WO2007135772A1 - 発光素子 - Google Patents
発光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007135772A1 WO2007135772A1 PCT/JP2007/000532 JP2007000532W WO2007135772A1 WO 2007135772 A1 WO2007135772 A1 WO 2007135772A1 JP 2007000532 W JP2007000532 W JP 2007000532W WO 2007135772 A1 WO2007135772 A1 WO 2007135772A1
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- tunnel junction
- light emitting
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- emitting device
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- H01S2304/04—MOCVD or MOVPE
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18311—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement using selective oxidation
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/20—Structure or shape of the semiconductor body to guide the optical wave ; Confining structures perpendicular to the optical axis, e.g. index or gain guiding, stripe geometry, broad area lasers, gain tailoring, transverse or lateral reflectors, special cladding structures, MQW barrier reflection layers
- H01S5/2004—Confining in the direction perpendicular to the layer structure
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/20—Structure or shape of the semiconductor body to guide the optical wave ; Confining structures perpendicular to the optical axis, e.g. index or gain guiding, stripe geometry, broad area lasers, gain tailoring, transverse or lateral reflectors, special cladding structures, MQW barrier reflection layers
- H01S5/2054—Methods of obtaining the confinement
- H01S5/2059—Methods of obtaining the confinement by means of particular conductivity zones, e.g. obtained by particle bombardment or diffusion
- H01S5/2063—Methods of obtaining the confinement by means of particular conductivity zones, e.g. obtained by particle bombardment or diffusion obtained by particle bombardment
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/20—Structure or shape of the semiconductor body to guide the optical wave ; Confining structures perpendicular to the optical axis, e.g. index or gain guiding, stripe geometry, broad area lasers, gain tailoring, transverse or lateral reflectors, special cladding structures, MQW barrier reflection layers
- H01S5/22—Structure or shape of the semiconductor body to guide the optical wave ; Confining structures perpendicular to the optical axis, e.g. index or gain guiding, stripe geometry, broad area lasers, gain tailoring, transverse or lateral reflectors, special cladding structures, MQW barrier reflection layers having a ridge or stripe structure
- H01S5/223—Buried stripe structure
- H01S5/2231—Buried stripe structure with inner confining structure only between the active layer and the upper electrode
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/305—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region characterised by the doping materials used in the laser structure
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/305—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region characterised by the doping materials used in the laser structure
- H01S5/3054—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region characterised by the doping materials used in the laser structure p-doping
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/305—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region characterised by the doping materials used in the laser structure
- H01S5/3095—Tunnel junction
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34306—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser emitting light at a wavelength longer than 1000nm, e.g. InP based 1300 and 1500nm lasers
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34313—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser with a well layer having only As as V-compound, e.g. AlGaAs, InGaAs
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34346—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser characterised by the materials of the barrier layers
- H01S5/34353—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser characterised by the materials of the barrier layers based on (AI)GaAs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a light emitting device used in the field of optical communication and optical interconnection, and more particularly to a light emitting device having a tunnel junction structure.
- optical communication Since optical communication is capable of long-distance, large-capacity transmission, it has been widely used for practical applications, especially in long-distance communication.
- a semiconductor laser is used as a light source in a transmitter for optical communication.
- the electrical resistance of the semiconductor laser is desirably kept small because it causes a decrease in device characteristics and device life due to an increase in power consumption and heat generation, and a decrease in the modulation speed in some cases.
- the resistance is large because the area of the electrode and the active layer is small, and the thermal resistance is also large. The effects of heat generation are also significant, limiting the output and modulation rate.
- a semiconductor laser with a long cavity length such as a pumping laser has a relatively small resistance, but a large operating current causes a large amount of heat generation and causes output saturation. Therefore, further resistance reduction is desired. Since it is effective to increase the area through which the current passes to reduce the resistance, attempts have been made to lower the resistance by increasing the current confinement width or the active layer stripe width.
