Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
  • C09J135/00—Adhesives based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least another carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09J135/06—Copolymers with vinyl aromatic monomers
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  • H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
  • H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
  • H01L24/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
  • H01L24/28—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/10—Esters; Ether-esters
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  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/34—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring
  • C08K5/3412—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring having one nitrogen atom in the ring
  • C08K5/3415—Five-membered rings
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  • H01L2924/15—Details of package parts other than the semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
  • H01L2924/151—Die mounting substrate
  • H01L2924/156—Material
  • H01L2924/157—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof
  • H01L2924/15738—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of greater than or equal to 950 C and less than 1550 C
  • H01L2924/15747—Copper [Cu] as principal constituent

Definitions

• the present invention relates to thermosetting adhesive compositions, methods of preparation and uses therefor.
• the present invention relates to low temperature curing thermosetting compositions and methods for use thereof.
• Adhesive compositions are used for a variety of purposes in the fabrication and assembly of semiconductor packages and microelectronic devices. The more prominent uses include bonding of electronic elements such as integrated circuit chips to lead frames or other substrates, and bonding of surface mount components to printed circuit boards.
• Adhesives useful for electronic packaging applications typically exhibit properties such as good mechanical strength, curing properties that do not affect the component or the carrier, and rheological properties compatible with application to microelectronic and semiconductor components.
• packages are ball grid array (BGA) assemblies, super ball grid arrays, IC memory cards, chip carriers, hybrid circuits, chip-on-board, multi- chip modules, pin grid arrays, and the like.
• one-part adhesive systems contain an epoxy, a polythiol, and a latent curing accelerator. These systems necessarily employ glycidyl ether and/or glycidyl ester epoxies as these are the only expoxies that are sufficiently reactive with thiol curatives to be pracitcal as adhesives. Both glycidyl ethers and esters are known for their residual chlorine content. Even the "cleanest" versions of these monomers contain around 50 ppm of total chloride. However, chloride ions are a potent source of corrosion in electronic components and thus, many applications of adhesive compositions are intolerant of chloride. Thus, one-part adhesisve systems have limited usefulness in many of the most important electronics applications.
• the present invention provides adhesive compositions containing an electron poor olefin, a nucleophile, and a base catalyst, where the composition cure by Michael addition at a temperature of about 50° C to about 100° C. In certain embodiments, the composition cures at a temperature of less than about 100° C, less than about 90° C, less than about 80° C, or less than about 70° C.
• the electron poor olefin in the adhesive composition contains at least one acrylate, methacrylate, or maleimide.
• the (meth)acrylate and/or maleimide contains at least two functional end groups per molecule.
• the ratio of acrylate and methyacrylate and maleimide equivalents to thiol equivalents in the composition is about 0.5 to about 1.5. In certain embodiments, the ratio is about 0.75 to about 1.3.
• the acrylate can, for example, be a zincdiacrylate, an ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, a trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, or a tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate.
• the maleimide can, for example, be l,5-bismaleimido-2 methyl pentane,l,6- bismaleimido-trimethyl hexane having the structure:
• the electron poor olefin includes at least one of: an ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate; a dimer diol diacrylate; a cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate; a 2-butyl-2-ethyl- 1,3 -propanediol diacrylate; a 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate; a trimethylene glycol diacrylate; a tetraethylene glycol diacrylate; a polyethylene glycol diacrylate; a 1 ,4-butanediol diacrylate; a diethylene glycol diacrylate; a neopentyl glycol diacrylate; a propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate; a tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate; a tris (2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate; a pentaerythritol triacrylate; a
• R is H or methyl
• R is H or methyl; • where R is H or methyl;
• R is H or methyl; where R is H or methyl;
• R is H or methyl, m is 1 to about 10, and n is 3 to about 20;
• n 0 to about 20;
• n 0 to about 50
• n 0 to about 50.
• the nucleophile in the adhesive compositions of the invention typically includes at least one of: a thiol, a phenol and a malonate.
• the thiol is a compound synthesized from 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoacetic acid, or 3-mercaptopropionic acid.
• the nucleophile includes a polythiol with at least two thiol groups, or a polyphenol having two or more phenol groups.
