WO2009037276A1 - Composition polyamide - Google Patents
Composition polyamide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009037276A1 WO2009037276A1 PCT/EP2008/062350 EP2008062350W WO2009037276A1 WO 2009037276 A1 WO2009037276 A1 WO 2009037276A1 EP 2008062350 W EP2008062350 W EP 2008062350W WO 2009037276 A1 WO2009037276 A1 WO 2009037276A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polyamide
- composition
- use according
- weight
- novolak resin
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
- C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
- C08K7/14—Glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2666/00—Composition of polymers characterized by a further compound in the blend, being organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials, non-macromolecular organic substances, inorganic substances or characterized by their function in the composition
- C08L2666/02—Organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials
- C08L2666/14—Macromolecular compounds according to C08L59/00 - C08L87/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08L2666/16—Addition or condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones according to C08L59/00 - C08L61/00; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L61/00—Compositions of condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L61/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08L61/06—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes with phenols
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of a novolak resin for increasing the melt flowability of a polyamide composition.
- the invention also relates to a polyamide composition comprising novolak resin and its use for the manufacture of plastic articles, in particular by injection molding.
- Thermoplastic compositions based on polyamide are raw materials that can be converted into plastic parts, in particular by injection molding.
- thermoplastic compositions used must be characterized, in the molten state, by a fluidity or a rheological behavior compatible with the forming processes of interest, such as molding by injection. Indeed, these thermoplastic compositions must be sufficiently fluid when they are molten, to be transported and handled easily and quickly in certain shaping devices, such as for example injection molding. It is also sought to increase the mechanical properties of these compositions. These mechanical properties include impact resistance, flexural or tensile modulus, bending or tensile stress, among others. For this purpose, reinforcing fillers, such as glass fibers, are generally used. Finally, in the case of molded parts from these thermoplastic compositions, a clean and uniform surface appearance is desired.
- thermoplastic compositions having a high fluidity.
- this increase in fluidity results in a decrease in the mechanical properties of the articles obtained.
- the Applicant has discovered quite surprisingly that the use of a novolak resin allowed to increase the melt flow of a polyamide composition, in particular without deteriorating the mechanical properties.
- An optimum level of compromise between the fluidity, the surface appearance and the mechanical properties is in particular obtained when the polyamide composition comprises from 1 to 15% by weight of novolak resin, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- novolak resin it is known from the prior art to use a novolak resin to provide dimensional stability to a polyamide composition, in particular by avoiding the water take up of said polyamide.
- the novolak resin can play a role in the melt rheology of a polyamide composition.
- this effect is certainly surprising in view of what was known about novolac resins.
- the novolak resin is known to have an anti-plasticizing effect on the polyamide in the solid state thus tending to stiffen the structure of said polymer, and therefore suggesting a viscosifying effect on the polyamide.
- exactly the opposite is observed.
- the novolac resin makes it possible to increase the melt flowability of the polyamide, thus combining a melt flow effect with an anti-plasticizing effect in the solid state, while having no influence on the molecular weight of the polyamide.
- the main subject of the present invention is the use of a novolak resin for increasing the melt flowability of a polyamide composition.
- the polyamide composition according to the invention comprising at least one novolak resin preferably has an IV viscosity index greater than or equal to 100 ml / g, more preferably greater than or equal to 120 ml / g, according to the ISO 307 standard.
- semicrystalline or amorphous polyamides and copolyamides such as aliphatic polyamides, semi-aromatic polyamides and, more generally, linear polyamides obtained by polycondensation between an aliphatic or aromatic saturated diacid, and a diamine saturated aromatic or aliphatic primary, polyamides obtained by condensation of a lactam, an amino acid or linear polyamides obtained by condensation of a mixture of these different monomers.
- these copolyamides may be, for example, hexamethylene polyadipamide, polyphthalamides obtained from terephthalic and / or isophthalic acid, copolyamides obtained from adipic acid, hexamethylenediamine and caprolactam.
