Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
  • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
  • C07F9/12—Esters of phosphoric acids with hydroxyaryl compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
  • C07F9/141—Esters of phosphorous acids
  • C07F9/145—Esters of phosphorous acids with hydroxyaryl compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
  • C07F9/40—Esters thereof
  • C07F9/4003—Esters thereof the acid moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
  • C07F9/4006—Esters of acyclic acids which can have further substituents on alkyl

Definitions

• diaromatic alkylphosphonates are prepared by the reaction of a triaromaticphosphite specifically triphenylphosphite and methanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of methyl iodide.
• the reaction temperatures are higher than the boiling point of methanol ( -65 °C), and consequently require a relatively slow addition of methanol in order to keep it from boiling out of the reactor.
• phenol is a by- product that is distilled from the product in a separate step.
• U. S. Patent No. 4.377.537 describes a method of synthesizing diaromatic methyl phosphonates by the reaction of a triarylphosphite (specifically triphenylphosphite) and trialkylphosphite (specifically triphenylphosphite) in the presence of a catalytic amount of methyl iodide.
• the reaction typically involves heating the components to a final temperature of about 230 °C for up to 1 hour. Exothermic reactions for this process occur in two temperature regions, the first around 100 °C, and the second near 210 °C. Due to the exothermic (even explosive) nature of these reactions when used in a batch process, the reaction scheme described in U.S. Patent No. 4,377,537 is limited to small scale production of diaromatic alkylphosphonates.
• Embodiments of the invention presented herein include a method for preparing optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate including the steps of: combining at least one optionally substituted triarylphosphite and at least one catalyst to form a triarylphosphite catalytic mixture; heating the triarylphosphite catalytic mixture to a reaction temperature; adding to the heated triarylphosphite catalytic mixture: (i) at least one optionally substituted trialkylphosphite in a molar excess of less than about 10 % based on the optionally substituted triarylphosphite; or (ii) at least one optionally substituted alkanol in a molar excess of less than about 10 % based on the optionally substituted triarylphosphite; and reacting the triarylphosphite mixture and the at least one optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or at least one optionally substituted alkanol to form the
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite may be in a molar excess of 0.0 % to about 3 % of the optionally substituted triarylphosphite, and in others, the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite may be in a molar excess of less than about 1 % of the optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the triarylphosphite catalytic mixture is stored for an indefinite period of time prior to heating.
• the optionally substituted triarylphosphite of various embodiments may be of general formula (III):
• R 1a , R 1b and R 1c my each, independently, be of general formula (II):
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 may each, independently, be selected from hydrogen, trifluoromethyl, nitro, cyano, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, an aromatic, a halide, C 1 -C 20 alkyl ether, benzyl halide, benzylether, aromatic ether and a combination thereof.
• the optionally substituted triaryJphosphite may be triphenylphosphite.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite of various embodiments may be of general formula (IV):
• R2 a , R 2b and R 2C may each, independently, be C 1 -C 20 alkyls, and in certain embodiments, the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite may be trimethylphosphite.
• the optionally substituted alkanol of various embodiments may be selected from optionally substituted alkanols of general formula (V):
• R 8 and R 9 may each, independently, be hydrogen or C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and in certain embodiments, the optionally substituted alkanol may be methanol.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be added to the heated catalytic mixture by methods including but not limited to. adding the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol under a surface of the heated triarylphosphite catalytic mixture; adding the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol on top of a surface of the heated triarylphosphite catalytic mixture; and a combination thereof.
• the catalyst of some embodiments may be an alkylating catalyst, and in various embodiments, the catalyst may be an alkyl halide of general formula (VII). where R 10 may be C 1 -C 20 alkyl and X may be a halide. in particular embodiments, the catalyst may be CH 3 I.
• the catalyst is in an excess of less than about 0.15 % by weight of a total weight of the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and the optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the reaction temperature may be at least greater than an exotherm created when an optionally substit ⁇ ted triarylphosphite is mixed at room temperature with a catalyst and an optionally substituted trialkylphosphite and heated, and in particular embodiments, the reaction temperature may be from about 210°C to about 260°C.
