WO2009049198A1 - Procédé et appareil pour propagation à porteuse unique - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil pour propagation à porteuse unique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009049198A1
WO2009049198A1 PCT/US2008/079569 US2008079569W WO2009049198A1 WO 2009049198 A1 WO2009049198 A1 WO 2009049198A1 US 2008079569 W US2008079569 W US 2008079569W WO 2009049198 A1 WO2009049198 A1 WO 2009049198A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
golay
golay codes
codes
data
spreading
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2008/079569
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ismail Lakkis
Original Assignee
Qualcomm Incorporated
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qualcomm Incorporated filed Critical Qualcomm Incorporated
Priority to EP08837400.4A priority Critical patent/EP2213007B1/fr
Priority to JP2010529099A priority patent/JP5425791B2/ja
Priority to KR1020127017057A priority patent/KR101384269B1/ko
Priority to CN200880110910.8A priority patent/CN101821957B/zh
Publication of WO2009049198A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009049198A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/0007—Code type
    • H04J13/0011—Complementary
    • H04J13/0014—Golay
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/16—Code allocation

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to generating spread-spectrum coding, and particularly to generating and processing Golay codes.
  • a Physical Layer supporting both single carrier and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation may be used for millimeter wave (e.g., 60 GHz) communications.
  • millimeter wave e.g. 60 GHz
  • aspects of the invention may be configured for millimeter wave communications in the 57GHz-66GHz spectrum (e.g., 57GHz-64GHz in the United States, and 59GHz-66GHz in Japan).
  • Both OFDM and single-carrier modes further include a single-carrier common mode.
  • the common mode is a base-rate mode employed by both OFDM and single- carrier transceivers to facilitate co-existence and interoperability between different devices and different networks.
  • the common mode may be employed for beaconing, transmitting control information, and as a base rate for data packets.
  • Common-mode data is spread by Golay codes and employs ⁇ /2-BPSK modulation.
  • a single-carrier transceiver in an IEEE802.15.3c network typically employs at least one Golay-code generator to provide Golay codes to all of the fields of a transmitted data frame and to perform matched- filtering of a received Golay-coded signal.
  • Complementary codes are sets of finite sequences of equal length such that the number of pairs of identical elements with any given separation in one sequence is equal to the number of pairs of unlike elements having the same separation in the other sequences.
  • S. Z. Budisin "Efficient pulse compressor for Golay complementary sequences," Electronic Letters, 27, no. 3, pp. 219-220, 31 st Jan. 1991, which is hereby incorporated by reference, shows a transmitter for generating Golay complementary codes as well as a Golay matched filter.
  • a transmitter is configured for assigning Golay codes to be used for spreading, spreading data with the Golay codes to produce a signal, wherein the Golay codes are randomly used to spread the data, and transmitting the signal.
  • a transmitter is configured for transmitting a first beacon signal via a set of quasi-omni beam patterns and a second beacon signal via a set of directional beam patterns, wherein a first rate associated with the transmission of the first beacon signal is higher than a second rate associated with the transmission of the second beacon signal.
  • a transmitter or a receiver generates a preamble using an extended Golay code.
  • the extended Golay code is selected from a set of extended Golay codes having zero periodic cross-correlation, which are generated from a Golay code and a set of short sequences.
  • a transmitter generates a first data block comprising Golay codes and data portions, wherein every data portion is between two Golay codes and every Golay code is between two data portions.
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of a frame structure for a packet in a common-mode communication signal in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 2 illustrates communication links between two pairs of wireless transceivers.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a method for implementing wireless communications in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of an apparatus configured for communicating in a millimeter-wave system.
  • Figure 5 is a block diagram of a Golay-code generator that may be employed in some aspects of the invention.
  • Figure 6 illustrates software components residing on a computer-readable memory and configured in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 7 is a flow diagram for a communication method in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 8 is a block diagram of a sample apparatus configured in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 9 illustrates software components residing on a computer-readable memory and configured in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 10 is a flow diagram depicting a sample method for generating a preamble with a set of extended Golay codes having low-cross-correlation.
  • Figure 11 is a block diagram of a sample apparatus configured for generating a preamble.
  • Figure 12 illustrates software components residing on a computer-readable memory and configured in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 13 is a flow diagram depicting a sample method for generating a communication signal for transmission.
  • Figure 14 is a block diagram of an apparatus configured for generating a signal in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention.
