Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D471/14—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D491/14—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the regioselective synthesis of compounds of the formula (I),
• R1 ; R2; R3; R4; J1 ; J2; J3; J4 and G have the meanings indicated below and which are useful as intermediates for the preparation of valuable pharmaceutically active ingredients.
• the present invention relates to a direct metal catalyzed, regioselective process for the preparation of a wide variety of unsymmetrical, multifunctional annelated benzimidazoles or azabenzimidazoles of the formula (I) starting from 2-halo- nitroarenes and lactames.
• Preferred metals are palladium and copper.
• Annelated benzimidazoles play an important role in drug discovery and can certainly be regarded as privileged structures in pharmaceutical research.
• Several benzimidazole derivatives containing fused ring structures have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antitumor activity, or a combination of this activities (A. J. Charlson, J. S.
• the limited regioselective access annelated benzimidazoles or azabenzimidazoles often prevents the optimization of a potential drug substance or substance with for example agricultural application and is accompanied by poor cost-effectiveness.
• the present invention is useful in preparing intermediates or end products of biological active compounds in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.
• the present invention provides a direct metal catalyzed, regioselective synthetic route to a wide variety of unsymmetrical, multifunctional annelated benzimidazoles or azabenzimidazoles of formula I starting from 2-halo-nitroarenes of formula Il and lactames of formula III.
• Preferred metals are palladium and copper.
• one aspect of the invention is an efficient and general palladium catalyzed coupling method for substituted 2-halo-nitroarenes (step 1) to intermediates of formula IV.
• step 2 an efficient process is provided for the subsequent reductive aminocyclisation (step 2) of intermediates of formula IV, which can be either performed with the crude reaction mixture of step 1 or optionally after simple filtration through a pad of celite by using a reducing reagent.
• the advantages of the provided process are that it comprises a novel, direct regioselective catalytic, mild and general method for the synthesis of annelated benzimidazoles or azabenzimidazoles, which also can be performed as a one-pot procedure.
• the process is very time- and cost-effective.
• the reaction conditions compatible with a broad range of functional groups and a large variety of starting materials, which are easily accessible or even commercially available.
• R13 tri- or four times substituted independently of one another by R13, j) a 3- to 7-membered cyclic residue, containing 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms chosen from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, wherein said cyclic residue is unsubstituted or mono-, di-, tri- or four times substituted independently of one another by R13, k) -O-CF3, I) -O-(C-
• J2, J3 or J4 are nitrogen atom, or R1 and R2, R2 and R3 or R3 and R4 form together with the atoms which they are attached to a 5- or 8- membered ring, containing up to O, 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms chosen from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, wherein said ring is unsubstituted or substituted one, two, three or four times by R14, R10 is hydrogen atom, -(Ci-C3)-fluoroalkyl or -(C-
• R11 and R12 are independently of one another identical or different and are a) hydrogen atom, b) -(C-i-C ⁇ J-alkyl, wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R13, c ) -(Ce-C i4)-aryl-, wherein aryl is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R13, d) -(C4-C-
• 4)-heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R13 or R13 is halogen, -NO2, -CN, 0, -OH, -(C-j-C8)-alkyl, -(C-
• aryl is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R14, -(C4-C-
• R14 -(C ⁇ -C ⁇ J-cycloalkyl, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R14, or a 3- to 7-membered cyclic residue, containing 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms chosen from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, wherein said cyclic residue is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R14,
• R1, R2, R3, R4, J1 , J2, J3 and J4 are as defined in formula I and X is Cl, Br, I, triflate or nonaflate, with a compound of formula III
• the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula I 1 wherein palladium or copper are used as a metal catalyst.
