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  • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
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  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
  • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
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  • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
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  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/06026—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 0 or 1 carbon atom, i.e. Gly or Ala
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  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
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  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
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  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/06034—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms
  • C07K5/06052—Val-amino acid
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  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/0606—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing heteroatoms not provided for by C07K5/06086 - C07K5/06139, e.g. Ser, Met, Cys, Thr
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  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06078—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
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  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06104—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being acidic
  • C07K5/06113—Asp- or Asn-amino acid
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  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/0806—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 0 or 1 carbon atoms, i.e. Gly, Ala
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  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/0808—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. Val, Ile, Leu
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  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/081—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing O or S as heteroatoms, e.g. Cys, Ser
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  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0812—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
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  • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
  • C12N2501/998—Proteins not provided for elsewhere
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  • C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells
  • C12N2510/02—Cells for production

Definitions

• the present invention concerns the separation, identification and characterization of active peptide fragments from peptones.
• l lydrolysatcs of animal and plant tissues are often added to culture media for prokaryotic and cukaryotic cells to boost viable cell number and recombinant protein product titer.
• peptones from diverse sources have been widely employed in cell culture medium formulations to enhance cell culture growth, longevity and productivity.
• their presence as media additives for production of therapeutic proteins presents several challenges due to their undefined nature.
• animal-derived components as media additives for production of therapeutic proteins by mammalian cells can cause viral, mycoplasma and prion contaminations (Kallcl et al, J. Biotechnol. 95:195-204 (2002)).
• the effort of avoiding the use of animal-derived components in cell culture media is supported by both European and American regulatory authorities (Castle and Roberston. Dev. Biol. Stand. 99: 191-196 (1999)).
• Animal serum has been successfully eliminated from media in the past decades and most of the media currently used is certified as protein-free (Froud, Dev. Biol. Stand. 99: 157- 166 (1999)).
• the switch to protein-free media often results in a loss of cell growth and productivity (Lee el al.J. Biotechnol. 69:85-93 (1999)).
• protein hydrolysates also known as peptones
• peptones protein hydrolysates
• peptones protein hydrolysates
• Peptones for cell culture are typically manufactured by enzymatic digestion of a variety of biologically based starting materials: animal tissues, milk-derived products, microorganisms or plants.
• peptones The general effect of peptones is an enhancement of cell growth and an increase of productivity, with the same product quality as compared to standard medium (Jan et al., Cyfoiechnology 16: 17-26 (1994); lleidemann et al. , Cytotechnology 32: 157-167 (2000); Sung el al , ⁇ ppl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 63:527-536 (2004)).
• peptones contain materials such as free amino acids, oligopeptides, iron salts, lipids and trace elements (Franek et al , Biotechnol. Prog. 16:688-692 (2000); Martone et al , Bioresour. Technol.
• peptones from other sources may also be a potential source of adventitious agents.
• the uncertainty of the "active " ' components in peptone and their mechanism of action makes it difficult if not impossible to have a measure of quality on peptone lots used in cell culture manufacturing processes.
• the peptones themselves are by nature a single-sourced raw material. Therefore, there is the opportunity to better characterize peptones in order to reduce or eliminate these disadvantages.
• composition and identity of the active components in peptones in order to create "defined media," comprising well- specified active components in well-defined, reproducible concentrations.
• identification of active peptone components is expected to lead to a better understanding of the physiology of recombinant host cells and cell lines by opening a window to the control of cell growth and death and better control of recombinant protein expression.
• the present invention is based on the fractionation of an animal-derived peptone, PP3 into identifiable components and, by applying modern analytical techniques including high resolution mass spectrometry, to study the nature of these compounds.
• the present invention is based, at least in part, on the recognition that di- and tripeptides terminating in arginine play a role in the growth- and titer-promoting activities of PP3.
• the present invention concerns a peptide of the formula (X1 ),,X2R wherein Xl and X2 may be identical or different and independently represent any amino acid other than arginine; n is 0 or 1 ; and
• R stands for arginine, wherein said peptide exhibits a peptone biological activity.
• the peptide is obtained by fractionation of a peptone, such as a PP3 peptone.
• the peptide is selected from the peptides listed in Table 1.
• the peptide is a tripeptide.
• the peptide is a tripeptide is selected from the peptides listed in Table 1.
• Peptone biological activity can, for example, be selected from the group consisting of promotion of cell growth, promotion of cell density; promotion of viable cell count: and increase of production yield in a recombinant host cell culture.
