Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/105—Delta proteobacteriales, e.g. Lawsonia; Epsilon proteobacteriales, e.g. campylobacter, helicobacter
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
  • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
  • A61K2039/521—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells inactivated (killed)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
  • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
  • A61K2039/522—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells avirulent or attenuated
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
  • A61K2039/552—Veterinary vaccine

Definitions

• the present invention is broadly concerned with improved vaccination methods for immunization against proliferative enteritis, known as ileitis, preferably porcine proliferative ileitis, which is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium i. aw soma hitnice/litlwis.
• the invention provides for a method of providing increased protection against /... intruc ⁇ iluiuris by vaccinating young animals starting from day one ( 1 ) of age against /.. intracellular is infections.
• the young animals are vaccinated at day 1 to day 21 of age, more preferably at day 1 to day 10 of age, even more preferably at day 1 and to day 9 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day (S of age, even more preferably at day 1 or 2 of age, and most preferably at day 1 of age.
• said young animal is a young piglet, preferably a pre-weaned piglet.
• Porcine proliferative enteritis is a naturally occurring disease that can affect pigs from weaning to vourm adult stage It lias been established that the causative agent is Ltwsonia Imracelh/lans, I . intracellular!? is an obligate, intracellular bacterium which cannot be cultured by normal bacteriological methods on conventional eel! -free media and has been thought to require ceils for growth S McOrist et ui , Infection and Immunity, YoS 01. No m.
• Pathogenic and non-pathogenic attenuated bacteria strains of / . intracellulars are well known in the art
• WO 96 3962V and WO 05 OU 73 1 describe non-pathogenic attenuated strains of /, mtracelhdans Attenuated bacteria strains of / , intracellular is arc further described in and known from WO 02/26250 and WO 03 00665
• the disease is first characterized by its gross and microscopic pathology, and later by the demonstration of the intracellular bacteria within affected eel K
• the characterising pathological feature of the disease is the proliferation of immature epithelial cells in the crypts of the ileum (terminal part of the small intestine), the large intestine or both Sections of infected tissue are characterized by a reddened thickening mucosa resembling a "garden hose.” and enteric lesions
• the gut thickening ultimately prevents normal gut function, absorption capabilities, and nutrient transfer
• Clinical effects of the disease are chronic weight loss, unthriftiness, diarrhea, and death
• the disease is of economic importance owing to death loss, increased medication costs, poor weight gain and decreased food conversion in affected animals
• Clinical cases of ileitis are observed most notably in pigs 6-20 weeks of age
• the presence of L mimcettit ⁇ ans has been confirmed (PCR) in recently weaned pi us (3-4 weeks of aa
• suuaestina /.. mtracelhdans exposure occurs in the nursery and perhaps, originates from Lmwow ⁇ -positive dams (Mauch and BiI kei (2004) Vet Rec 155 532, Marsteller et al (2003) Swine Health Prod 1 1 127-130, Stege ct al (2004) Vet Micro 104 197-206) These observations underline the importance for incorporating ention strategies, such as vaccination earlier in the production system
• Figure 1 shows the number of colostrum samples positive in the IFAT for IgG, IgM and IgA, and
• Fig. 2 shows the titre of L. culture (mean of two titrations) in sow milk samples with different Ig content Sl MYlARY OF THE INVENTION
• the present invention is based on ⁇ vw> surprising observations
• maternal anybodies and the sow miik do not appear effective for inactivation of /, wtrueeilutuns during gastrointestinal passage
• the incubation of L. wtrucelluluns with sow colostrum or milk did not influence the ture of a / . tntracelhila ⁇ s culture over a 4 hour period of incubation at room temperature
• present invention overcomes deficiencies of the prior art and provides methods for providing increased protection of animals against ileitis (L. intracellular ts infections ⁇ in particular, the present invention provides a method of vaccinating a young animal against L. intracellulars infections composing the step of administering to said young animal an effective dose of ⁇ .
• said young animal is one ( 1) day of age or older
• the present invention provides a method for vaccinating a young animal having or is exposed to &nt ⁇ -Lmf race flu fan ' s antibodies., in particular, maternally derived &nt ⁇ -Lintracelfularis antibodies, against Lhitrucelluluns infections, comprising the step of administering to said young animal an effective dose of ⁇ . iniraccllniaris antigen.
• said young animal is one ( I) day of age or older.
• the present invention provides a method for vaccinating an animal having or is exposed to m ⁇ -1..mtraceHulans antibodies, in particular maternally derived anii- Lintracellularis antibodies, against Lmiracellul ⁇ is infections, comprising the step of administering to said animal an effective dose of /,. intracellular is antigen.