- V C S E L in general, the increase of the current narrowing width causes the reduction of the modulation band. In addition, it leads to multi-mode and is therefore unsuitable for communication using single mode fiber. Even in the case of an edge emitter type laser, the increase in active layer width is a problem because it causes multimode.
- a method for reducing the overall resistance is to replace most of the high resistance p-type semiconductor with an n-type semiconductor by performing carrier (electron-hole) inversion using a tunnel junction. It was devised.
- a current narrowing structure in the case of using a tunnel junction, (1) a layer containing a large amount of aluminum is formed above the tunnel junction, and current narrowing is performed by selectively oxidizing the layer; (2) A heat treatment is applied to diffuse electrode metal and a part of the tunnel junction is destroyed (for example, non-patent document 1) Patent Document 2), (3) A buried tunnel junction structure (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 3), etc. have been proposed such that a part of the tunnel junction is removed by etching and embedded with a semiconductor layer or the like. .
- Non-Patent Document 3 can control the current narrowing width by the accuracy of photolithography and etching, and therefore has extremely excellent controllability and reproducibility as compared with other methods.
- the present structure is a semiconductor embedded structure, distortion and defects can be reduced as compared with other methods. Furthermore, it is also possible to reduce the optical confinement, and also has the advantage that it is easy to realize a single mode even with a relatively wide current confinement diameter.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Applied Physics Letters vol. 71 p 3468 1997 J. J. Wierer et a
- Non-Patent Document 2 IPRM '99 TuB1-4 S. Sekiguchi et al.
- Non-Patent Document 3 Laser Conf. 2000 ThC2 R. Shauet al.
- Non-patent document 4 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 39 No. 4A pp. 1727-9 (2000) Ortsiffer et al.
- Patent Document 1 U.S. Patent Publication No. 6,515,308
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-29881
- the light emitting device 500 has an n-GaAs substrate 502 and an n electrode (_) 5 on the lower surface thereof. 01 is deposited.
- An electrode (+) 509 and a dielectric DBR 51 0 are stacked.
- the n-type semiconductor DBR 503 and the dielectric DBR 5 10 are composed of a plurality of layer films as shown in the figure. In addition, an opening is formed at the center of the n electrode 509, and the dielectric DBR 5 10 is partially formed to block the opening.
- the tunnel junction 507 is partially formed on the surface of the active layer 505 by being removed leaving a part, and is embedded in the layer 508 which is a semiconductor.
- the light emitting element 500 is formed in a buried tunnel junction structure for narrowing current at the tunnel junction 507.
- Path a is a path through which electrons overflowed from MQW (Mu is iple Quantum Wei I) pass through the P cladding layer, reach the tunnel junction, and exit to the n layer.
- MQW Mo is iple Quantum Wei I
- Path b is a path in which electrons reach the upper n-layer from the lower n-layer through the p-layer in a portion where there is no tunnel junction.
- Path c is such that holes generated at the tunnel junction diffuse and recombine with electrons where they do not contribute to laser oscillation.
- the leak in the path b is a leak specific to the tunnel junction structure in which both electrodes are formed in the n-type semiconductor, and the reduction of the leak realizes high efficiency in the light emitting device having the funnel junction structure. It is essential for [0018] At present, in order to prevent the leak of the path a, a structure provided with an electron block layer made of Mg-doped AI GaN has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1). This electron block layer is often used even in a conventional edge emitter type LD (Laser Diode).
- Non-Patent Document 4 does not describe the purpose and effect of the above layers. Furthermore, since there is also an I n A I As layer on the n side, it seems that there is no purpose to suppress the electron leak in the p layer. However, the p-side I n A I As functions as an electron blocking layer and is considered to be effective in suppressing the leak of the route a and the route b.
- this layer contains aluminum, the surface containing aluminum will be exposed when etching the tunnel junction. Since this surface is very easily oxidized and the oxide film becomes strong, removal by heating is difficult. This causes defects in the regrowth interface during the subsequent embedded growth.