• the method may include the step of maintaining the reaction temperature during addition of the mixture.
• the optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate prepared may include substantially no optionally substituted triarylphosphite, and in certain other embodiments, the optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate prepared may include substantially no optionally substituted arylhalide. Therefore, in particular embodiments, the method may include the step of using the optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate prepared in subsequent reactions without purifying the optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosplionate.
• inventions include a method for preparing an optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate including the steps of: providing at least one optionally substituted triarylphosphite; adding to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite at least one catalyst; adding to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the catalyst may be an alkylating catalyst, and in certain embodiments, the catalyst may be an alkyl halide of general formula (VII). where R 10 may be C 1 -C 20 alkyl and X may be a halide. In particular embodiments, the catalyst may be CH 3 I. In further embodiments, the catalyst may be in an excess of less than about 0.15% by weight of a total weight of the mixture and the optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the step of reacting may include heating to a reaction temperature at least greater than an exotherm created when an optionally substituted triarylphosphite is mixed at room temperature with a catalyst and an optionally substituted trialkylphosphite, and in certain embodiments, the reaction temperature may be from about 210° C to about 260" C.
• the method may further include the step of maintaining the reaction temperature during the steps of adding and reacting.
• Still other embodiments of the invention include a composition including a phosphonkmi salt ptepared by combining optionally substituted triarylphosplute; and at least one catalyst in an excess of less than about 0 15 % of the optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the catalyst of the composition may be an alkylating catalyst, and in particular embodiments, the catalyst may be an alkyl halide of general formula (VII) where R N , may be C 1 -C 20 alkyl and X may be a halide. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be CH. ⁇ .
• substantially no means that the subsequently described event may occur at most about less than 10 % of the time or the subsequently described component may be at most about less than 10 % of the total composition, in some embodiments, and in others, at most about less than 5 %, and in still others at most about less than 1 %.
• alkyl refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon or group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as but not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like.
• Cycloalkyl or “cycloalkyi groups” are branched or unbranched hydrocarbons in which all or some of the carbons are arranged in a ring such as but not limited to cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl and the like.
• the term “lower alkyl” includes an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• ary1 refers to monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radicals or groups consisting of one or more fused rings in which at least one ring is aromatic in nature.
• Aryls may include but are not limited to phenyl, napthyl, biphenyl ring systems and the like.
• the aryl group may be uns ⁇ bstituted or substituted with a variety of substituents including but not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, halide, benzylic, alkyl or aromatic ether, nitro, cyano and the like and combinations thereof.
• S ⁇ bsutuent refers to a molecular group that replaces a hydrogen in a compound and may include but are not limited to trifluoromethyl, nitro, cyano, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aromatic or aryl, halide (F, Cl, Br, I), C 1 -C 20 alkyl ether, benzyl halide, benzyl ether, aromatic or aryl ether, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino (-NHR'), dialkylamino (-NR'R'') or other groups which do not interfere with the formation of the diaryl alkylphosphonate.
• an "arylol” or an “arylol group” is an aryl group with a hydroxy!., OH, group substituent on the aryl ring.
• Non-limiting examples of an arylol are phenol, naphthalene and the like.
• a wide variety of arlyois may be used in the embodiments of the invention and are commercially available.
• alkanol or “alkanol group” refers to a compound including an alkyl of
• alkanols include but are not limited to methanol, ethanol, 1- and 2-propanol, 1,1- dimethylethanol, hexanol, octanol and the like.
• Alkanol groups may be optionally substituted with substituents as described above.
• alkenol or "alkenol group” refers to a compound including an alkene
• Alkenols may be further substituted with one or more substituents as described above and may be used in place of alkanols in some embodiments of the invention. Alkenols are known to those skilled in the art and many are readily available commercially.
• Embodiments of the invention presented herein include methods for making optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonates, optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonates prepared using such methods, and compositions related to these methods.
• the method of various embodiments may include combining optionally substituted triarylphosphite with an at least less than 10 % molar excess of either optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalytically effective amount of a catalyst.
