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
• This may be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions in an Fc region of the antibody.
• cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region.
• the homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement- mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). See Caron et al, J. Exp Med. 176:1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B. J. Immunol.
• Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al. Cancer Research 53:2560-2565 (1993).
• an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al. Anti- Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230 (1989).
• WO00/42072 (Presta, L.) describes antibodies with improved ADCC function in the presence of human effector cells, where the antibodies comprise amino acid substitutions in the Fc region thereof.
• the antibody with improved ADCC comprises substitutions at positions 298, 333, and/or 334 of the Fc region (Eu numbering of residues).
• the altered Fc region is a human IgGl Fc region comprising or consisting of substitutions at one, two or three of these positions. Such substitutions are optionally combined with substitution(s) which increase CIq binding and/or CDC.
• Antibodies with altered CIq binding and/or complement dependent cytotoxicity are described in WO99/51642, US Patent No. 6,194,551Bl, US Patent No. 6,242,195Bl, US Patent No. 6,528,624Bl and US Patent No. 6,538,124 (Idusogie et al).
• the antibodies comprise an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 270, 322, 326, 327, 329, 313, 333 and/or 334 of the Fc region thereof (Eu numbering of residues).
• a salvage receptor binding epitope refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule ⁇ e.g., IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , or IgG 4 ) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half- life of the IgG molecule.
• Antibodies with improved binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and increased half-lives are described in WO00/42072 (Presta, L.) and US2005/0014934A1 (Hinton et al). These antibodies comprise an Fc region with one or more substitutions therein which improve binding of the Fc region to FcRn.
• the Fc region may have substitutions at one or more of positions 238, 250, 256, 265, 272, 286, 303, 305, 307, 311, 312, 314, 317, 340, 356, 360, 362, 376, 378, 380, 382, 413, 424, 428 or 434 (Eu numbering of residues).
• the preferred Fc region-comprising antibody variant with improved FcRn binding comprises amino acid substitutions at one, two or three of positions 307, 380 and 434 of the Fc region thereof (Eu numbering of residues).
• the antibody has 307/434 mutations.
• Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of the antibody are prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source (in the case of naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants) or preparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non- variant version of the antibody. (vi) Immunoconjugates
• the invention also pertains to immunoconjugates comprising the antibody described herein conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g. an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radio conjugate).
• a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g. an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radio conjugate).
• Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha- sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the tricothecenes.
• radionuclides are available for the production of radioconjugate antibodies. Examples include 212 Bi, 131 I, 131 In, 90 Y and 186 Re. Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis- azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6- diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine
• a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al. Science 238: 1098 (1987).
• Carbon- 14-labeled l-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See WO94/11026.
• the antibody may be conjugated to a "receptor” (such streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pretargeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the subject, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a "ligand” (e.g. avidin) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g. a radionucleotide).
• a "ligand” e.g. avidin
• cytotoxic agent e.g. a radionucleotide
• the antibody disclosed herein may also be formulated as immuno liposomes.
• Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:3688 (1985); Hwang et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4030 (1980); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,013,556.
• Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter.
• Fab' fragments of the antibody of the invention can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al J. Biol. Chem. 257: 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange reaction.
• a chemotherapeutic agent is optionally contained within the liposome. See Gabizon et al. J. National Cancer / « ⁇ .81(19)1484 (1989)
• an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of the disorders described above comprises a container, a label and a package insert.
• Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, etc.
• the containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
• the container holds a composition which is effective for treating the condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
• At least one active agent in the composition is an anti-VEGF antibody.
• the label on, or associated with, the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice.
• the article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate -buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.
• the article of manufacture comprises a package inserts with instructions for use, including for example instructing the user of the composition to administer the anti- VEGF antibody composition and a chemotherapeutic agent to the subject, e.g., capecitabine, taxane, anthracycline, paclitaxel, docetaxel, paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®), doxorubicin, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide or combinations thereof.
• the package insert may optionally contain some or all of the results found in Example 1.
• the VEGF-specif ⁇ c antagonist can be packaged alone or in combination with other anti-cancer therapeutic compounds as a kit.
• the kit can include optional components that aid in the administration of the unit dose to subjects, such as vials for reconstituting powder forms, syringes for injection, customized IV delivery systems, inhalers, etc. Additionally, the unit dose kit can contain instructions for preparation and administration of the compositions.
• the instructions comprises instructions for use, including for example instructing the user of the composition to administer the anti-VEGF antibody composition and a chemotherapeutic agent to the subject, e.g., capecitabine, taxane, anthracycline, paclitaxel, docetaxel, paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®), doxorubicin, epirubicin, 5- fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide or combinations thereof.
• the instructions may optionally contain some or all of the results found in Example 1.
• the kit may be manufactured as a single use unit dose for one subject, multiple uses for a particular subject (at a constant dose or in which the individual compounds may vary in potency as therapy progresses); or the kit may contain multiple doses suitable for administration to multiple subjects ("bulk packaging").
• the kit components may be assembled in cartons, blister packs, bottles, tubes, and the like.
• Example 1 Bevacizumab in Combination with Chemotherapy Regimens in Subjects with Previously Untreated Metastic Breast Cancer Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is an incurable disease, with the majority of patients succumbing to their disease within 2 year of diagnosis (Greenberg, et al., 1996, J. Clin. Oncol. 14:2197-205; Dawood, et al., 2008, J. Clin. Oncol. 26:4891-8; and Chia et al., Cancer. 2007, 110:973-9). Of the patients presenting with MBC, approximately 60% will have previously presented with localized disease that has recurred; approximately 40% of patients will present with metastatic disease de novo.
