WO2010038378A1 - 画素ずらし型撮像装置 - Google Patents
画素ずらし型撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010038378A1 WO2010038378A1 PCT/JP2009/004774 JP2009004774W WO2010038378A1 WO 2010038378 A1 WO2010038378 A1 WO 2010038378A1 JP 2009004774 W JP2009004774 W JP 2009004774W WO 2010038378 A1 WO2010038378 A1 WO 2010038378A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/48—Increasing resolution by shifting the sensor relative to the scene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14643—Photodiode arrays; MOS imagers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/10—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths
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- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/75—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by influencing optical camera components
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a so-called pixel shift technique for shifting the pixel position of an image sensor and improving the resolution of a captured image.
- the first pixel shifting technique is a pixel shifting of an image spatial positional shift in which other pixels are shifted and arranged with respect to a plurality of pixels periodically arranged in the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device.
- the second pixel shifting technique is dynamic pixel shifting that mechanically finely moves at least one of a two-dimensional square array solid-state imaging device and an optical system.
- Patent Document 1 An example of the basic principle of the first pixel shifting technique is described in Patent Document 1.
- the first pixel shifting technique is applied to a three-plate color camera using three image sensors. This color camera increases the resolution in the horizontal direction by adopting a configuration in which the pixels of the green (G) image sensor, which has high human visibility, are shifted in the horizontal direction by 1/2 pitch every other row.
- G green
- Patent Document 2 An example in which pixels are shifted not only in the horizontal direction but also in the vertical direction is shown in Patent Document 2.
- the shape of the light sensing portion corresponding to a pixel is rhombused and arranged in a meandering manner.
- the resolution in the horizontal and vertical directions is enhanced by arranging each pixel by shifting it by a half pitch of the pixel in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
- Patent Document 3 describes an example of mechanically moving an optical system with respect to an image sensor.
- a translucent parallel plate is installed between an image sensor and a lens. By shaking the parallel plate with respect to the optical axis, the optical image formed on the image sensor is finely moved, and the resolution in the fine movement direction is improved.
- Patent Document 4 describes an example in which the resolution is improved by finely moving the image sensor itself without moving the optical system.
- a piezoelectric element is used as the fine movement means, and the fine movement amount is 1 ⁇ 2 pitch of the pixel to improve the resolution.
- the conventional pixel shifting technique improves the resolution by finely moving the image sensor by arranging the pixels or mechanically, and shifting the pixels by 1/2 pitch in the horizontal direction or both the horizontal and vertical directions.
- the resolution is improved twice by shifting the pixels by 1/2 pitch.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing a curve representing the relationship between the coordinates in the one-dimensional direction (X) of the image and the luminance value f (X), and a rectangular wave pulse waveform for sampling the luminance value.
- the horizontal axes X and t of the graph are both horizontal distances from a certain reference point (for example, the center of the imaging surface).
- the luminance value f (X) increases or decreases in a sine wave shape as X increases.
- One sampling pulse corresponds to one light sensing unit.
- two sampling pulses are shown, but in reality, there are many sampling pulses.
- the luminance value of the image formed on the imaging surface changes in a sine wave shape in the X direction
- the luminance value f (X) is expressed by Equation 1 using the amplitude A, the frequency ⁇ , and the phase 0. expressed.
- the sampling pulse has a wave height of 1, a frequency ⁇ s, and a period (width) T.
- Equation 2 Since the amount of light received by one light sensing unit having an aperture ratio of 100% is an integral amount for one period of the sampling pulse, the amount of light received P (n) of the nth pixel is expressed by Equation 2.
- the signal amount of the nth pixel can be found.
- the signal amount is guaranteed when ⁇ / ⁇ s ⁇ 1/2 according to the sampling theorem.
- ⁇ / ⁇ s> 1/2 the signal difference from adjacent pixels is small.
- the value of ⁇ / ⁇ s approaches 1 the signals of the nth pixel and the (n + 1) th pixel are almost in phase, so that the difference is almost eliminated.
- the pixel shifting technique can improve the resolution.
- the aperture ratio is 100%
- the resolution cannot be improved more than twice even if the pixel shifting pitch is changed.
- the higher the aperture ratio the higher the light receiving sensitivity. Therefore, in recent years, a micro lens is provided on each pixel of the image sensor, and the aperture ratio is increased to nearly 100%.
- a great improvement in image quality cannot be expected.
- Patent Document 5 describes a technique for further improving the resolution.
- a pixel arrangement configuration in which the pixel is shifted by 1/2 pitch in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction in the imaging surface is employed. Further, an opening having a very small aperture ratio is provided at the center position between the pixels, and the photoelectric conversion signal is obtained also from the opening, thereby further improving the resolution.
- this technique after introducing the conventional pixel shifting technology, a minute opening is further arranged between each pixel by structural ingenuity. As a result, image information between pixels can be obtained, and the resolution can be improved accordingly. In addition to improving the resolution, this technique also improves the so-called dynamic range in which the luminance range of the subject to be imaged can be expanded by a light sensing unit having a minute opening and a normal opening.
- Patent Document 6 and Patent Document 7 Structures having light sensing portions with different aperture ratios are also shown in Patent Document 6 and Patent Document 7. According to these prior arts, a signal from a light sensing unit with a low aperture ratio is used in a bright scene, and an image is reproduced using a signal from a light sensing unit with a high aperture ratio in a dark scene. The width of is widened. That is, the techniques disclosed in Patent Documents 6 and 7 essentially improve the dynamic range and do not actively improve the resolution.
- the resolution can be improved by about twice, but no further increase can be expected.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a pixel shifting technique that improves the resolution that cannot be realized by the conventional pixel shifting technique to a value exceeding twice.
- the pixel shifting type imaging apparatus of the present invention includes a solid-state imaging device, an optical system that forms an image on the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device, a pixel shifting unit that shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface, and the solid-state imaging device. And a video signal processing unit that processes an electrical signal output from the imaging device, wherein the solid-state imaging device has a first pixel pitch along a first direction on the imaging surface.
- One has a first light sensing unit having a first aperture ratio
- the other of the two unit pixel regions has a second light sensing unit having a second aperture ratio lower than the first aperture ratio.
- the first light sensing unit includes the first light sensing unit.
- a first pixel signal corresponding to the amount of light incident on the light sensing unit is output, and the second light sensing unit outputs a second pixel corresponding to the amount of light incident on the second light sensing unit.
- the first light sensing unit covers the entire second light sensing unit.
- the portion of the first light sensing unit that has virtually moved does not cover the second light sensing unit functions as a virtual third light sensing unit, and the video signal processing unit From the difference between the first pixel signal and the second pixel signal, a virtual pixel signal corresponding to the amount of light incident on the virtual third light sensing unit is obtained.
- the center of the second light sensing unit is the center of the shifted first light sensing unit. It is deviated by a distance ⁇ from the center in the second direction.
- one of the two edges of the second light sensing unit parallel to the first direction is different from the two edges of the first light sensing unit parallel to the first direction. It is in contact with one of the straight lines extending in the direction of 1.
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface in the second direction by a distance equal to or more than half of the distance ⁇ .
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface in the second direction by a distance equal to or less than half of the second pixel pitch.
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface in the second direction by a distance equal to or less than half the width of the second light sensing unit.
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface by half of the first pixel pitch in the first direction.
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface in the first direction by the first pixel pitch and by a half of the first pixel pitch. Execute alternately.
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface in an oblique direction with respect to both the first direction and the second direction.
- the center of the second light sensing unit is the center of the shifted first light sensing unit. It is shifted from the center by ⁇ X in the second direction and by ⁇ Y in the first direction.