• the invention concerns a composition comprising a di- or tripeptide as hereinabove defined.
• the composition is a cell culture medium.
• the invention concerns a cell culture comprising a peptide as hereinabove defined.
• the cell culture is a culture of a recombinant host cell, where the recombinant host cell can be any eukaryotic or prokaryotic host, including, without limitation, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and E coli cells.
• CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary
• the heterologous protein produced by the host cell may. for example, be an antibody (including antibody fragments) or any therapeutic protein.
• the invention concerns a mixture of two or more peptides as hereinabove defined.
• the invention concerns a combinatorial peptide library comprising, consisting essentially or, or consisting of, peptides of the formula (Xl ) n X2R wherein X 1 and X2 may be identical or different and independently represent any amino acid other than arginine; n is 0 or 1 ; and
• R stands for arginine, wherein at least some of said peptides exhibit a peptone biological activity.
• the invention concerns a method for the recombinant production of a heterologous protein, comprising culturing a recombinant host cell containing nucleic acid encoding said protein in a culture medium under conditions suitable for the expression of said heterologous protein, wherein said culture medium comprises at least one peptide of claim 1.
• Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of PP3 fractionation and analysis, as described in the Example.
• Figure 2 shows the results of C 18 reverse phase chromatography.
• Figure 3 shows the results of chromatography of Cl 8 flowthro ⁇ gh (unbound) fraction.
• ""Relative specific activity” is defined as the activity of an equal weight of the fraction divided by that of PP3.
• Figures 4A and 4B show that the specific activity of the Gl 5- purified material (fractions F3-F7) was significantly increased over that of PP3 with respect to its ability to increase both recombinant protein titer (Figure 3 ⁇ ) and viable cell count (VCC; Figure 3B).
• FIGS 7A and B Effects of PP3 and XXR peptides on VCC and product titer.
• peptone is used herein in the broadest sense and includes water-soluble protein derivatives obtained by partial hydrolysis of proteins, and mixtures thereof, including, without limitation, hydrolysate mixtures derived from the mucosal tissue of swine, cattle, and other animals, produced by hydrolysis with proteolytic enzymes, and well as hydrolysates from various plant tissues.
• the term specifically includes, without limitation, Component- 3 of proteose peptone (PP3), also called lactophorin, which is a minor phosphoglycoprotein of 153 residues (Sorensen and Sorensen. J Dairy Res.
• 'peptide is used herein to refer to a compound containing two or more amino acids in which the carboxyl group of one acid is linked to the amino group of the other by an amide or "peptide” bond.
• the definition specifically includes peptides formed of at least two amino acid residues, and in particular di- and tri-peptides.
• protein is meant a sequence of amino acids for which the chain length is sufficient to produce the higher levels of tertiary and/or quaternary structure.
• the protein herein will have a molecular weight of at least about 15-20 kD, preferably at least about 20 kD.
• proteins encompassed within the definition herein include all mammalian proteins, in particular, therapeutic and diagnostic proteins, such as therapeutic and diagnostic antibodies, and, in general proteins that contain one or more disulfide bonds, including multi-chain polypeptides comprising one or more inter- and/or intrachain disulfide bonds.
• amino acid typically refers to an amino acid having its art recognized definition such as an amino acid selected from the group consisting of: alanine (Ala); arginine ( ⁇ rg); asparaginc ( ⁇ sn); aspartic acid ( ⁇ sp); cysteine (Cys); glutamine (GIn); glutamic acid (GIu); glycine (GIy); histidinc (I lis); isolcucinc (lie): leucine (Leu); lysine (Lys); methionine (Met); phenylalanine (Phe); proline (Pro); serine (Ser); threonine (Thr); tryptophan (Trp); tyrosine (Tyr); and valine (VaI) although modified, synthetic, or rare amino acids may be used as desired.
• alanine Al
• arginine ⁇ rg
• asparaginc ⁇ sn
• aspartic acid ⁇ sp
• cysteine Cy
• amino acids can be subdivided into various sub-groups, fhus. amino acids can be grouped as having a nonpolar side chain (e.g.. Ala, Cys, He, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, VaI); a negatively charged side chain (e.g., Asp, GIu); a positively charged side chain (e.g., Arg, His, Lys); or an uncharged polar side chain (e.g., Asn, Cys, GIn, GIy, His, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, and Tyr).
