Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B61—RAILWAYS
  • B61H—BRAKES OR OTHER RETARDING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAIL VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR DISPOSITION THEREOF IN RAIL VEHICLES
  • B61H7/00—Brakes with braking members co-operating with the track
  • B61H7/02—Scotch blocks, skids, or like track-engaging shoes
  • B61H7/04—Scotch blocks, skids, or like track-engaging shoes attached to railway vehicles
  • B61H7/06—Skids
  • B61H7/08—Skids electromagnetically operated
  • B61H7/083—Skids electromagnetically operated working with eddy currents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B61—RAILWAYS
  • B61H—BRAKES OR OTHER RETARDING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAIL VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR DISPOSITION THEREOF IN RAIL VEHICLES
  • B61H7/00—Brakes with braking members co-operating with the track
  • B61H7/02—Scotch blocks, skids, or like track-engaging shoes
  • B61H7/04—Scotch blocks, skids, or like track-engaging shoes attached to railway vehicles
  • B61H7/06—Skids
  • B61H7/08—Skids electromagnetically operated
  • B61H7/086—Suspensions therefor

Definitions

• This invention relates to an eddy current rail brake of permanent magnet type for decelerating a moving railway vehicle without contacting a rail.
• Adhesion-type braking devices (referred to below as a adhesive brakes) which utilize the frictional force (referred to below as adhesion) between rails and wheels have been much used as braking devices for railway vehicles for high-speed rail lines such as the bullet trains in Japan called Shinkansen, railway vehicles on conventional (ordinary speed) railway lines, streetcars, and the like.
• the maximum braking force generated by an adhesive brake is determined by the strength of adhesion. If a large braking force exceeding the maximum braking force of a wheel is applied to the wheel, the wheel slides on a rail instead of rolling, and an adhesion is no longer obtained. This causes the braking distance of a railway vehicle to be greatly increased.
• a rail brake-type braking device (referred to below as a rail brake) has been proposed in the art.
• a rail brake is a braking device which is used in combination with an adhesive brake. It obtains a braking force for a rail car directly from the rails by applying brakes from a braking device mounted on a bogie (also called truck) to a rail.
• Rail brakes can be generally classified as (a) adsorption types, (b) eddy current types, and (c) adsorption/eddy current types which operate an eddy current type rail brake as an adsorption type rail brake.
• Figure 8(a) is a perspective view showing one example of an adsorption/eddy current rail brake
• Figure 8(b) is a front view of one example of this rail brake
• Figure 8(c) is an explanatory view schematically showing the generation of eddy currents in the head of a rail at the time of braking with this rail brake.
• a magnet unit 4 is suspended so as to be able to be raised and lowered by a raise and fall (up and down) device 3 (such as a hydraulic cylinder or a pneumatic cylinder) mounted on a side beam 2 of a bogie frame which supports wheels 1, 1.
• a raise and fall (up and down) device 3 such as a hydraulic cylinder or a pneumatic cylinder
• a plurality of electromagnets 4a are installed in the magnet unit 4 in a row extending in the same direction as the side beam 2 (to the left and right in Figure 8(b)).
• the pole face on the bottom of each electromagnet 4a is oriented toward the top surface of the head of the rail 5.
• Brake shoes 4b are mounted on the pole faces of the electromagnets.
• the magnet unit 4 of this rail brake is lowered by the raise and fall device 3, and the brake shoes 4b are pressed against the top surface of the head of the rail 5.
• electric current is passed through exciting coils wound around the poles of each electromagnet 4a so as to generate a magnetic flux in the pole cores of the electromagnets 4a, and eddy currents C shown in Figure 8(c) are generated in the rail 5 due to the relative speed of the bogie frame and the rail 5.
• a braking force which acts on the bogie frame is produced by the electromagnetic attraction force which is generated between the rail 5 and the cores of the electromagnets 4a.
• an adsorption/eddy current rail brake also employs the braking force generated by friction between the rail 5 and the brake shoes 4b, it is difficult to obtain a stable braking force during rain or snow.
• an adsorption/eddy current rail brake converts kinetic energy into thermal energy caused by friction between the brake shoes 4b and the rail 5 in the same manner as an adsorption rail brake, and the thermal energy is dispersed into the rail 5. Therefore, this type of contacting rail brake is capable of damaging the rail 5.