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface by a distance Y1 that is not less than half of the distance ⁇ Y and not more than half of the first pixel pitch in the first direction, and
- the distance X1 is shifted in the second direction by a distance X1 that is not less than half of the distance ⁇ X and not more than half of the second pixel pitch.
- the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface by the distance Y1 plus the first pixel pitch in the first direction, and the distance in the second direction. Shift by X1 plus the second pixel pitch.
- the center of the second light sensing unit is the center of the shifted first light sensing unit.
- the first light sensing unit and the second light sensing unit are arranged so as to coincide with each other, and the pixel shifting unit determines the position of the image on the imaging surface in the first direction and the first direction.
- the first photo-sensing unit covers the entire second photo-sensing unit by shifting in the third direction oblique to both of the two directions, and by the shift in the third direction by the pixel shifting unit; and A portion of the first light sensing unit that does not cover the second light sensing unit is formed in one region, the region functions as a virtual pixel, and the video signal processing unit is the pixel shifting unit.
- the third pixel shift unit causes the third light sensing unit to move to the third direction.
- the position of the image on the imaging surface is moved in the first direction, and is also moved in the second direction by a distance defined by (W1a ⁇ W1b) / 2.
- the pixel shift unit when the length of the first light sensing unit in the first direction is T1a and the length of the second light sensing unit in the first direction is T1b, the pixel shift unit The shift in the third direction moves the position of the image on the imaging surface in the first direction by a distance defined by (T1a ⁇ T1b) / 2 and also in the first direction.
- W1b W1a. If not equal to / 2, the pixel shifting unit shifts the position of the image on the imaging surface by W1a / 2 in the second direction separately from the shift in the third direction.
- the pixel shifting unit periodically repeats the shift in the third direction.
- the solid-state imaging device has an array of microlenses that adjusts an aperture ratio and a position of the first light sensing unit and the second light sensing unit.
- the solid-state imaging device of the present invention is arranged at a first pixel pitch along the first direction on the imaging surface and at a second pixel pitch along a second direction that intersects the first direction.
- a solid-state imaging device having a plurality of unit pixel regions, wherein one of the two unit pixel regions adjacent in the first direction has a first light sensing unit having a first aperture ratio, and the two units The other of the pixel areas has a second light sensing unit having a second aperture ratio lower than the first aperture ratio, and the first light sensing unit is incident on the first light sensing unit.
- a first pixel signal corresponding to the amount of light is output, and the second light sensing unit outputs a second pixel signal corresponding to the amount of light incident on the second light sensing unit, and When the first light sensing unit is virtually moved in the first direction by the first pixel pitch, the first light sensing unit is Serial second covers the entire light sensing unit.
- a portion of the first light sensing unit that has virtually moved by the first pixel pitch in the first direction and does not cover the second light sensing unit is a virtual third
- a virtual pixel signal functions as a light sensing unit, and a virtual pixel signal corresponding to an amount of light incident on the virtual third light sensing unit is obtained from a difference between the first pixel signal and the second pixel signal. can get.
- the first light sensing unit when the first light sensing unit is shifted in the first direction by the first pixel pitch, the shifted center of the first light sensing unit and the center of the second light sensing unit.
- the positions of the first light sensing unit and the second light sensing unit are determined so that does not match.
- the center of the second light sensing unit is the center of the shifted first light sensing unit. It is offset from the center by a distance ⁇ in the second direction.
- the shifted center of the first light sensing unit and the center of the second light sensing unit when the first light sensing unit is shifted in the first direction by the first pixel pitch, the shifted center of the first light sensing unit and the center of the second light sensing unit. Is not parallel to the first direction.
- the pixel-shift type imaging device has a splitter for branching light from a subject into at least two optical paths including a first optical path and a second optical path, and light that passes through the first optical path.
- a pixel shift unit that shifts the position of an image and a pixel region based on an aperture difference between the pixels associated by the matching unit are defined as virtual pixels, and the movement amount of the virtual pixel by the pixel shift unit is 1 / of the virtual pixel. 2 pitch or 3/2 pitch Which comprise.
- the first image sensor has pixels arranged at a first density
- the second image sensor is arranged at a second density higher than the first density. It has a pixel.
- a first optical system having a first magnification is included in the first optical path, and a second optical system having a smaller magnification than the first magnification is included in the second optical path.
- the first definition the second definition is n: m (n and m are positive integers different from each other, n ⁇ m).
- the moving amount of the virtual pixel is 1 ⁇ 2 times the pitch of the virtual pixel in the moving direction.
- the moving amount of the virtual pixel is 1/2 times, 1/2 times, and 3/2 times the pitch of the virtual pixels in the moving direction.
- the pixel shift type imaging apparatus of the present invention at least two types of light sensing units having different aperture ratios are provided, and a virtual light sensing unit having an aperture smaller than that of the light sensing unit is created from the difference between the apertures. Then, by finely moving the virtual light sensing unit, a high-definition signal in the fine movement direction can be obtained.
- FIGS. 4A to 4C are diagrams showing resolution results when a wedge-shaped resolution pattern is imaged according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the top view which showed the basic arrangement of 2 rows 2 columns of the image sensor light sensing part in Embodiment 2 of this invention (A) to (F) are diagrams showing resolution results when a wedge-shaped resolution pattern is imaged in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the top view which showed the basic arrangement of 2 rows 2 columns of the image sensor light sensing part in Embodiment 3 of this invention In Embodiment 3 of this invention, the top view which showed the basic arrangement
- positioning of the image sensor light sensing part at the time of arranging the light sensing parts 1a and 1b alternately two-dimensionally The top view which showed the basic arrangement of 2 rows 2 columns of the image sensor light sensing part in Embodiment 4 of this invention
- (A) is the top view which showed the basic composition before and behind the nth line of an array pixel, and the moving direction of a pixel in Embodiment 4 of this invention
- (B) is the nth line pixel in Embodiment 4 of this invention.
- FIG. 9C is a plan view showing a state in which the pixel after the movement is superimposed on the pixel before the movement with respect to the pixel in the (n + 1) th row, and (C) is a virtual created from the pixel signal before and after the movement and the difference between them in Embodiment 4 of the present invention
- Timing diagram showing pixel signals (A) is a top view which shows the arrangement
- FIG. 14 A graph representing the relationship between the coordinates in the one-dimensional direction (X) of the image and the luminance value f (X) and a rectangular wave pulse for sampling the luminance value superimposed on each other.
- (A) to (C) are resolution simulation results in which a wedge-shaped resolution pattern is imaged when the aperture ratio of the light sensing unit is 100% and pixels are shifted by 1/2 pitch, 1/3 pitch, and 1/4 pitch.
- FIG. 6 The top view which showed a part of pixel arrangement
- (A) is a diagram showing an arrangement state of pixel signals in the first image memory 31, and
- (B) is a diagram showing an arrangement state of pixel signals in the second image memory 32.
- the pixel-shift imaging device includes a solid-state imaging device 60, an optical system (lens 50) that forms an image on the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device 60, and the image on the imaging surface.
- a pixel shifting unit 52 that shifts the position of the image signal, and a video signal processing unit 70 that processes an electrical signal output from the solid-state imaging device 60.
- the pixel shifting unit 52 includes, for example, a transparent glass plate whose thickness changes in the in-plane direction, and has a configuration in which the transparent glass is finely moved in a direction parallel to the imaging surface (for example, the horizontal direction).
- an optical low-pass filter 54 made of, for example, a crystal plate is disposed between the pixel shifting unit 52 and the solid-state imaging device 60. The configurations and functions of the signal receiving unit 64 and the video signal processing unit 70 will be described later.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically showing elements in which an image is formed on the imaging surface 61 of the solid-state imaging device 60 by the lens 50.