• vaccination' or “vaccinating” as used herein means, but is not limited to, a process which includes the administration of an L imracellularis antigen to an animal, wherein said /.. intracellular is antigen, when administered to said animal, elicits or is able to elicit, an immune response in said animal against L mmicelluhms
• animal means but is not limited to, birds, fish, and mamma! s, such as cattle, pigs, horses, or primates.
• the animal is a pig, preferably a pre-weaned piglet.
• the present invention relates to a method of vaccinating a young animal against L mrracellulans infection comprising the step of administering to said young animal, starting from day one (1) of age, an effective dose of 7- iniraceUuhms antigen, wherein said animal is a bird, fish, or mamma! such as cattle, pig, horse, or primate
• said animal is a mammal.
• said animal is a pig.
• said animal is a pre-weaned piglet.
• young animal refers to an animal of 1 day of age to 20 days of age
• the term “young animal” refers to an animal of 1 day of age to 10 days of age.
• the term '"young animal “” refers to an animal of 1 day of age to 9 days of age, even more preferably, ! day of age to 8 days of age, even more preferably, 1 day of age to 7 days of age, even more preferably, 1 day of age to 6 days of age, even more preferably, I day of age to 5 days of age, evert more preferably, !
• day of age to 4 days of age even more preferably, 1 day of age to 3 days of age, even more preferably, 1 or 2 day(s) of age, and most preferably to an animal ! day of age.
• the respective meaning of the term "young animal” also refers to the age of the animal when it is vaccinated for the first time with L miracellul ⁇ is antigen.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a method of vaccinating a young animal against /... intraceitukiris infections, comprising, the step of adminis.erin ⁇ to said vounti animal an effective dose of /., huracelluluris antigen, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day 1 to day 20 of age.
• the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day I to day 10 of age.
• the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day i to day 9 of age.
• the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day 1 to day 8 of age According to a further embodiment, the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day 1 to day 7 of age According to a further embodiment, the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day i to day 6 of age. According to a further embodiment, the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day 1 to day 5 of age According to a further embodiment, the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day 1 to day 4 of age.
• the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day 1 to day 3 of age. According to a further embodiment, the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day 1 or 2 of age. According to a further embodiment, the present invention relates to said method of vaccination, wherein the animal is vaccinated at day S of age
• the term "having or is exposed to m ⁇ -Lmtracelfutaris antibodies * ' shall mean but is not limited to, an animal, that has or is exposed to a detectable a.ni ⁇ -L.ittfruce?tnktris antibody titre, preferably of at least 1 :4, more preferably of more than l i ⁇ , even more preferably of more than
• snti-L.iftir ⁇ cefhil ⁇ rix antibody titre is detectable and quantifiable in a specific anti- Linimce (hilar is immune assay, preferably in the assay as described in Example 4 More preferably, those m ⁇ -Lmtracellulans antibodies are maternally derived antibodies.
• the term "exposed to anti-/ .mtracelluJans antibodies" means but is not limited to the fact that the animals are fed with a nutriems. c u.
• clnsirum or n ⁇ lk obtaining an detectable a ⁇ ti- L.mtrueelluiuns antibo ⁇ , titre. preferably of at least 1 4. more preferabK of more than 1 K ⁇ e ⁇ en more preferabK of more than 1 64, even more preferabh of more than 1 128, even more preferably of S 256.
• c ⁇ cn more preferably of more than 1 512. and most preferably of more than 1 1024 pei ml or gram murie ⁇ t
• the term "having antl-Litifraceflutarts antibodies” shall mean, but is not limited to, a detectable anti-/ .mlraci'Hulans antibody titre in ⁇ ml scrum of said animal, preferably of at least ⁇ 4, even more preferably of more than 1 10. even more preferably of more than 1 C4, even more preferably of more than 1 S 28, even more preferably of 1 256, even more preferably of more than 1 512, and most preferably of mote than 1 1024
• the present invention provides a method for vaccinating an animal against L.mirace ⁇ hthms infection comprising the htep of administering to said animal an effective dose of / intracellulars antigen, wherein said animal ha 4 * or is exposed to an detectable zn ⁇ -L.tnimcdfuians antibody tme, preferably of at least 1 4 more preferably of more than 1 16 5 more preferabK of more than 1 128, even more preferably of 1 256, even more preferably of more than 1 512, and most preferably of more than i 1024 per ml
• those antibodies arc maternally derived antibodies Even more preferably, those antibody litres are present in that animal at the day of vaccination
• the present invention provides a method for vaccinating a young animal against Linlracetfutaris infections, comprising the step of administering to said young animal an effective dose of /,.