• a nonpolar side chain e.g. Ala, Cys, He, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, VaI
• a negatively charged side chain e.g., Asp, GIu
• a positively charged side chain e.g., Arg, His, Lys
• an uncharged polar side chain e.g., Asn, Cys, GIn, GIy, His, Met, Phe
• Amino acids can also be grouped as small amino acids (GIy, Ala), nucleophilic amino acids (Ser, His, Thr, Cys), hydrophobic amino acids (VaI, Leu, He, Met, Pro), aromatic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp, Asp, GIu), amides (Asp, GIu), and basic amino acids (Lys, Arg).
• biological activity or “peptone biological activity” in relation to the peptides of the present invention is used to refer to any biological activity knovvii to be exhibited by peptones, including, without limitation, the ability to promote cell growth and/or cell density and/or cell viability, and/or production efficiency of heterologous polypeptides in recombinant host cultures.
• chromatography refers to the process by which a solute of interest in a mixture is separated from other solutes in a mixture as a result of differences in rates at which the individual solutes of the mixture migrate through a stationary medium under the influence of a moving phase, or in bind and elute processes.
• affinity chromatography and “protein affinity chromatography” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a protein separation technique in which a protein of interest or antibody of interest is reversibly and specifically bound to a biospecific ligand.
• the biospecific ligand is covalently attached to a chromatographic solid phase material and is accessible to the protein of interest in solution as the solution contacts the chromatographic solid phase material.
• the protein of interest e.g.
• antibody, enzyme, or receptor protein retains its specific binding affinity for the biospecific ligand (antigen, substrate, co factor, or hormone, for example) during the chromatographic steps, while other solutes and/or proteins in the mixture do not bind appreciably or specifically to the ligand. Binding of the protein of interest to the immobilized ligand allows contaminating proteins or protein impurities to be passed through the chromatographic medium while the protein of interest remains specifically bound to the immobilized ligand on the solid phase material.
• the specifically bound protein of interest is then removed in active form from the immobilized ligand with low pi J, high pi I, high salt, competing ligand, and the like, and passed through the chromatographic column with the elution buffer, free oi the contaminating proteins or protein impurities that were earlier allowed to pass through the column.
• ⁇ ny component can be used as a ligand for purifying its respective specific binding protein, e.g. antibody.
• non-affinity chromatography and “non-affinity purification” refer to a purification process in which affinity chromatography is not utilized.
• Non-affinity chromatography includes chromatographic techniques that rely on non-specific interactions between a molecule of interest (such as a protein, e g antibody) and a solid phase matrix.
• cation exchange resin refers to a solid phase which is negatively charged, and which thus has free cations for exchange with cations in an aqueous solution passed over or through the solid phase.
• a negatively charged ligand attached to the solid phase to form the cation exchange resin may, e.g. , be a carboxylate or sulfonate.
• Commercially available cation exchange resins include carboxy-methyl-cellulose, sulphopropyl (SP) immobilized on agarose (e g SP-SHPHAROSH FAS T FLOWTM or SP-SHPH ⁇ ROSE HIGH
• a "mixed mode ion exchange resin” refers to a solid phase which is covalently modified with cationic, anionic, and hydrophobic moieties.
• a commercially available mixed mode ion exchange resin is BAKERBOND
• ⁇ BXTM J.T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ containing weak cation exchange groups, a low concentration of anion exchange groups, and hydrophobic ligands attached to a silica gel solid phase support matrix.
• anion exchange resin is used herein to refer to a solid phase which is positively charged, e g having one or more positively charged ligands, such as quaternary amino groups, attached thereto.
• commercially available anion exchange resins include DEAE cellulose, QAE SEPHADEXTM and FAST Q SEPHAROSETM (Pharmacia).
• Fhc present invention is based on the identification of active peptone fragments. using a variety of chromatography and other separation techniques.
• Fractionation of peptones can be performed by techniques well known in the art, including a combination of chromatographic steps.
• a typical scheme for the fractionation and analysis of the peptone PP3 is illustrated in Figure 1.
• the first step in this scheme is reversed phase I IPLC (RP HPLC), which serves to separate components based on their hydrophobic character.
• RP HPLC reversed phase I IPLC
• Compounds bind to reversed phase HPLC columns in high aqueous mobile phase and are eluted from RP HPLC columns with high organic mobile phase.
• peptides can be separated using this technique by running linear or nonlinear gradients of an appropriate organic solvent.