• the polythiol can be, for example, trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate); trimethylolpropane tris-(thioglycolate); pentaerythritol tetrakis-(thioglycolate); ethyleneglycol dithioglycolate; trimethylolpropane tris-( ⁇ -thiopropionate); pentaerythritol tetrakis-( ⁇ - thiopropionate); dipentaerythritol poly( ⁇ -thiopropionate); tris(3-mercaptopropionate)triethyl- l,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(lH,3H,5H)-trione; dimer diol bis(3-mercaptopropionate); tricyclodecane dimethanol bis(3-mercaptopropionate; cyclohexane dimethanol bis(3-mercaptopropionate); or
• the thiol includes at least one compound having a formula:
• the nucleophile of the adhesive composition of the invention is a trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate); a 2,2'-diallyl bisphenol A; an ortho,ortho-diallyl bisphenol F; a 2,2'-diallyl bisphenol E; a l,l,l-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane; a l,l,l-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; a polyphenol trimethylolpropane tri(3- mercaptopropionate) or a non-crystalline novolac resin.
• this component of the adhesive composition is typically an amine and often a latent amine.
• the latent amine can be a primary amine; a secondary amine; a tertiary amine; or an amine, an imidazole, or a hydrazide comprising at least one tertiary amino residue in its backbone.
• the latent amine can be a micronized polyamine superficially treated with acid.
• the amine is selected from: dimethylaminopropylamine; diethylaminopropylamine; di- npropylaminopropylamine; dibutylaminopropylamine; dimethylaminoethylamine; diethylaminoethylamine; N-methylpiperazine; 2-methylimidazole; 2-ethylimidazole; 2-ethyl-4- methylimidazole; 2-phenylimidazole); 2-dimethylaminoethanol; l-methyl-2- dimethylaminoethanol; l-phenoxymethyl-2-dimethylaminoethanol; 2-diethylaminoethanol; 1- butoxymethyl-2-dimethylaminoethanol; 1 -(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)-2-methylimidazole; 1 - (2-hydroxy-3 -phenoxypropyl)-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole; 1 -(2-hydroxy-3 -butoxypropyl
• the amine catalyst is converted to a salt by the addition of an acid compound, such as a carboxylic acid.
• the latent amine is about 0.5 to about 5 parts by weight per 100 parts of the adhesive composition.
• Latent amines of the invention may act by initiating a Michael addition reaction between the electron poor olefin and the nucleophile only upon melting.
• the working life of the adhesive compositions of the invention is typically at least about 10 hours, and most often at least about 24 hours.
• the adhesive compositions also contain, for example, reactive diluents, such as an epoxy, a maleimide, an acrylate, a methacrylate, or a styrenic.
• the adhesive compositions can also contain fillers, such as conductive fillers (e.g., thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive fillers).
• adhesive compositions containing 0.5 wt %) to about 98 wt % of at least one electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst adhesive composition as described above; 0 wt % to about 90 wt % of a filler; and 0 wt % to about 4 wt %, of at least one coupling agent.
• Such compositions are useful as die attach paste adhesives.
• these die attach paste adhesive composition include about 2 wt % to about 80 wt % of the at least one electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst adhesive composition, or may contain about 50 wt % of the electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst adhesive composition.
• the adhesives of the invention can also include up to 90 wt % of at least one compound selected from an epoxy, a phenolic, a novolac, a bismaleimide, a polymaleimide, a cyanate ester; a vinyl ether, a vinyl ester, an olefin, a styrenic, an allyl functional compound, a thixotrope, a colorant, an oxazoline, a benzoxazine, an oxetane, a titanate, a zirconate, a silicate ester, and metal acrylate salt.
• Fillers in the die attach paste adhesive compositions of the invention can include silver, silver coated copper, nickel, copper, aluminum, palladium, gold, graphite, metal-coated graphite, graphite, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, boron nitride, diamond dust, alumina, a polys iloxane, silica, fumed silica, alumina, titanium dioxide, and calcium carbonate.
• the adhesive compositions of the invention include a coupling agent, such as a silicate ester, a metal acrylate salt, zirconate, a titanate, sulfur- containing silicate ester, a (meth)acrylate containing silicate ester, a maleimide containing silicate ester, a citraconimide containing silicate ester, or an epoxy containing silicate ester.
• a coupling agent such as a silicate ester, a metal acrylate salt, zirconate, a titanate, sulfur- containing silicate ester, a (meth)acrylate containing silicate ester, a maleimide containing silicate ester, a citraconimide containing silicate ester, or an epoxy containing silicate ester.
• assemblies having a first article permanently adhered to a second article by a cured aliquot of an adhesive composition of the invention.