- the thermoplastic matrix is a polyamide chosen from the group comprising polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyamide 6.10, polyamide 11, polyamide 12, polyamide 6.12, polymetaxylylenediamine (MXD6 ), polyamide 66 / 6T, polyamide 66/61, blends and copolyamides, such as copolyamide 6.66 for example.
- the composition of the invention may also comprise copolyamides derived in particular from the above polyamides, or mixtures of these polyamides or copolyamides.
- the preferred polyamides are polyhexamethylene adipamide, polycaprolactam, or copolymers and blends between polyhexamethylene adipamide and polycaprolactam.
- Molecular weight polyamides suitable for injection molding processes for example of IV viscosity between 100 and 160 ml / g, according to the ISO 307 standard, are generally used; although polyamides of lower viscosity can also be used.
- the polyamide matrix may especially be a polymer comprising star or H macromolecular chains, and optionally linear macromolecular chains.
- the polymers comprising such star or H macromolecular chains are for example described in the documents FR2743077, FR2779730, US5959069, EP0632703, EP0682057 and EP0832149.
- the polyamide matrix of the invention may be a random tree-type polymer, preferably a copolyamide having a random tree structure. These copolyamides of random tree structure and their method of production are described in particular in document WO99 / 03909.
- the matrix of the invention may also be a composition comprising a linear thermoplastic polymer and a thermoplastic star, H and / or tree polymer as described above.
- the matrix of the invention may also comprise a hyperbranched copolyamide of the type of those described in WO 00/68298.
- the composition of the invention may also comprise any combination of linear thermoplastic polymer, star, H, tree, hyperbranched copolyamide as described above.
- the composition according to the invention preferably has from 40 to 80% by weight of polyamide, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- Novolak resins are generally compounds of the polyhydroxy phenol type, for example condensation products of phenolic compounds with aldehydes. These condensation reactions are generally catalyzed by an acid.
- the phenol compounds can be chosen alone or as a mixture from phenol, cresol, xylenol, naphthol, alkylphenols, such as butylphenol, terbutylphenol or isooctylphenol; or any other substituted phenol.
- aldehyde is formaldehyde. However, others may be used, such as acetaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, and glycoxal.
- the resin is a condensation product of phenol and formaldehyde.
- R may be a hydrogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group n is between 1 and 3 - m is between 2 and 15, preferably between 2 and 10
- the novolak resins used advantageously have a higher molecular weight of between 500 and 3000 g / mol, preferably between 800 and 2000 g / mol.
- composition according to the invention may comprise between 1% to 15% by weight of novolac resin, in particular from 2% to 10% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the polyamide composition may comprise from 1 to 25% by weight of novolac resin relative to the weight of the polyamide.
- the polyamide composition according to the invention comprising novolak resin is especially used as a matrix, especially for obtaining molded articles.
- At least one reinforcing and / or filling filler preferentially selected from the group comprising fibrous fillers such as glass fibers, carbon fibers and aramid fibers, nonfibrous mineral fillers such as clays, kaolin, mica, wollastonite, silica, talc or nanoparticles.
- fibrous fillers such as glass fibers, carbon fibers and aramid fibers
- nonfibrous mineral fillers such as clays, kaolin, mica, wollastonite, silica, talc or nanoparticles.
- the rate of incorporation in reinforcing and / or filling load is in accordance with the standards in the field of composite materials. It may be for example a charge rate of 1 to 80%, preferably 10 to 70%, especially between 30 and 60%.
- the polyamide composition may further comprise one or more other polymers, preferably thermoplastic polymers such as polyamide, polyolefins, ABS or polyester.
- composition according to the invention may further comprise additives usually used for the manufacture of polyamide compositions intended to be molded.
- additives usually used for the manufacture of polyamide compositions intended to be molded may be lubricants, flame retardants, plasticizers, nucleating agents, catalysts, resilience enhancing agents such as optionally grafted elastomers, light and / or thermal stabilizers, antioxidants, antistatic dyes, pigments, mattifying agents, auxiliary additives molding or other conventional additives.