• the flow-through fraction from the reversed phase HPLC can then be subjected to further chromatographic separation steps, such as size-exclusion chromatography, as shown in Figure 1.
• Size exclusion chromatography relies on sorting of molecules of different hydrodynamic radius based on the time these molecules spend within a chromatographic column. Partitioning occurs as a result of the molecules spending more or less time within the volume of the stationary phase which makes up the column. Molecules with large hydrodynamic radius elute earlyduring the separation; molecules with smaller radii elute later. SEC resins are well known in the art and are commercially available from a variety of manufacturers. In the experiments described in the Example below, SEPHADEXTM Gl 5 size exclusion column (Amersham Biosciences) was used, but other size exclusion columns are also suitable.
• peptones can be sub-fractionated by mixed-mode chromatography.
• the stationary phase contains two distinct binding domains in a single chromatographic ligand.
• the separation principles commonly coupled are ion-exchange and RP chromatography.
• the application of mixed-mode chromatography is generally required when reverse phase chromatography (RP chromatography) fails to separate structurally close peptides.
• RP chromatography reverse phase chromatography
• mixed-mode resins commercially that show different specificities, including the I Iypercarb resin (Thermo Scientific), Oasis® HLB resin (Waters Corporation) and the Dowex Optiporc® SD-2 resin (Dow Chemical Company).
• the Oasis sorbent is a copolymer of divinylbenzene and N-vinyl pyrrolidonc.
• the hydrophilic- lipophilic-balanced composition allows for strong RP retention and improved wetting of the pores relative to traditional RP resins. Therefore, both polar and non-polar compounds can be adsorbed.
• the average size of the Oasis beads is 30 ⁇ m.
• the composition of the Optipore resin is similar to that of the Oasis resin (divinylbenzene with tertiary amines) giving it properties of both RP and a weak anion-cxchangc absorber.
• the particles average size is a few hundred ⁇ m.
• the fractions obtained can be analyzed for biological activity and/or subjected to various analytical methods in order to determine their composition.
• the peptone fractions generated can be tested using known bioassays, including a cell based bioassay described in the Example.
• Assays of the biological activity of peptone- derived peptides are typically based on the measurement of various culture parameters in cell cultures including the peptide in question in the culture medium. Such parameters include, for example, cell density, viable cell count, productivity of a heterologous polypeptide (e.g. antibody) produced, etc.
• Such assays are disclosed, for example, in Franek et al., Biotechnol. Prog. 16:688-692 (2000); Franek et al., Biotechnol. Prog.
• compositions of peptones and peptone fractions can be analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS), NMR, ICPMS, amino acid analysis, and various combinations of these and other techniques well known in the art.
• Mass spectrometers consist of an ion source, mass analyzer, ion detector, and data acquisition unit. First, the peptides are ionized in the ion source. Then the ionized peptides are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in the mass analyzer and the separate ions are detected. Mass spectrometry has been widely used in protein analysis, especially since the invention of matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation/time-of-flight (MALDI- TOF) and electrospray ionisation (KSI) methods. There are several versions of mass analyzer, including, for example, MALDI-TOF and triple or quadrupole-TOF, or ion trap mass analyzer coupled to KSl.
• MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation/time-of-flight
• KSI electrospray ionisation
• mass analyzer including, for example, MALDI-TOF and triple or quadrupole-TO
• a Q-To f-2 mass spectrometer utilizes an orthogonal time-of-flight analyzer that allows the simultaneous detection of ions across the full mass spectrum range.
• a Q-To f-2 mass spectrometer utilizes an orthogonal time-of-flight analyzer that allows the simultaneous detection of ions across the full mass spectrum range.
• the amino acid sequences of the peptide fragments and eventually the proteins from which they derived can be determined by techniques known in the art, such as certain variations of mass spectrometry, or Kdman degradation. While the present invention is illustrated by peptide fragments identified in the degradation products of a particular peptone, it is expected that other peptones will have peptide components with similar structural and functional characteristics.
• Combinatorial peptide libraries are well known in the art, and methods for the generation and screening of such libraries are described in standard textbooks, such as, for example, in Combinatorial Peptide Library Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), Shmuel Cabilly, ed., Humana Press Inc. 1998.
• Combinatorial peptide libraries may be in different formats.
• the so called 'One bead one compound” libraries contain thousands of beads, each bearing multiple copies of a single library compound (Lam et al., Nature, 354, 82-84 (1991)).
