Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D471/14—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the present invention is related to the use of novel derivatives of pyrazolonaphthyridines as modulators of GABA A ⁇ 5 for the intended use of therapy for enhancing cognition.
• the inhibitory neurotransmitter ⁇ -aminobutyric acid serves as a ligand for two distinct classes of receptors, GABA A and GABA B -
• GABA A class is a ligand-gated ion channel while GABA B is a canonical seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor.
• the GABA A receptor is comprised of a number of subunits, including ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ . Cloning of the individual subunits of the GABA A receptor has confirmed the existence, so far, of six ⁇ subunits, three ⁇ subunits, three ⁇ subunits, and one ⁇ subunit.
• the overall structure of the receptor is a pentamer with a minimum subunit requirement of at least one a subunit, one ⁇ subunit, and one ⁇ subunit.
• GABA binding sites on the GABAA receptor that modulate the activity of the receptor including sites for benzodiazepines, steroids, barbiturates, ethanol, and convulsants (e.g. picrotoxin).
• the GABA binding site is located at the ⁇ / ⁇ interface.
• BZ-site benzodiazepine binding site
• Binding of GABA is greatly modulated by binding of drugs to the BZ-site, which can cause a number of different pharmacological responses.
• Drugs such as diazepam and Zolpidem, agonists of GABA A function have shown historic success as anxiolytic agents (Muller, W.E. (1988) Drugs of Today 24: 649-663 incorporated herein in its entirety).
• a preferable profile for a cognitive enhancer is one that shows negative modulation at ⁇ 5, but with less modulation of ⁇ l, ⁇ 2, or ⁇ 3 to minimize side effects such as convulsion or sedation.
• no ⁇ 5 selective GABA A negative modulator has been brought to market, and only a limited number have been investigated in human clinical trials.
• R is absent, hydrogen, or oxide
• Zi 5 Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 are each independently N, or C(Ri), wherein at least one of Zi, Z 2 , Z 3 , or Z 4 are N and at least two of Zi, Z 2 , Z 3 , or Z 4 are C(Ri);
• each Ri is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, cyano, B 1 , -CONR a R b , -NR a R b; hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, amino(C 1 -C6)alkyl, (Ci-Ce)alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, and (Ci-C ⁇ alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, wherein at least one Ri is B 1 ;
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, and (C 1 - C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro;
• each R a and R b is independently hydrogen, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, (d-C ⁇ alkylaryl, -S(O) z (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -S(O)*aiyl, -C(O)(C ,-C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)NRg(Ci-C 6 )aIkyl, -C(O)NR g aryl, -C(O)O(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, arylOC(O)- or arylC(O)-, or R a and R b are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocycle group optionally substituted with one or more R d ; wherein the heterocycle group optionally include one or more groups selected from O (oxygen), S (sulfur), and NR C ; [0018] each R c is independently hydrogen,
• each R d is independently hydrogen, halo, oxo, hydroxy, -C(0)NR a R b , -NR a R b , hydroxy(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl, aryl(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (C]-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro;
• each Rc and Rf is independently selected from hydrogen, (Q-C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, (Ci-C 6 )alkylaryl, aryl(C r C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) 2 (Ci- C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) z NR g (C r C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) z aryl, -C(0)NR g (d -C 6 )alkyL -C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, arylC(O)-, arylOC(O)-, or -C(O)O(C 1 -C 6 )EIlCyI;
• Rg is hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle or (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro;
• Ar is aryl optionally substituted with one or more M or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more M;
• each Q is independently hydrogen, halo, oxo, hydroxy, -C(O)NR a R b , -NR a R b , (d-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Rj 3 hydroxy(Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R d , aryl optionally substituted with one or more R d , or aryl(Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R d ;
• each M is independently hydrogen, halo, CF 3 , CF 2 H, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, hydroxy (Ci -C 6 )alkyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy, -NR a R b , aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle;
• each X is independently NL, oxygen, C(Q) 2 , or S(O) Z ;
• each L is independently hydrogen, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, -C(O)O(C,-C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)Oaryl, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy(C]-C 6 )alkyl, hydroxy(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, arylO(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -C0NR e R f , -S(O) z (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) z aryl, -C( ⁇ C,-C 6 )alkyl, arylC(O)-,-C(O)NR g (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (d-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, or (CrC 6 )alkoxy optional
• [0028] 2 is an integer selected from 0, 1 and 2;
• n is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2.