- the position on the imaging surface 61 can be expressed by the coordinates of the X axis and the Y axis that intersect.
- the solid-state imaging device 60 has a plurality of unit pixel regions 1 arranged on the imaging surface 61 as shown in FIG.
- the unit pixel regions 1 are arranged at a first pixel pitch along the Y-axis direction (first direction) in FIG. 2 and are second pixels along the X-axis direction (second direction) intersecting the first direction. Arranged at pitch.
- one of the two unit pixel regions 1 has a first light sensing unit 1a having a first aperture ratio.
- the other of the two unit pixel regions 1 has a second light sensing unit 1b having a second aperture ratio lower than the first aperture ratio.
- the light sensing units 1a and 1b are composed of photodiodes.
- the first light sensing unit 1a outputs a first pixel signal corresponding to the amount of light incident on the first light sensing unit 1a
- the second light sensing unit 1b is a second light sensing unit 1b.
- a second pixel signal corresponding to the amount of light incident on is output.
- the first pixel signal output from the first light sensing unit 1a is the second pixel output from the second light sensing unit 1b.
- the amplitude is larger than that of the pixel signal. This is because the aperture ratio of the first light sensing unit 1a is larger than the aperture ratio of the second light sensing unit 1b.
- the aperture ratio is the ratio of the area of one photodetecting portion 1a, 1b to the area of one unit pixel region 1.
- the first light sensing unit 1a when the first light sensing unit 1a is virtually moved in the vertical direction by the first pixel pitch, the first light sensing unit 1a is connected to the second light sensing unit 1b.
- the layout of the light sensing units 1a and 1b is designed so as to cover the whole.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the basic arrangement of the light sensing units of the image sensor according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 only four adjacent unit pixel areas are shown, but a large number of unit pixel areas are arranged on the imaging surface of an actual imaging element.
- a large number of light sensing units having a basic configuration of the light sensing units of 2 rows and 2 columns are two-dimensionally arranged.
- a set of four light sensing units (basic pixel set) shown in FIG. 4 is periodically arranged in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. 4 corresponds to the X-axis direction in FIGS. 2 and 3, and the vertical direction in FIG. 4 corresponds to the Y-axis direction in FIGS. 2 and 3.
- the center-to-center distance between two unit pixel regions adjacent in the vertical direction is the pixel pitch in the vertical direction (first pixel pitch).
- the center-to-center distance between two unit pixel regions adjacent in the horizontal direction is the pixel pitch in the vertical direction (second pixel pitch). This is also true for other embodiments.
- the light sensing unit (aperture ratio 100%) 1 a having a relatively high aperture ratio has unit pixel regions in the first row and first column and the first row and second column in the pixel basic set. Is placed inside.
- the light sensing unit 1b having a relatively low aperture ratio has a narrow opening in the horizontal direction, and is disposed in the unit pixel regions of the second row and the first column and the second row and the second column in the pixel basic set. Further, regarding the positional relationship between the light sensing unit 1a and the light sensing unit 1b, the center of the light sensing unit 1b is shifted by ⁇ X from the center of the light sensing unit 1a in the horizontal direction.
- the center of the shifted light sensing unit 1a does not coincide with the center of the light sensing unit 1b, and is shifted by ⁇ X in the horizontal direction.
- the present invention improves the resolution by utilizing the difference in aperture ratio of the light sensing part of the pixel.
- the resolution is improved, but the sensitivity is lowered as the aperture ratio is lowered. Therefore, the present invention only reduces the aperture ratio of one part of the light sensing unit. Then, a virtual light sensing unit having a low aperture ratio is created based on the difference from other light sensing units, and the resolution is improved by shifting the virtual light sensing unit.
- T is the size (width) of the unit pixel region 1 in the X direction, and corresponds to the pulse width shown in FIG.
- Equation 6 the received light amount P (n) of the nth pixel is expressed by Equation 6.
- Equation 7 the received light amount P (n) of the nth pixel is expressed by Equation 6.
- Equation 8 is obtained by changing n to n (1 + k / 2m) and substituting it into Expression 7.
- the amount of light received by the light sensing unit 1b in Embodiment 1 of the present invention is obtained.
- the received light amount P (n) of the nth pixel is expressed by Equation 3.
- the width in the horizontal direction of the light sensing unit 1b is narrow, the width of the integration interval corresponding to it is Tb.
- the amount of deviation of the center of the light sensing unit 1b from the center of the unit pixel region is represented by ⁇ .
- the received light amount P (n) of the light sensing unit 1b is expressed by Equation 9. [Expression 9]
- P (n) Bsin ( ⁇ Tb / 2) cos ( ⁇ (nT ⁇ ))
- the resolution in the horizontal direction can be improved by the aperture difference between the light sensing units 1a and 1b arranged in the vertical direction.
- a characteristic point of this embodiment is that the opening center of the light sensing unit 1a and the opening center of the light sensing unit 1b are not on the same straight line extending in the vertical direction.
- Expression 10 is further transformed into Expression 11.
- Expression 11 when the first and second terms on the right side and the third and fourth terms are combined in the form of Expression 12 and Expression 13, Expression 11 is expressed as Expression 14.
- P (n) B [sin ( ⁇ T / 2) cos ( ⁇ nT) ⁇ sin ( ⁇ Tb / 2) cos ( ⁇ nT) + Sin ( ⁇ Tb / 2) cos ( ⁇ nT) ⁇ sin ( ⁇ Tb / 2) cos ( ⁇ (nT ⁇ ))]
- Z1 includes (T ⁇ Tb)
- the resolution can be increased by shifting pixels.
- Z1 includes (T + Tb)
- the resolution is lowered due to the latter effect.
- 4 is a portion having the same area as the region 1d in the virtual opening 1c, and the region 1f is a virtual opening related to the deviation amount ⁇ X of the opening center.
- Z2 shown in Expression 13 since Z2 shown in Expression 13 includes ⁇ , it corresponds to the amount of light received by the virtual opening 1f.
- ⁇ b 2 ⁇ / Tb is first set. Then, the resolution limit by sin ( ⁇ / ⁇ b) is ⁇ b / 2. Further, the resolution limit is improved to near ⁇ b by performing pixel shifting at a pitch corresponding to Tb / 2.
- the resolution limit by sin ( ⁇ / ⁇ d) is ⁇ d / 2. Furthermore, by performing pixel shifting at a pitch corresponding to ⁇ / 2, the resolution limit is improved to near ⁇ d. After all, if ⁇ ⁇ Tb, the resolution can be improved at least to the vicinity of ⁇ b as long as the pixel shift amount is in a range corresponding to ⁇ / 2 or more and Tb / 2 or less.
- Z1 decreases the resolution with respect to the resolution improvement by the horizontal pixel shift.
- Z2 can improve the resolution by a factor of T / Tb by making a slight shift between the opening centers of the light sensing unit 1a and the light sensing unit 1b.
- the pixel shift technique corresponding to T / 2 has been improved up to nearly twice, but in the present invention, at least (T / Tb) times of improvement is possible. Since T / Tb> 1, according to the present invention, the resolution can be improved more than twice, and there is an effect that is not found in the past.
- the horizontal width T of the light sensing unit 1a shown in FIG. 4 is 1 (aperture ratio 100%), the horizontal width Tb of the light sensing unit 1b is 0.8 (aperture ratio 80%), and ⁇ X is 0, 0.05, Changed to 0.10.
- the unit of length in the horizontal direction is 1 for the pixel pitch in the horizontal direction.