- Non-Patent Document 4 it is in the middle of the p side of the tunnel junction. I have stopped etching. Therefore, it is not impossible to avoid the problem of oxidation by forming the tunnel junction with a layer not containing aluminum.
- Non-Patent Document 4 InAlAs is also provided on the n side, but this has a problem such as preventing electron injection.
- the present invention has been made in view of the problems as described above, and can reduce the leakage current due to the tunnel junction structure, and can also prevent the oxidation of the electronic block layer at the time of manufacture.
- a light emitting device having a structure.
- the first light-emitting element of the present invention comprises a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor, and tunnels electrons from the p-type semiconductor to the n-type semiconductor in a state where a reverse bias voltage is applied.
- the tunnel junction, the active layer, and the electron block layer located between the tunnel junction and the active layer, wherein the electron block layer has a larger energy at the lower end of the conductor than the active layer and substantially aluminum It is made of a material that does not contain
- the second light-emitting element of the present invention comprises a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor, and tunnels electrons from the p-type semiconductor to the n-type semiconductor in a state where a reverse bias voltage is applied.
- a material containing aluminum which has a flowing tunnel junction, an active layer, and an electron block layer located between the tunnel junction and the active layer, wherein the electron block layer has a larger energy at the lower end of the conductor than the active layer.
- a substantially aluminum-free layer located between the electron blocking layer and the tunnel junction, and the area of the tunnel junction is smaller than the area of the electron blocking layer.
- the light emitting element 600 is a surface emitting laser, and an n-GaAs substrate An n electrode (1) 601 is formed on the lower surface of the film 602.
- p-AI 03 Ga 07 As layer a p-GaAs layer 608 , Tunnel junction 609, n-GaAs layer 61 0, n electrode (+) 61
- dielectric DBR 61 2 are laminated.
- the n-type semiconductor DBR 603 and the dielectric DBR 612 are formed of a plurality of layer films as shown in the figure. In addition, an opening is formed at the center of the n electrode 611, and the dielectric DBR 612 is partially formed to shield the opening.
- the tunnel junction 609 is an electron blocking layer by being removed leaving a part.
- the main light emitting element 600 has a buried tunnel junction structure in which the current is narrowed at the tunnel junction 609.
- the P-AI0.3GaO.7As layer 607 functions as an electron block layer.
- Figure 4 shows the calculated carrier flow during laser oscillation.
- FIG. 4 shows the electron current density at the AA ′ cross section in FIG. 3 when the AI composition of the electron block layer 607 is changed.
- Fig. 4 shows only the radial direction from the center.
- the radius of the tunnel junction 609 in this structure is 2.5 m.
- the composition is determined so that ⁇ Ec is 80 meV or more. do it.
- the thickness of the electron block layer 67 may be a thickness at which electrons do not tunnel, specifically, 10 nm or more.
- FIG. 5 shows a light-emitting device 600 having AI O.3 GaAs as the above-mentioned electron blocking layer 600 actually fabricated, and the conventional buried tunnel type light-emitting device without the electron blocking layer shown in FIG. The measurement results of the light output-current characteristics of
- Both are surface emitting lasers, and the tunnel junction is etched leaving a circular portion with a diameter of 6 m.
- the structure of the tunnel junction InGaAs / GaAsSb described in JP-A-2002-134835 is used. From the figure, it can be seen that the efficiency is significantly improved in the structure having the electron block layer 67.
- the light emitting device of the present invention it is possible to suppress the electron leak from the n layer to the n layer through the p layer by the electron block layer. Also, a layer not containing aluminum is used as the electron block layer, or a layer containing aluminum is used as the electron block layer, but a layer not containing aluminum between the electron block layer and the tunnel junction It is possible to suppress the aluminum exposure to the surface by stopping the etching inside this aluminum-free layer when inserting and etching away the tunnel junction leaving a part. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of defects during the burying growth and form a good regrowth interface. This can provide a structure with good yield.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical sectional view showing a laminated structure of a light emitting device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view showing a light emitting element in the manufacturing process.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic vertical front view showing a laminated structure of a light emitting device according to a reference example of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the current density of the electron block layer.