• the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula I, wherein
• J1, J2, J3 and J4 form together with the carbon atoms they are attached to a ring selected from benzene, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, triazine or tetrazine,
• G is selected from azetidine, azepane, azocane, aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, aza- bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, azacyclooctanone, azacyclononanone, aza-tricyclo
• J2, J3 or J4 are nitrogen atom
• R10 is hydrogen atom, -(C-
• R11 and R12 are independently of one another identical or different and are a) hydrogen atom, b) -(C-
• 4)-heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is as defined above and is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R13 or R13 is F, Cl 1 -CN, O, -OH, -(C ⁇
• n 1 or 2
• -SO 2 -N(RI 7)-R18 phenyl
• phenyl wherein phenyl is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R14, -(C4-C-
• 4)-heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is as defined above and is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R14, -(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R14, or a 3- to 7-membered cyclic residue, which is as defined above and is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted independently of one another by R14, R14 is F, Cl, -OH, O, -CN, -
• R17 and R18 are independently of one another identical or different and are a) hydrogen atom, b) -(Ci-C 4 )-alkyl, c) phenyl or d) -(C 4 -C i 4 )-heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is as defined above and
• X is Cl, Br or I.
• the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula I, which are
• the aprotic solvent useful for step 1 in the process of the present invention must be solvent, wherein the compounds of formulae II, III and IV, metal catalyst, base and ligand are soluble or at least partially soluble and compatible and is chemically inert under the reaction conditions and does not contain water or oxygen as impurities.
• aprotic solvents are: benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofurane, dimethylformamide, n-methylpyrrolodinone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, diglyme ((2-methoxyethyl)ether) or pyridine.
• Preferred is benzene, mesitylene or toluene. Most preferred is toluene.
• the base useful in this process of the present invention is a basic organic or inorganic compound and acts as proton acceptor without inhibiting the catalytic activity of the employed metal catalyst e.g. palladium or copper species or preventing the coupled intermediate species of the compound of formula IV to undergo the reductive aminocyclisation.
• Suitable classes of such bases are for example carbonates, phosphates, fluorides, alkoxides and hydroxides with a suitable metal as counter ion.
• Carbonates and phosphates are the preferred bases in the process of the present invention.
• Potassium carbonate or potassium phosphate and in particular caesium carbonate are the preferred bases.
• the bases are generally employed in moderate excess based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of formula II.
• a useful range is a 1.1 to 2 fold excess based on the 2- halo-nitroarene of the compound of formula II.
• the base may be favourably employed in a 1.4 fold excess based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of formula I.
• the palladium catalyst useful in this process can be selected from the following classes: Pd-alkanoates, Pd-alkanoate complexes, Pd-acetonates, Pd-halides, Pd- halide complexes, Pd-phosphine complexes.
• Representative examples include, but are not limited to: palladium (II) acetate, palladium (II) trifluoroacetate, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) chloroform adduct, palladium (II) chloride, 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 ,1'- binaphthylpalladium(ll) chloride, acetato(2'-di-tert-butylphosphino-1 ,1'-biphenyl-2- yl)palladium(ll), (1 ,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)dichloropalladium(ll), Bis[1 ,2- bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]palladium (0), [(2S,3S)-Bis(diphenylphosphino)butane]
• the preferred catalysts are palladium (II) acetate, 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 ,1'-binaphthylpalladium(ll) and in particular palladium (II) trifluoroacetate.
• the palladium catalyst is generally employed in an amount in the range of 1 to 10 mole percent based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of formula II.
• a useful range is 1 to 9 mole percent of palladium catalyst based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of formula I.
• the ligand useful in this process with palladium catalyst is a mono- or bidentate phosphine ligand and can be selected from the following compounds, but are not limited to: (+/-)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1 l -binaphthalene, (9,9-dimethyl-9h- xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis[diphenyl phosphine], (R)-(-)-1 -[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino) ferrocenyl] ethyldicyclohexylphosphine, 1 ,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane , 1 ,3- Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, (R)-(-)-1 -[(S)-2-(Dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocenyl]- ethyldi-tert-buty
• (+/-)-2 l 2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 I 1'-binaphthalene or (9,9-dimethyl- 9h-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis[diphenyl phosphine] are employed in particular in combination with a palladium source bearing no phosphine itself, like e.g. palladium (II) acetate, palladium (II) trifluoroacetate, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), palladium (M) chloride.