• the invention provides methods for attaching a first article to a second article including the steps of applying an adhesive composition according to the invention to the first article, the second article or both the first article and the second article; contacting the first article and the second article to form an assembly where the first article and the second article are separated only by the applied adhesive composition; and curing the applied adhesive composition.
• the articles are a semiconductor device and a substrate.
• the methods of the invention for attaching these generally use the die attach paste adhesive compositions and involve applying the adhesive composition of the invention to the substrate, the semiconductor device or both the substrate and the semiconductor device; contacting the substrate and the semiconductor device to form an assembly where the substrate and the die are separated only by the applied adhesive composition; and curing the applied adhesive composition.
• the invention provides methods for adhesively attaching a semiconductor device to a substrate by applying an adhesive composition of the invention to the substrate, the semiconductor device or both the substrate and the semiconductor device; melting the applied adhesive composition; contacting the die and the substrate, where the die and substrate are separated only by the melted applied adhesive composition; and curing the applied adhesive composition, thereby attaching the semiconductor device to the substrate.
• “About” as used herein means that a number referred to as “about” comprises the recited number plus or minus 1-10% of that recited number. For example, “about” 100 degrees can mean 95-105 degrees or as few as 99-101 degrees depending on the situation.
• a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that an alkyl group can contain only 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the term “alkyl” also includes instances where no numerical range of carbon atoms is designated).
• maleimido refers to a compound bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• Polyimides are polymers of imide-containing monomers. Polyimides typically have one of two forms: linear or cyclic. Non-limiting examples of linear and cyclic (e.g. an aromatic heterocyclic polyimide) polyimides are shown below for illustrative purposes.
• Maleimide refers to an N-substituted maleimide having the formula as shown below:
• R may be an aromatic, herteroaromatic, aliphatic, or polymeric moiety.
• acrylate refers to a compound bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• acrylamide refers to a compound bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• methacrylate refers to a compound bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• methacrylamide refers to a compound bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• epoxy refers to a thermosetting epoxide polymer that cures by polymerization and crosslinking when mixed with a catalyzing agent or "hardener,” also referred to as a “curing agent” or “curative.”
• Epoxies of the present invention include, but are not limited to aliphatic, cycloaliphatic , glycidyl ether, glycidyl ester, glycidyl amine epoxies, and the like, and combinations thereof.
• Epoxies of the invention include compounds bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• oxetane refers to a compound bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• vinyl ether refers to a compound bearing at least one moiety having the structure:
• siloxane refers to any compound containing a Si-O moiety.
• siloxanes of the invention inlcude 2 or more repeating units of Si-O.
• aliphatic refers to any alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclic moiety.
• alkyl refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 up to about 500 carbon atoms.
• substituted alkyl refers to alkyl moieties bearing substituents including alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, mercapto, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, halogen, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, nitrone, amino, amido, -C(O)H, -C(O)-O-, -C(O)-, -S-, -S(O) 2 , -OC(O)-O-, -NR-C(O), -NR- C(O)-NR, -OC(
• cycloalkyl refers to cyclic ring-containing groups containing in the range of about 3 up to about 15 carbon atoms
• substituted cycloalkyl refers to cycloalkyl groups further bearing one or more substituents as set forth above.
• heterocyclic refers to cyclic (i.e., ring-containing) groups containing one or more heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S, or the like) as part of the ring structure, and having in the range of 3 up to 14 carbon atoms and “substituted heterocyclic” refers to heterocyclic groups further bearing one or more substituents as set forth above.
• heterocyclic is also intended to refer to heteroaromatic moieties.
• alkenyl refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl groups having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and having in the range of about 2 up to 500 carbon atoms
• substituted alkenyl refers to alkenyl groups further bearing one or more substituents as set forth above.
• alkylene refers to a divalent alkyl moiety
• oxyalkylene refers to an alkylene moiety containing at least one oxygen atom instead of a methylene (CH 2 ) unit.
• Substituted alkylene and “substituted oxyalkylene” refer to alkylene and oxyalkylene groups further bearing one or more substituents as set forth above.
• phenol includes compounds having one or more phenolic functions per molecule.
• aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic when used to describe phenols refers to phenols to which aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic residues or combinations of these backbones are attached by direct bonding or ring fusion.
• an "alkene” or “olefin” refers to an unsaturated compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
• Thermoplastic refers to the ability of a compound, composition or other material (e.g. a plastic) to melt to a liquid when heated and freeze to solid, often brittle and glassy, state when cooled sufficiently.