- FIG. 5 is a characteristic diagram showing a leak current depending on the presence or absence of an electron block layer.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic vertical sectional view showing a laminated structure of a light emitting device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view showing a light emitting element in the manufacturing process.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic vertical sectional view showing a laminated structure of a light emitting device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic perspective view showing a light emitting element in the manufacturing process.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic longitudinal sectional front view showing a laminated structure of a light emitting device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic perspective view showing a light emitting element.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic vertical front view showing a laminated structure of a light emitting element of a conventional example.
- FIG. 1 an example in which the present invention is applied to a surface emitting type laser with an oscillation wavelength of 1.3 m formed on a GaAs substrate will be described.
- an n-type GaAs layer and an n-type GaAs layer are formed on an n-type GaAs substrate 101.
- First DBR layer 102 with multiple DBRs (n-type semiconductor mirror layers) having a pair of base pairs as a basic unit, n-type GaAs cladding layer 103, active layer consisting of non-doped GalnN As quantum well and GaAs barrier layer 1 04, p-type clad GaAs layer 1 05, and an electron block layer p-GaAso. 25 P 75 layer 1 06, + -1. 1 63 () . 9 8 3 layer 1 07, n + -G ao glno Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MO CV D: Metal Organic Chemical Vapor) l 08, n-GaAs layer 1 09
- Depos is sequentially laminated by the ion method (first step).
- C is used as the p-type dopant of layer 107, and n-type dopant of layer 108 is used.
- Se is used
- the p-doping concentration is 8 ⁇ 10 19 cnr 3
- the n-doping concentration is 5 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the thickness of each layer was 5 nm for layer 107 and 10 nm for layer 108.
- the thickness of the layer 106 is 20 nm, and the layer thicknesses of the other layers are set such that the optical path length from the layer 103 to the layer 107 is approximately 5/4 of the oscillation wavelength.
- the layer 107 is removed from the layer 107 by etching. After that, the photoresist is removed (second step).
- a DBR n-type semiconductor mirror layer having a pair of n-GaAs layer 110, n-type 10. 9 63 () ⁇ 3 layer and n-type GaAs layer as basic units A second DBR layer 111 in which a plurality of layers are stacked (step 3).
- each DBR layer the film thickness of each of the high refractive index GaAs layer and the low refractive index Alo.gGaojAs layer is such that the optical path length in each of these media is approximately 1/4 of the oscillation wavelength. It is set to be In the light-emitting element of this embodiment, the DBR layers 102 and 111 function as reflecting mirrors, and the stack of layers 103 and 110 functions as a resonator.
- a dielectric film is deposited on the second DBR layer 11, a resist is applied thereon, and the 6 m diameter embedded ridge formed in the second step is formed by photolithography. Form a circular resist mask so that the axial center coincides with the channel junction.
- the dielectric is etched by dry etching
- the resist is removed to form a circular dielectric mask.
- dry etching is performed until the surface of the first DBR layer 102 is exposed as shown in FIG. 2 (a) to form a cylindrical structure 112 having a diameter of about 20 m Four steps). After this, the dielectric mask is removed.
- an electrode is formed on the first DBR exposed by the mesa etching.
- a photoresist is applied to the front surface, and then only the portion where an electrode is to be formed is removed by lithography. After depositing AuGe / AuNi, remove the photoresist and lift off to form electrodes 1 1 3 on a part of the first DBR. Is made (the fifth step).
- an electrode is formed.
- a photoresist is applied and patterned by mask exposure, then AuGe / AuNi is deposited, the photoresist is removed, and the photoresist is turned off, as shown in FIG. 2 (b). And form a pad electrode 116 connected thereto.