• the most preferred ligand is (+/-)-2,2 l -bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 ,1 l - binaphthalene.
• the phosphine ligand is generally employed in an amount in the range of 1 to 10 mole percent based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of the compound of formula II.
• a useful range is 1 to 9 mole percent of phosphine ligand based on the 2-halo- nitroarene of the compound of formula II.
• Most favourably the phosphine ligand is employed in an equimolar ratio with respect to the palladium source.
• the copper catalyst useful in this process can be selected from the following classes: copper (I) halogen salts and copper oxides. Representative examples include, but are not limited to: copper (I) chloride, copper (I) bromide, copper (I) iodide and copper (I) oxide.
• the preferred catalyst is copper (I) iodide.
• the copper catalyst is generally employed in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 30 mole percent based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of formula II. A useful range is 1 to 9 mole percent of copper catalyst based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of formula I.
• the ligands useful in this process with copper catalyst are a mono- or bidentate amine ligand and can be selected from the following compounds, but are not limited to: ethylenediamine, ⁇ /-methylethylenediamine, ⁇ /, ⁇ /'-dimethyl-ethane-1 ,2-diamine, N, N- dimethyl-ethane-1 ,2-diamine ⁇ /-buthylethylenediamine, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylethylenediamine, N 1 N 1 N -trimethylthylenediamine, N, N, N, N -tetramethylthylenediamine, trans- ⁇ ,2- cyclohexanodiamine, c/s-1 ,2-cyclohexanodiamine, c/s/frans-1 ,2-cyclohexanodiamine, ⁇ /, ⁇ /'-dimethyl-1 ,2-cyclohexanodiamine, ⁇ /, ⁇ /'-diethyl-1 ,2-cyclohex
• the most preferred ligands are trans- ⁇ ,2-cyclohexanodiamine and N- methylethylenediamine.
• the amine ligand is generally employed in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 60 mole percent based on the 2-halo-nitroarene of the compound of the compound of formula II.
• a useful range is 5 to 15 mole percent of amine ligand based on the 2-halo- nitroarene of the compound of formula II.
• Most favourably the amine ligand is employed in a ratio of 2 with respect to the copper source.
• the reaction step 1 is carried out in the temperature range 60 0 C to 150 0 C.
• a useful temperature is from 90 0 C to 110 0 C, preferably from 70 0 C to 90 0 C.
• the reaction is carried out under the exclusion of air and moisture such as under an inert atmosphere like e.g. in an argon or nitrogen atmosphere at atmospheric pressure.
• the reaction time for step 1 is in the range of 3 to 48 hours (h).
• the solvent useful for step 2 or the second solvent in the process of the present invention is an aprotic or protic solvent, wherein the compounds of formula IV or I are soluble or at least partially soluble and compatible with the reaction conditions and involved structures and reagents.
• aprotic or protic solvents are: methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetic acid, methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofurane, pyridine, p-xylene, ethylacetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene or acetonitrile.
• Preferred are methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, pyridine, p-xylene and isopropanol.
• acetic acid is preferred.
• the reducing reagent useful for the reductive aminocyclisation in step 2 in the process of the present invention can be selected from the following examples, but are not limited to: H2/Raney-Ni, H2/Pd-C, H 2 /Pt ⁇ 2, H 2 /Ru, NaBH 4 /NiCI 2 , NaBH 4 ZFeCI 2 , H3PO 2 /Pd-C, Sn/HCI, SnCI 2 /HCI, Fe/HOAc, Fe/HCI, FeSO 4 /HCI, Fe/FeSO 4 , Zn/HCI, Na 2 S, and Na 2 S 2 O 4 .
• Favourable is Fe/HOAc as a reagent for the reductive aminocyclisation.
• the reaction step 2 is carried out in the temperature range 80 ° C to 140 0 C.
• a useful temperature is from 110 0 C to 120 0 C.
• the reaction time for step 2 is in the range of 15 min to 120 min.
• the progress of each reaction step may be monitored by methods known to those skilled in the art, like for example thin layer silica gel chromatography, gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and high pressure liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection or mass spectroscopy.