• a detectable mu-( J .i?>fraceIIti?aris antibody titre preferably of at least 1 :4, more preferably of more than 1 16, even more preferably of more than 1 :64, even more preferably of more than 1: 128, even more preferably of 1:256, even more preferably of more than 1 :512.
• roost preferably of more than 1: 1024 per ml.
• those antibodies are maternally derived antibodies.
• said young animal is between 1 day of age to 20 days of age.
• said young animal is between 1 day of age to 10 days of age, even more preferably, between 1 day of age to 9 days of age, even more preferably between 1 day of age to 8 days of age, even more preferably between 1 day of age to 7 days of age, even more preferably between 1 day of age to 6 days of age, even more preferably between 1 day of age to 5 days of age, even more preferably between 1 day of age to 4 days of age, even more preferably between 1 day of age to 3 days of age., even more preferably 1 or 2 day(s) of age, and most preferably 1 day of age.
• an effective dose means, but is not limited to, an amount of antigen, that elicits or is able to elicit an immune response in an animal, to which said effective dose of ⁇ . miraceUularis antigen is administered.
• an "immunological or immune response" to a composition or vaccine is the development in the host of a cellular and/ or antibody-mediated immune response to the composition or vaccine of interest.
• the term “elicits or is able to elicit an immune response” means, but is not limited to, an immunological process in a host characterized in that said host develops a cellular and/ or antibody -mediated immune response to the composition or v accine of iiiteiest
• an "immune response” includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following effects the production or actu ation of antibodies, B cells, helper 1 cells, suppressor F cells, and/or cytotoxic I cells and 'Or ⁇ d T cells, directed specificalh to an antigen or antigens included in the composition or vaccine of interest
• the host will display either a theiapeutie or protective immunological response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and, or the clinical severity of the disease reduced Such protection will be demonstrated by either a the
• the vaccine contains art amount of about 10 ! to about 10 9 colony forming units (CFl;) of the bacterium per dose, preferably, about 10* to about !0 N (OFU) of the bacterium per dose, and more preferably about HV to about 10' ' (CFL ) per dose
• the recommended dose to be administered to the susceptible animal is preferably about 3 0 TCID ⁇ (tissue culture infective dose 50% end point )/dose to about 6 0 TC ⁇ DM>''C1OSC and more preferably about 4 0 TC ID so/dose to about 5 0 TCID ⁇ dose
• the titre of the vaccine is about 4 9 TCID 50 /dose as determined by Tissue Culture Infective Dose 50% endpoint dilution assay (TC I ' D j ⁇ ,)
• the quantity of imrrmnogen will be between 5 and 5000 micrograms, and between 10 2
• Sub-unit vaccines are normally administered with an antigen inclusion level of at least 0,2 ⁇ g antigen per dose, preferably with about 0.2 to about 400 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably with about 0.3 to about 200 ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably with about 0.35 to about 500 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably with about 0.4 to about 50 ⁇ g/dose, stili more preferably with about 0.45 to about 30 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably with about 0.6 to about i 5 ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably with about 0.75 to about S ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably with about 1 .0 to about 6 ⁇ g/dose, and still more preferably with about 1.3 to about 3 0 ⁇ g/dose.
• the term “increased protection” means, but is not limited to, a statistically significant reduction of one or more clinical symptoms which are associated with L intraceUnfaris infections (frequency of cross lesions, etc.) in a vaccinated group of animals vs. a non-vaccinated control group of animals.
• the term “statistically significant reduction of clinical symptoms” means, but is not limited to, the frequency in the incidence of at least one clinical symptom in the vaccinated group of animals is at least 20%, preferably 30% , even more preferably 50%, and most preferably 70% lower than in the non-vaccinated control group after the challenge with an infectious i.nuracel ⁇ uhris bacteria.
• ⁇ strain or isolate has the 'Immunogenic properties " of at least one of the / mtracellu/aris strains described m WO 96/39629 and WO 05/01173 1, in particular, of the isolates deposited as ⁇ TCC accession numbers PTA 4926 or ATCC accession number 55783, when it is detectable at least with one of the anti-/. jntrace/hi/ans specific antibodies, described in WO06/01294, in a detection assay that is also desc ⁇ bed in WO06/01294
• those antibodies are selected from the antibodies having the reference numbers 301 30. 287 6, 268.29, 110:9, 1 13 2 and 268:18.
• the detection assay is a sandwich ELISA as described in Examples 2 and 3 of WO06/ 12949, whereas antibody 1 10 0 is used as a capture antibody and antibody 268:29 is used as a conjugated antibody.