• the optionally substituted triaryl phosphite may be heated to a defined reaction temperature prior to the addition of the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalytically effective amount of a catalyst, and this reaction mixture may be reacted to form optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate.
• a reaction temperature prior to the addition of the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalytically effective amount of a catalyst
• this reaction mixture may be reacted to form optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate.
• combining the components at ambient temperature and heating to a suitable reaction temperature may induce an uncontrolled exothermic reaction to occur potentially creating a violent exotherm.
• optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate may form immediately upon addition of the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalytically effective amount of the catalyst to the heated optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the heat generated by the reaction may be regulated by the rate at which the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalytically effective amount of the catalyst are added to the heated optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalytically effective amount of the catalyst may be added using a controlled method such as, for example, dropping in from above or pumping in from below the surface of the reaction mixture.
• optionally substituted triarylphosphite and a catalytically effective amount of a catalyst such as, but not limited to, a methyl halide may be combined to form a stable triarylphosphite catalytic mixture.
• the triarylphosphite catalytic mixture may be stored following its preparation at ambient temperature for an indefinite period of time, and/or the triarlyphosphite catalytic mixture may be heated to a defined reaction temperature and production of optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate may be initiated by the addition of an at least less than 10 % molar excess of optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol to the healed lriarylphosphite catalytic mixture.
• the triarylphosphite catalytic mixture of embodiments may further contain an excess of optionally substituted triarylphosphite in relation to the catalyst.
• the optionally substituted triarylphosphite when combined with the catalyst, may react with the catalyst to form the triarylphosphite catalytic mixture such substantially no uncontrolled exothermic reaction is observed.
• the rate of addition of trialkylphosphite to heated reaction mixture may be adjusted to additionally control the exotherm.
• the triarly phosphite catalytic mixture may substantially increase the boiling point of the catalyst such that the triarylphosphite catalytic mixture may be heated to a temperature greater than 40 °C with substantially no loss of catalytic activity.
• optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate may take place at high temperature with substantially no loss of the catalyst due to vaporization of the catalyst as may occur when the catalyst is added with the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol or added individually either by dropping into the reaction or pumping in from below the reaction surface.
• optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate may form immediately upon addition of the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol to the heated triarylphosphite catalytic mixture.
• the heat generated by the reaction may be regulated by the rate at which the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol are added to the heated triarylphosphite catalytic mixture. Therefore, the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be added using a controlled method such as, for example, dropping in from above or pumping in from below the surface of the reaction mixture.
• the defined reaction temperature may be at least higher than the highest exotherm when the components are mixed at ambient temperature and heated allowing the reaction to occur, and in certain embodiments, the reaction temperature may be at least greater than the temperature of the highest exotherm and below the temperature at which the optionally substituted diary I alkylphosphonate produced is thermally degraded.
• the reaction temperature of embodiments may therefore be from about 210 °C to about 260 °C, and in others, the reaction temperature may be from about 230 °C to about 260 °C.
• the large observed uncontrolled exotherm when the reactants are combined at room temperature and heated, may be eliminated by performing the reaction at a temperature at least greater than the highest exotherm and the volatility of the reaction mixture may be reduced allowing for the reaction to occur more safely.
• the optionally substituted diary I alkylphosphonates prepared by any of the methods described above may be substantially free of contaminants, such as, for example, residual optionally substituted rriarylphosphite which may allow optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonates prepared using methods of embodiments of the invention to be used in subsequent condensation reactions with substantially no formation of toxic by-products.
• diaryl alkylphosphonates or optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonates of embodiments may be of general formula (I):
• R 2 may be C 1 -C 20 alkyl and R 1 may be an aromatic or aryl group, or a substituted aryl group of formula (II):
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 may independently be any substituent including but not limited to hydrogen.