• Ar can be:
• Y is CM or N.
• the compound has the formula Ia:
• X can be NL. In another embodiment, X can be oxygen.
• the compound has the formula Ib:
• Y is CM or N.
• X can be NL.
• X can be oxygen.
• the compound has the formula (Ih)
• the compound has the formula (Ik)
• the compound has the formula (II)
• the compound has the formula (Im)
• the compound has the formula (In)
• the compound has the formula (Io)
• the compound has the formula (Iq)
• the compound has the formula (Ir)
• the compound has the formula (Is)
• the compound has the formula (It)
• the compound has the formula (Iu)
• the compound has the formula (Iv)
• the compound has the formula (Iw)
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
• the present embodiments provide for a method of modulating one or more GABA A subtypes in an animal comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of a compound of formula (I):
• R is absent, hydrogen, or oxide
• Zi, Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z4 are each independently N, or C(Ri), wherein at least one of Zi, Z 2 , Z 3 , or Z 4 are N and at least two of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , or Z 4 are C(R 1 );
• each Ri is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, cyano, B 1 , -C0NR a R b , -NR a R b , hydroxy (Ci -C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Heterocycle,amino(C r C 6 )alkyl, (d-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, and (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, wherein at least one R 1 is B 1 ;
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, hydroxy(C 1 -C6)alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 JaIlCyI optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, and (C 1 - C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro;
• each R a and Rb is independently hydrogen, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -S(O) z (C r C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) 1 MyI, -C(O)(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)NR g (C I -C 6 )alkyl J -C(O)NRgMyI, -C(O)O(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, arylOC(O)- or arylC(O)- or R 8 and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocycle group optionally substituted with one or more R ⁇ ; wherein the heterocycle group optionally include one or more groups selected from O (oxygen), S (sulfur), and NR c ;
• each R c is independently hydrogen, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, -C(O)O(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)Oaryl, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, hydroxy(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, aiylO(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)NR g (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)NR g MyI, -S(O) z (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl J -S(O) z aryl, -C(O)(C !
• each R d is independently hydrogen, halo, oxo, hydroxy, -C(O)NR a R b , -NR 3 Rb, hydroxy(C]-C6)alkyl, aryl, aryl(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, or (C r C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro; [0078] each R e and Rf is independently selected from hydrogen, (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl 3 aryl(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)(C i-C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) 2 (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) 2 aryl 3 -C(O)NR g (Ci-
• Rg is hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle or (C[-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro;
• Ar is aryl optionally substituted with one or more M or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more M;
• each Q is independently hydrogen, halo, oxo, hydroxy, -C(O)NR a R b , -NR a Rb, (Ci-Ce)alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, (CrC ⁇ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R d , hydroxy(Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ra, aryl optionally substituted with one or more R d , or aryl(Ci-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R d ;
• each M is independently hydrogen, halo, CF 3 , CF 2 H, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, hydroxy (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy, -NR a R b , aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle;
• each X is independently NL, oxygen, C(Q) 2 , or S(O) 2 ;
• each L is independently hydrogen, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, -C(O)O(Ci -C 6 )alkyl, -C(O)Oaryl ; (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, arylO(C 1 -C 6 )aIkyl ) -C0NR c R f , -S(O) z (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, -S(O) z aryl, -C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, arylC(O)-,-C(O)NR g (C r C 6 )alkyl, (C]-C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with up to 5 fluoro, or (C]-
• p is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2 and 3 ;
• z is an integer selected from 0, 1 and 2;
• n is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2.
• the modulation can be negative. In another embodiment, the modulation can be positive.
• the GAB A A subtypes is GAB A A ⁇ 5.
• the modulation can be negative. In another embodiment, the modulation can be positive.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treatment of a cognitive dysfunction in an animal comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of the compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, under conditions wherein the cognitive dysfunction is treated.
• the animal is an aged animal, In another embodiment, the cognitive dysfunction is Alzheimer's disease, dementia or another neurodegenerative disease.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treatment of a psychiatric disorder in an animal comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of the compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, under conditions wherein the psychiatric disorder is treated.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of the compounds of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament useful for modulation of one or more GABA A subtypes in an animal.