• All antibodies disclosed in WQG6/S 2949 are produced by hybridoma cells, which are deposited at the Centre for 5 Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR) and European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC)", Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 OJG, UK, as a patent deposit according to the Budapest Treat ⁇ '. The date of deposit was May I U 2004.
• HYBRIDOMA CELL LINE 1 10:9 is successfully deposited under ECACC Ace. No. 04092204.
• HYBRIDOMA CELL LINE 1 13.2 is successfully deposited under ECACC Ace. No. 04092201.
• HYBRIDOMA CELL LINE 268:29 is successfully deposited under ECACC Ace. No. 04092206.
• HYBRIDOMA CELL LINE 2S7:6 is successfully deposited under ECACC Ace No. 04092203.
• HYBRIDOMA CELL LINE 301 :39 is successfully deposited under ECACC Ace. No. 04092205.
• /.. mmiceiluhms antigen means, but is not limited to, any composition of mailer, that comprises ai least one antigen that can induce, stimulate or enhance the immune response against a /,. mfraceliularis-c&um ⁇ infection when administered to an animal.
• said L huraceUnknis antigen is a complete /.. 0 inimcellulmis bacterium, in particular in an inactivated form (a so-called killed bacterium), a modified live or attenuated L. intracellularix bacterium (a so-called MLB), any sub-unit, polypeptide or component of /,.
• immunogenic protein , “immunogenic poly peptide” or “immunogenic amino acid sequence” as used herein, iefer to any amino acid sequence which elicits an immune response in a host against a pathogen comprising said immunogenic protein, immunogenic polypeptide or immunogenic amino acid sequence
• an "immunogenic protein " , 'immunogenic polypeptide” or “immunogenic amino acid sequence " of / , intrut elluluris means any amino acid sequence that codes for an antigen which elicits an immunological response against /,. mtraceHuiam in a host to which said "immunogenic protein " , ' immunogenic polypeptide” or “immunogenic ammo acid sequence " is administered
• immunogenic protein '* includes but is not limited to, the full-length sequence of any proteins, analogs thereof, or immunogenic fragments thereof
• immunogenic fragment means a fragment of a protein which includes one or mote epitopes and thus elicits the immunological response against the relevant pathogen Such fragments can be identified using an ⁇ number of epitope mapping techniques that are well known in the art See, c g . Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology.
• linear epitopes may he determined by e g , eoneurrenth synthesizing large numbers of peptides on solid supports. the peptides corresponding to portions of the protein molecule, and reacting the peptides with antibodies while the peptides are still attached to the supports Such techniques are known in the art and described in.
• Synthetic antigens are also included within the definition, for example, polyep ⁇ opes, flanking epitopes, and other recombinant or synthetically derived antigens. See, e.g., Bergmann et al. ( 1993) Eur. J. Immunol. 23:2777- 278 ! ; Bergmann et al. (1996), J. Immunol. 157:3242-3240; Suhrbier, A. ( 1997), Immunol. and Cell Biol. 75:402-408; Gardner et al., (1998) 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28-July 3, 1998. (The teachings and content of which are incorporated, by reference herein .)
• Suitable /.. iniracellularis antigens include, but are not limited to those described in EP 121971 1 ; US 6,605,696; WO 96/39629: WO97/200S0; WO 00/69903; WO 00/69904; WO 00/69905; WO 00/69906: WO 02/38594; WO 02/26250; WO 03/006665; WO 04/033631 ; WO 05/026200; and WO 05/01 1731.
• vaccine for use in accordance with the present invention includes any /... intracellular antigen as described above, which elicits or is able to elicit an immune response against /,. intracellular ⁇ s.
• said vaccine provides at least increased protection against L irnracellularis.
• the present invention relates to a method of vaccinating a young animal against L itUraceVularis infections comprising the step of administering to said young animal, starting from day one (1) of age, an effective dose of A iniraceUuhint antigen, uheicjn the L intracellular) s antigen is selected from the gioup consisting of live modified /, mtrueeiluiuns bacteria, killed L. wtntveliuhtm bacteria, or one or more sub-units of /, .ttHmcelhtia ⁇ s bacteria
• the vaccine comprises modified live L. nuracelluhm ⁇ bacteria More pieferabh .
• the vaccine it> Pnterisol® Ileitis B3903 (Bochringei Ingelheini VetmedJca, Inc )
• the vaccination occurs at day 1 to day 20 of age, more preferably at day 1 to da ⁇ 10 of age, e ⁇ en more preferably at da ⁇ 1 to day l > of age, even more preferably at day i to day 8 of age, even more preferably at da ⁇ I to da> 7 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 6 of age.