• Thermoset refers to the ability of a compound, composition or other material to irreversibly "cure” to a stronger, harder form.
• Thermoset materials are typically polymers that may be cured, for example, through heat (e.g. above 200 degrees Celsius, or in the presence of appropriate catalysts at lower temperatures), via a chemical reaction (e.g. epoxy), or through irradiation (e.g. U.V. irradiation).
• thermoset polymers or resins are typically liquid or malleable forms prior to curing, and therefore may be molded or shaped into their final form, and/or used as adhesives. Curing transforms the thermoset resin into a infusible solid or rubber by a cross-linking process.
• energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking the polymer chains into a rigid, 3-D structure.
• the cross-linking process forms molecules with a higher molecular weight and resultant higher melting point. During the reaction, when the molecular weight of the polymer has increased to a point such that the melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature, the polymer becomes a solid material.
• a "die” as used herein, refers to a small block of semiconducting material, on which a functional circuit is fabricated.
• the present invention is based on the discovery that certain (meth)acrylate and maleimide-based adhesive formulations described herein are useful as adhesives for the electronic packaging industry.
• the adhesive formulations set forth herein are useful as low temperature curing formulations with excellent adhesion to a variety of surfaces, including silicon, polyamide, and polycarbonate solder mask.
• Invention formulations typically cure at temperatures less than 100° C and have a potlife of up to about 24 hours. The formulations cure by the well-known Michael addition reaction.
• the Michael addition reaction is a versatile synthetic methodology for the efficient coupling of electron poor olefins, such as (meth)acrylates and maleimides, with a variety of nucleophiles, such as thiols, phenols and malonates.
• nucleophiles such as thiols, phenols and malonates.
• the addition of such nucleophiles to electron poor double bonds is catalyzed by the presence of base.
• the most useful base catalysts, according to the present invention are amine catalysts.
• the present invention relates generally to adhesive compositions that cure at low temperatures and can be used in various applications relating to the semiconductor industry.
• the invention provides one-part adhesive compositions that cure at temperatures less than 100° C. These low-temperature curing adhesive compositions, nevertheless, are stable for several hours at room temperature. This combination of properties, make them suitable for use in high volume manufacturing environments.
• compositions of the present invention which are based upon Michael addition reactions, offers significant advantages as compared to traditional epoxy-based chemistry.
• the (meth)acrylate and maleimide monomers described herein are chloride-free, and therefore not prone to chloride-induced corrosion of microelectronic components. Even compositions of the invention that contain combinations of epoxies, (meth)acrylates and/or maleimides have significantly reduced chloride concentrations compared to entirely epoxy-based adhesive system.
• the compositions of the invention are particularly suited for is the attachment of lens holders to printed circuit boards. Lens holders are critical components in the assembly of cellular phones with built-in cameras. Adhesives that cure at low temperature permit the assembly of these devices without the risk of damage to other components on the circuit board or their corresponding bond joint attachments.
• the present invention provides compositions including an acrylate or a methacrylate, a polythiol, and an amine where the composition cures at a temperature of less than about 100° C.
• compositions are provided that contain a maleimide, a polythiol, and an amine are provided, which cure at a temperature of less than about 100° C.
• the invention provides compositions that include a polymaleimide, a polythiol, and an amine that cure at a temperature of less than about 100° C.
• compositions of the invention that cure at a temperature of less than about 100° C include a (meth)acrylate, a maleimide, a polythiol, and an amine.
• invention compositions that cure at a temperature of less than about 100° C include a (meth)acrylate, a maleimide, a polythiol, an epoxy and an amine.
• Certain adhesive compositions of the present invention include: (a) an electron poor olefin, including but not limited to, an acrylate, a methacrylate and/or a maleimide, optionally with at least two functional end groups per molecule; (b) a polythiol with at least two thiol groups per molecule, a polymalonate ester with two or more malonate ester residues per molecule, and/or a polyphenol with at least two phenol groups; and (c) a latent base catalyst.