- a pad electrode 117 is formed on the polyimide at the same time, and connected to the electrode 113 on the first DBR formed in the fifth step (seventh step). It is possible to use the VCSELs thus fabricated on a GaAs substrate one by one or by cutting them into a desired array (for example, one X, one hundred, one hundred X, etc.)
- VCS EL obtained by the above manufacturing process
- 1 07 and n +- 08 forms a tunnel junction.
- the layers 107 and 108 forming the tunnel junction are removed except for a circular portion with a diameter of about 6 m, and the tunneling probability of the other portions is extremely low. It has a structure in which a tunnel current flows.
- this cylindrical portion also has an optical waveguide effect.
- the layers 107 and 108 are set to have a high doping concentration in order to increase the channel probability.
- the light absorption coefficient is higher than that of the other layers. Therefore, absorption of light is suppressed by setting these layers to be located at the nodes of the standing wave generated at the time of the VC S E L oscillation.
- layers 107 and 108 are etched except for a part, and layer 106 is exposed to the surface, Since the 106 does not contain aluminum, the surface oxide film is very thin and is easily removed in the heating process before the regrowth in the third step.
- the energy at the lower end of the conductor of the GaAs Q 25 P Q 75 layer 106 is about 120 meV higher than that of the GaAs layer which is the barrier layer of the active layer 104. Electron leak to the end is sufficiently suppressed. As a result, the current passes through layers 107 and 108 having a diameter of about 6 m and effectively contributes to laser oscillation, so that excellent characteristics such as low threshold current and high efficiency can be realized.
- an n-type GaAs layer and an n-type GaAs layer are formed on an n-type GaAs substrate 201.
- As 85 layer is sequentially laminated by organic metal vapor phase epitaxy (MOCVD) (first step).
- MOCVD organic metal vapor phase epitaxy
- C is used as the p-type dopant of layer 209, and n-type dopant of layer 210 is used.
- the p doping concentration was 1 ⁇ 10 2 ( cm 3 )
- the n doping concentration was 2 ⁇ 10 19 cnr 3 .
- the thickness of each layer was 5 nm for the layer 209 and 10 nm for the layer 210.
- the thicknesses of the layers 207 and 208 are 40 nm and 20 nm, respectively, and the layer thicknesses of the other layers are set such that the optical path length from the layer 204 to the layer 209 is approximately 5/4 of the oscillation wavelength.
- the layers 209 and 210 are removed by etching, and the photoresist is removed. Remove wrinkles (third step). At this time, the etching time is adjusted so that the etching stops in the layer 208.
- a plurality of DBRs non-doped semiconductor mirror layers each having a pair of an n-GaAs layer 22 1, a non-doped GaAs layer and an Al 0 9 Ga 0 1 As layer as a basic unit
- the stacked second DBR layers 21 3 are sequentially stacked (fourth step).
- Each DBR layer has a high refractive index GaAs layer and The film thickness of each of these is set so that the optical path length of each of these media is approximately 1 ⁇ 4 of the oscillation wavelength.
- a circular dielectric mask with a diameter of 10 m is formed so that the axis coincides with the circular buried tunnel junction formed in the third step, and the surface of n-GaAs layer 212 is exposed. Dry etch the second DBR layer 213 until the second step (step 5).
- a cylindrical structure 214 having a diameter of 10 m is formed.
- a ring electrode 215 made of AuGeNi is formed in a portion of the exposed n-GaAs layer 212 around the cylindrical structure 214 (sixth step).
- a circular dielectric mask with a diameter of 30 m is formed so that the axial center coincides with the cylindrical structure 24 formed in the fifth step, and dry etching is performed, as shown in FIG. 7 (a).
- a cylindrical structure 216 having a diameter of about 30 m and reaching the first DBR layer 202 as shown is formed (seventh step).