- plasticizers of those chosen from benzene sulphonamide derivatives, such as n-butyl benzene sulphonamide (BBSA), ethyl toluene sulphonamide or N-cyclohexyl toluene sulphonamide; hydroxybenzoic acid esters, such as 2-ethylhexyl parahydroxybenzoate and decyl-2-hexyl parahydroxybenzoate, the esters or ethers of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and the esters of citric acid or hydroxy-hydroxybenzoate; malonic.
- the composition may comprise from 5 to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the plasticizer composition.
- these fillers and additives may be added to the polyamide by conventional means suitable for each filler or additive, such as for example during the polymerization or in melt blending.
- the novolak resin is preferentially added to the polyamide by molten route, in particular during a step of extruding the polyamide, or solidly in a mechanical mixer; the solid mixture can then be melted, for example by an extrusion process.
- the polyamide composition comprising the novolac resin may also be used, as an additive, in particular to confer certain properties, in particular rheological properties, in compositions comprising, as matrix, a thermoplastic polymer, in particular a (co) polyamide.
- the invention thus relates to a process for the manufacture of a composition in which a polyamide composition comprising novolak resin with a thermoplastic composition, in particular based on (co) polyamide, is cold-mixed or molten. The cold mixture can then be melted, for example by an extrusion process.
- the polyamide composition comprising the novolac resin may also comprise a high proportion of additives and for example be used as a masterbatch intended to be mixed with another thermoplastic composition, in particular based on polyamide.
- compositions according to the invention can be used as raw material in the field of engineering plastics, for example for the production of articles obtained by injection molding, injection / blowing, extrusion or extrusion blow molding.
- the modified polyamide is extruded in the form of rods, for example in a twin-screw extrusion device, which are then cut into granules.
- the molded parts are then made by melting the granules produced above and supplying the composition in the molten state in injection molding devices.
- Example 1 Polyamide-based compositions (PA 66 A2700 from Rhodia, having an IV of 138 ml / g according to ISO 307) are obtained by extrusion on a twin-screw extruder ZSK40, adding 30% by weight of glass fibers relative to the total weight of the composition, and variable values of resin novolac (Rhenosin PR 95 from Rhein Chemie), relative to the total weight of the composition.
- PA 66 A2700 from Rhodia having an IV of 138 ml / g according to ISO 307
- Vari values of resin novolac Rosin PR 95 from Rhein Chemie
- Double screw extruder W & P ZSK 4O, with
- T ( 0 C) sleeve from 250 to 270 T ( 0 C) mold: 80
- the spiral length is measured according to the spiral flow test: The averages of the lengths are carried out on 30 pieces, after starting up about 100 pieces. The test was carried out at a sheath temperature of 280 0 C and mold of 80 0 C, and with an injection pressure of 1500 bars. During this test, the shear gradient seen by the product at the injection threshold is of the order of 1000 to 3000 s "1 , depending on the viscosity of the product. The purpose of this test is to be able to compare, for the same injected volume and the same injection pressure, at pre-set casing and mold temperatures, the fluidity of the different products.This difference is quantified by the length of the molded spirals The more fluid the product, the more the spiral length is high.
- the notched Charpy impact strength is measured according to ISO179 / 1 eA.