• an electron poor olefin including but not limited to, an acrylate, a methacrylate and/or a maleimide, optionally with at least two functional end groups per molecule
• a polythiol with at least two thiol groups per molecule, a polymalonate ester with two or more malonate ester residues per molecule, and/or a polyphenol with at least two phenol groups
• a latent base catalyst included in a latent base catalyst
• Electron poor olefins suitable for use in the practice of the invention include, but are not limited to: ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate; dimer diol diacrylate; cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate; 2-butyl-2-ethyl-l,3-propanediol diacrylate; 1 ,6-hexanediol diacrylate; trimethylene glycol diacrylate; tetraethylene glycol diacrylate; polyethylene glycol diacrylate; 1,4-butanediol diacrylate; diethylene glycol diacrylate; neopentyl glycol diacrylate; propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate; tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate; tris (2- hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate; pentaerythritol triacrylate; ethyoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate; propoxylated tri
• polymaleimide functional compounds shown below are commercially available, such as "B MI -2000” (polyphenylmethane maleimide; Daiwakasei Industry Co., LTD, Wakayama City, Wakayama), and "Anilix-MI” (aniline aralkyl resin; Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Tokyo).
• Maleimides contemplated for use in the practice of the invention include, but are not limited to, the bismaleimides and polymaleimides set forth below:
• n is 0 to about 20, (available from Daiwakasei Industry Co., LTD, Wakayama City, Wakayama); where n is 0 to about 20, (available from Mistui Chemical, Tokyo).
• Nucleophiles contemplated for use in the preset invention include polythiols that have two or more thiol groups in the molecule.
• Examples of such molecules include, but are not limited to: trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate); trimethylolpropane tris- (thioglycolate); pentaerythritol tetrakis-(thioglycolate); ethyleneglycol dithioglycolate; trimethylolpropane tris-( ⁇ thiopropionate); pentaerythritol tetrakis-( ⁇ -thiopropionate); dipentaerythritol poly( ⁇ -thiopropionate); tris(3-mercaptopropionate)triethyl-l ,3,5-triazine- 2,4,6-(lH,3H,5H)-trione; dimer diol bis(3-mercaptopropionate); tricyclodecan
• thiol functional compounds can be readily synthesized from commercially available reagents such as 2- mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoacetic acid, and 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Exemplary thiol functional compounds are shown below:
• Additional nucleophiles contemplated for use in the present invention are polyphenols that have two or more phenol groups in the molecule.
• Phenols contemplated for use include, but not limited to, 2,2'-diallyl bisphenol A; ortho,ortho-diallyl bisphenol F; 2,2'- diallyl bisphenol E; l,l,l-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane; l,l,l-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane and any non-crystalline novolac resin.
• the latent base catalyst is typically a primary, secondary or tertiary amine that is insoluble in the electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile mixture, but upon melting initiates the Michael addition reaction between the electron poor olefin and the nucleophile.
• This latent catalyst imparts extended work-life to the composition.
• a desirable work-life is at least several hours to about 24 hours or more. The skilled artisan will recognize that in some cases a longer or shorter work- life is desirable.
• Catalysts that have a plurality of tertiary amino residues in their backbones provide superior latent catalysts. Amine catalysts can be rendered even more latent by conversion to the corresponding salts.
• An amine can be converted to a salt by reaction with one equivalent of an acid compound. It is not necessary to convert all of the amine residues to a salt. It is possible, for example to neutralize only the peripheral amine functionality of a finely powdered amine catalyst in order to render the entire catalytic preparation more latent.
• the acidic compound used to make these salts may be either a Lewis or Bronsted acid. In certain embodiments, the acidic compound is a carboxylic acid.
• superficial acid treatment of micronized polyamine catalysts can be used to render these catalysts more latent for use in the Michael addition reactions of the present invention.
• Catalytic latency may also be attained through the proper selection of the physical properties of the reactive monomers, even when a relatively reactive catalyst is used.
• a low melting solid bis- or polymaleimide can be dispersed in a liquid polymercapto curative according to the present invention. In this aspect of the invention, little reaction will occur until the solid melts.
• the solid monomer has a melting point below 130° C. In other embodiments, the solid monomer has a melting point below 100° C.
• the physical properties of the reactive olefin and polymercapto compound may be reversed in certain aspects of the invention where the polymercapto compound may is a solid and the reactive polyolef ⁇ n is a liquid that the solid is dispersed in.
• Latent amine base catalysts contemplated for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, dimethylaminopropylamine, dimethylaminododecylamine, dimethylaminotetradecylamine, dimethylaminohexadecylamine, dimethylaminooctadecylamine, diethylaminopropylamine, N,N-dipropylaminopropylamine, dibutylaminopropylamine, dimethylaminoethylamine, diethylaminoethylamine, N- methylpiperazine; primary and secondary amines that have a tertiary amino group in their molecules, such as imidazole compounds (e.g.