- the side surface of the oxide layer forming layer 203 is exposed. Then remove the photoresist. Next, heating is carried out at a temperature of about 420 ° C. for about 10 minutes in a furnace in a water vapor atmosphere (eighth step).
- the oxide layer forming layer 203 is selectively and simultaneously oxidized annularly.
- the oxidation conditions are adjusted so that a non-oxidized region of about 5 m in diameter remains in the center of the oxide layer forming layer 203.
- the reason why X is set to a value larger than 0.9 is that almost no oxidation occurs when the value is 0.9 or less, and it is necessary to make the oxidation rate faster than in the DBR portion.
- an electrode is formed on the first DBR layer 202 exposed in the seventh step.
- a photoresist is applied to the front surface, and then only the part that forms the electrode is removed by lithography. After depositing AuGe / AuNi, remove the photoresist An electrode 21 17 is formed on a part of the first DBR layer 202 by removing and riff-off (ninth step).
- pad electrodes 2 19 and 220 are formed on polyimide 2 18. These pad electrodes are respectively connected to the ring electrode 25 formed in the sixth step and the electrode 21 on the first DBR formed in the eighth step (step 11) ).
- the V C S E L thus produced on a GaAs substrate can be used by cutting it into pieces or into desired overlays (for example, 1 piece ⁇ 10 pieces, 100 pieces ⁇ 100 pieces, etc.).
- the tunnel junction is formed by the p + ⁇ a Ass g Sbo, the layer 2 0 9, and the n +-ln 0 15 Ga 0 85 As layer 2 1 0.
- the layers 2 0 9 and 2 1 0 forming the tunnel junction are removed except for a circular portion with a diameter of about 4 m, and the tunneling probability of the other portion is extremely low.
- the tunnel current flows only in the
- this cylindrical portion also has an optical waveguiding effect.
- the layers 2 0 9 and 2 1 0 are set to have a high doping concentration in order to increase the tunneling probability.
- the light absorption coefficient is higher than that of the other layers. Therefore, absorption of light is suppressed by setting these layers to be located at the nodes of the standing wave generated during V cs e L oscillation.
- the layers 2 0 9 and 2 1 0 are etched except for a part in the third step, but as described above, the etching is stopped in the layer 2 0 8 at this time. The etching time is controlled. Since this layer does not contain aluminum, the surface oxide film is very thin and can be easily removed in the temperature rising process before the third step regrowth.
- the energy at the lower end of the conductor of the p-Alo.3Gao.7As layer 2 0 7 is the active layer 2 0 5
- the electron leakage from the layer 204 to the layer 212 is sufficiently suppressed because the potential is about 240 meV higher than the GaAs layer which is the barrier layer of As a result, the current passes through the layers 209 and 210 having a diameter of about 4 m and effectively contributes to laser oscillation, so that excellent characteristics such as low threshold current and high efficiency can be realized.
- the increase in resistance of the active layer peripheral portion by ion implantation of H, 0, etc. and the lateral oxidation of the AIGaAs layer in the eighth step are often used for current confinement, respectively.
- the current narrowing is performed by the buried tunnel junction as in the first embodiment, and the ion injection and the oxide layer do not function as a current narrowing.
- Ion implantation is used to lower the capacitance of the tunnel junction periphery in the cylindrical structure 216. As a result, the upper limit of the modulation band determined by the element resistance and the capacitance becomes high, and a structure capable of ultra high speed modulation is obtained.
- the oxide layer is also used for lateral light confinement control, and it becomes possible to adjust the light confinement by controlling the aperture diameter.
- a DBR in which a pair of an n-type InP layer and an n-type AI Ga InAs layer lattice-matched to In P is a basic unit on an n-type InP substrate 301 the first DBR layer 302, n-type InP cladding layer 303 n-type semiconductor mirror layer) laminating a plurality of non-doped AI 0. 15 Ga 015 ln 07 as quantum wells and AI 034 Ga 0. 22 ln 04 4As barrier layer Active layer 304, p-type InP cladding layer 305, p-lno. 52 Al 48 As layer 306, p-lnP layer 3 07, p + -AI. 27 Ga.