• the modulation can be negative. In another embodiment, the modulation can be positive.
• the GABA A subtypes is GABAA ⁇ 5. In one embodiment of the method, the modulation can be negative, In another embodiment, the modulation can be positive.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of the compounds of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treatment of a cognitive dysfunction in an animal.
• the animal is a healthy animal.
• the animal is an aged animal.
• the cognitive dysfunction is Alzheimer's disease, dementia or another neurodegenerative disease.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of the compounds of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treatment of psychiatric disorders in an animal.
• the psychiatric disorder is an anxiety disorder, sleep disorder, depression, or schizophrenia.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treatment of disorders ameliorated by modulation of GABA A ot subunits other than ⁇ 5 in an animal.
• the modulation can be positive. In another embodiment, the modulation can be negative.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of increasing cognitive function in an animal comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, under conditions wherein memory is increased.
• the animal is healthy.
• the memory is long term memory. In one embodiment, the memory is short term memory.
• Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for increasing cognitive function in an animal wherein the GABA A CC5 subtype in the animal is negatively modulated.
• the animal is healthy.
• the memory is long term memory. In one embodiment, the memory is short term memory.
• alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
• the alkyl moiety may be a "saturated alkyl” group, which means that it does not contain any alkene or alkyne moieties.
• An "alkene” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond
• an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• the alkyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.
• Examples of branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropy, sec-butyl, t-butyl and the like.
• Examples of straight chain alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and the like.
• Examples of cyclic alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like
• alkoxy refers to straight or branched chain alkyl radical covalently bonded to the parent molecule through an --O-- linkage. Examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy and the like.
• alkenyl used herein refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain radical of from two to twenty carbon atoms containing a carbon double bond including, but not limited to, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-l-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like.
• alkynyl used herein refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain radical of from two to twenty carbon atoms containing a carbon triple bond including, but not limited to, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, and the like.
• aryl refers to homocyclic aromatic radical whether one ring or multiple fused rings. Moreover, the term “aryl” includes fused ring systems wherein at least two aryl rings, or at least one aryl and an ortho-fused bicyclic carbocyclic radical having about nine to ten ring atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic share at least one chemical bond. Examples of “aryl” rings include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted phenyl, biphenyl, naphthalenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, tetralinyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, and indanyl.
• heterocycle or “heterocycle group” used herein refers to an optionally substituted monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system comprising at least one heteroatom in the ring system backbone.
• the heteroatoms are independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
• heterocycle includes multiple fused ring systems.
• heterocycle includes fused ring systems that may have any degree of saturation provided that at least one ring in the ring system is not aromatic.
• the monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system may be substituted or unsubstituted, and can be attached to other groups via any available valence, preferably any available carbon or nitrogen.
• Preferred monocyclic ring systems are of 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 members.
• Six membered monocyclic rings contain from up to three heteroatoms wherein each heteroatora is individually selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, and wherein when the ring is five membered, preferably it has one or two heteroatoms wherein each heteroatom is individually selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
• Preferred bicyclic cyclic ring systems are of 8 to 12 members and include spirocycles.
• the term "heteroaryl" used herein refers to an aromatic heterocyclic group, whether one ring or multiple fused rings.
• heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzothiazyl, benzoxazyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl, thienyl, and the like.
• heterocycle encompasses heteroaryl fused to a non-aromatic ring system.
• heteroatom refers to, for example, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
• amino refers to a nitrogen radical substituted with hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof.
• amino groups include, but are not limited to, -NHMethyl, -NH 2 , -NMethyl 2; -NPhenylMethyl, -NHPhenyl, -NEthylMethyl, and the like.
• arylalkyl refers to one or more aryl groups appended to an alkyl radical.
• arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl, phenpropyl, phenbutyl, and the like.
• heteroarylalkyl refers to one or more heteroaryl groups appended to an alkyl radical.
• heteroarylalkyl include, but are not limited to, pyridylmethyl, furanylmethyl, thiopheneylethyl, and the like.
• aryloxy used herein refers to an aryl radical covalently bonded to the parent molecule through an --O-- linkage.
• alkylthio refers to straight or branched chain alkyl radical covalently bonded to the parent molecule through an — S-- linkage.
• alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy and the like.
• cyclohexane substituted with "oxo” is cyclohexanone.
• alkanoyl refers to a “carbonyl” substituted with an “alkyl” group, the “alkanoyl” group is covalently bonded to the parent molecule through the carbon of the "carbonyl” group.
• alkanoyl groups include, but are not limited to, methanoyl, ethanoyl, propanoyL, and the like. Methanoyl is commonly known as acetyl.
• a radical indicates species with a single, unpaired electron such that the species containing the radical can be covalently bonded to another species.
• a radical is not necessarily a free radical. Rather, a radical indicates a specific portion of a larger molecule.
• the term "radical” can be used interchangeably with the term "group.”
• a substituted group is derived from the unsubstituted parent structure in which there has been an exchange of one or more hydrogen atoms for another atom or group.
• Asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in the compounds described. All such isomers, including diastereomers and enantiomers, as well as the mixtures thereof are intended to be included in the scope of the recited compound. In certain cases, compounds can exist in tautomeric forms. All tautomeric forms are intended to be included in the scope. Likewise, when compounds contain an alkenyl or alkenylene group, there exists the possibility of cis- and trans- isomeric forms of the compounds. Both cis- and trans- isomers, as well as the mixtures of cis- and trans- isomers, are contemplated. Thus, reference herein to a compound includes all of the aforementioned isomeric forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
• a polymorph is a composition having the same chemical formula, but a different structure.
• a solvate is a composition formed by solvation (the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute).
• a hydrate is a compound formed by an incorporation of water.
• a conformer is a structure that is a conformational isomer. Conformational isomerism is the phenomenon of molecules with the same structural formula but different conformations (conformers) of atoms about a rotating bond. Salts of compounds can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• salts of compounds can be prepared by reacting the appropriate base or acid with a stoichiometric equivalent of the compound.
• animal as used herein includes birds, reptiles, and mammals (e.g. domesticated mammals and humans).
• the terms "individual,” “host,” “subject,” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a mammal, including, but not limited to, murines, simians, humans, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets.
• the compound of formula (I) is a compound of any of the formulae Ia-Iw
• a specific value for Ar can be phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, or 2-pyridyl.
• Designation B 1 is intended to mean the group:
• the B 1 group is attached to a ring carbon atom ⁇ i.e. C) at a position in the ring to which the bond is attached.
• the carbon atom may be at the Zi, Z 2 , Z 3 or Z 4 position of the ring structure.
• a specific value for B 1 can be piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperidine, and perhydro-l,4-diazepine.
• a specific value for X can be carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen.
• a specific value of n can be 0, 1 , or 2,
• a specific value for Q can be hydrogen, (d-C 6 )alkyl, and hydroxytC t - C 6 )alkyl.
• General Reaction Scheme 1 shows a representative synthetic method for the synthesis of Aryl 2,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[4 5 3-c] [l,5]Pyrazolonaphthyridines.
• the 3-amino- pyridine of Formula 1 can be reacted with diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate under heating to afford, in an addition-elimination type reaction, the enamine of Formula 2.
• Thermal cyclization of the compound of Formula 2 provides the hydroxyl-azaquinoline of formula 3a.
• Solvents that can be used in step (b) include but are not limited to diphenyl ether, Dowtherm® and similar high boiling point stable solvents.
• Conversion of the hydroxyl-azaquinoline of formula 3a to the chloro-azaquinoline of formula 4a can be accomplished using a chlorinating agent in a halogenated solvent and optionally catalytic DMF.
• Chlorinating agents that can be used in step (c) include but are not limited to oxalyl chloride, P(O)Cl 3 , PCl 5 , thionyl chloride, phosgene triphosgene, and similar chlorinating agents.
• Solvents that can be used in step (c) include but are not limited to chlorobenzene, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, and similar solvents.
• the chloro- azaquinoline of formula 4a can be reacted with aryl or heteroaryl hydrazine to form the tricyclic oxo-pyrazole of formula 5a-c.
• Organic bases that can be used in step (d) include but are not limited to triethyl amine (TEA), diisopropylethyl amine (DIEA), 1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), l ; 5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), N- methylpiperidine, and the like.