• the diaryl alkylphosphonate may be diphenyl methylphosphonate
• Optionally substituted triarylphosphite may be of general formula (III):
• R 1a , R 1b and R 1c may, individually, be an aromatic or aryl group, or a substituted aryl group of formula (11), and in some embodiments, the triarylphosphite may be triphenylphosphite [0037]
• Optionally substituted trialkylphosphites may be of general formula (IV):
• R 2a , R 2b and R 2c may, individually, be C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and in some embodiments, the triaJkylphosphite may be trimethylphosphite.
• Optionally substituted alkaiiols of embodiments presented herein may be of general formula (V): where 11 « and Rv may independently be hydrogen or Ct-Cao alkyl, and in some embodiments, the optionaHy substituted alkanol may be methanol
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be provided in a molar excess relative to the optionally substituted triary I phosphite that is at least less than about 10%.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be in molar excess of at least less than about 9.5 %, 9.0 % or 8.0 % relative to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite, and in still other embodiments, the optionaHy substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be in a molar excess of from about 0.0 % to about 10 % molar excess relative to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite or from about 0.01 % to about 3.0 % molar excess relative to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be provided in a molar excess of less than 1 % relative to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol is provided within the range of 0.0 % and about 3.0 % relative to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite formation of by-products such as, for example, dimethylphenyl phosphite can be avoided.
• the diaryl alkylphosphonate produced may contain substantially no contaminants such as, for example, residual triarylphosphite, residual trialkylphosphite or combination thereof. Residual triarylphosphite may be difficult to purify from diaryl alkylphosphonate because the boiling points of the two compounds are similar, and triarylphosphite may not be distilled away from diaryl alkylphosphonate.
• oligomeric or polyphosphate may be tainted and unuseable or extensive distillation may be required to remove by-products or residual reactants from the diaryl alkylphosphonate product which greatly increases the time and cost required to produce a usable product.
• the catalyst may include, but are not limited to, alkyl chlorides, alkyl bromides and alkyl iodides in which the alkyl groups may carry one or more of a variety of substituents.
• methyl iodide may be the catalyst.
• Other known alkylating catalysts that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, sulfonic acid esters, sulfuric acid esters, and sultones. Strong acids such as, but not limited to, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid and peril uorooctane sulfonic acid may also serve as catalysts in this reaction.
• the amount of catalyst added to the reaction may vary among embodiments. However, in some embodiments, the catalyst may be in excess of from about 0.01 % to about 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the optionally substituted triarylphosphite and the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted aJkanol. In particular embodiments, the catalyst may be less than about 0.15 % by weight relative to the total weight of the optionally substituted triarylphosphite and the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol. Without wishing to be bound by theory, when the catalyst is less than about 0.15 % by weight of the total reactants, the formation of by-products such as. for example, iodobenzene and tri phenyl phosphate may be avoided.
• optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and the catalyst may individually be provided in the ranges described herein above, in certain embodiments, the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and the catalyst may both be provided in the range described above.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be in molar excess of less than 10 % by weight of the optionally substituted tri aryl phosphite and the catalyst may he less than 0.15 % by weight relative to the total weight of the optionally substituted triarylphosphite and the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol.
• the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol may be in molar excess of about 0.01 % to about 3 % by weight relative to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite or less than 1 % by weight relative to the optionally substituted triarylphosphite and the catalyst may be less than 0.15 % by weight relative to the total weight of the optionally substituted tri aryl phosphite and the optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol.
• the method of the present invention is not limited by how a catalyst is added.
• the catalyst may be combined with the optionally substituted triarylphosphite prior to the addition of the optionally substituted alkanol or optionally substituted alkylphosphite, or the catalyst may be added concurrently with the addition of optionally substituted alkanol or optionally substituted alkylphosphite.
• one or more reactant and/or catalysts may be added from above onto the upper surface of the reaction mixture.
• optionally substituted trialkylphosphite, or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalyst may be added to a reaction mixture containing optionally substituted triarylphosphite or triarylphosphite and a catalyst via ail addition funnel.
• the alkanol or alkanol and catalyst mixture may then be dropped onto the surface of the reaction mixture in a controlled manner.
• the optionally substituted alkanol, or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalyst may be pumped into the reaction mixture thereby adding the alkanol or alkanol and catalyst mixture from below the surface of the reaction mixture.