• the present invention presides a method foi ⁇ aeci ⁇ ating a animal against J..mtrue ⁇ >iluiur ⁇ s infections, comprising the step of administering to said animal an 5 effective dose of /,. tmraceHnlans antigen, wherein said animal has or is exposed to a detectable ami-/ .nttravellula ⁇ s anttbody titrc, preferably of at lea ⁇ t 1 4, more preferably of more than ⁇ 16, even moie preferabh of more than 1 o4, even more pieferab! of moie than 1 128, even more preferably of 1 256, more preferably of more than 1 512, and most preferably of more than 1 1024 per ml, and wherein the L.
• the vaccine comprises modified li ⁇ e /,. nmaceilulans bacteria More preferably, the vaccine is Enter; sol® Ileitis B3903 (Boehringer Ingclheim Vetmedica, I ⁇ c ) Moreover, those antibodies are preferably maternally derived antibodies Even more preferably, those antibody titres are present in that animal at the day of ⁇ accinatjo ⁇
• the present (mention provides a method for a young aninui! against / .tuiraceHulans infection, comprising the step of administering to said young animal an effective dose of /. intracellulars antigen, uheiein said young animal has or is exposed to a detectable an ⁇ -Lmtracelhtlans antibody litre, preferabh of at least 1 4. more preferably of more than I 16, more preferably of more than I 64. even more preferably of more than 1 128. even more preferabh of 1 2*»6. even more preferably of more than ! 5 ! 2.
• the vaccine comprises modified live L.
• the vaccine is Eiiterisol'l) Ileitis B3903 (Boehringer Ingelhe ⁇ m V'etmedica, lnc )
• those antibodies are preferably maternally derived antibodies
• said young animal is between 1 day of age to 20 day*, of age More preferably, said young is between 1 da ⁇ of age to K* das s of age, even more preferably, between i day of age to 0 days of age, even more preferably between ! day of age to 8 days of age, even more preferabh between I day of age to 7 da ⁇ s of age.
• the present invention relates to a method of vaccinating a young animal against /.,. it/trace 1 H 'it Jar Ls infections comprising the step administering to said young animal starting from day one ( 1 ) of age a dose of about 3.0 TCID50 to about 6.0 TCl D50 of the live modified /., mtracellulam bacteria.
• said bacteria is that included in the vaccine E ⁇ terisol® Ileitis B3903 (Boehringer Ingeiheim Vetrnedica, Inc.).
• the vaccination occurs at day 1 to day 20 of age, more preferably at day 1 to day 10 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 9 of age., even more preferably at day 1 to day 8 of age, even more preferably at day i to day 7 of age, even more preferably at day I to day 6 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 5 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 4 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 3 of age, even more preferably at day 1 or 2 of age, and most preferably at day 1 of age.
• the present invention relates to a method of vaccinating an animal against /.. mtracellulam infection, comprising the step of administering to said animal a dose of about 3.0 TCID50 to about 6.0 TCID50 of the live modified /., intracellular is bacteria, wherein said animal has or is exposed to a detectable mti-LJntracelhtlaris antibody titre, preferably of at least 1.4, more preferably of more than 1 ⁇ KS, even more preferably of more than 1:64, even more preferably of more than 1.128, even more preferably of 1:256, even more preferably of more than 1 :512, and most preferably of more than 1 : 1024 per nil.
• said bacteria is that included in the vaccine Enterisol® Ileitis B3903 (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc ).
• the present invention relates to a method of vaccinating a young animal against L intracellular is infections comprising the step of administering to said young animal a dose of about 3.0 TC ⁇ D5 0 to about 6.0 TCID 50 of the live modified L. intmcelMaris bacteria, wherein said young animal has or is exposed to a detectable imu-Lintraceliiitaris antibody litre, preferably of at least 1 :4, more preferably of more than 1: 16, even more preferably of more than 1 :64, even more preferably of more than 1: 128, even more preferably of 1 :256, 5 even more preferably of more than 1 :512, and most preferably of more than 1 : 1024 per ml.
• said bacteria is that included in the vaccine E ⁇ terisol® ileitis 83903 (Boehriiiger ⁇ ngelheim Vetmedica, Inc.),
• the vaccination occurs at day 1 to day 20 of age, more preferably at day I to day 10 of age, even more preferably at day I to day 9 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 8 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 7 of 1.0 age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 6 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 5 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 4 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 3 of age, even more preferably at day 1 or 2 of age, and most preferably at day 1 of age.
• the present invention relates to a method of vaccinating a young 15 animal against /,. mtraceUvlaris infection, comprising the step of administering to said young animal, starting from day one (V) of age, an effective dose of /,. humceUularis antigen, wherein the young animal is ./,.