• thin layer silica gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with mass spectroscopy are used.
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• the isolation and purification procedures useful for the compounds obtained by the process of the present invention are well-known to those skilled in the art, like for example filtration through a celite containing cartridge, aqueous work-up, extraction with organic solvents, distillation, crystallisation, chromatography on silica, and high pressure liquid chromatography on normal phase or reversed phase.
• Preferred methods include, but are not limited to those exemplified.
• alkyl as used herein expressly includes saturated groups as well as unsaturated groups which latter groups contain one or more, for example one, two or three, double bonds and/or triple bonds. All these statements also apply if an alkyl group occurs as a substituent on another residue, for example in an alkyloxy residue, an alkyloxycarbonyl residue or an arylalkyl residue. Examples of ,,-(Ci-C8)-alkyl" or
• ,-(Ci-C8)-alkylene are alkyl residues containing 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms are methyl, methylene, ethyl, ethylene, propyl, propylene, butyl, butylene, pentyl, pentylene, hexyl, heptyl or octyl, the n-isomers of all these residues, isopropyl, isobutyl, 1-methylbutyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3- methylpentyl, isohexyl, sec-butyl, tBu, tert-pentyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl or tert-pentyl.
• cyclic alkyl residues are cycloalkyl residues containing 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 ring carbon atoms like cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyloheptyl or cyclooctyl, which can also be substituted and/or unsaturated.
• Unsaturated cyclic alkyl groups and unsaturated cycloalkyl groups like, for example, cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl can be bonded via any carbon atom.
• J1, J2, J3 and J4 are independently from each other selected from carbon or nitrogen atoms and form together with the carbon atoms they are attached to a stable aromatic or heteroaromatic ring" refers to a residue which can be derived from compounds such as benzene pyrazine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, triazine or tetrazine.
• -(CQ-C ⁇ 4)-afy ⁇ is understood as meaning aromatic hydrocarbon radicals containing from 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the ring.
• 4)-aryl radicals are phenyl, naphthyl, for example 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl, biphenylyl, for example 2-biphenylyl, 3-biphenylyl and 4-biphenylyl, anthryl or fluorenyl.
• Biphenylyl radicals, naphthyl radicals and, in particular, phenyl radicals are preferred aryl radicals.
• the term "monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic 4- to 15-membered saturated, or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing in addition to the nitrogen atom of the lactam moiety 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms chosen from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen” refers to any monocyclic or bicyclic 4- to 15-membered heterocyclic ring system containing up to 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms like for example selected from azetidine, azepane, azocane, aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, azacyclooctanone, azacyclononanone, aza-tricyclo [4.3.1.1 * 3,8 * ]undecane, 4,4-dimethyl-3,5-dioxa- azatricyclo[5.2.1.0 * 2,6 * ]-decane, 3,5-dioxa-azatricyclo-[5.2.1.0 * 2,6
• -(C4-Ci4)-heteroaryl refers to mono-, di- or tri-ring systems, wherein one or more of the 4 to 14 ring carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Examples are acridinyl, azaindole (1 H-pyrrolopyridinyl), azabenzimidazolyl, azaspirodecanyl, azepinyl, azetidinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, carbazolyl, 4aH- carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydrochin
• a 3- to 7-membered cyclic residue, containing 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms refer to structures of heterocycles, which can be derived from compounds such as azepine, azetidine, aziridine, azirine, 1 ,4 diazepane, 1 ,2-diazepine, 1 ,3-diazepine, 1 ,4- diazepine, diaziridine, diazirine, dioxazole, dioxazine, dioxole, 1 ,3-dioxolene, 1,3- dioxolane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazolidine, isothiazoline, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, 2-isoxazoline, ketomorpholine, ketopiperazine, morpholine, 1 ,2-oxa-thiepane, 1 ,
• a pyrrolyl residue can be 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl or 3-pyrrolyl
• a pyridinyl residue can be pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl
• Furyl can be 2-furyl or 3-furyl
• thienyl can be 2-thienyl or 3-thienyl
• imidazolyl can be imidazol-1-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl
• 1 ,3-oxazolyl can be 1 ,3-oxazol-2-yl, 1 ,3- oxazol-4-yl or 1 ,3-oxazol-5-yl
• 1 ,3-thiazolyl can be 1 ,3-thiazol-2-yl, 1 ,3-thiazol-4-yl or 1,3-thiazol-5-yl
• R1 and R2, R2 and R3 or R3 and R4 form together with the atoms which they are attached to a 5- or 8-membered ring, containing up to 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms chosen from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen
• the 4- to 14-membered mono- or polycyclic group could only be derived from the respective unsaturated ring system.