- “perform pixel shift of 0.25 pitch” means “by finely moving the position of the image on the imaging surface, the distance between the image and the pixel by a distance of 0.25 times the pixel pitch in the horizontal direction. It means that the relative positional relationship is shifted.
- the limit resolution in the horizontal direction when the pixel shift is not performed is set to 200 lines.
- the pixel shift pitch based on the virtual opening 1f is not adopted.
- the horizontal pixel shift was performed at a 0.25 pitch satisfying 1/2 or less of the horizontal width Tb (0.8) of the light sensing portion 1b, and an image was displayed using only the signals of the virtual opening portions 1c and 1d.
- This pixel shifting operation and signal processing are (1) imaging 1, (2) moving by one pixel pitch in the vertical direction, (3) imaging 2, (4) subtraction of imaging 1 signal and imaging 2 signal, ( 5) Repeat the step of shifting horizontal pixels.
- the two types of light sensing units having different aperture ratios are arranged every other row, and the opening centers of the two types of light sensing units in the horizontal direction are shifted. Adopted. And according to this embodiment, there exists an effect that the high-definition signal which the resolution of the horizontal direction raised with the difference signal of 2 pixels from which an aperture ratio differs is obtained.
- the position of the image on the imaging surface is shifted by one pixel in the vertical direction by the action of the pixel shifting unit, that is, the light sensing unit 1a and the light sensing unit 1b are overlapped on the same part of the image.
- the signal difference between the two pixels is made in the shape of Specifically, the luminance signal relating to the same part of the image is acquired from each of the light sensing unit 1a and the light sensing unit 1b by shifting the image by one pixel in the vertical direction on the imaging surface.
- the luminance of the image formed on the imaging surface is uniform (not changing) in the vertical direction at least in the range of the region having the size of about the pixel pitch, the position of the image on the imaging surface is shifted by one pixel. There is no need. That is, a signal difference may be created between pixels using signals obtained at the same time from the light sensing units 1a and 1b adjacent in the vertical direction.
- the video signal processing unit 70 includes an image memory 72 that stores a signal received from the signal receiving unit 64, a video signal generation unit 72 that generates a video signal (high-definition signal) from data read from the image memory 72, and a video signal Has an interface (IF) unit 76 for outputting to the outside.
- IF interface
- the high-definition signal obtained by the above method may be used as it is. Further, even if it is added to the signal processing result with low resolution but high sensitivity, its effectiveness is not lost.
- the light sensing unit having the same aperture ratio is arranged in each row on the imaging surface.
- the aperture ratio of the light sensing unit with a wide aperture is 100%.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the total aperture ratio of the light sensor with a wide aperture and the light sensor with a narrow aperture is 200. It is also possible to adopt a configuration in which both are adjusted to be%. By doing so, it is possible to prevent a decrease in overall sensitivity.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view showing the basic arrangement of the light sensing units in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- two rows and two columns are two-dimensionally arranged as a basic configuration.
- a light sensing unit 1a having an aperture ratio of 100% is arranged in the first row and first column and the first row and second column.
- Photodetectors 1b having an aperture ratio of 50% are arranged in the second row and the first column and the second row and the second column.
- FIG. 7 shows the result of the simulation when the wedge-shaped resolution pattern is imaged by the pixel shift type imaging device of the present embodiment.
- This pixel shifting operation and signal processing are as follows: (1) Image 1, (2) Move one pixel in the vertical direction, (3) Image 2, (4) Subtract image 1 signal and image 2 signal, (5) This is a repetition of moving half a pixel in the vertical direction (1) to (4) performing the process and (6) shifting the horizontal pixel.
- two types of light sensing units having different aperture ratios are arranged every other row, and the right ends of the openings of the two types of light sensing units in the horizontal direction are set to the same position.
- one virtual opening can be made from the opening difference between two types of light sensing parts adjacent in the vertical direction. Then, there is an effect that a high-definition signal with an increased resolution in the horizontal direction can be obtained by shifting the pixels in the horizontal direction of the virtual opening.
- the signal difference between the two pixels is created by shifting one pixel in the vertical direction, that is, by overlapping the light sensing units 1a and 1b, but if there is no luminance change in the vertical direction, A signal difference may be created between vertically adjacent pixels.
- the obtained high-definition signal is used as it is, or even if it is added to a signal processing result that is low resolution by adding pixels but is highly sensitive, its effectiveness is not lost.
- the pixel configuration is the same photodetection unit in each row, but there is no problem if the photodetection units in the first row, second column and second row, second column of the basic configuration shown in FIG.
- the aperture ratio of the light sensing unit 1a is 100%, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the total aperture of the light sensing unit having a wide aperture and the light sensing unit having a narrow aperture is also included. A configuration in which both are adjusted so that the rate becomes 200% may be used, and thereby the overall sensitivity reduction can be prevented.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing the basic arrangement of the light sensing units in Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- Two rows and two columns are two-dimensionally arranged as a basic configuration.
- a light sensing portion (aperture ratio 100%) 1a having a high aperture ratio is arranged in the first row and the first column and the first row and the second column.
- the light sensing unit 1a having a low aperture ratio has a narrow opening in the horizontal and vertical directions, and is arranged in the second row and the first column and the second row and the second column.
- the positional relationship between the light sensing unit 1a and the light sensing unit 1b is such that the center of the light sensing unit 1b is shifted by ⁇ X from the center of the light sensing unit 1a with respect to the horizontal direction, and the center of the light sensing unit 1b with respect to the vertical direction. Is shifted by ⁇ y from the center position shifted by 1 pitch.
- the horizontal resolution can be improved by the aperture difference between the light sensing units 1a and 1b arranged in the vertical direction.
- the present embodiment is characterized in that the opening centers of the light sensing unit 1a and the light sensing unit 1b are shifted in two directions. That is, this embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the opening of the light sensing unit 1b is narrow also in the vertical direction.
- the horizontal and vertical openings of the light sensing unit 1b were set to 1/2 the pixel pitch.
- the imaging subject, the limit resolution condition, and the pixel shifting process are the same as those in the second embodiment.
- the center position of the light sensing unit 1b is shifted by ⁇ X and ⁇ y in the horizontal and vertical directions from the center position of the unit pixel region, respectively.
- ⁇ X ⁇ y
- ⁇ X is changed by 0.05 from 0 to 0.25.
- the two types of light sensing units having different aperture ratios are arranged in every other row so that the aperture centers do not overlap, and the light sensing units having a low aperture ratio are arranged in the horizontal and vertical directions.
- the opening By narrowing the opening, a high-definition signal with an increased horizontal resolution can be obtained.
- the pixels in the form shown in FIG. 11 it can be expected that the resolution in the horizontal and vertical directions is improved at the same time.
- FIG. 12 is a plan view showing the basic arrangement of the light sensing units according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- a light sensing portion (aperture ratio 100%) 1a having a high aperture ratio is arranged in the first row and the first column and the first row and the second column.
- the light sensing unit 1b having a low aperture ratio has a narrow opening in the horizontal direction, and its aperture ratio is 1 ⁇ 2 of the aperture ratio of the light sensing unit 1a.
- the light sensing unit 1b is arranged in the second row, first column and the second row, second column. Yes.
- the center of the light sensing unit 1b and the center of the light sensing unit 1a are arranged at the same position in the horizontal direction.
- the positions of the light sensing units 1a and 1b are determined so that the center of the shifted light sensing unit 1a coincides with the center of the light sensing unit 1b. It has been.
- high definition in the horizontal direction can be achieved by shifting the image obliquely on the imaging surface.