  • Figure 15 shows a sample format of a sub-slot structure.
  • Figure 16 shows a sample format of a sub-block structure in which the sub-slot length is reduced by the channel delay.
  • Figure 17 illustrates a sample block structure in which each of the first N/2 sub- slots in a first block employs a first complementary Golay code as a prefix.
  • Figure 18 illustrates a sub-block structure in accordance with a sample aspect of the invention configured to reduce the presence of spectral lines due to periodic structure in the frame.
  • Figure 19 illustrates a sub-block structure that may be employed in various aspects of the invention.
  • Figure 20 illustrates a sub-block structure in which complementary Golay code a is inserted before even-numbered sub-slots, complementary Golay code b is inserted before odd-numbered sub-slots, and known pilot chips or tones are inserted in some or all of the sub-slots.
  • Figure 1 is a representation of a frame structure for a packet of a common-mode communication signal in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
  • the common- mode signal comprises Golay spreading codes with chip-level ⁇ /2-BPSK modulation.
  • a preamble may comprise either 8 or 30 repetitions of a Golay code having length 128 (e.g., a Golay code denoted by a 128 ).
  • a preamble, as used herein, may further include pilot signals (not shown).
  • a PLCP header and a PSDU i.e. data payload
  • comprise symbols spread with a Golay code pair of length 64 such as Golay codes a 64 and b 64 ).
  • a long preamble i.e., the preamble comprising 30 repetitions of the Golay code
  • the preamble may be switched to a short preamble (i.e., the preamble comprising 8 repetitions of the Golay code) upon either an implicit or explicit device request.
  • Golay codes employed in the preamble may be selected from length-128 or length-256 Golay codes.
  • Golay codes used for data spreading may comprise length-64 or length-128 Golay codes.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a communication links between two pairs of wireless transceivers.
  • a first communication link is provided between a first wireless transceiver 201 and a second wireless transceiver 202.
  • a second communication link is provided between a third wireless transceiver 211 and a fourth wireless transceiver 212.
  • the first wireless transceiver 201 comprises an antenna array 205, which is configured for producing a first directional beam pattern 221.
  • the second wireless transceiver 202 comprises a single antenna 206, which produces a first substantially omni-directional beam pattern 222.
  • the third wireless transceiver 211 comprises an antenna array 215 and is configured for producing a second directional beam pattern 231.
  • the fourth wireless transceiver 204 comprises a single antenna 216, which produces a second substantially omni-directional beam pattern 232.
  • the wireless transceiver 201 employs its direction beam pattern 221 to transmit HDTV signals to the second wireless transceiver 202.
  • the second wireless transceiver 202 is primarily in a receiving mode.
  • the second wireless transceiver 202 may transmit an acknowledgement message (e.g., an ACK or NACK) to acknowledge whether data packets were received correctly.
  • the third wireless transceiver 211 transmits signals via its directional beam pattern 215 to the fourth wireless transceiver 204, which also returns acknowledgement messages.
  • the pair of communication links employs different frequency channels to avoid interference.
  • the omni-directional transceivers 202 and 212 use a low-data rate mode, such as a common mode, to return acknowledgement messages and other information. Interference may occur when one of the omni-directional transceivers 202 and 212 transmits an acknowledgement message in the same frequency band and at the same time the other omni-directional transceiver 212 or 202 is in receiving mode.
  • each link may employ a set of Go lay codes selected from a plurality of Golay-code sets having low-cross correlations relative to each other.
  • any of a set of six Golay complementary code pairs may be employed.
  • W 1 [+1, +1, -7, +7, -7, +1]
  • W 2 [+l, +l, -l, +l, +/, +/]
  • W 3 [-7, +I, +1, -1, -1, +/]
  • W 4 [+7, +7, -7, -l, +l, +l]
  • W 5 [-1, +I, -1, -1, +/, +/]
  • W 6 [+7, +1, +1, -1, -1, +/-]
  • the periodic cross correlation between the resulting Golay complementary codes is less that 16, and the periodic autocorrelation function has a zero-correlation zone (i.e., no side lobes) around the main correlation peak.
  • code generators configured to generate different Golay complementary code pairs may share the same hardware configuration.
  • Input signals may include a Dirac impulse signal.
  • the output comprises the complex-conjugate Golay pair codes in reverse order.
  • the code generator may produce Golay complementary code pairs that are mother codes (a' 6 4, 1) 1 O 4 ) of length 64.