• Solvents that can be used in step (d) include but are not limited to o-xylene, xylenes, chlorobenzene, toluene, and the like. Displacement of the fluoro of the compound of formula 5a-c with a cyclic amine under heating provides the compound of formula 6a-t. Step (e) can be performed with solvent or neat.
• Conversion of the hydroxyl-azaquinoline of formula 11 to the chloro-azaquinoline of formula 12 can be accomplished using a chlorinating agent in a halogenated solvent and optionally catalytic DMF.
• Chlorinating agents that can be used in step (a) include but are not limited to oxalyl chloride, P(O)Cl 3 , PCl 5 , thionyl chloride, phosgene triphosgene, and similar chlorinating agents.
• Solvents that can be used in step (a) include but are not limited to chlorobenzene, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, and similar solvents.
• the chloro- azaquinoline of formula 12 can be reacted with aryl or heteroaryl hydrazine to form the tricyclic oxo-pyrazole of formula 13.
• Organic bases that can be used in step (b) include but are not limited to triethyl amine (TEA), diisopropylethyl amine (DIEA), 1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), l,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), N- methylpiperidine, and the like.
• Solvents that can be used in step (b) include but are not limited to o-xylene, xylenes, chlorobenzene, toluene, and the like. Displacement of the chloro of the compound of formula 13 with a cyclic amine under heating provides the compound of formula 14. Step (c) can be performed with solvent or neat.
• IC 50 values for the exemplified compounds range from sub nM to 10 ⁇ M in a 3 -concentration dose response curve.
• A indicates an IC50 of >lmM
• B indicates an IC 50 of ⁇ lmM
• C indicates an IC 50 of ⁇ InM
• GABA A function is determined by changes in current as determined in an electrophysiology assay, as is detailed below.
• mRNA was prepared from lyophilized plasmid pellets containing cDNA inserts encoding the specific GABA A receptor subunit.
• cDNAs encoding the ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, and ⁇ 3 subunits were subcloned into pBluescript, SK " .
• cDNAs encoding the ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 5 subunits were subcloned into prC while cDNA encoding the ⁇ 2 subunit was subcloned into pcDNAl .
• the cDNA construct encoding the ⁇ 2s subunit is in the pGH19 expression construct. Overnight cultures of transformed DH5a bacterial cells were performed to grow sufficient quantities for maxiprep isolation of the plasmid cDNA.
• the resulting plasmid cDNA was linearized by digestion with an appropriate restriction enzyme that cleaves distal to the cDNA insert (Xbal for ⁇ 1,2, ⁇ 2, and ⁇ 3 or Notl for ⁇ 3,5 and ⁇ 2, respectively). Following digestion, plasmid cDNA was treated with proteinase K and extracted with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, followed by ethanol precipitation. cDNA quality was assessed by agarose-gel electrophoresis (1.5% agarose gel). Samples were stored at -20 0 C until use. In vitro transcription was performed with T7 RNA polymerase. mRNA was then stored at -80°C until use. Plasmids were linearized with appropriate restriction enzymes before in vitro transcription using the Message Machine kit (Ambion, Austin, TX).
• GABA A receptor expression in Xenopus oocytes GABA A receptor expression in Xenopus oocytes.
• GABA A receptor expression in Xenopus oocytes Following 45 min of 0.15% Tricaine anesthesia, an ovarian section containing the follicular oocytes was removed from the frog through a lateral abdominal incision. Oocytes were immediately placed in a calcium-free solution (NaCl 96 mM, MgCl 2 1 mM, KCl 2mM, Hepes 50 mM, pyruvate 2.5 mM, gentamycin 100 ⁇ g/mL, penicillin-streptomycin 50 U/mL, pH 7.4). Following 1.5-2 hour incubation in 0.2% collagenase (type II, Sigma Chemical Co., St.
• Oocytes were injected solution using an electronic micro injector (Drummond, Broomall, PA) with 50 nL of RNA containing 0.3-0.5 ng of each subunit RNA in a 1:1: 1 ratio.
• the injected oocytes were used for experiments after 1-5 days of incubation in Barth's solution at 18-2O 0 C.
• Measurements of ion currents from oocytes expressing GABA A receptors were performed using a Warner two-electrode voltage-clamp amplifier (Warner Instruments, Inc., Foster City, CA) (Park-Chung, M., et al. (1999) Brain Res. 830: 72-87 incorporated herein in its entirety).