• a non-contacting eddy current rail brake which does not use brake shoes must compensate for the braking force generated by friction with a rail in an adsorption/eddy current rail brake by employing alternative means, such as by increasing the number of windings of electromagnets. Therefore, the weight (mass) of a non-contacting eddy current rail brake is unavoidably increased, and as its weight increases, the inertia of a bogie also increases, which may make it necessary to further increase the braking force.
• An adsorption rail brake, an eddy current rail brake, and an adsorption/eddy current rail brake each use electromagnets to obtain a braking force. It is necessary to pass current through exciting coils in order for these rail brakes to generate a braking force. Normally, this current is provided by batteries which are mounted on a rail car as an emergency power supply. Therefore, the overall weight of these rail brakes increases since it is necessary to increase the capacity of the emergency power supply.
• Patent Document 1 discloses an eddy current rail brake which has a low probability of damaging rails and is not easily affected by the weather.
• permanent magnets are used instead of electromagnets.
• Figure 9(a) is a front view of an eddy current rail brake using permanent magnets which is disclosed in Patent Document 1
• Figure 9(b) is an enlarged view showing the main portions of this eddy current rail brake at the time of non-braking
• Figure 9(c) is an enlarged view showing the main portions of this eddy current rail brake at the time of braking.
• a magnet unit 4 of an eddy current rail brake using permanent magnets disclosed in Patent Document 1 is suspended from a bogie frame 2.
• Permanent magnets 6 are rotatably mounted so as to be able to rotate about horizontal axes 7 which are perpendicular to the direction in which the side beam 2 of the bogie frame extends.
• the permanent magnets 6 are rotated by 90° with respect to the braking state shown in Figure 9(c).
• the permanent magnets 6 are rotated by 90° in both directions by a rotating mechanism 8 through pole core 9.
• the rotating mechanism 8 comprises a crank 8a which pivots about an axis 7, and a link mechanism 8b which is connected to the crank 8a.
• Patent Document 1 JP 10- 167068 A
• the present invention is an eddy current rail brake having a magnet unit which is mounted on a bogie frame of a railway car and which generates a magnetic attraction force with respect to a rail, characterized in that (a) the magnet unit comprises an elongated support member and a plurality of permanent magnets, (b) the support member is ferromagnetic and is installed such that it extends in a direction generally parallel to the direction in which a side beam of the bogie frame extends and can rotate about an axis which is generally parallel to this direction, (c) the plurality of permanent magnets are installed on the support member in series in the above-described direction with their poles faces spaced above the rail, and (d) of the plurality of permanent magnets, at least two adjoining permanent magnets are arranged so as to have different (i.e., opposite) polarities from each other.
• all the permanent magnets are disposed such that each permanent magnet has a different polarity from the adjoining permanent magnets, (f) in a braking state, the pole faces of the permanent magnets are disposed so as to face (or orient toward) the top surface of the head of the rail, and (g) in a non-braking state, the pole faces of the permanent magnets are disposed so as to not face (not orient toward) the top surface of the head of the rail. In this manner, a maximum braking force can be obtained.
• the pole faces of the permanent magnets have an outline constituted by a straight line portion positioned at the center of each pole face and two curved portions positioned on both sides of the straight line portion, and (i) in a cross section perpendicular to the above-described generally parallel direction, the shape of the two curved portions matches the shape of an arc drawn by the permanent magnets when the support member is rotated.
• the rail brake further comprises a protective cover formed from a ferromagnetic material and positioned on the side of the magnet unit, and (k) the protective cover surrounds the pole faces of the permanent magnets at least in a non-braking state .
• the protective cover can prevent magnetic leakage and can prevent impact of the permanent magnets with objects and attraction of small falling magnetic objects to the permanent magnets.
• the support member comprises a support plate having the shape of the letter L in a cross section perpendicular to the above-described generally parallel direction, and (m) in a non-braking state, the support plate faces the top surface of the head of the rail.
• the present invention as it is not necessary to have a pole core which surrounds permanent magnets, it is possible to provide an eddy current rail brake using permanent magnets which is lightweight and has excellent mountability and which has a braking force which can be easily controlled.