  • the common mode may employ such Golay codes of length 64 or 128 for data spreading.
  • aspects of the invention may be configured to employ codes that randomize the locations of autocorrelation sidelobes.
  • One aspect may employ a set of codes (instead of a single code) for data spreading.
  • each of a plurality of data symbols may be spread with a different spreading code.
  • Adjacent data symbols may employ different spreading codes, or a different spreading code may be employed for each of a plurality of adjacent symbols.
  • each set of devices supporting a different communication link in the same frequency channel may use a unique set of codes.
  • Each set of codes may be derived from circularly shifted versions of a Golay code.
  • each circularly shifted Golay code is produced by employing a constant shift.
  • a second Golay code is produced by circularly shifting a first Golay code by a predetermined amount.
  • a third Golay code is produced by circularly shifting the second Golay code by the predetermined amount. All subsequent Golay codes are also produced by employing the same circular shift.
  • circular shifts between Golay codes may comprise different amounts.
  • a set of codes may be derived from the same delay vector but with different seed vectors. This allows the same hardware to be used to generate the different Golay codes by simply employing different seed vectors. This can provide up to six sets of Golay codes (or code pairs) generated from the same delay vector, but with a programmable set of seed vectors. In this case, the seed vector may be changed for each data symbol to be spread. Alternatively, a Reed Solomon code may be employed and the seed vector changed every 8 symbols.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a method for implementing wireless communications in a spatial multiplexing channel in accordance with one aspect of the invention. In spatial multiplexing, multiple communication links are assigned to a common frequency channel.
  • a Golay-code assignment step 301 provides for assigning a unique set of Golay codes to each of a plurality of potentially interfering communication links.
  • the assignment step 301 may comprise determining if interference is likely to occur between communication links.
  • the assignment step 301 may be configured to determine if two or more transceivers with omni-directional beam patterns are in close proximity.
  • the assignment step 301 may be configured for detecting co-channel interference between links, and if the interference exceeds a predetermined threshold, each link may be assigned a unique set of Golay codes.
  • the assigned codes may comprise Golay codes stored in memory (i.e., predetermined codes) or Golay codes generated on the fly. Generating the codes may precede or follow the assignment step 301.
  • the assigned codes are generated by each transceiver. For example, cyclic shifts of a Golay code may be employed for generating multiple spreading codes. Complementary Golay codes may be employed.
  • a plurality of seed vectors may be employed in a Golay-code generator having a fixed delay vector.
  • a Golay-code generator may comprise multiple delay vectors. Any combination of the previously recited code-generation techniques may be employed in aspects of the invention.
  • a spreading step 302 provides for spreading data with the selected spreading codes.
  • each transceiver may be configured to spread 302 its data with its corresponding prescribed set of spreading codes.
  • the spreading step 302 may be further configured to use the Golay codes to randomly spread the data.
  • the spreading step 302 may comprise changing the spreading code for each symbol or for each of a predetermined set of symbols to produce a spread signal that is transmitted 303. This flattens the spectrum of the transmitted signal.
  • Golay code generation may be performed using a combination of delay elements, seed vector insertion elements, multiplexers, and/or one or more combiners, such as described with respect to Figure 5.
  • matched filtering at a receiver may be performed with two or more Golay matched filters such that adjacent symbols with different codes are handled by different matched filters. For example, if two filters are employed, a first filter may process even-numbered symbols, and a second filter may process odd-numbered symbols.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an apparatus configured for communicating in a millimeter-wave system.
  • a means for assigning Golay codes to be used for spreading may include a Golay-code assignment module 401 configured for selecting predetermined Golay codes stored in memory or dynamically generating Golay codes.
  • the code-assignment module 401 may comprise a computer-processing element and a memory wherein the computer-processing element is configured for selecting one or more Golay codes stored in the memory.
  • the computer-processing element may be configurable for performing calculations, such as determining cross-correlation values or other relationships between candidate Golay codes.
  • the code-assignment module 401 may select Golay codes having low cross-correlation for use in different communication links. For example, the code-assignment module 401 may select one or more Golay codes for its communication link that have low cross-correlation with Golay codes employed in another communication link used by a different system.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a Golay-code generator that may be employed in some aspects of the invention.
  • the Golay-code generator comprises a sequence of delay elements 501-509, a sequence of adaptable seed vector insertion elements 521-529, a first set of combiners 511-519, and a second set of combiners 531-539 configured for combining delayed signals with signals multiplied by the seed vector.