• the library is screened for a desired activity and any active bcad(s) is/are isolated.
• the active compound attached to the identified bead(s) identified is then characterized by conventional methods, such as, for example, by Edman degradation. Alternatively, a reductive approach may be employed. In another method, Iloughten's positional fixing methodology (Bioorg. Med).
• Hach library contains compounds with one specific residue fixed as a single building block and the remaining residues fully randomized. Different libraries have a different building block at the fixed position. Screening this set of libraries, for a desired activity, enables direct identification of the optimum building block at the fixed residue. This process may be carried out sequentially, optimizing one residue at a time, or alternatively all of the sets of libraries may be screened simultaneously to allow the optimum library compound to be identified directly from a single round of screening.
• the combinatorial peptide libraries can be used to identify additional peptides with improved chemical and/or biological characteristics.
• the peptides identified in accordance with the present invention can be synthesized by conventional methods of peptide synthesis, such as, for example, solid-phase synthesis methods, which can be performed in a variety of forms, such as, for example, using Fmoc (9H-iluoren-9-yl-methoxy-carbonyl) or Boc (tcrt-butoxycarbonyl) protecting groups to protect the N-termini of amino acid monomers used in the synthesis. Automated synthesizers are commercially available for both techniques, but solid phase peptide synthesis can also be performed manually. For further details see, for example, Atherton, E., Sheppard. R. C. ( 1989). Solid Phase peptide synthesis: a practical approach.
• di- and tri-peptides of the present invention can be used as components of growth media used for the production of recombinant polypeptides, including antibodies.
• Recombinant polypeptides such as antibodies
• Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated polypeptides, such as antibodies, can be derived from multicellular organisms.
• invertebrate cells include plant and insect cells.
• Numerous baculoviral strains and variants and corresponding permissive insect host cells from hosts such as Spodoptera lrugiperda (caterpillar), ⁇ edes aegypti (mosquito), ⁇ edes albopictus (mosquito), Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly), and Bombyx mori have been identified.
• a variety of viral strains for transfection are publicly available, e.g., the L-I variant of Autographa californica NPV and the Bm-5 strain of Bombyx mori NPV, and such viruses may be used as the virus herein according to the present invention, particularly for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells.
• Plant cell cultures of cotton, corn, potato, soybean, petunia, tomato, and tobacco can also be utilized as hosts.
• interest has been greatest in vertebrate cells, and propagation of vertebrate cells in culture (tissue culture) has become a routine procedure.
• Examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are monkey kidney CVl line transformed bySV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al, J. Gen Virol. 36:59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10); Chinese hamster ovary cclls/-DHFR (CI 10, Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216 (1980)); mouse Sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod.
• COS-7 monkey kidney CVl line transformed bySV40
• human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al, J. Gen Virol. 36:59 (1977)
• baby hamster kidney cells BHK, ATCC CCL 10
• Chinese hamster ovary cclls/-DHFR CI 10, Urlaub et al., Proc
• monkey kidney cells (CV l ATCC CCL 70); African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587); human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442); human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51); TRI cells (Mather et al., Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. 383 :44-68 (1 982)); MRC 5 cells; FS4 cells: and a human hepatoma line (Hep G2).
• recombinant polypeptides such as antibodies
• CHO cells the production of which from CHO-Kl DUX-BI l cells as described in EP307247.
• CHO-Kl DUX-BI l cells were, in turn, obtained from CHO-Kl (ATCC No. CCL61 CIlO-Kl) cells, following the methods described in Simonsen, C. C, and Levinson, ⁇ . D., (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad ScL USA 80:2495-2499 and Urlaub G., and Chasin, L.. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA 77:4216-4220.
• other CHO-Kl (dhfr " ) cell lines are known and can be used.
• the mammalian host cells used to produce peptides, polypeptides and proteins can be cultured in a variety of media.
• Commercially available media such as Ham's Fl O (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium ((MEM), Sigma), RPMI- 1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium ((DMEM, Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells.
• nucleosides such as adenosine and thymidine
• antibiotics such as GcntamycinTM drug
• trace elements defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range
• glucose or an equivalent energy source Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art.
• the culture conditions such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
• the peptides of the present invention can be used, individually or in various combinations, as components of any commercially available or custom made culture medium.
• peptides herein is not limited to the culturing of mammalian, or, in general, eukaryotic host cells.
• the peptides of the present invention also find utility in cell cultures of prokaryotic host organisms.