- the image shift on the imaging surface is performed separately for the vertical movement and the horizontal movement, but in the present embodiment, the image is shifted obliquely.
- the horizontal resolution is improved by using the signal (actual pixel signal) output from.
- Shifting the image diagonally on the imaging surface by the function of the pixel shifting unit corresponds to shifting the pixel diagonally based on the image. Therefore, in the following description, shifting the image on the imaging surface by the function of the pixel shifting unit is expressed as “shifting the pixel”.
- the pixel center in the horizontal direction (the X coordinate of the center of the light sensing unit) may be the same between two pixels adjacent in the vertical direction.
- the pixels are shifted obliquely before completing the imaging of a certain frame and imaging the next frame (current frame).
- the pixel one frame before is shifted by one pixel in the vertical direction (one pixel pitch) and by ⁇ s in the horizontal direction.
- a signal from a virtual pixel is obtained using a subtraction result between the image one frame before and the current frame image, and an actual signal from a pixel having a relatively low aperture ratio is obtained from the image one frame before.
- W1a the horizontal opening width of the light sensing unit 1a
- W1b the horizontal opening width of the light sensing unit 1b
- ⁇ s is expressed by Expression 16.
- W1a: W1b 2: 1
- FIG. 13A shows a basic configuration around the n-th row and a pixel moving direction in a pixel group arranged two-dimensionally.
- FIG. 13B shows a state in which the pixel after the movement is overlapped with the pixel before the movement in the n-th row and the (n + 1) -th row.
- a light sensing unit with a high aperture ratio completely covers a pixel with a low aperture ratio.
- the light sensing units having a high aperture ratio there is only one portion (non-overlapping region) that does not cover the light sensing units having a low aperture ratio for each light sensing unit. This non-overlapping area functions as a light receiving area of the virtual pixel.
- the amount of light received by the virtual pixel corresponds to a difference between signals obtained from two light sensing units having different aperture ratios.
- FIG. 13C shows a pixel signal before and after pixel movement by pixel shifting and a virtual pixel signal created from the difference between them.
- the pixel signals of the light sensing units 1a and 1b are expressed as 1a (n) and 1b (n) if they exist in the nth row before the pixel movement, that is, one frame before.
- the light sensing unit 1b is moved by one pixel pitch in the vertical direction and by 1/4 pixel pitch in the horizontal direction.
- the horizontal width of the light sensing unit 1b is 1 ⁇ 2 of the horizontal pixel pitch
- the movement by a 1 ⁇ 4 pixel pitch is shown in FIGS. 13C, 13A, and 13B.
- the conventional half-pitch pixel shift is merely realized by movement and time difference.
- a virtual pixel signal based on the aperture difference between the light sensing unit 1a and the light sensing unit 1b is generated from subtraction of the 1a (n) signal after movement and the 1b (n + 1) signal before movement (FIG. 13). (C) (3)).
- the pixel shift of the virtual pixel due to the aperture difference between the light detection unit 1a and the light detection unit 1b is added to the pixel shift of the light detection unit 1b.
- a 1/2 pitch pixel shift of a 1/2 size pixel can be realized, and the horizontal resolution is increased four times.
- the pixel with a low aperture ratio and the horizontal aperture of the virtual pixel are the same, but if they are different, the resolution is reduced by the pixel with the larger horizontal aperture. In such a case, if the pixel is further moved horizontally by 1/2 aperture of the pixel having a large horizontal aperture in both pixels, the pixel shift effect can be obtained by that amount, so that a reduction in resolution can be prevented.
- a virtual pixel is created by the pixel aperture difference by moving the pixel obliquely.
- a high-definition image signal is obtained from the signals of the virtual pixel and the pixel having a low aperture ratio.
- the aperture ratios are set to 100% and 50% for the two types of light sensing units.
- the present invention is not limited to these. There is no problem if one kind of virtual pixel can be created. Also, the pixel aperture difference is only in the horizontal direction. However, the present invention is not limited to this. If the aperture difference can also be created in the vertical direction and the pixel can be moved in that direction to create a virtual pixel, the same applies. The resolution can be improved.
- FIG. 14A is a plan view showing a part of the microlens array disposed on the light sensing unit in the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- This microlens array actually has a large number of microlenses arranged two-dimensionally, but has a basic configuration of a set of microlenses of 2 rows and 2 columns shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA ′ in FIG.
- FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB ′ in FIG. In the set of four microlenses shown in FIG.
- a microlens 2a having a relatively high light collection rate and a microlens 2b having a relatively low light collection rate are arranged adjacent to each other in the vertical direction.
- the right ends of both microlenses 2a and 2b are on the same straight line extending in the vertical direction.
- the light sensing units 1g that receive light from the microlenses 2a and 2b and output them as electrical signals are regularly arranged in the horizontal and vertical directions.
- the microlens 2a is positioned on the center of the opening of the light sensing unit 1g, but the microlens 2b is displaced in the horizontal direction from the center of the opening of the light sensing unit 1g.
- the deviation is within a range in which the microlens 2b can project all the condensed light onto the light sensing unit 1g.
- the aperture ratio of the light sensing unit can be changed by changing the shape of the microlens arranged on the surface of the image pickup device, and the characteristics of the image pickup device can be improved. There is an effect that it is advantageous.
- the fifth embodiment is applied to the case where the right end area of the light sensing unit with a high aperture ratio and the right end area of the light sensing unit with a low aperture ratio match in the horizontal direction in the first embodiment.
- the present invention may be applied to all image pickup devices that achieve high definition using the aperture difference of the light sensing unit in the second to fourth embodiments and other cases.
- the present invention is applied on the premise that the light sensing units of the image sensor are arranged in the horizontal and vertical directions.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and 45 degrees and 135 degrees with respect to the horizontal.
- the present invention can also be applied to an element having an oblique arrangement structure such as an inclined arrangement.
- the light sensing unit of the image pickup device has been described by taking two types with different aperture ratios.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and even if there are three or more aperture ratios, an aperture difference is created and the virtual pixel signal is generated. If it can be obtained, it is possible to increase the definition of the image.
- FIG. 17 is a configuration diagram of a pixel shift type imaging apparatus with two images in Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
- the pixel-shift-type imaging device of the present embodiment includes a first imaging system that performs imaging with a first definition, and a second imaging system that performs imaging with a second definition that is lower than the first definition. It has. Then, collating means for associating the first image obtained by the first imaging system and the second image obtained by the second imaging system in units of pixels, and pixels for optical imaging. And a pixel shifting means for relatively moving.
- the apparatus of FIG. 17 includes a beam splitter 7 that divides light from a subject into two, and reflecting mirrors 6, 61, and 62 for guiding the divided light to the imaging surfaces of two solid-state imaging devices.
- a binocular lens 5 having two lenses having the same optical characteristics is disposed so as to cross each of the two divided optical paths.
- the binocular lens 5 is coupled to a fine movement device 4 that finely moves the binocular lens 5 in the horizontal direction.
- the imaging elements 11 and 12 have the same imaging characteristics, such as the number of pixels in the vertical direction and the light receiving area, except that the number of pixels in the horizontal direction is different.
- the number of pixels in the horizontal direction of the image sensor 11 is 2M
- the number of pixels in the vertical direction is N
- the number of pixels in the horizontal direction of the image sensor 12 is 3M
- the number of pixels in the vertical direction is N (where M and N are integers).
- the imaging apparatus includes a high-definition signal generator 3 that receives image signals from the imaging element 11 and the imaging element 12, instructs the fine movement device 4 on the amount of fine movement, and generates a high-definition image signal. .
- FIG. 18 is a plan view showing a part of the pixel array in the image sensor 11 and the image sensor 12.