- compositions based on polyamide (PA 66 A2700 or PA 66 A2300, lower viscosity in fondue, from Rhodia) are obtained by extrusion on a twin-screw extruder ZSK40, adding 10% by weight of plasticizer BBSA and 20% by weight. % by weight of EPDM-g-MA, and varying values of novolak resin
- novolac resin makes it possible to obtain polyamide compositions having a high melt flow, even in comparison with a polyamide composition which does not comprise a novolak resin but a polyamide of lower viscosity in the form of a melt.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BRPI0815859A BRPI0815859B1 (pt) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | uso de uma resina novolaca |
KR1020107006005A KR101203430B1 (ko) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | 폴리아미드 조성물 |
US12/678,310 US20100227962A1 (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | Thermoplastic polyamide compositions having enhanced melt flow indices |
JP2010525333A JP2011500875A (ja) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | ポリアミド組成物 |
CN200880110352A CN101821337A (zh) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | 聚酰胺组合物 |
CA2699744A CA2699744A1 (fr) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | Polyamide composition |
EP08804304.7A EP2190925B1 (fr) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | Composition polyamide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0706549A FR2921069B1 (fr) | 2007-09-18 | 2007-09-18 | Composition polyamide |
FR0706549 | 2007-09-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009037276A1 true WO2009037276A1 (fr) | 2009-03-26 |
Family
ID=39311009
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2008/062350 WO2009037276A1 (fr) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-17 | Composition polyamide |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100227962A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2190925B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2011500875A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR101203430B1 (fr) |
CN (2) | CN104725849A (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0815859B1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2699744A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2921069B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2009037276A1 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2010115951A1 (fr) * | 2009-04-10 | 2010-10-14 | Rhodia Operations | Materiau polyamide a proprietes barrieres aux fluides elevees |
WO2011003786A1 (fr) * | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-13 | Rhodia Operations | Article polyamide composite |
WO2011144592A1 (fr) * | 2010-05-17 | 2011-11-24 | Rhodia Operations | Article polyamide composite |
WO2016102481A1 (fr) | 2014-12-22 | 2016-06-30 | Rhodia Operations | Composition thermoplastique a haute fluidite |
EP2201066B1 (fr) * | 2007-10-19 | 2019-08-28 | Rhodia Opérations | Composition polyamide chargee par des fibres |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20080108575A (ko) * | 2006-03-29 | 2008-12-15 | 바스프 에스이 | 열전도성 폴리아미드 |
FR2951451B1 (fr) | 2009-10-20 | 2012-10-19 | Rhodia Operations | Composition polyamide modifiee comprenant au moins un compose phenolique |
CN103756311A (zh) * | 2014-01-20 | 2014-04-30 | 苏州新区华士达工程塑胶有限公司 | 一种改良性pa66配方 |
CN104086981A (zh) * | 2014-06-20 | 2014-10-08 | 林学芹 | 一种纳米改性尼龙材料及其制备方法 |
CN104086992A (zh) * | 2014-06-20 | 2014-10-08 | 林学芹 | 一种尼龙材料及其制备方法 |
CN104086987A (zh) * | 2014-06-20 | 2014-10-08 | 林学芹 | 一种改进的纳米改性尼龙材料及其制备方法 |
CN104086982A (zh) * | 2014-06-20 | 2014-10-08 | 林学芹 | 一种纳米改性尼龙材料 |
JP6911665B2 (ja) * | 2016-11-18 | 2021-07-28 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 樹脂組成物、成形品および成形品の製造方法 |
JP6844279B2 (ja) * | 2017-01-27 | 2021-03-17 | Dic株式会社 | 金属/樹脂複合構造体およびその製造方法 |
CN109161158A (zh) * | 2018-08-06 | 2019-01-08 | 南京欧纳壹有机光电有限公司 | 一种耐高温高性能工程塑料及其制备方法 |
FR3094011B1 (fr) * | 2019-03-21 | 2021-10-01 | Arkema France | Compositions de copolyamides comprenant des fibres de renforts presentant une stabilite de module elevee et leurs utilisations |