• amine catalysts include Ancamine ® 2337S and Ancamine 2014FG (Air Products and Chemicals, Allentown, PA); as well as Ajicure PN-23, Ajicure PN- 40, and Ajicure PN-40J (amine adduct catalysts combined with epoxy resin derived from the reaction of compounds having tertiary amino group and epoxy compounds, Ajinomoto U.S.A., Inc., Fort Lee, NJ.).
• the mix ratio in the adhesive compositions according to the present invention is such that the ratio of maleimide and/or aery late equivalents to thiol equivalents is about 0.5 to about 1.5.
• the ratio is about 0.75 to about 1.3 maleimide and/or acrylate equivalents to thiol equivalents.
• the level of latent amine catalyst is typically about 0.5 to about 5, parts by weight per 100 parts of the resin mixture. In certain embodiments, the latent amine catalyst is present at about 1 to about 4 parts per 100 parts by weight of the resin mixture. In yet other embodiments, the latent amine catalyst is present at about 2 to about 3 parts per 100 parts by weight of the resin mixture
• additives may also be added to the resin composition according to the present invention, including fillers, diluting agents, solvents, pigments, flexibilizer, coupling agents, anti-oxidants, and the like.
• the present invention provides adhesives that are pastes comprising the electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst compositions described above.
• the electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst composition is present in the adhesive paste in an amount from 2 weight percent (wt%) to about 98 wt %.
• the electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst composition is present in the adhesive paste at about 5 to about 75 wt %.
• the electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst composition is present in the adhesive paste at about 10 to about 50 wt %.
• the adhesive paste contains at least one additional compound that co-cures with the electron poor olef ⁇ n/nucleophile/base catalyst.
• the additional compound is typically present in the paste at about 1 wt % to about 90 wt %; frequently at about 5 wt% to about 70 wt%; and often at about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %.
• Such additional compounds include, for example, epoxies, such as glycidyl ethers of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, phenolics, phenolic novolacs and cresolic novolacs; bismaleimides; polymaleimides; cyanate esters; vinyl ethers; vinyl esters; vinyl acetates; esters, olefins; styrenics; oxazolines; benzoxazines; oxetanes; and combinations thereof.
• Additional additives that may be present in the adhesive pastes of the invention include coupling agents, including but not limited to, titanates , zirconates, silicate esters, and metal acrylate salts.
• the term "coupling agent” refers to chemical species that are capable of bonding to a mineral surface and which also contain polymerizably reactive functional group(s) so as to enable interaction with the adhesive composition and/or die-attach paste. Coupling agents thus facilitate linkage of the die-attach paste to the substrate to which it is applied.
• the invention provides adhesive compositions that are die- attach pastes, which include 0.5 to about 98 wt % of at least one electron poor olefin/nucleophile/base catalyst composition of the invention, and 0 to about 90 wt % of at least one filler, and may also include a thixotrope and/or a colorant.
• Fillers contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention can be electrically conductive and/or thermally conductive.
• the fillers may act to modify the rheology of the resulting composition.
• suitable electrically conductive fillers that can be employed in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, silver, silver-coated copper, nickel, copper, aluminum, palladium, gold, graphite, and metal- coated graphite (e.g., nickel-coated graphite, copper-coated graphite).
• suitable thermally conductive fillers that can be employed in the practice of the present invention include, for example, graphite, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, boron nitride, diamond dust, and alumina.
• Compounds that act primarily to modify rheology include polysiloxanes (such as polydimethyl siloxanes), silica, fumed silica, alumina, titanium dioxide, and calcium carbonate.
• Fillers included in the adhesive compositions of the invention can also be non- conductive.
• Such non-conductive fillers include, but are not limited to calcium carbonate, silica, fused silica, fumed silica, alumina, silicon carbide, diamond, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, boron nitride, silica coated aluminum nitride, silica coated boron nitride, silica coated silicon nitride, particles of vermiculite, mica, wollastonite, titania, sand, glass, barium sulfate, and halogenated ethylene polymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly (vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride), and poly (vinyl chloride).
• the invention provides assemblies of components adhered together employing the above-described adhesive compositions, such as die attach pastes.
• adhesive compositions such as die attach pastes.
• assemblies having a first article permanently adhered to a second article by a cured aliquot of the above-described adhesive composition are provided.
• Articles contemplated for assembly employing invention compositions include memory devices, ASIC devices, microprocessors, flash memory devices, and the like.