• the vaccination occurs at day I to day 20 of age, more preferably at day 1 to day 10 of age, even more preferably at day I to day 9 of age, even more preferably at 0 day 1 to day 8 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 7 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 6 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 5 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 4 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 3 of age, even more preferably at day 1 or 2 of age, and most preferably at day 1 of age,
• the sauceot invention also relates to a new medicinal use of an /.
• mtrueeiluiuns antigen for the preparation of medicament preferably a composition, for the vaccination of a young animal starting at da ⁇ one (!) of age against / , mtracelhthm infections, wherein said ⁇ oung animal is vaccinated at da ⁇ one (1 ) of age or older with an effective dose of said /,.
• mirawHidans antigen Preferably, the vaccination occurs at day ! to day 20 of age, more preferably at day 1 to day 10 of age, even more preferably at da ⁇ 1 to da ⁇ 9 of age, even more preferably at more preferabh at da> 1 to day 7 of age, even more preferably at day ⁇ to day 6 of age.
• the piesent invention also relates to a new medicinal use of an /. mtrueeiluiuns antigen for the preparation of medicament, composition, for the vaccination of an animal against / . wtracdlulans infection, wherein said animal has or is exposed to a detectable anti-/ intracellular is antibody tiire, preferably of at least I 4, more preferably of more than 1 16, even mote ⁇ eferably of more than 1 64, even moie piefemb!) of more than 1 128, even more preferably of ! 256 e ⁇ en more preferably of more than 1 512, and most preferably of more than I 1024 per ml
• the vaccination occurs at day 1 to day 20 of age, more preferably at day I to day I O of age, even mote preferably at day 1 to day 9 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 8 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 7 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 6 of age, more preferably at day 1 to day 5 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 4 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 3 of age, even more preferably at day 1 or 2 of age, and most preferably at day 1 of age
• the /,. jntntcellufarts antigen is selected from the group consisting of live modified L. tniraceilnians bactetia, killed / . tmrawHnIaris bacteria or one or more sub-units of L.mtracelinkms bacteria
• the /.. mtrueeiluiuris antigen is live modified L mtraeellularis bacteria More preferably, said animals are administered with a dose of about 3.0 TCID. ⁇ to about 6 0 TCIDvt of the live modified /,. mtraceHulans bacteria
• vaccine compositions comprising a /.. tmraceHuiaris antigen are state of the art and known to a skilled artisan.
• the skilled person in the art is able to determine additional components which may be comprised in said composition (see also Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4 19%). 18th ed Mack ! 1 UbI , Easton).
• the expert may use known injectable, physiologically acceptable sterile solutions.
• aqueous isotonic solutions such as e.g. saline or corresponding plasma protein solutions, are readily available.
• the vaccine compositions may be present as lyophylisates or dry preparations, which can be reconstituted with a known injectable solution directly before use under sterile conditions., e.g. as a kit of parts.
• the immunogenic and vaccine compositions of the present invention can include one or more veterinary-acceptable carriers,
• a veterinary-acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, adjuvants, stabilizing agents, diluents, preservatives, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, adsorption ! 0 del aying agents, and the 1 ike.
• Iluents can include water, saline, dcctrose, ethanol, glycerol, and the like
• Isotonic agents can include sodium chloride, dextrose, nian ⁇ itol, sorbitol, and lactose, among others.
• Stabilizers include albumin and alkalisaits of ethylendiamintetracetic acid, among others.
• Adjuvants can include aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, saponins e g.. Quil A, QS-21 (Cambridge Biotech Inc., Cambridge MA). GPl-OiOO (Galenica Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Birmingham, AL), water ⁇ in ⁇ oil emulsion, oiUn-water emulsion, water-in-oii -in -water emulsion.
• the emulsion can be based in particular on light 0 liquid paraffin oil (European Pharmacopea type); isoprenoid oil such as squalane or squalene,; oil resulting from the oligomerization of alkenes, in particular of isobutene or decene; esters of acids or of alcohols containing a linear alky! group, more particularly plant oils, ethyl oleate, propylene glycol di-(caprylate/caprate), glyceryl tri- ⁇ caprylate/ca ⁇ rate) or propylene glycol dioieate, and esters of branched fatty acids or alcohols, in particular isosfearic acid esters
• the oil is used in.
• emulsion flie eniulsifiers are preferably non ⁇ onic surfactants, in particular esters of sorbkan, of mannide (e g anhydromannitol oleate), of gh col, of polyglycerol, of propylene gl ⁇ col and
• a furihei instance of an adjuvant is a compound chosen from ihe poh mers of acry lic or methacrylic acid and the copolymers of maieic anhydride and alkenyl derivative
• Adv antageous adjuvant compounds are the poh mers of acrylic or niethacrylse acid which 0 are cross-linked, especially with poly alkenyl ethers of sugars or polyalcohols
• carbomer Phameuropa VoI 8, No 2, June 19%
• Persons skilled in the art can also refer to l r S Patent No 2.909,462 which describes such acrylic polymers cross-linked with a polyh> droxylated compound having at least 3 hydroxy!