CN111888978A (zh) * | 2020-06-23 | 2020-11-06 | 江苏弘盛新材料股份有限公司 | 一种吸湿性改良型尼龙6的原料混合装置及工艺 |
KR20220011955A (ko) * | 2020-07-22 | 2022-02-03 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 치수안정성이 우수한 복합수지 조성물 |
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SU329150A1 (ru) * | М. М. Сычев, А. Ф. Николаев, М. М. Гордон, М. Е. Вольперт, М. С. Тризно , В. В. Барсова | Бетонная смесь | ||
FR2794467A1 (fr) * | 1999-06-04 | 2000-12-08 | Rhodia Eng Plastics Srl | Composition de polyamide ignifugee |
US20050069662A1 (en) * | 2003-05-21 | 2005-03-31 | Cheng Paul P. | Articles made from polyamide resin compositions and having improved fluid permeation barrier properties |
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US3663486A (en) * | 1969-11-10 | 1972-05-16 | Union Carbide Corp | Phenolic resin compositions and a method for the preparation thereof |
US3873479A (en) * | 1970-01-12 | 1975-03-25 | Mikhail Nikolaevich Zotov | Thermosetting plastics for loom shuttles and other dynamically heavily loaded shock absorber and antifriction articles and a method for producing said plastics |
FR2553783B1 (fr) * | 1983-10-21 | 1986-01-17 | Rhone Poulenc Spec Chim | Compositions a base de polyamide ignifuge |
CN1189174A (zh) * | 1995-05-03 | 1998-07-29 | Dsm有限公司 | 星形支化聚酰胺 |
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2007
- 2007-09-18 FR FR0706549A patent/FR2921069B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-09-17 KR KR1020107006005A patent/KR101203430B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2008-09-17 CN CN201510083316.6A patent/CN104725849A/zh active Pending
- 2008-09-17 EP EP08804304.7A patent/EP2190925B1/fr active Active
- 2008-09-17 CA CA2699744A patent/CA2699744A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2008-09-17 JP JP2010525333A patent/JP2011500875A/ja active Pending
- 2008-09-17 US US12/678,310 patent/US20100227962A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-09-17 WO PCT/EP2008/062350 patent/WO2009037276A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2008-09-17 BR BRPI0815859A patent/BRPI0815859B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-09-17 CN CN200880110352A patent/CN101821337A/zh active Pending
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Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2201066B1 (fr) * | 2007-10-19 | 2019-08-28 | Rhodia Opérations | Composition polyamide chargee par des fibres |
WO2010115951A1 (fr) * | 2009-04-10 | 2010-10-14 | Rhodia Operations | Materiau polyamide a proprietes barrieres aux fluides elevees |
FR2944288A1 (fr) * | 2009-04-10 | 2010-10-15 | Rhodia Operations | Materiau polyamide a proprietes barrieres aux fluides elevees |
CN102388105A (zh) * | 2009-04-10 | 2012-03-21 | 罗地亚经营管理公司 | 具有高流体屏障性能的聚酰胺材料 |
KR101354247B1 (ko) * | 2009-04-10 | 2014-02-19 | 로디아 오퍼레이션스 | 높은 유체 차단 특성을 갖는 폴리아미드 물질 |
CN102388105B (zh) * | 2009-04-10 | 2014-09-24 | 罗地亚经营管理公司 | 具有高流体屏障性能的聚酰胺材料 |
WO2011003786A1 (fr) * | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-13 | Rhodia Operations | Article polyamide composite |
FR2947822A1 (fr) * | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-14 | Rhodia Operations | Article polyamide composite |
CN102498162A (zh) * | 2009-07-09 | 2012-06-13 | 罗地亚经营管理公司 | 复合聚酰胺制品 |
JP2012532937A (ja) * | 2009-07-09 | 2012-12-20 | ロディア オペレーションズ | ポリアミド複合物品 |
WO2011144592A1 (fr) * | 2010-05-17 | 2011-11-24 | Rhodia Operations | Article polyamide composite |
WO2016102481A1 (fr) | 2014-12-22 | 2016-06-30 | Rhodia Operations | Composition thermoplastique a haute fluidite |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2921069A1 (fr) | 2009-03-20 |
BRPI0815859B1 (pt) | 2019-08-27 |
EP2190925A1 (fr) | 2010-06-02 |
US20100227962A1 (en) | 2010-09-09 |
BRPI0815859A2 (pt) | 2018-11-06 |
FR2921069B1 (fr) | 2010-07-30 |
CN104725849A (zh) | 2015-06-24 |
JP2011500875A (ja) | 2011-01-06 |
EP2190925B1 (fr) | 2018-08-22 |
CA2699744A1 (fr) | 2009-03-26 |
CN101821337A (zh) | 2010-09-01 |
KR101203430B1 (ko) | 2012-11-23 |
KR20100044272A (ko) | 2010-04-29 |
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