• Microelectronic devices contemplated for use with invention die attach adhesives, particularly pastes, include copper lead frames, Alloy 42 lead frames, silicon dice, gallium arsenide dice, germanium dice, and the like. Also contemplated are assemblies that include the adhesive compositions of the invention bonded to plastics, such as polyamide, polycarbonate, and the like.
• the invention provides methods for adhesively attaching a first article to a second article. Such methods can be performed, for example, by applying an aliquot of an adhesive composition according to the invention to the first article, the second article or both the first article and the second article; bringing the first and second articles into contact to form an assembly where the first article and the second article are separated only by the applied adhesive composition ; and curing the applied adhesive composition to adhesively attach the first article to the second article.
• the present invention provides methods for adhesively attaching a semiconductor device to a substrate. Such methods can be performed, for example, by applying an invention adhesive paste to the substrate, the semiconductor device or both the substrate and the semiconductor device; bringing the substrate and the device into contact to form an assembly where the substrate and the device are separated only by the applied adhesive paste ; and curing the applied adhesive, thereby adhesively attaching the semiconductor device to the substrate.
• the invention includes methods for attaching a die to a substrate using a b-stageable procedure.
• an adhesive composition of the invention is applied to the die, the substrate, or both the die and the substrate.
• the applied adhesive is then melted and the applied, melted adhesive on the die and/or substrate which are then brought into contact, such that the die and substrate are separated only by the applied adhesive composition.
• the adhesive composition is cured, which attaches the die to the substrate.
• a single neck, one liter flask was charged with 60 g methanesulfonic acid, and 300 rnL toluene. The flask was then charged with 45 g of anhydrous triethylamine. The mixture was magnetically stirred for five minutes and then 64.8 g (0.66 mole) maleic anhydride was added and the mixture was stirred until all of the anhydride had dissolved. An addition funnel was attached to the flask and 47.49 g (0.30 mole) 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,6-diamine was then dripped in over a twenty minute period.
• the pot had to be kept at a temperature equal to or greater than 5O 0 C to avoid the precipitation of the bismaleamic acid as it formed.
• a Dean- Stark trap and condenser were then attached to the flask and the mixture was refluxed for 16.5 hours. A total of 11.0 mL water had been collected (expected 10.8 mL).
• the mixture was cooled to room temperature and 30 mL of deionized water was added.
• the upper toluene phase was decanted off and the lower phase was extracted with seven 75 mL portions of fresh toluene.
• the combined toluene fractions were allowed to settle overnight and then passed over 30 g of silica gel.
• the toluene was removed on a rotary evaporator to yield 75.7 g (79.2% of the theoretical yield) of cream colored solid.
• the compound was found to have a bi-modal melt at 87° C and 110° C.
• An FTIR run on this compound showed absorptions at 3461 , 3101 , 2960, 1703, 1587, 1440, 1407, 1370, 1139, 827, and 694 wavenumbers.
• a single neck, one liter flask was charged with 80 g methanesulfonic acid, and 400 rnL toluene. The flask was then charged with 64 g of anhydrous triethylamine. The mixture was magnetically stirred for five minutes and then 107.9 g (1.1 mole) maleic anhydride was added and the mixture was stirred until all of the anhydride had dissolved. An addition funnel was attached to the flask and 58.1 g (0.50 mole) 2-methyl-l,5-pentanediamine was then dripped in over a thirty minute period.
• the pot had to be kept at a temperature equal to or greater than 70° C to avoid the precipitation of the bismaleamic acid as it formed.
• a Dean- Stark trap and condenser were then attached to the flask and the mixture was refluxed for 63 hours. A total of 16.5 mL water had been collected (expected 18.0 mL).
• the mixture was cooled to room temperature and 25 mL of deionized water was added.
• the upper toluene phase was decanted off and the lower phase was extracted with seven 75 mL portions of fresh toluene.
• the combined toluene fractions were allowed to settle overnight and then passed over 50 g of silica gel.
• the toluene was removed on a rotary evaporator to yield 75.57 g (54.7% of theoretical yield) of what was at first a light yellow liquid.
• the compound froze to a light yellow solid on standing at room temperature.
• the compound was found to have a symmetric mono-modal melt between 92° C and 95° C.
• An FTIR run on this compound showed absorptions at 3459, 3100, 2934, 1693, 1586, 1441, 1406, 1185, 1110, 825, and 695 wavenumbers.