  • the seed vector insertion elements 121-129 are programmable, and each seed vector produces a different Golay complementary code pair.
  • the seed vectors may include any combination of binary and complex symbols.
  • W(k) ⁇ 1.
  • W(k) ⁇ 1 and ⁇ j.
  • the delay profile i.e., the delay vector
  • the delay profile provided by the delay elements 501-509 may be fixed, even when the code generator is configured to produce multiple Golay complementary code pairs.
  • a means for spreading data with the Golay codes may include a spreading module 402 configured for spreading each data symbol with the selected Golay codes to produce a spread signal.
  • the spreading module 402 is configured to employ the selected Golay codes in a way that randomly spreads the data.
  • the spreading module 402 may comprise a randomizer (not shown) configured for randomizing the order in which Golay codes are used to spread data.
  • the spreading module 402 may comprise a cyclic shifting module (not shown) for cyclically shifting the selected Golay codes before they are used to spread data.
  • Alternative aspects of the invention may employ different cyclic shifts.
  • a means for transmitting the spread signal may comprise a transmitter 403 configured for up-converting, amplifying, and coupling the spread data signal into a wireless communication channel.
  • the transmitter 403 typically comprises a digital-to- analog converter, a frequency up-converter, a power amplifier, and an antenna configured for coupling the transmission into a wireless communication channel.
  • Various aspects described herein may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques.
  • article of manufacture as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media.
  • computer readable media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage devices, optical disks, digital versatile disk, smart cards, and flash memory devices.
  • Figure 6 illustrates software components residing on a computer-readable memory 600 and configured in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
  • memory refers to data stores, algorithm stores, and other information stores.
  • the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory.
  • nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory.
  • Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory.
  • RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).
  • SRAM synchronous RAM
  • DRAM dynamic RAM
  • SDRAM synchronous DRAM
  • DDR SDRAM double data rate SDRAM
  • ESDRAM enhanced SDRAM
  • SLDRAM Synchlink DRAM
  • DRRAM direct Rambus RAM
  • the disclosed memory components of systems and/or methods herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable types of memory.
  • a Golay code assignment source-code segment 601 is configured for assigning Golay codes to be used for spreading. According to one aspect of the invention, the source-code segment 601 is configured for selecting one or more Golay codes stored in memory. For example, the source-code segment 601 may be configurable for determining cross-correlation values between candidate Golay codes. According to one aspect of the invention, the source-code segment 601 may select Golay codes having low cross-correlation for use in different communication links.
  • the source code segment 601 may be programmed with different seed vectors, wherein each seed vector produces a different Golay complementary code pair.
  • a spreading source code segment 602 is configured for spreading each data symbol with the selected Golay codes to produce a spread signal.
  • the source code segment 602 may randomize the order in which Golay codes are used to spread data.
  • the source code segment 602 may be configured for cyclically shifting the selected Golay codes before they are used to spread data.
  • aspects of the invention may provide for beamforming in which a first set of beacon signals is transmitted using a set of quasi-omni patterns, followed by transmitting a second set of beacon signals on a predetermined number of directional beam patterns.
  • Such aspects may provide for different spreading gains for different beam patterns. For example, higher spreading gains may be selected for quasi-omni patterns than for directional beacon patterns.
  • FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for a communication method in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
  • a first beacon signal is constructed 701 and transmitted 703 over a set of R quasi-omni beam patterns.
  • the set of R quasi-omni transmissions employs common-mode transmissions, which typically have the highest spreading gain of the available transmission modes.
  • transmitting the first beacon signal 703 comprises simultaneously transmitting the first beacon signal over the set of R quasi-omni beam patterns.
  • transmitting the first beacon signal 703 comprises sequentially transmitting the first beacon signal over the set of R quasi-omni beam patterns.
  • the first beacon signal is transmitted in R different directions, wherein each direction corresponds to one of the R quasi-omni beam patterns.
  • the first beacon signal comprises a preamble, a header , and a data portion.
  • the preamble comprises 32 repetitions of a length-128 Golay code
  • the data is spread with one or more length-64 Golay codes.
  • Golay codes may have different lengths and/or different numbers of repetitions.
  • the header or data portion of the first beacon may include information about the second beacon signal.
  • the directional beacon information may include the Golay-set number s (where s can be 0, 1, ... S- 1), the Golay code length used in the preamble, the number of repetitions used in the preamble, and the Golay code length for header and data spreading.