• the names here only serve to describe the ring system with respect to ring size and the number of the heteroatoms and their relative positions.
• the 4- to 14-membered mono- or polycyclic group can be saturated or partially unsaturated or aromatic, and can thus be derived not only from the before-listed heterocycles themselves but also from all their partially or completely hydrogenated analogues and also from their more highly unsaturated analogues if applicable.
• -C3)-fluoroalkyl is a partial or totally fluorinated alkyl-residue, which can be derived from residues such as -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -CHF-CF3, -CHF-CHF2, -CHF-CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CF 31 -CH 2 -CHF 2 , -CH 2 -CH 2 F, -CF 2 -CF 3 , -CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CHF-CF 3 , -CH 2 -CHF-CHF 2 , -CH 2 -CHF-CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CH 2 -CF 3 , -CH 2 -CHF-CHF 2 , -CH 2 -CHF-CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CH 2 -CF 3 , -CH2-CH2-CHF2, -CH2-CH
• Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine, particularly preferably chlorine or bromine.
• triflate refers to trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid ester or trifluoromethanesulfonate.
• nonaflate refers to 1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonic acid ester or 1,1 ,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate.
• R1 , R2, R3 or R4 are absent in case one or more of J1 , J2, J3 or J4 are nitrogen atom
• Optically active carbon atoms present in the compounds of the formula (I) can independently of each other have R configuration or S configuration.
• the compounds of the formula (I) can be present in the form of pure enantiomers or pure diastereomers or in the form of mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers, for example in the form of racemates.
• the present invention relates to pure enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers as well as to pure diastereomers and mixtures of diastereomers.
• the invention comprises mixtures of two or of more than two stereoisomers of the formula (I), and it comprises all ratios of the stereoisomers in the mixtures.
• the invention relates both to pure E isomers and pure Z isomers and to E/Z mixtures in all ratios.
• the invention also comprises all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the formula (I).
• Diastereomers, including E/Z isomers can be separated into the individual isomers, for example, by chromatography. Racemates can be separated into the two enantiomers by customary methods, for example by chromatography on chiral phases or by resolution, for example by crystallization of diastereomeric salts obtained with optically active acids or bases.
• Stereochemically uniform compounds of the formula (I) can also be obtained by employing stereochemically uniform starting materials or by using stereoselective reactions.
• the starting materials or building blocks for use in the general synthetic procedures that can be applied in the preparation of the compounds of formula (I) are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. In many cases they are commercially available or have been described in the literature. Otherwise they can be prepared from readily available precursor compounds analogously to procedures described in the literature, or by procedures or analogously to procedures described in this application. Further, in order to obtain the desired substituents in the benzene nucleus and in the heterocyclic nucleus of the benzimidazole or azabenzimidazole ring system in the formula (I), the functional groups introduced into the ring system during the benzimidazole or azabenzimidazole synthesis can be chemically modified.
• benzimidazoles carrying a hydrogen atom in the 7-position can also be obtained by oxidation of 7-methyl benzimidazole to the benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid and subsequent decarboxylation or from benzimidazoles carrying an ester group in the respective position.
• Carboxylic acid groups and acetic acid groups in the 7- position can be converted into their homologues by usual reactions for chain elongation of carboxylic acids.
• the groups present in the benzimidazole or azabenzimidazole ring system can be modified by a variety of reactions and thus the desired residues R1 , R2, R3, R4 and R5 be obtained.