- FIGS. 18A and 18B relatively represent pixel sizes in the horizontal direction of both image sensors.
- FIG. 18A shows the pixels 11 a and 11 b of the image sensor 11.
- FIG. 4B shows the pixels 12a, 12b, and 12c of the image sensor 12.
- the number of horizontal pixels of the image sensor 11 is smaller than the number of horizontal pixels of the image sensor 12. However, the horizontal opening area of each pixel in the image sensor 11 is wide. In the present embodiment, the number of horizontal pixels of the image sensor 11 is 2M (2 million), while the number of horizontal pixels of the image sensor 12 is 3M (3 million). On the other hand, the aperture ratio of each pixel 11 a and 11 b in the image sensor 11 is 1.5 times the aperture ratio of each pixel in the image sensor 12.
- FIG. 18C shows the aperture difference between the pixels of both image sensors.
- a region 101a indicates an aperture difference between the pixel 11a and the pixel 12a
- a region 101b indicates an aperture difference between the pixel 11b and the pixel 12c.
- the difference signal between the photoelectric conversion signal of the pixel 11a and the photoelectric conversion signal of the pixel 12a is obtained when the region 101a is a virtual pixel. It can be considered as a photoelectric conversion signal. That is, the areas 101a and 101b function as virtual pixels.
- each device is configured so that the optical path length from the beam splitter 7 to the binocular lens 5 via the reflecting mirror 61 and the optical path length from the beam splitter 7 to the binocular lens 5 via the reflecting mirrors 6 and 62 are the same. Placement is set.
- the two subject lights are imaged on the light receiving surfaces of the image sensor 11 and the image sensor 12 by the binocular lens 5, respectively, and are photoelectrically converted by both image sensors.
- the horizontal position of the reflecting mirror 61 or 62 is finely adjusted with respect to the relative position of the two image sensors with respect to the image formation. As shown in FIG. 18, two pixels of the image sensor 11 and three pixels of the image sensor 12 have a horizontal phase difference of 0. It has become.
- Image signals from the image sensor 11 and the image sensor 12 are input to a high-definition signal generator 13, in which the image signal from the image sensor 11 is input to the image memory 1 and the image signal from the image sensor 12 is an image. Accumulated in memory.
- the horizontal two-pixel signal of the first image memory is added and the horizontal three-pixel signal of the second image memory is added, and all of them are used to collate two images and perform other signal processing. I do.
- the other signal processing includes fine movement instruction processing for the fine movement device 4, imaging instruction processing for the image sensors 11 and 12, and high-definition signal generation processing.
- FIG. 19A shows an arrangement state of pixel signals in the first image memory 31.
- FIG. 19B shows an arrangement state of pixel signals in the second image memory 32.
- FIG. 20 is a flowchart of two image matching processing and other signal processing.
- the addition signal of the horizontal two-pixel signals G1 (2j-1, i) and G1 (2j, i) in the image memory 1 is SG1 (j, i)
- the horizontal three-pixel signal G2 (3j-2 The added signal of i), G2 (3j-1, i), G2 (3j, i) is SG2 (j, i).
- the horizontal shift amount of two images is dX
- the vertical shift amount is dY.
- the difference between the addition signals SG1 (j, i) and SG2 (j, i) is taken, and the addition result for all the data is compared with a preset value Zth (S3). If the result of the comparison determination is affirmative (Yes), the signal VG1 (j, i) of the virtual pixel 101a is calculated using Equation 6 and the signal VG2 (j, i) of the virtual pixel 101b is calculated using Equation 7.
- virtual pixel signals are generated one after another while performing the following five horizontal pixel shifting processes (S4).
- the generated virtual pixel signal is a high-definition signal because the horizontal opening ( ⁇ ) is narrow and the pixels are shifted at 1/2 and 3/2 pitches (S5). This operation is shown in FIG. This situation of pixel shifting is equivalent to virtual pixels being densely arranged in the horizontal direction and pixel shifting at a 1/2 pitch.
- the resolution is improved 3 times for the image sensor 11 and 2 times for the image sensor 12. Further, since this is equivalent to shifting the 1 ⁇ 2 pitch pixel, the double resolution is improved. As a result, the resolution is improved by 6 times compared to the case where only the image sensor 11 is used, and 4 times as compared with the case where only the image sensor 12 is used.
- an apparatus that captures images with at least two types of imaging systems having different imaging resolutions, and the resolutions of the two imaging systems in the horizontal direction are 2: 3,
- the resolution is improved by 4 to 6 times, which is not effective in the prior art. That is, the virtual pixel generated from a slight aperture difference can realize a large resolution improvement.
- the conditions are as follows, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the imaging systems differ only in the horizontal resolution of the imaging element, they may have different vertical resolutions.
- the image pickup systems differ only in the horizontal resolution of the image pickup device, the effect of aperture difference can be obtained by shifting the pixels by 1/2, 3/2 pitch of the virtual pixels in the diagonal direction even if the horizontal and vertical resolutions are different.
- the imaging systems have different imaging element resolutions, optical systems having different resolutions may be used.
- the definition of the two imaging systems is 2: 3, other integer ratios n: m may be used. In particular, if the values of n and m are large and the difference between them is small, a large resolution can be obtained.
- two imaging systems are used, three or more imaging systems may be used if the definition is different.
- the solid-state imaging device is applied to all cameras such as consumer cameras using a solid-state imaging device, so-called digital cameras, solid-state cameras for digital movies and broadcasts, and industrial-use solid-state monitoring cameras including nighttime surveillance. It is valid.