  • a second beacon signal is constructed 702 and transmitted 704 over a set of directional beam patterns.
  • a directional beam pattern may include directional beams generated from an antenna array or sector directions generated by sector antennas.
  • the second beacon signal may comprise a plurality of directional beacon signals.
  • the directional beacon signals are transmitted 704 simultaneously over the set of directional beam patterns.
  • the directional beacon signals are transmitted 704 sequentially over the set of directional beam patterns.
  • the directional beacon signals are transmitted in Q different directions, wherein each direction corresponds to one of Q directional beam patterns.
  • Each directional beacon signal is transmitted once on one of the Q directional beam patterns, and each transmission occurs at a different time.
  • the binary seeds may be used for common-mode signaling in the quasi-omni beacons.
  • the directional beacons may choose to implement complex seed vectors.
  • Constructing the first beacon signal 701 comprises selecting Golay code sets for use with the quasi-omni transmissions, and constructing the second beacon signal 702 comprises selecting Golay code sets for use with the directional transmissions.
  • the codes are selected such that their spreading gains compensate for the differences in antenna gain between the quasi-omni and directional beams.
  • Code set selection also comprises selecting code sets for the preamble and data transmissions having the same spreading-gain criteria.
  • devices in a piconet may use the common mode for quasi-omni beacons.
  • the common mode may include a length- 128 code for the preamble with 32 repetitions. This code may be generated using one binary seed vector only (e.g., one fixed delay vector of length 7 and one fixed seed vector of length 7).
  • the preamble code set is implemented using one binary or complex seed vector and has length 64 (one fixed delay vector of length 6 and one fixed seed vector of length 6) and 16 repetitions, which provides one-fourth of the spreading gain of the common-mode preamble.
  • the directional beacon may employ a Golay code of length 128 and provide for 8 repetitions, which also provides one-fourth of the spreading gain of the common-mode preamble.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an apparatus configured in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
  • a means for transmitting a first beacon signal via a set of quasi- omni beam patterns comprises a beam-pattern generator 803 and a transmitter 804.
  • a means for transmitting a second beacon signal via a set directional beam patterns also comprises the beam-pattern generator 803 and the transmitter 804.
  • the beam-pattern generator 803 is configured for generating beam-forming weights for an antenna array that is part of the transmitter 804.
  • the beam-forming weights comprise both quasi-omni beam pattern weights and directional beam pattern weights.
  • a beacon signal generator 802 employs Golay codes generated by a means for generating Golay codes, such as a Golay code generator 801, to produce a first beacon signal for transmission on a plurality of quasi-omni beam patterns.
  • the beacon signal generator 802 also uses the Golay codes to produce a second beacon signal for transmission on a plurality of directional beam patterns.
  • the beacon signal generator 802 produces the first beacon signal such that its transmission rate is higher than the transmission rate associated with the second beacon signal.
  • the second beacon signal may use shorter Golay codes and fewer repetitions in the preamble than the first beacon signal.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates software components residing on a computer-readable memory 900 and configured in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
  • a first beacon source code segment 901 is configured for constructing a first beacon signal for transmission via a set of quasi-omni beam patterns. The first beacon signal is constructed from one or more Golay codes to provide for a first transmission rate.
  • a second beacon source code segment 902 is configured for constructing a second beacon signal for transmission via a set of directional beam patterns. The second beacon signal is constructed from one or more Golay codes to provide for a second transmission rate. The second beacon signal may use shorter Golay codes and fewer repetitions in the preamble than the first beacon signal. Thus, the first transmission rate will be higher than the second transmission rate.
  • Figure 10 is a flow diagram depicting a method for generating a preamble with a set of extended Golay codes having low-cross-correlation.
  • a family of Golay codes may be extended by using a Kronecker product of short sequences with Golay codes to obtain a larger set of Golay codes (i.e., extended Golay codes) with improved cross-correlation properties.
  • an optional step of generating extended Golay codes 1001 may comprise employing the functions kron([l 1 1 1], golay64) and kron([l -1 1 -1], golay64) to generate length-256 sequences of extended Golay codes having zero periodic cross-correlation.
  • a code-set of length-64 (e.g., one fixed delay vector of length 6 and one or more binary seed vectors of length 6) may be selected for data spreading in the quasi-omni case, whereas a length- 16 code-set (one fixed delay vector of length 4 and multiple binary or complex seed vectors of length 4) may be used in the directional case.