• Microelectrodes were fabricated from borosilicate glass capillaries with a programmed pipette puller (Sutter Instrument Co., CA). Microelectrode resistance was 1-3 M ⁇ when filled with 3 M KCl.
• the oocyte recording chamber was continuously perfused with Ringer solution. Oocytes were clamped at a holding potential of -7OmV during data acquisition.
• the membrane current was filtered at 10 Hz and sampled at 100 Hz.
• Compounds were applied by a gravity-driven external perfusion system.
• the working volume of the recording chamber was 30 ⁇ L and the rate of the perfusion was approximately 50 ⁇ L/sec.
• Compound application was 10-20 sec followed by a 90 sec wash.
• Data acquisition and external perfusion was computer controlled by custom-developed software. All experiments were performed at room temperature (22-24 0 C). Dose-response data from each oocyte were fitted to the Hill equation by non-linear regression using the equation:
• IGABA Emax/(l+(EC 50 /c) nH )
• Emax is the maximum response
• EC 50 is the concentration producing 50% of the maximal response
• ri H is the Hill coefficient
• c is the concentration of agonist.
• GABA concentration-response curve fit an EC 1O f° r GABA was determined for each subunit combination, and this concentration was used for subsequent modulator concentration- response studies. Peak current measurements were normalized and expressed as a fraction of the peak control current measurements. Control current responses to an ECio concentration of GABA were re-determined after every 2-4 modulator applications. Percent modulation was determined by the equation:
• % change (I7I-l) x 100 where I is the control response at the GABA ECio and F the response in the presence of modulator (Lippa A, et al. (2005) Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA 102(20): 7380-7385 incorporated herein in its entirety).
• Object recognition is an ethologically relevant task for rodents, which does not result from negative reinforcement (foot shock). This task relies on the natural curiosity of rodents to explore novel objects in their environments more than familiar ones. Obviously, for an object to be "familiar,” the animal must have attended to it before and remembered that experience. Hence, animals with better memory will attend and explore a new object more than an object familiar to them. During testing, the animal is presented with the training object and a second, novel one. Memory of the training object renders it familiar to the animal, and it then spends more time exploring the new novel object rather than the familiar one (Bourtchouladze, R, ; et al (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad.
• the strength of memory retention in most cases is dependent on the amount of training (repetition of explicit or implicit trials).
• This "memory acquisition curve" can be influenced by many experimental and physical variables, which include, but are not limited to, temperature, humidity, ambient noise, lighting levels, the size of the training arena, the size and dimensions of the objects, the physical textures and colors of the training arena and the animal's stress levels, motivational states or experiences prior to training.
• the experimenter must parameterize training duration to define (i) the duration (amount of training) required to reach an asymptotic (high) level of memory retention and (ii) a lesser duration at which memory retention is sub-maximal.
• Memory enhancing compounds will produce higher memory retention with submaximal training (but may have no measurable effect with asymptotic ("maximal”) training.
• the difference between sub-maximal and asymptotic memory must be sufficiently larger to yield appropriate statistical power.
• Training was initiated 24h hours after habituation. An animal was placed back into the training box, which contained two identical objects (e.g. a small conus-shape object), and was allowed to explore these objects. The objects were placed into the central area of the box and the spatial position of objects (left-right sides) was counterbalanced between subjects. Animals were trained for 15 minutes. To test for memory retention, animals were observed for 10 minutes 24 hours after training. A rodent was presented with two objects, one of which was used during training, and thus was 'familiar' and the other of which was novel (e.g. a small pyramid-shape object). To ensure that the discrimination targets do not differ in smell, after each experimental subject, the apparatus and the objects were thoroughly cleaned with 90% ethanol, dried and ventilated for a few minutes.
• two identical objects e.g. a small conus-shape object
• 1-hr memory retention represents a measure of decremental, short-term memory (usually transcription independent), which contributes to cognitive functions, such as working memory (radial arm maze, delayed match to sample, etc), executive function (task-switching, etc.) and attentional processes (priming, etc).
• Twenty- four hour memory retention represents a measure of long-term memory, to which STM is converted through the molecular and cellular processes of memory consolidation. LTM contributes to lasting cognitive functions such as reference memory.

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