• Figure l(a) is a perspective view showing a magnet unit which is a component of an eddy current rail brake according to the present invention
• Figure l(b) is a perspective view of the magnet unit with a protective cover removed and with one bracket eliminated
• Figure l(c) is a front view of the magnet unit with the protective cover removed.
• Figures 2(a) - 2(d) are explanatory views showing two adjoining permanent magnets when switching from braking to non-braking with the passage of time in an eddy current rail brake according to the present invention.
• Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the cross- sectional shape of a permanent magnet of the magnet unit of an eddy current rail brake using permanent magnets according to the present invention.
• Figure 4 is a graph showing the braking force found by electromagnetic field analysis for an eddy current brake of the electromagnet disc-type, an electromagnet rail brake as shown in Figure 8, and an eddy current rail brake according to the present invention using permanent magnets.
• Figure 5 is an explanatory view showing a model of an eddy current rail brake using permanent magnets according to the present invention which was used in the analysis shown in Figure 4.
• Figure 6(a) is an explanatory view of a flat plate-shaped yoke
• Figure 6(b) is an explanatory view of an L-shaped yoke
• Figure 6(c) is a graph showing the braking force accompanying magnetic leakage and the braking force at the time of braking for the yoke shown in Figure 6(a) and the yoke shown in Figure 6(b).
• Figure 7 is a graph which compares the weight (mass) of parts constituting a magnetic circuit for an electromagnet disc-type eddy current brake, an electromagnet rail brake as shown in Figure 8, and an eddy current rail brake using permanent magnets according to the present invention.
• Figure 8(a) is a perspective view showing one example of an adsorption/eddy current rail brake
• Figure 8(b) is a front view of one example of this rail brake
• Figure 8(c) is an explanatory view schematically showing the state of generation of an eddy current in the head of a rail at the time of braking with this rail brake.
• Figure 9(a) is a front view showing an eddy current rail brake using permanent magnets which is disclosed in Patent Document 1
• Figure 9(b) is an enlarged view showing the main portions of this eddy current rail brake at the time of non-braking
• Figure 9(c) is an enlarged view of the main portions of this eddy current rail brake at the time of braking.
• 1 wheel, 2: side beam of bogie frame, 3: raise and fall device, 4: magnet unit, 4a: electromagnet, 4b: brake shoe, 5: rail, 5 a: top surface of head of rail, 6: permanent magnet, 7: horizontal axis, 8a: crank, 8b: link mechanism, 9: pole core, 10: gap, 11: eddy current rail brake according to the present invention, 12: magnet unit, 13: protective cover, 14a, 14b: bracket, 15: support member (yoke), 16: shaft, 17: permanent magnet, 18: trunnion, 19: rod, 20 link.
• Figure l(a) is a perspective view showing a magnet unit 12 which is a component of an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention
• Figure l(b) is a perspective view showing the magnet unit 12 with a protective cover 13 removed and with one bracket 14b omitted
• Figure l(c) is a front view showing the magnet unit 12 with the protective cover 13 removed.
• a magnet unit 12 of this embodiment of an eddy current rail brake according to the present invention includes a yoke 15 which is a ferromagnetic support member, and two brackets 14a and 14b which rotatably support shafts 16 which are coaxially disposed at both lengthwise ends of the yoke 15.
• the yoke 15 is a support plate made of a ferromagnetic material and supports a plurality of permanent magnets 17 which are arranged in series and secured to the yoke.
• the plurality of permanent magnets 17 are disposed so that each permanent magnets 17 has a different (opposite) polarity from each of the adjoining permanent magnets 17.
• the permanent magnets 17 are preferably rare earth magnets such as Nd-Fe- B magnets and most preferably Neomax-50 (trade name) magnets having a maximum energy product (BH) max of approximately 422 - 389 (kj-m "3 ).
• the two brackets 14a and 14b are mounted and secured by welding or other suitable bonding method to an unillustrated bogie frame (such as the outer wall surface of a side beam of the frame) so that the pole faces 17a of the permanent magnets 17 can face the top surface of the head 5a of the rail 5 and so that the shafts 16 provided on the yoke 15 are aligned in the lengthwise direction of the rail 5.
• the spacing between the pole face of each magnet and the rail is preferably in the range of from 5 mm to 15 mm.