• This example concerns analysis of results obtained with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer subjects treated in the RIBBON 1 clinical trial using taxanes and nontax ane chemotherapies.
• the primary objective of the study was to determine the clinical benefit of the addition of bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy regimes for previously untreated metastatic breast cancer, as measured by PFS based on investigator tumor assessment. See, e.g., O'Shaughnessy and Brufsky, (2008), Clinical Breast Cancer, 8(4): 370-373.
• the trial comprised two study groups that evaluated AVASTIN® with different types of chemotherapies in women who had not previously received chemotherapy for their advanced HER2 -negative breast cancer.
• Arm A bevacizumab 15mg/kg IV on day 1 of each 21 -day cycle and either cohort 1, cohort 2 or cohort 3;
• ArmJ3 placebo IV on day 1 of each 21 -day cycle and either cohort 1, cohort 2 or cohort 3.
• Paclitaxel protein-bound particles (Abraxane ®) 260 mg/m 2 IV
• Cohort 2 Any of the following anthracycline-based combination chemotherapies, for subjects previously untreated with anthracyclines, every 3 weeks:
• FEC 5-fiuorouracil 500 mg/m 2 IV, epirubicin 90-100 mg/m 2 IV and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m 2 IV on Day 1
• FAC 5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m IV, doxorubicin 50 mg/m IV and cyclophosphamide
• EC Epirubicin 90-100 mg/m IV and cyclophosphamide 500-600 mg/m IV on Day 1
• Cohort 3_ Capecitabine 1000 mg/m 2 oral twice daily on Days 1-14 of each 3-week cycle.
• Bevacizumab (AVASTIN®) was supplied as a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale brown, sterile liquid concentrate for solution for IV infusion. Bevacizumab was supplied in either a 5-ml (100 mg) or 20-ml (400 mg) glass vials containing 4 mL or 16 mL bevacizumab, respectively (25 mg/ml for either vial). Vials contain bevacizumab with phosphate, trehalose, polysorbate 20, and Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI), USP. Vials contained no preservative. AVASTIN® was diluted in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, to a total volume of 100 ml before continuous intravenous administration. Methods
• Eligible Subjects/Patients had the following key eligibility criteria: Age > 18 years, ECOG 0 or 1 (ECOG Performance Status Scale), no prior chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer, Her2 negative (unless Her2 positive and trastuzumab contraindicated or unavailable) and/or prior adjuvant chemotherapy allowed if recurrence > (or equal to) 12 months since last dose. All subjects had histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the breast, subjects may have had either measureable (per the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)) or non-measureable locally recurrent or metastatic disease. The locally recurrent disease was not amenable to resection with curative intent.
• RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
• Subjects may have received prior hormonal therapy in either the adjuvant or metastatic setting if discontinued greater than or equal to 1 week prior to Day 0, or adjuvant chemotherapy if discontinued greater than or equal to 12 months prior to Day 0.
• the primary endpoint of the study was progression free survival (PFS), defined as the time from randomization to disease progression or to death, based on investigator assessment.
• PFS progression free survival
• Kaplan-Meier methodology can be used to estimate median PFS for each treatment arm.
• Time-to-event data are compared between treatment arms using a stratified log-rank test.
• the Kaplan-Meier method is used to estimate duration of time-to-event data.
• the 95% confidence intervals for median time-to-event are computed using the Brookmeyer-Crowley method.
• the HR for time-to-event data are estimated using a stratified Cox regression model.
• the secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), one-year survival rate, overall survival (OS), and PFS based on IRC assessment and safety.
• OS is defined as the time from randomization until death from any cause.
• ORR is defined as the percentage of patients who achieved a complete or partial response confirmed >28 days after initial documentation of response.
• One-year survival rate is assessed between treatment arms using the normal approximation method.
• ORR in patients with measurable disease at baseline is compared using the stratified Mantel-Haenszel ⁇ 2 test. Randomization stratification factors are included in all stratified analyses.
• RIBBONl was an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled clinical study that enrolled 1,237 subjects/patients with locally recurrent or metastatic HER2 -negative breast cancer who had not received chemotherapy for their metastatic disease. See Table 1 for Subject/Patient Characteristics from the trial. The primary endpoint of these trials was progression free survival (PFS), defined as the time from randomization to disease progression or death, based on investigator assessment. The results from the trial indicate that AVASTIN® in combination with the following used chemotherapies for first-line metastatic HER2 -negative breast cancer increased the time women lived without their disease advancing, as defined as the primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS), compared to chemotherapies alone.
• PFS progression free survival
• the results of this phase III study provide direct support for use of antiangiogenic agents as first line therapy for patients with previously untreated breast cancer.
• bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody to the taxane therapy (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®))/anthracycline therapy (e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof) or capecitabine therapy chemotherapy conferred a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in breast cancer patients as measured by, for example, progression- free survival.
• taxane therapy e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®)
• anthracycline therapy e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof
• capecitabine therapy chemotherapy conferred a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in breast cancer patients as measured by, for example, progression- free survival.
• the PFS median in months (95% CI) is 9.2 months (8.6, 10.1) in the patients treated with bevacizumab and taxane therapy (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®))/anthracycline therapy (e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof) compared to 8.0 months (6.7, 8.4) in the taxane/anthracycline therapy without bevacizumab, with a HR (95% CI) 0.644 (0.522, 0.795), p-value (log-rank) less than 0.0001. See Table 2.
• taxane therapy e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound particles (e.g., Abraxane®)
• anthracycline therapy e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin or combinations thereof

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