  • a code-set of length 16 (one fixed delay vector of length 4 and all binary or complex seed vectors of length 4) may be employed for the quasi-omni case
  • a code-set of length 8 (one fixed delay vector of length 3 and all binary or complex seed vectors of length 3) may be used in the directional case.
  • Extended Golay codes with zero cross-correlation may be selected 1002 for different preambles, and one or more preambles may be generated 1003 from the selected codes.
  • FIG 11 is a block diagram of an apparatus configured for generating a preamble.
  • a means for obtaining an extended Golay code may comprise an optional Golay code selector 1101, an optional short-sequence selector 1102, a Kronecker operator 1103, and an extended Golay code selector 1104.
  • the Golay code selector 1101 may be configured to generate one or more Golay codes or select one or more Golay codes from a memory.
  • the short-sequence selector 1102 may be configured to generate one or more short sequences or select one or more short sequences from a memory.
  • the short sequences may comprise rows of a Fourier transform matrix or rows of a Hadamard matrix.
  • the Kronecker operator 1103 is configurable for performing a Kronecker product of the selected Golay codes with the selected short sequences to produce a set of extended Golay codes having zero periodic cross-correlation.
  • the extended Golay code selector 1104 is configured to select an extended Golay code from the set of extended Golay codes to provide a selected extended Golay code.
  • a means for generating a preamble may comprise a preamble generator 1105 configurable for using the selected extended Golay code to generate the preamble.
  • Figure 12 illustrates software components residing on a computer-readable memory 1200 and configured in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
  • a Kronecker operator source code segment 1201 is configured for performing a Kronecker product operation of an input set of Golay codes with an input set of short sequences to produce a set of extended Golay codes having zero periodic cross-correlation.
  • An extended Golay source code segment 1202 is configured for selecting an extended Golay code from the set of extended Golay codes to provide a selected extended Golay code.
  • a preamble generation source code segment 1203 is configurable for using the selected extended Golay code to generate a preamble.
  • the input set of Golay codes may be generated by a Golay code generation source code segment (not shown) residing on the computer- readable memory 1200, and the input set of short sequences may be produced by a short sequence generation source code segment (not shown) residing on the computer- readable memory 1200.
  • the short sequence generation source code segment (not shown) may be configured to generate a Fourier transform matrix or a Hadamard matrix.
  • a method for generating a communication signal for transmission shown in Figure 13 comprises generating a data block 1301 from input Golay codes and data portions, wherein every data portion of the data block is between two Golay codes and every Golay code is between two data portions, and transmitting the data block 1302.
  • a data payload is either generated dynamically or obtained from the MAC layer.
  • the payload is scrambled, encoded, and then partitioned into data blocks.
  • the data blocks are partitioned into data portions, and Golay codes are inserted in between the data portions.
  • a sub-block, as used herein, may comprise a data portion followed by a Golay code or a data portion preceded by a Golay code.
  • Figure 15 shows a sub-block that comprises a cyclic prefix 1501 and a sub-slot 1502.
  • a sub-slot may comprise a Golay-code modulated data sequence.
  • the Golay-code modulated data sequence may comprise ⁇ a 6 4do, E 64 Cl 1 , a 6 4d 2 , a 6 4ds ⁇ where do, di, d 2 and d 3 can be binary, i.e. ⁇ 1, complex or multilevel.
  • a sub-block comprises a data portion (i.e., a data sub-slot) and may further comprise at least one of a cyclic prefix and a cyclic postfix.
  • the last 16 symbols of the 256-length sub-slot 1502 are typically copied and appended to the front of the sub-slot 1502 as cyclic prefix 1501. This copy is necessary to make the convolution cyclic, but it is not used in any other way.
  • Figure 16 illustrates an alternative aspect of the invention in which the sub-slot length may be reduced by the channel delay.
  • channel delay is meant to include any evaluation of channel delay, including, but not limited to, mean delay, maximum delay, root-mean-squared (rms) delay spread, average rms delay spread, and mean delay spread.
  • a Golay sequence of length 16 is used as the prefix 1611.1, and a postfix 1613 is appended to the last sub-slot 1612.N of the sequence of sub-slots.
  • a sub-block may comprise a data portion (i.e., a sub-slot) preceded by a Golay sequence, a sub-block followed by a Golay sequence, or any combination thereof.
  • the Golay sequence is the same for all sub-slots 1612.1-1612.N.