• the preferred radicals are those containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. vinyls, ally Is and other ethylenically unsaturated groups.
• the unsaturated radicals may themselves contain other substituents, such, as methyl
• Carbopol BF Goodrich, Ohio, USA
• Carbopol 974P, 934P and 97 IP there may be mentioned Carbopol 974P, 934P and 97 IP.
• Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, the RIBI adjuvant system (Ribi Inc.), Block co-polymer (CytRx, Atlanta GA), SAF-M (Chiron, Emeryville CA), monophosphoryl lipid A, Avridine lipid-amine adjuvant, heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli (recombinant or otherwise), cholera toxin, IMS 1314 or muramyl dipeptide among many others.
• the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 100 ⁇ g to about 10 mg per dose. Even more preferably, the adjuvant is added in an amount of about i00 ⁇ g to about 10 mg per dose Even more preferably, the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 500 ⁇ g to about 5 rag per dose Even more preferably, the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 750 ⁇ g to about 2 5 mg per dose Most preferably, the adjm a ⁇ t is added in an amoum of about I mg per dose
• the ⁇ aceine composition can further include one or more other immunomodulatory agents such as, e g j ⁇ texleukins. interferons, or other cytokines
• the vaccine compositions can also include Gentar ⁇ icin and Merthiolate While the amounts and concentrations of adjuvants and additnes useful in the context of the present invention can readily be determined b ⁇ the skilled artisan, the present invention contemplates composition 4 ; comprising from about 50 ug to about 2000 ug of adjuvant and preferably about 250 ug ' ' ml dose of the vaccine composition In another preferred embodiment, the present invention contemplates compositions comprising from about lug/ml to about 60 ⁇ g nil of antibiotics, and more preferably less than about 30 ug mi of antibiotics
• the vaccine is administered to animals, preferably mammals, and still more preferably pigs, in any conventional manner, most preferably through oral drench
• the dosage to he administered will depend upon the particular case, but in any e ⁇ ent, it is the amount sufficient to induce a protective antibody or eel I -mediated immune response against ileitis
• the vaccines according to the invention are generally administered to susceptible animals, ⁇ referahi ⁇ to young piglets and/or piglets having anti-/ .mtracelhihms antibodies or being exposed to antibodies in one or more doses
• Live or killed vaccine may be administered 1 or 2 times at 2 to 4 week intervals after the initial vaccination For the attenuated, live vaccines, one dose is preferred.
• the first or single administration in performed at day 1 to day 20 of age, more preferably at day 1 to day 10 of age, even more preferably at day S to day 9 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 8 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 7 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 6 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 5 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 4 of age, even more preferably at day 1 to day 3 of age, even more preferably at clay ! or 2 of age, and most preferably at day 1 of age, as described above.
• the second administration is performed about 1 to about 4 weeks after the first administration of the vaccine.
• revaccination is performed in an interval of 3 to 12 months after administration of any previous vaccination.
• Administration of subsequent vaccine doses is preferably done on a 6 month to an annual basis, in another preferred aspect, animals vaccinated before the age of about 2 to 3 weeks should be revaccinated.
• Administration of subsequent vaccine doses is preferably done on an annual basis.
• Colostrum samples were taken from 25 sows and 25 gilts within 24 hours after farrowing Milk samples were taken in the first and second week of lactation from the same pigs Samples were centrifuged twice with 2000 g for 10 minutes at 4 T to separate the fatty portion of the milk The watery portion of the samples was stored at 20 0 C until analysis Specific antibodies against / .
• tuiraccHnlans were detected in serial 2 fold dilutions starting with an initial dilution of 1 20 in an IFAT
• the IFAT was perfo med as described in Example 5 and elsewhere, with the exception that for each sample, h 3 YC -label led anti-swine IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were used to detect the different classes of Ig Parallel blood samples from the sows and gilts were taken within 24 hours after farrowing These samples were examined in the l/.ntemor Ileitis Hf . ⁇ S ⁇ according to the instructions of the manufacturer
• Colostrum samples were taken from sows and gilts within 24 hours after birth Sow milk samples were taken in the first and second week of lactation Samples were eentsifuged twice with 2000 g for 10 minutes at 4 0 C to separate the fatt ⁇ portion of the milk The watery portion of the samples was stored at ⁇ 2O 0 C until analysts; Specific antibodies against /.. wtruvelhihtm were detected in serial 2 fold dilutions starting with an initial dilution of 1 20 in an IFAT The JI-A F was performed as described in Example 5 and elsewhere (5). with the exception that for each sample, FITC-labellcd anti-swine IgG.