• a 500 mL, single neck flask was charged with 60 mL N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and 30.6 g (0.1 anhydride equivalents) of SMA EF-20 styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (Sartomer Company, Inc., Exton, PA). This mixture was warmed and stirred magnetically until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The flask was then charged with 120 mL toluene. An addition funnel was attached to the flask and 20.4 g isophorone diamine dissolved in 60 mL toluene was dripped in over twenty-five minutes. The solution became a milky peach color and the temperature rose to about 40° C.
• NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
• SMA EF-20 styrene maleic anhydride copolymer Sartomer Company, Inc., Exton, PA
• the solution was dried with 1O g anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then passed over 25 g silica gel.
• the toluene was stripped off and the residue was re-dissolved in 300 mL acetone.
• the acetone solution was then dripped into a beaker containing 1500 mL of vigorously stirred deionized water.
• the solid was collected and then re-dissolved in acetone and precipitated a second time.
• the solid was finally dried to yield 55.1 g (90.8% of theoretical yield) of a fine, off-white solid.
• This compound was found to have FTIR absorptions at 2927, 1778, 1704, 1601, 1371, 1220, 1146, 920, 829, 762, and 696 wavenumbers.
• a 500 mL, single neck flask was charged with 60 mL NMP, 41.0 g (0.1 anhydride equivalents) of SMA EF-30 (Sartomer) styrene maleic anhydride copolymer and 60 mL toluene. This mixture was warmed and stirred magnetically until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The flask was then charged with another 120 mL toluene. An addition funnel was attached to the flask and 20.4 g (0.12 mole) isophorone diamine dissolved in 60 mL toluene was dripped in over thirty minutes. The solution became a milky slurry and the temperature rose to about 40° C.
• the solution was dried with 15 g anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then passed over 30 g silica gel.
• the toluene was stripped off and the residue was re-dissolved in 250 mL acetone.
• the acetone solution was then dripped into a beaker containing 1600 mL of vigorously stirred de ionized water.
• the solid was collected via vacuum filtration onto a fritted funnel.
• the solid was finally dried to yield 69.62 g (97.9% of theoretical yield) of a fine, off- white solid.
• This compound was found to have FTIR absorptions at 2927, 1777, 1695, 1601, 1363, 1220, 1146, 921, 829, 761, and 697 wavenumbers.
• a 500 mL, two-neck flask was charged with 53.7 g (0.10 mole) dimer diol, 23.35 g (0.220 mole) 3-mercaptopropionic acid and 50 mL toluene.
• the flask was equipped with a stir bar, a Dean-Stark trap, a thermocouple probe, a condenser and a bubbler.
• the flask was placed in an oil bath and swept at room temperature with argon gas.
• the flask was then stirred and heated to achieve a pot temperature of 155° C (about twenty mL of toluene had to be removed to attain this temperature). Water from the condensation reaction was removed azeotropically.
• An exemplary formulation was prepared containing trimethylolpropane tri(3- mercaptopropionate) (36 %), SR349 (ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, 64 %), Ancamine (4 %), R202 fumed silica (4 %).
• the formulation was oven-cured at 70° C for 30 minutes.
• the die shear data obtained are summarized in Table 1 , below.
• An exemplary formulation was prepared containing trimethylolpropane tri(3- mercaptopropionate) (47 %), l,5-bismaleimido-2 methyl pentane (compound C-2; 24 %), 1,6- bismaleimido-trimethyl hexane (compound C-I; 28%), Ancamine 2337S (1 %),.
• the formulation was oven-cured at 80° C for 30 minutes.
• the die shear data obtained are summarized in Table 2, below.
• EXAMPLE 8 Trimethylolpropane Tri(3-Mercaptopropionate)/Polymaleimide/1,6- Bismaleimido-Trimethyl Hexane Formulation.
• Twenty-six parts were assembled with 150 x 150 x 14 mil silicon die on ceramic substrates using this adhesive composition. The first six parts were cured on a hot plate set at 80° C for five minutes; the average room temperature die shear adhesion for this set was 39.4 + 1.6 kgf.
• a second set of six parts was cured for fifteen minutes at 80° C; the average adhesion for this set was 39.3 + 1.5 kgf.
• a third set of eight parts was cured at 80° C for thirty minutes; the average adhesion for this set was 50.9 + 4.0 kgf.
• Finally, a fourth set of six parts was cured at 80° C for thirty minutes in an oven; the average room temperature adhesion for this set was 59.6 + 3.8 kgf.

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