• Exemplary prokaryotic host cells include, without limitation, eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E.
• E. coli Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium, Serrafia, e.g, Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (e.g., B. licheniformis 41P disclosed in DD 266,710 published ⁇ pr. 12, 1989), Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces.
• One preferred E. coli cloning host is E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446), although other strains such as E. coli B, E. coli X 1776 (ATCC 31,537), and E coil W31 10 (ATCC 27,325) are suitable.
• TubeSpin Bioassay was designed to examine the effects of a cell culture medium additive on cellular proliferation and productivity (as determined by viable cell density and concentration of antibody produced, respectively) in a 5 milliliter (mL) working volume using an initial viable cell density of 1.5 x 10 ⁇ 6 cells/mL.
• Each culture was prepared in a volume of 7.15 mL from which 5 mL are transferred to the assay tube.
• the assay tube is a 50 mL centrifuge tube with a specialized cap that contains a membrane with a 0.2 micron pore-size to facilitate the flow of gases.
• the 2.15 mL that remained was used to measure viable cell density (to confirm that both the target density has been achieved and that the cells are viable), osmolality and metabolic data (pH, glutamine, glutamate, glucose, lactate, ammonium, sodium, potassium).
• a target concentration for that additive was determined.
• GEM2 Selective Genentech Essential Medium
• a 20% (w/v) aqueous solution of PP3 was prepared and was used immediately.
• a 5 x 5 cm stainless steel column was packed with Waters Preparative Cl 8 silica (125A pore size; 55-105 micron particle size).
• the column was preequilibrated with 10 volumes of 0.02% (w/v) triiluoroacetic acid (TF ⁇ ) in water (Buffer ⁇ ) and was operated at a fiowrate of 60 ml/min. 20OmL of the above PP3 solution was loaded onto the column.
• Solvent control and effluent monitoring of the column was achieved using an ⁇ kta chromatography system controlled by Unicorn software (GE Healthcare).
• Hypercarb analytical chromatography Samples of active fractions were analyzed using a Hypercarb (graphite) column (5 micron particle size; column dimensions: 0.1 mm x 50mm).
• the buffers used were Buffer A: aqueous 0.02% TFA; and Buffer B: 85% ACN 4 0.02% TFA.
• Various volumes (0-10 microliters) were loaded onto the column which was preequilibrated with Buffer A and eluted with a linear gradient going to 50% Buffer B over 25 minutes.
• the column was operated at a llowrate of 0.1 ml/min. Solvent control was achieved with an Agilent 1 100
• High resolution mass spectrometry was performed using a Q-TOF (Waters Corporation) or an Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermofinnigan). The instruments were operated in the static spray mode and mass accuracy was found to be ⁇ 5 ppm in both cases. Spectra were used to obtain accurate mass information which was used to correlate with peptide library information.
• a tripeptide library was created using Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis.
• the 5 library was designed to contain all possible tripeptides terminating in arginine (R), i.e. XXR.
• the initial fractionation of PP3 was accomplished using reversed phase IIPLC.
• the chromatogram shown in Figure 2 is representative of the reversed phase chromatography profile of PP3. Most of the mass (-70% of the initial dry weight) flows through the column as does most of the biological activity. 15
• the llowthrough fraction from Cl 8 was concentrated and loaded onto G-15
• Fractions from the G l 5 column were analyzed for bioactivity.
• the specific activity of the G l 5- purified material (fractions F3-F7) was significantly increased over that of PP3 with respect to its ability to increase both recombinant protein titer (Figure 4 ⁇ ) and viable cell count (VCC; Figure 0 4B).
• Figure 5 shows a representative mass spectrum obtained from a sample of Gl 5 pool obtained as described 5 above. The spectrum contains numerous peaks with masses ⁇ 500 Da. One striking feature of the spectra was the fact that they contained many peaks differing in mass by 14 mass units in a repeating fashion. Also, a peak at 175.1 m/z ( Figure 5) was identified as arginine by exact mass and subsequent elemental composition analysis.
• the XXR peptides prepared as noted above were assayed for activity in the bioassay and found to have significant positive effects on both cell growth and titer.
• PP3 contains active molecules with molecular masses ⁇ 500 Da. Some of these molecules were identified as C-terminal arginine containing tripeptides. A combinatorial library of these peptides showed biological activity in a 6-day bioassay. We concluded that C-terminal arginine containing tripeptides are responsible, at least in pail, for the growth- and titer-promoting activities of PP3.

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