• nitro groups can be reduced to amino group with under the described reaction conditions or by various reducing agents, such as sulfides, dithionites, complex hydrides or by catalytic hydrogenation.
• a reduction of a nitro group may also be carried out at a later stage of the synthesis of a compound of the formula (I), and a reduction of a nitro group to an amino group may also occur simultaneously with the reaction performed on another functional group, for example when reacting a group like a cyano group with hydrogen sulfide or when hydrogenating a group.
• Ester groups present in the benzene nucleus can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acids, which after activation can then be reacted with amines or alcohols under standard conditions.
• Ether groups present at the benzene nucleus for example benzyloxy groups or other easily cleavable ether groups, can be cleaved to give hydroxyl groups which then can be reacted with a variety of agents, for example etherification agents or activating agents allowing replacement of the hydroxyl group by other groups. Sulfur-containing groups can be reacted analogously.
• Protective groups can also have the meaning of a solid phase, and cleavage from the solid phase stands for the removal of the protective group.
• the use of such techniques is known to those skilled in the art (Burgess K (Ed.) Solid Phase Organic Synthesis ,New York: Wiley, 2000).
• a phenolic hydroxy group can be attached to a trityl-polystyrene resin, which serves as a protecting group, and the molecule is cleaved from this resin by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at a later stage of the synthesis.
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• the employment of microwave assistance for speeding- up, facilitating or enabling reactions may be beneficial or even required in many cases.
• Physiologically tolerable salts of the compounds of formula I are nontoxic salts that are physiologically acceptable, in particular, pharmaceutically utilizable salts.
• Such salts of compounds of formula I containing acidic groups, for example, a carboxyl group (COOH) include, for example, alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts, such as sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts and calcium salts, as well as salts with physiologically tolerable quaternary ammonium ions, such as tetramethylammonium or tetraethylammonium, and acid addition salts with ammonia and physiologically tolerable organic amines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, triethylamine, ethanolamine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine.
• alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts such as sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts and calcium salts
• Basic groups contained in the compounds of formula I form acid addition salts, for example, with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid, or with organic carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, methanesulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid
• organic carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, methane
• Compounds of the formula I which simultaneously contain a basic group and an acidic group, for example, a guanidino group and a carboxyl group, can also be present as zwitterions (betaines) which are likewise included in the scope of the present invention.
• Salts of compounds of formula I can be obtained by customary methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, by combining a compound of the formula I with an inorganic or organic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or from other salts by cation exchange or anion exchange.
• the present invention also includes all salts of the compounds of formula I which, because of low physiologically tolerability, are not directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but are suitable, for example, as intermediates for carrying out further chemical modifications of the compounds of formula I or as starting materials for the preparation of physiologically tolerable salts.
• a further aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of the formula I as prepared by the process according to the invention for the production of pharmaceuticals, diagnostic agents, liquid crystals, polymers, herbicides, fungicidals, nematicidals, parasiticides, insecticides, acaricides and arthropodicides.
• the compounds of the formula I can be used as synthesis intermediates for the preparation of other compounds, in particular of other pharmaceutical active ingredients, which are obtainable from the compounds of the formula I 1 for example by introduction of substituents or modification of functional groups.
• an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid or acetic acid was used, for example when trifluoroacetic acid was employed to remove a tBu group or when a compound was purified by chromatography using an eluent which contained such an acid, in some cases, depending on the work-up procedure, for example the details of a freeze-drying process, the compound was obtained partially or completely in the form of a salt of the acid used, for example in the form of the acetic acid salt or trifluoroacetic acid salt or hydrochloric acid salt.
• Example 15 3-Methyl-8,8-diphenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-dipyrido[1 ,2-a;3',2'-d]imidazole.
• Example 20 7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[1 ,2-a]imidazole.
• Example 28 3-Methoxy-6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-5H-4b,12-diaza-cyclonon[a]indene.

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• Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
• Measuring Oxygen Concentration In Cells (AREA)
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• 2008
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