  • the Golay sequences employed in cyclic prefixes may alternate between sequence a and sequence b. In this case, the convolution is still cyclic, so equalization in the frequency domain is still provided.
  • the cyclic prefix 1611.1 and postfix 1613 can now be used to track the channel and timing and frequency offsets using the Golay receiver aspects of the invention.
  • Figure 17 illustrates an aspect of the invention in which each of the first N/2 sub-slots 1722.1-1722. N/2 employs a first complementary Golay code a as a prefix 1721.1-1721. N/2, respectively. Each of the next N/2 sub-slots 1722. (N/2+1)- 1722.N employs a second complementary Golay code b as a prefix 1721.(N/2-l)-1721.N, respectively. Furthermore, sub-slot 1722.N/2 employs a postfix 1723, and sub-slot 1722.N employs a postfix 1724.
  • Figure 18 illustrates a sub-block structure in accordance with an aspect of the invention configured to reduce the presence of spectral lines due to periodic structure in the frame. Since the prefix occurs at regular intervals, if the same prefix is used in each interval, the transmission has at least one strong spectral line in the frequency domain. Aspects of the invention may employ a different prefix for each of a plurality of sub- slots in order to reduce or eliminate spectral lines resulting from the periodic structure in the frame. For example, a cyclic prefix generator may be configured to cyclically shift the Golay code used in the cyclic prefix 1831.1-1831.3 for each sub-slot by a predetermined number of chips C.
  • the data sub-slot length including the Golay-code length is 256 + 1, since only the last 15 chips of the prefix is cyclic with the first 15 chips of the following postfix.
  • Each sub-slot may comprise a single-carrier or an OFDM signal.
  • the sub-slot length may differ for each mode.
  • sub-slot length may vary, such as with respect to channel conditions, or various alternative parameters.
  • the sub-slot length is set to a multiple of the parallel processing factor of the receiver (e.g., 4).
  • the sub-slot length may be 244 while the Golay code is still of length 16.
  • Figure 19 illustrates a sub-block structure that may be employed in various aspects of the invention.
  • a unified single-carrier and OFDM sub-block structure is provided wherein each sub-slot contains a single-carrier signal or an OFDM data portion, and the sub-slot length corresponds to an FFT length.
  • Each sub-slot may have time-domain and/or frequency-domain pilot symbols, such as may be used for timing and frequency tracking.
  • Time-domain pilot symbols are typically used in the single- carrier case and known frequency-domain pilots are employed with OFDM transmissions.
  • the pilots may be scrambled in time or frequency to minimize spectral lines.
  • Some aspects of the invention are configured to transmit data having the structure shown in Figure 19. However, the received signal X O:N - I corresponding to a sub-slot is not a cyclic convolution between the data and the channel impulse response.
  • L -1 is the cyclic convolution of length L between the channel and the known Golay code. This latter part affects only the first L samples Of Z 01 N -1 .
  • the cyclic convolution allows OFDM equalization and single-carrier equalization, including frequency-domain equalization.
  • Figure 20 illustrates another aspect of the invention in which complementary Golay code a is inserted before even numbered sub-slots, complementary Golay code b is inserted before odd numbered sub-slots, and known pilot chips or tones are inserted in some or all of the sub-slots.
  • complementary Golay codes in this manner provides several benefits. For example, improved channel tracking may be achieved because the sum of the autocorrelations of the two sequence a and b is a Dirac function in the time-domain, and therefore has no side lobes. The time-domain Dirac function is flat in the frequency domain, thus it does not produce spectral lines.
  • the term X 01 N -1 is denoted as the received vector corresponding to a sub-slot, and yo:L i is the vector corresponding to the Golay code following the sub-slot.
  • 2_ which is the pseudo-cyclic convolution of length L between the channel and the difference of the two Golay codes.
  • the matrix is pseudo-circulant.
  • the second term z ⁇ ' n 0,1,..., L - 1
  • the second and third terms involve known quantities, so they can be computed easily.
  • an apparatus is configured for generating a sub-slot transmission sequence with a cyclic prefix and a cyclic postfix.
  • a Golay sequence generator is configured for generating a Golay sequence comprising M symbols, wherein M ⁇ N.
  • a sub-slot sequence generator produces a Golay-code modulated data sequence having a sub-slot length of N -M symbols, and a cyclic prefix generator employs the Golay sequence to produce the cyclic prefix (and a cyclic postfix), wherein each of the cyclic prefix and the cyclic postfix comprises M symbols.