- 1 Unit pixel area 1a Photosensor with a wide opening (photodiode) DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1b Light-sensitive part with a narrow opening part 1c Photo-sensitive part 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f Virtual opening part 2a Micro lens with high condensing rate 2b Micro lens with low condensing rate 11 Image pick-up element 11a, 11a pixel 11b Pixel 12 Imaging Element 12a, 12b, 12c Pixel
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Abstract
Description
[式1]f(X)=AcosωX
[式2]P(n)=∫Acosωtdt [t=-T/2+nT~T/2+nT]
[式3]P(n)=Bsin(ωT/2)cos(ωnT)
[式4]P(n)=Bsin(πω/ωs)cos(2πnω/ωs)
[式5]P(n+1/2)=Bsin(πω/ωs)cos(π(2n+1)ω/ωs)
図4は本発明の実施形態1における撮像素子の光感知部の基本配置を示した平面図である。図4では、隣接する4つの単位画素領域のみが示されているが、現実の撮像素子の撮像面には、多数の単位画素領域が配列されている。本実施形態及び後述すの各実施形態では、2行2列の光感知部を基本構成とする多数の光感知部が2次元状に配列されている。言い換えると、現実の撮像面では、図4に示す4つの光感知部の組(画素基本セット)が水平方向及び垂直方向に周期的に配列されている。なお、図4の水平方向は、図2、図3のX軸方向に相当し、図4の垂直方向は、図2、図3のY軸方向に相当する。
[式6]P(n)=Bsin(π(ω/m)/ωs)cos(2πnω/ωs)
[式7]P(n)=Bsin(πω/ωs)cos(2πnmω/ωs)
[式8]P(n+k/2m)=Bsin(πω/ωs)cos(2πmn(1+k/2m)ω/ωs)
[式9]P(n)=Bsin(ωTb/2)cos(ω(nT-δ))
[式10]P(n)=B(sin(ωT/2)cos(ωnT)-sin(ωTb/2)cos(ω(nT-δ)))
[式11]P(n)=B[sin(ωT/2)cos(ωnT)-sin(ωTb/2)cos(ωnT)
+sin(ωTb/2)cos(ωnT)-sin(ωTb/2)cos(ω(nT-δ))]
[式12]Z1=(sin(ωT/2)-sin(ωTb/2))cos(ωnT)
=2cos(ω(T+Tb)/2) sin(ω(T-Tb)/2)cos(ωnT)
[式13]Z2=sin(ωTb/2)(cos(ωnT)-cos(ω(nT-δ)))
=-2sin(ωTb/2)sin(ω(nT-δ/2))sin(ωδ/2)
[式14]P(n)=B(Z1+Z2)
ここで、式12で示すZ1は、光感知部1a、1bの開口中心のずれ量δを含んでいないので、図4の仮想開口部1e、1dの受光量の合計に相当する。Z1は(T-Tb)を含んでいるので、それにより画素ずらしで解像度を高められる。しかし、Z1は、(T+Tb)も含んでいるので、結局、後者の影響で解像度は低下する。なお、図4の領域1eは仮想開口部1cの中で領域1dと同じ面積を有する部分であり、領域1fは開口中心のずれ量δXに係わる仮想開口部である。
次に、図6を参照して、第2の実施形態を説明する。図6は本発明の実施形態2における光感知部の基本配置を示した平面図である。本実施形態では、2行2列を基本構成として2次元状に配列している。同図において、開口率100%の光感知部1aが1行1列目と1行2列目に配置されている。開口率50%の光感知部1bが2行1列目と2行2列目に配置されている。また、光感知部1aと光感知部1bの位置関係は、水平方向に関して光感知部の右端が同じ位置にある。そのため、光感知部1aの開口中心に対して、光感知部1bの開口中心は水平方向に0.25ピッチ(δX=0.25)ずれている。
[式15]P(n)=B(sin(ω(T-Tb)/2)cos(ω(nT-Tb/2)))
次に図8を参照しながら第3の実施形態を説明する。図8は本発明の実施形態3における光感知部の基本配置を示した平面図である。2行2列を基本構成として2次元状に配列している。同図において、開口率が高い光感知部(開口率100%)1aは、1行1列目と1行2列目に配置されている。開口率の低い光感知部1aは、水平及び垂直方向に開口が狭く、2行1列目と2行2列目に配置されている。また、光感知部1aと光感知部1bの位置関係は、水平方向に関して光感知部1bの中心が光感知部1aの中心よりδXずれ、垂直方向に関して光感知部1bの中心が光感知部1aを1ピッチずらせた中心位置よりδyずれている。
次に、図12を参照して第4の実施形態を説明する。図12は本発明の実施形態4における光感知部の基本配置を示した平面図である。同図において、開口率が高い光感知部(開口率100%)1aは、1行1列目と1行2列目に配置されている。開口率の低い光感知部1bは、水平方向に開口が狭く、その開口率は光感知部1aの開口率の1/2であり、2行1列目と2行2列目に配置されている。
[式16]δs=(W1a-W1b)/2
次に、図14を参照しながら、第5の実施形態を説明する。図14(A)は本発明の実施形態5における光感知部上に配設されたマイクロレンズアレイの一部を示す平面図である。このマイクロレンズアレイは、現実には、2次元的に配列された多数のマイクロレンズを有しているが、図14(A)に示す2行2列のマイクロレンズのセットを基本構成としている。また、図14(B)は、図14(A)におけるAA’線断面図である。14図(C)は、図14(A)におけるBB’線断面図である。図14に示す4つのマイクロレンズのセットにおいて、集光率の相対的に高いマイクロレンズ2aと、集光率の相対的に低いマイクロレンズ2bとが、垂直方向に隣接して配置されている。両マイクロレンズ2a、2bの右端が垂直方向の延びる同一直線上にある。マイクロレンズ2a、2bからの光を受けて電気信号に出力する光感知部1gは、水平垂直方向に規則的に配列している。
図17は、本発明の実施形態6における2画像による画素ずらし型撮像装置の構成図である。
[式6]VG1(j,i)=G1(2j-1,i)-G2(3j-2,i)
[式7]VG2(j,i)=G1(2j,i)-G2(3j,i)
・水平画素ずらし処理1:[1]微動装置4に対して水平方向にδ/2移動指令
[2]撮像素子11、12から画像信号受信
[3]仮想画素102a、102bの信号作成
・水平画素ずらし処理2:[4]微動装置4に対して水平方向に3δ/2移動指令
[5]撮像素子11、12から画像信号受信
[6]仮想画素103a、103bの信号作成
・水平画素ずらし処理3:[7]微動装置4に対して水平方向にδ/2移動指令
[8]撮像素子11、12から画像信号受信
[9]仮想画素104a、104bの信号作成
・水平画素ずらし処理4:[10]微動装置4に対して水平方向に3δ/2移動指令
[11]撮像素子11、12から画像信号受信
[12]仮想画素105a、105bの信号作成
・水平画素ずらし処理5:[13]微動装置4に対して水平方向にδ/2移動指令
[14]撮像素子11、12から画像信号受信
[15]仮想画素106a、106bの信号作成
(1)撮像素子の水平解像度のみ異なる撮像系としたが、垂直解像度が異なるものでも構わない。
(2)撮像素子の水平解像度のみ異なる撮像系としたが、水平及び垂直解像度が異なるものでも、斜め方向に仮想画素の1/2、3/2ピッチで画素ずらしを行えば、開口差の効果はある。
(3)撮像素子の解像度が異なる撮像系としたが、光学系の分解能が異なるものでも構わない。
(4)2つの撮像系の精細度を2:3としたが、その他の整数比n:mでも構わない。特にn、mの値が大きく、それらの差が小さければ、大きな解像度が得られる。
(5)撮像系を2つとしたが、精細度が異なれば3つ以上でも構わない。
1a 開口部の広い光感知部(フォトダイオード)
1b 開口部の狭い光感知部
1c 光感知部
1c,1d,1e,1f 仮想の開口部
2a 集光率の高いマイクロレンズ
2b 集光率の低いマイクロレンズ
11 撮像素子
11a、11a 画素
11b 画素
12 撮像素子
12a、12b、12c 画素
Claims (29)
- 固体撮像素子と、
前記固体撮像素子の撮像面に像を形成する光学系と、
前記撮像面上における前記像の位置をシフトさせる画素ずらし部と、
前記固体撮像素子から出力される電気信号を処理する映像信号処理部と、
を備える画素ずらし型撮像装置であって、
前記固体撮像素子は、
前記撮像面上において、第1方向に沿って第1画素ピッチで配列され、かつ、前記第1方向と交差する第2方向に沿って第2画素ピッチで配列された複数の単位画素領域を有しており、
前記第1方向に隣接する2つの単位画素領域の一方は第1の開口率を有する第1の光感知部を有し、前記2つの単位画素領域の他方は前記第1の開口率よりも低い第2の開口率を有する第2の光感知部を有し、
前記第1の光感知部は、前記第1の光感知部に入射した光の量に応じた第1の画素信号を出力し、前記第2の光感知部は、前記第2の光感知部に入射した光の量に応じた第2の画素信号を出力し、
前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけ仮想的に移動させると、前記第1の光感知部は前記第2の光感知部の全体を覆い、前記仮想的に移動した第1の光感知部のうちで前記第2の光感知部を覆っていない部分が仮想的な第3の光感知部として機能し、