• a rod 19 having a trunnion 18 provided thereon is provided at the lengthwise center of the yoke 15.
• the rod 19 supports the yoke 15 through a link 20 which is provided at its end.
• the rod 19 can be rotated about the trunnion 18 by advancing and retracting an unillustrated pneumatic cylinder.
• the yoke 15 which is rotatably connected to the link 20 at the end of the rod 19 can be rotated by 90° in both directions about the shafts 16 to switch the eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention between a braking and non-braking state.
• Figures 2(a) - 2(d) are explanatory views of two adjoining permanent magnets 17 showing the state of switching between braking and non-braking state with the passage of time in an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention.
• the heavy arrows in Figures 2(a) - 2(d) indicate the direction of travel of a rail car.
• two permanent magnets 17 in a magnet unit 12 of an eddy current rail brake according to the present invention are disposed so that their pole faces 17a both face towards the top surface of the head 5a of the rail 5. This produces the largest braking force.
• the yoke 15 By operating the unillustrated air cylinder, the yoke 15 is gradually rotated around the two shafts 16 from the braking state shown in Figure 2(a). As the yoke 15 rotates, the two permanent magnets 17 supported by the yoke 15 also gradually rotate as shown in Figure 2(b) and Figure 2(c) so that the pole faces 17a of the two permanent magnets 17 no longer face the top surface of the head 5a of the rail 5.
• an eddy current rail brake 11 can adjust the magnitude of the braking force which is generated by suitably adjusting the rotational angle of the yoke 15 and adjusting the direction in which the pole faces 17a of the two permanent magnets 17 is directed.
• FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the cross- sectional shape of a permanent magnet 17 of the magnet unit 12 of an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention.
• Reference number 13 in Figure 3 indicates a protective cover of a magnetic material which surrounds the pole faces 17a of the permanent magnets 17 when the plurality of permanent magnets 17 arranged in series on the yoke 15 are in a non- braking state.
• the protective cover 13 can protect the pole faces 17a from being impacted by objects and from attracting small falling objects of a magnetic material.
• the protective cover 13 can prevent magnetic leakage at the time of non-braking.
• the cross-sectional shape of the pole face 17a of each permanent magnet 17 facing the top surface of the head 5 a of the rail 5 in a braking state as viewed in the direction of travel of a rail car preferably comprises a combination of a straight line portion Ls at the center of the cross section and two curved portions Lc on both sides of the straight line portion Ls.
• the two curved portions Lc are preferably circular arcs matching a circular arc which is the path of rotation of the permanent magnet 17 at the time of switching between braking and non-braking.
• the width of the rim of a wheel is 125 mm
• the width of the head 5 a of the rail 5 is 65 mm
• the spacing between the permanent magnet 17 and the rail 5 is 10 mm
• the length of the straight line portion Ls of the pole face 17a of the permanent magnet 17 is preferably more than one-half of the width (65 mm) of the head 5a, such as 35 mm.
• the diameter of a circular arc (coinciding with the two curved portions Lc) which is the path of rotation of the permanent magnet 17 at the time of switching between braking and non-braking is preferably 96% or somewhat smaller, for example, 120 mm, when the width of the rim of the wheel (such as 125 mm) is made an upper limit.
• the center of the cross section of the pole face 17a of a permanent magnet 17 as viewed in the direction of travel of a rail car preferably coincides with the center of the rail 5 as viewed in the same direction.
• a large force sufficient to overcome the attractive force of the permanent magnets 6 is necessary in order to separate the permanent magnets 6 from the rail by moving them in the vertical direction.
• an eddy current rail brake 11 it is sufficient to rotate the yoke 15 which supports the permanent magnets 17 about the shafts 16 functioning as an axis of rotation. Therefore, with an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention, it is possible to move the permanent magnets 17 which generate a magnetic attraction force with respect to the rail 5 away from the rail 5 with a small force.
• an eddy current rail brake 11 due to the repulsive force which accompanies an eddy current generated in a rail 5 during travel, it is possible to switch between braking and non-braking with a further decreased force.
• an eddy current rail brake 11 using permanent magnets 17 can be provided which is lightweight, which has excellent mountability, and which can easily control the braking force.
• Figure 4 is a graph showing the relative braking force as a function of relative speed for each type of brake obtained by electromagnetic field analysis.