  • At least one of the cyclic prefix generator and the Golay sequence generator is configured to change the Golay used in the cyclic prefix.
  • the Golay code may be cyclically shifted for each cyclic prefix.
  • different Golay codes may be used such that the code changes for each successive cyclic prefix.
  • FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an apparatus configured for generating a signal in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
  • a means for generating a first data block comprising Golay codes and data portions may include a data block generator 1401 configured for receiving the Golay codes and data.
  • the data block generator 1401 is configured for generating data blocks wherein every data portion is between two Golay codes and every Golay code is between two data portions.
  • a means for transmitting the data block may comprise a transmitter 1402 configured to up-convert, amplify, and couple the data block into a wireless communication channel.
  • the Golay codes employed in the data portion are identical.
  • the Golay codes comprise cyclic shifts of a seed Golay code.
  • the Golay codes comprise complementary Golay codes.
  • a sub-block may comprise one of the Golay codes and one of the data portions, or a portion of a first one of the Golay codes followed by one of the data portions followed by a portion of a second one of the Golay codes.
  • Each sub-block may comprise a number of chips that is a power of two or a power of two plus one.
  • the data portion may have a length that is power of two.
  • a first one of the Golay codes functions as a cyclic prefix of a sub-block comprising one of the data portions followed by a second one of the Golay codes.
  • the sub-blocks may be demodulated by using cyclic prefix and cyclic postfix portions of the Golay codes.
  • a first one of the Golay codes functions as a cyclic postfix of a sub-block comprising a second one of the Golay codes followed by one of the data portions.
  • the Golay-code length may be configurable with respect to various parameters. For example, the Golay-code length may be a function of multipath delay.
  • the apparatus shown in Figure 14 may be configured to generate a first data block employing a first set of Golay codes, and a second data block using Golay codes that are different from the Golay codes used to generate the first data block.
  • the invention is not intended to be limited to the preferred aspects.
  • those skilled in the art should recognize that the method and apparatus aspects described herein may be implemented in a variety of ways, including implementations in hardware, software, firmware, or various combinations thereof. Examples of such hardware may include ASICs, Field Programmable Gate Arrays, general-purpose processors, DSPs, and/or other circuitry.
  • Software and/or firmware implementations of the invention may be implemented via any combination of programming languages, including Java, C, C++, MatlabTM, Verilog, VHDL, and/or processor specific machine and assembly languages.
  • the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit ("IC"), an access terminal, or an access point.
  • the IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both.
  • a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
  • a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

Abstract

Un dispositif sans fil comprend un module d'affectation de code configuré pour l'affectation de codes de Golay à utiliser pour la propagation, un module de propagation configuré pour propager des données avec les codes de Golay afin de produire un signal, les codes de Golay étant utilisés de manière aléatoire pour propager les données, et un émetteur configuré pour transmettre le signal. Le dispositif sans fil peut transmettre un premier signal de balise par le biais d'un jeu de modèles de faisceaux quasi-omnidirectionnels et un second signal de balise par le biais d'un jeu de modèles de faisceaux directionnels. Le premier signal de balise présente une première vitesse de transmission qui est plus élevée que celle du second signal de balise. Les codes de Golay étendus ayant une corrélation croisée périodique nulle peuvent être générés à partir d'un code de Golay et d'un jeu de séquences courtes. Un bloc de données transmis par le dispositif sans fil peut comprendre des codes de Golay et des parties de données, chacune étant entre deux codes de Golay et chaque code de Golay étant entre deux parties de données.
PCT/US2008/079569 2007-10-10 2008-10-10 Procédé et appareil pour propagation à porteuse unique WO2009049198A1 (fr)

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JP2010529099A JP5425791B2 (ja) 2007-10-10 2008-10-10 単一搬送波拡散のための方法及び装置
KR1020127017057A KR101384269B1 (ko) 2007-10-10 2008-10-10 단일 캐리어 확산을 위한 방법 및 장치
CN200880110910.8A CN101821957B (zh) 2007-10-10 2008-10-10 用于单载波扩展的方法和装置

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US12/248,754 US8724676B2 (en) 2005-11-16 2008-10-09 Method and apparatus for single carrier spreading

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US20090100316A1 (en) 2009-04-16
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US8724676B2 (en) 2014-05-13
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US8856628B2 (en) 2014-10-07
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