前記映像信号処理部は、前記第1の画素信号と前記第2の画素信号との差分から、前記仮想的な第3の光感知部に入射した光の量に応じた仮想的な画素信号を得る画素ずらし型撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせたとき、前記第2の光感知部の中心は、前記シフトした第1の光感知部の中心から前記第2方向に距離δだけずれている、請求項1に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記第1の方向に平行な前記第2の光感知部の2つのエッジの一方は、前記第1の方向に平行な前記第1の光感知部の2つのエッジを前記第1の方向に延長した直線の一方に接している、請求項2に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第2方向に、前記距離δの半分以上の距離だけシフトさせる、請求項2または3に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第2方向に、前記第2画素ピッチの半分以下の距離だけシフトさせる、請求項4に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第2方向に、前記第2光感知部の幅の半分以下の距離だけシフトさせる、請求項5に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向に、前記第1画素ピッチの半分シフトさせる、請求項1に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向に、前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせること、及び前記第1画素ピッチの半分だけシフトさせることを交互に実行する、請求項1から7のいずれかにに記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向及び前記第2方向の両方に対して斜めの方向にシフトさせる、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせたとき、前記第2の光感知部の中心は、前記シフトした第1の光感知部の中心から前記第2方向にδXだけずれ、かつ前記第1方向にδYだけずれている、請求項1に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向に前記距離δYの半分以上かつ前記第1画素ピッチの半分以下の距離Y1だけシフトさせ、かつ、前記第2方向に前記距離δXの半分以上かつ前記第2画素ピッチの半分以下の距離X1だけシフトさせる請求項10に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向に前記距離Y1プラス前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせ、かつ、前記第2方向に、前記距離X1プラス前記第2画素ピッチだけシフトさせる請求項11に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせたとき、前記第2の光感知部の中心が前記シフトした第1の光感知部の中心と一致するように前記第1の光感知部及び前記第2の光感知部が配置されており、
前記画素ずらし部は、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向及び前記第2方向の両方に対して斜めの第3方向にシフトさせ、
前記画素ずらし部による前記第3方向のシフトにより、前記第1の光感知部は前記第2の光感知部の全体を覆い、かつ、前記第1の光感知部のうちで前記第2の光感知部を覆わない部分が1つの領域だけ形成され、前記領域が仮想画素として機能し、
前記映像信号処理部は、前記画素ずらし部による前記シフトの前後に得られる前記前記第1の画素信号及び前記第2の画素信号の差分と、前記第2の画素信号とに基づいて高精細信号を生成する、請求項1に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光感知部の前記第2方向における幅をW1a、前記第2の光感知部の前記第2方向における幅をW1bとするとき、前記画素ずらし部による前記第3方向のシフトは、前記撮像面における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向に移動させるとともに、前記第2方向にも(W1a-W1b)/2によって規定される距離だけ移動させる、請求項13に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光感知部の前記第1方向における長さをT1a、前記第2の光感知部の前記第1方向における長さをT1bとするとき、前記画素ずらし部による前記第3方向のシフトは、前記撮像面における前記像の位置を、前記第1方向に、(T1a-T1b)/2によって規定される距離だけ移動させるとともに、前記第1方向にも移動させる、請求項13または14に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光感知部の前記第2方向における幅をW1a、前記第2の光感知部の前記第2方向における幅をW1bとするとき(W1a>W1b)、
W1bがW1a/2に一致しない場合、前記画素ずらし部は、前記第3方向のシフトとは別に、前記撮像面上における前記像の位置を前記第2方向にW1a/2だけシフトさせる、請求項10に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。 - 前記画素ずらし部は、前記第3方向のシフトを周期的に繰り返す、請求項10に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記固体撮像素子は、前記第1光感知部及び前記第2光感知部の開口率及び位置を調節するマイクロレンズのアレイを有している、請求項1から17のいずれかに記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 撮像面上において、第1方向に沿って第1画素ピッチで配列され、かつ、前記第1方向と交差する第2方向に沿って第2画素ピッチで配列された複数の単位画素領域を有する固体撮像素子であって、
前記第1方向に隣接する2つの単位画素領域の一方は第1の開口率を有する第1の光感知部を有し、前記2つの単位画素領域の他方は前記第1の開口率よりも低い第2の開口率を有する第2の光感知部を有し、
前記第1の光感知部は、前記第1の光感知部に入射した光の量に応じた第1の画素信号を出力し、前記第2の光感知部は、前記第2の光感知部に入射した光の量に応じた第2の画素信号を出力し、
前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけ仮想的に移動させると、前記第1の光感知部は前記第2の光感知部の全体を覆う、固体撮像素子。 - 前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけ仮想的に移動した前記第1の光感知部のうちで前記第2の光感知部を覆っていない部分が仮想的な第3の光感知部として機能し、
前記第1の画素信号と前記第2の画素信号との差分から、前記仮想的な第3の光感知部に入射した光の量に応じた仮想的な画素信号が得られる、請求項19に記載の固体撮像素子。 - 前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせたとき、前記シフトした第1の光感知部の中心と前記第2の光感知部の中心とが一致しないように前記第1の光感知部及び第2の光感知部の位置が決められている、請求項19に記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせたとき、前記第2の光感知部の中心は、前記シフトした第1の光感知部の中心に対して前記第2方向に距離δだけずれている、請求項19に記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記第1の光感知部を前記第1方向に前記第1画素ピッチだけシフトさせたとき、前記シフトした第1の光感知部の中心と前記第2の光感知部の中心とを結ぶ直線は、前記第1方向に対して平行ではない、請求項22に記載の固体撮像素子。
- 被写体からの光を第1の光路及び第2の光路を含む少なくとも2つの光路に分岐するスプリッタと、
前記第1の光路を通る光により、第1の精細度で撮像を行う第1の固体撮像素子と、
前記第2の光路を通る光により、前記第1の精細度よりも高い第2の精細度で撮像を行う第2の固体撮像素子と、
前記第1の固体撮像素子で得られた第1の画像と前記第2の固体撮像素子で得られた第2の画像とを画素単位で対応付ける照合手段と、
前記各固体撮像素子の撮像面上における像の位置をシフトさせる画素ずらし部と、
前記照合手段によって対応付けられた画素間の開口差による画素領域を仮想画素とし、前記画素ずらし部による前記仮想画素の移動量が前記仮想画素の1/2ピッチあるいは3/2ピッチを含んでいる、画素ずらし型撮像装置。 - 前記第1の撮像素子は、第1の密度で配列された画素を有し、
前記第2の撮像素子は、前記第1の密度よりも高い第2の密度で配列された画素を有する、請求項24に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。 - 第1の倍率を有する第1の光学系を前記第1の光路に有し、
前記第1の倍率よりも小さな倍率を有する第2の光学系を前記第2の光路に有する、請求項24に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。 - 前記第1の精細度:前記第2の精細度は、n:mである(n、mは、互いに異なる正の整数、n<m)である請求項24に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記仮想画素の移動量は、移動方向において、前記仮想画素のピッチの1/2倍である請求項24に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
- 前記仮想画素の移動量は、移動方向において、前記仮想画素のピッチの1/2倍、または1/2倍及び3/2倍である請求項24に記載の画素ずらし型撮像装置。
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CN102870403B (zh) * | 2010-04-15 | 2016-05-25 | 奥林巴斯株式会社 | 图像处理装置、摄像装置以及图像处理方法 |
EP2560375A4 (en) * | 2010-04-15 | 2016-10-26 | Olympus Corp | IMAGE PROCESSING DEVICE, IMAGE CAPTURE DEVICE, PROGRAM, AND IMAGE PROCESSING METHOD |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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TW201043017A (en) | 2010-12-01 |
KR20110059686A (ko) | 2011-06-03 |
US8253818B2 (en) | 2012-08-28 |
JPWO2010038378A1 (ja) | 2012-02-23 |
CN101884215A (zh) | 2010-11-10 |
US20100309329A1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
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