• Electromagnet disc-type eddy current brake disc material same material as the rail disc diameter: 710 mm disc thickness: 36 mm maximum current: 770
• Electromagnet rail brake yoke overall length of 1000 mm, width of 60 mm, height of 120 mm electromagnets: electromagnets measuring 250 mm x 100 mm were mounted on the above-described yoke maximum current: 315 A winding: 104 (T), 8 poles gap between magnets and rail: 5 mm
• Figure 5 is an explanatory view showing a model of an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention used in the analysis of Figure 4.
• 14 permanent magnets 17 having a cross-sectional shape like that shown in Figure 3 (width of 118 mm, height of 60 mm) were disposed on the yoke 15 shown in Figure 5 having an overall length of 1152 mm, a width of 118 mm, and a height of 20 mm so that the adjoining permanent magnets 17 had different polarities from each other.
• the gap between the permanent magnets 17 and the rail 5 was 10 mm.
• the rail 5 was made of carbon steel for mechanical structural purposes (S50C), and structural members such as the yoke 15 and the protective cover 13 were made of rolled steel for general structural purposes (SS400).
• x electromagnetic disc-type eddy current brake
• the electromagnet rail brake (“o" or blank circle marks) had an increase in braking force as the speed increased, but in spite of the gap between the magnet and the rail being a small value of 5 mm, the braking force was small compared to the electromagnet disc-type eddy current brake.
• an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention maintained nearly the same gap of 10 mm between the permanent magnets 17 and the rail 5 as the electromagnet disc-type, an adequate braking force was obtained even at high speeds.
• Figure 6(a) is an explanatory view of a yoke 15 having the shape of a flat plate as shown in Figures l(a) - l(b), Figures 2(a) -2(d) and Figure 3
• Figure 6(b) is an explanatory view of an L-shaped yoke
• Figure 6(c) is a graph showing the braking force accompanying magnetic leakage and the braking force at the time of braking for the flat yoke 15 shown in Figure 6(a) and the L-shaped yoke 15 shown in Figure 6(b).
• an eddy current rail brake 11 instead of giving the yoke 15 the above-described flat plate shape shown in Figure 6(a), it may be formed with the L shape shown in Figure 6(b).
• the pole faces 17a of the permanent magnets 17 are preferably made to face towards the top surface of the head 5a of the rail 5, and at the time of non- braking, the L-shaped yoke 15 is preferably made to face the top surface of the head 5 a of the rail 5.
• the braking force generated at the time of non-braking due to magnetic leakage can be greatly decreased compared to a flat plate-shaped yoke 15, and the decrease in the braking force due to magnetic leakage at the time of braking can also be decreased.
• Figure 7 is a graph comparing the weight (or mass) of various components constituting a magnetic circuit for an electromagnet disc-type eddy current brake, an electromagnet rail brake as shown in Figure 8, and an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention.
• an eddy current rail brake 11 according to the present invention can realize a decrease in weight of approximately 68% with respect to an electromagnet disc-type eddy current brake, and it can realize a decrease in weight of at least 29% with respect to an electromagnet rail brake since the electromagnet rail brake studied here has a small gap of 5 mm between the magnets and the rail 5 and has a low braking force.
• a plurality of permanent magnets 17 are preferably arranged in series on a yoke 15 such that each permanent magnet 17 has a different polarity from the adjoining permanent magnets 17, but the present invention is not limited to this arrangement, and a plurality of permanent magnets 17 can be arranged so that at least two adjoining permanent magnets 17, 17 have different polarities from each other.
• a protective cover 13 is installed on one side of the magnet unit 12 so as to cover the pole faces 17a of the permanent magnets 17 in a non-braking state, but a protective cover 13 may be provided on both sides of the magnet unit 12.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Dynamo-Electric Clutches, Dynamo-Electric Brakes (AREA)
• Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

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• 2008
  • 2008-10-02 JP JP2008257625A patent/JP5151882B2/ja active Active
• 2009
  • 2009-10-02 EP EP09737479.7A patent/EP2331380B1/de active Active
  • 2009-10-02 CN CN200980119714.1A patent/CN102149588B/zh active Active
  • 2009-10-02 WO PCT/JP2009/067582 patent/WO2010038910A2/en active Application Filing

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