• Pumping components into a reaction mixture may allow for a constant stream of optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalyst to be provided to heated optionally substituted triarylphosphite.
• optionally substituted alkanol may be provided to heated triarylphosphite catalytic mixture from below the surface of the reaction mixture in a controlled manner.
• adding components such as the optionally substituted alkanol, optionally substituted trialkylphosphite, and or a catalyst from below the surface of the reaction mixture may allow for improved residence time of that component in the reaction mixture increasing the time in which the reactants may react since the heat evolved during the reaction or the defined reaction temperature may be such that one or more of these components evaporate out of the reaction mixture if added to the surface of the reaction mixture.
• Adding the reaction components from below may result in improved reaction efficiency, conversion time, and product yield.
• the feed rate of the optionally substituted trialkylphoshite or optionally substituted alkanol and a catalyst may be increased by pumping these components beneath the surface of the reaction mixture reducing the reaction time compared to the overhead addition method by as much as bv half.
• the synthesis of diaiyl alkylphosphonate may occur, for example, as illustrated in scheme (I):
• R 1 may be an aromatic or aryl group, or a substituted aryl group of formula (II) and R 2 may be C 1 -C 20 alkyl.
• diaryl alkylphosphonate may occur, for example, as illustrated in scheme (II):
• R] may be an aromatic or aryl group, or a substituted aryl group of formula (II) and R.2 may be Ci-Czo alkyi.
• a triarylphosphite catalytic mixture may be formed by combining optionally substituted triarylphosphite with a catalyst such as, for example, a methyl halide catalyst, and heated to a defined reaction temperature before the addition of optionally substituted trialkylphosphite or optionally substituted alkanol resulting in a catalyst of general formula (VI).
• a catalyst such as, for example, a methyl halide catalyst
• Rj a , Rjt > and R u may be an aromatic or aryl group, or a substituted aryl group of formula (II); R u » may be hydrogen or Ct -C 2 0 alkyl; and X may be a halide such as F, CU Br, or I.
• the catalyst of such embodiments may be stable at ambient temperature, or heated to a temperature up to about 260 °C without loss of catalytic activity. The stability of the catalytic complex may be such that the catalyst complex may be stored for an indefinite period of time. The reaction by which the catalyst of embodiments is formed may be reversed at high temperature.
• the catalyst of general formula Vl and optionally substituted triarylphosphite may be heated to a defined reaction temperature of at least about 210 °C and optionally substituted alkanol or optionally substituted trialkylphosphite may be added to create a reaction mixture used to prepare optionally substituted diaryl alkylphosphonate.
• diaryl alkylphosphonate may be prepared without providing an additional catalyst.
• the diaryl alkylphosphonates produced by embodiments of the invention may be prepared in one-pot, so there may be no need to isolate or purify intermediates. Additionally, by-products such as dialkyl arylphosphite, triarylphosphite, arylols, methoxyaryls, diaryl alkylphosphates, diaryl methyl phosphite and residual triarylphosphite may be minimized or eliminated, so one or more separation steps in which by-products are removed may not be necessary. In certain embodiments, triaryl phosphate may be avoided as a by-product.
• the diaryl alkyphosphonates produced by the present invention may, therefore, be easier to purity or produce at a level of purity sufficient for subsequent reactions.
• diaromatic alkylphosphonates may be produced using the present invention. These may be used as monomers in the synthesis of polymers, such as, but not limited to, polyphosphonates and copolymers of carbonates and phosphonates. These polymers have exceptional fire resistance and are useful in a wide variety of applications encountered in everyday life.
• the crude products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Pure standards of each starting material and the product were used to establish retention times. From this analysis, the amount of the desired product, residual starting materials, and any side products were measured.
• the crude reaction mixture was diluted with acetone and injected into the gas chromatograph. All of the peaks measured were assigned a chemical structure. Analysis of the mixture by gas chromatography gave the following results.
• TPP (a) 2.05 %
• Phenol 0.0 % lodobenzene ⁇ 0.0 %.
• TPP(a) Triphenylphosphate

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