• IgM and IgA antibodies were used to detect the different classes of Ig KIiIk samples with different content of 3g were selected on basis of 3FA I results ⁇ / .
• miraceUuians culture was incubated with different dilutions in colostrum or sow milk samples at room temperature für sample was tested twice The tissue culture infectious dose (TCIDj 1 ,) of ⁇ .
• the sample was homogenized b ⁇ 20 passages through a 20 gauge needle Cells from one 75 cm 2 tissue culture flask with a 100° ⁇ confluent monolayer of McCo ⁇ cells, grown with DMEM/ ' HAM ' s F12 medium, were tr ⁇ psinated and divided on four %-well microti tre plates Serial dilution from 10 " ' to 10 of the samples were inoculated six times each on the fresh McCoy cells After an incubation of 6 days at 37 0 C under microaerophilic conditions, ceils were fixed by ice cold acetone/methano!
• the study consisted of three experimental groups involving /,. intracellularis negative and maternal antibody negative suckling piglets at 1 day of age. On day 0 of the
• mice 20 piglets each in group i (vaccinates) received an oral dose of Enterisol ® Ileitis, vaccine isolate B3903, per label instructions (3), Twenty piglets in group 2 (controls) received a placebo consisting of growth medium. Piglets in all groups were weaned on day 20 of the study. On day 21, piglets in groups 1 and 2 received an intestinal homogenate containing 3.5x 10 " of virulent ⁇ - intracellularis 2688/2685 via gavage. A third group of 10 pigs (strict controls) did not receive vaccine, placebo or challenge at any time period throughout the study. On day 42, pigs in all groups were humanely euthanized and necropsied.
• Primary efficacy parameters included gross and microscopic lesions of the ileum, caecum and colon specifically caused by L. bnraceHula ⁇ s. Secondary parameters included clinical health (behaviour., body condition, and stool consistency), average daily weight gains, faecal shedding (PCR), and seroconversion (IFAT) ⁇ !).
• Lawmma-spec ⁇ Rc average microscopic lesion scores in the ileum were significantly (p ⁇ 0.02) higher in the controls (2.47) compared to vaccinated pigs (0.53). Additionally, the total microscopic lesion score (p ⁇ G.0G6) and percentage of IHC positive pigs (p ⁇ G. ⁇ OG1) was significantly higher in the controls compared to the vaccinated group.
• the control group had nominally higher mean microscopic lesion scores and percent IHC positive animals than the vaccinate group in the caecum and colon (p>0.U5). Significantly (p ⁇ 0.05) more control pigs were PCR positive 2 weeks after challenge (day 35) than the vaccinate group. Pigs in the control group (8/19) shed nominally more /,.
• IgA and IgM antibodies were detected in the sera and colostrum of sows in Group A (hyperimmunized) during the farrowing period.
• Sixty three percent (5/8 sows) of Group A sows were serum antibody positive for ami-Lawsonia IgG antibodies while 0% (0/8) of the sows in Group B (control) were positive at farrowing.
• serum IgG antibodies were detected in piglets derived from Group A sows only from farrowing (Day 0) to 5 weeks of age (Day 28), see Fig I .
• ⁇ nti-tznvsotna IgG, IgA and IgM were detected in the colostrum of Group A sows at 50%, 75H and 12.5% respectively.
• Sows in Group B did not have any detectable IgM or IgG anti ⁇ //rn' ⁇ ' ⁇ H ⁇ antibodies in their colostrum during this time period.
• One pig in sow Group B was positive for IgA at a titre of 1 : 16.
• Pigs in Group 4 were not PCR positive for LaM soma DNA until Da> 42 (challenge) and remained positive until Day 63 (study termination) with decreasing rates of shedding from 25% to 5%. No evidence of a significant difference in the rates of faecal shedding of /., intracellular!!; between Groups 1 and 2 and Groups 1 and 4 during the study.
• Serum samples from the blood of each sow and pig were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies against / . inlnKclhihira by the Immunofluorescence antibody test ( ⁇ F4.T) using fixed whole I an soma antigen on polystyrene microtitre plates and FITC -labeled antibodies directed against porcine IgG ( Knittel et al 1998)
• the 3FA test was modified slightly by using FlTC -labeled antibodies directed against porcine IgM and IgA This modified procedure was used to detect these antibodies, in addition to IgG.

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