- n-lnP layers 310 are sequentially laminated by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) (first step).
- MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- C is used as the p-type dopant of layer 308, and n-type dopant of layer 309 is used.
- the doping concentration is 7 ⁇ 10 19 cnr 3 in the layer 308 and 1.5 ⁇ 10 19 crr 3 in the layer 309.
- the thickness of each layer was 5 nm for layer 308 and 15 nm for layer 309.
- the thickness of layer 306 is 30 nm
- the layer thickness of the other layers is: layer 303 to layer 308
- the optical path length up to 5/4 of the oscillation wavelength is set.
- a circular resist mask having a diameter of about 6 m is formed by photolithography, and the layer 310 is removed from the layer 308 by etching. After that, the photoresist is removed (second step). At this time, the etching time is adjusted so that the etching stops in the layer 307.
- the n-type InP layer 311 is stacked again using the MOCVD method (third step).
- the thickness of the layer 311 is such that the optical path length is 5/4 of the oscillation wavelength.
- a second DBR layer 312 is formed on the wafer by stacking a plurality of DBRs (dielectric mirror layers) each having a pair of SiO 2 and amorphous Si (a-Si) as a basic unit by sputtering.
- the film thicknesses of the SiO 2 layer and the a-Si layer are set such that the optical path length in each of these media is approximately 1 ⁇ 4 of the oscillation wavelength.
- the second DBR layer 312 is removed leaving a circular portion of about 10 m in diameter coaxially with the circular tunnel junction formed in the second step by photolithography and etching.
- an electrode is formed on the first D B R exposed by the mesa etching.
- a photoresist is applied to the front surface, and then only a portion on which an electrode is to be formed is removed by lithography. After depositing AuGe / AuNi, the photoresist is removed and the wafer is refilled to form an electrode 314 on a part of the first DBR (fifth step).
- the polyimide 315 on the electrode is removed by lithography (sixth step). Next, an electrode is formed.
- a photoresist is applied (not shown), patterned by mask exposure, AuGe / AuNi is deposited, the photoresist is removed, and lift-off is performed, as shown in FIG. 9 (b). , Ring electrode 31 6 and connected with it To form a pad electrode 3 1 7.
- an electrode pad 3 18 is formed on the polyimide 3 15 simultaneously, and is connected to the electrode 3 14 on the first DBR formed in the fifth step (seventh process). ).
- the V C S E L thus prepared on an I n P substrate can be used by cutting it out one by one or in a desired array (eg one X ten, one hundred X one hundred, etc.)
- the pHUo ⁇ Gao aj I no As layer 3 0 8 and n + -ln 0. 76 Ga 0. 24 As 0. 51 P 0 49 layer 3 0 9 Form a tunnel junction. These layers have been removed in the second step leaving a circular portion about 6 m in diameter, and this cylindrical portion produces a current constriction effect and an optical waveguide effect.
- these layers are set to be located at nodes of standing waves generated during V C S E L oscillation to suppress light absorption.
- the layers 3 08 and 3 0 9 are etched except for a part in the second step, but as described above, the etching time is such that the etching is stopped in the layer 3 0 7 I have control.
- this layer does not contain aluminum, the surface oxide film is very thin and is easily removed in the temperature rising process before the regrowth in the third step.
- this embodiment Although the side wall is exposed and oxidized in the second step etching, the layer thickness is as thin as 5 nm, and the area is smaller than when the etching bottom surface is exposed. The impact is small because it can be kept very small.
- the 300 functions as an electron blocking layer, the electron leak from the layer 3 0 3 to the layer 3 1 1 is sufficiently suppressed.
- the current passes through the layers 3 0 8 and 3 0 9 having a diameter of about 6 m and effectively contributes to the laser oscillation, so that excellent characteristics such as low threshold current and high efficiency can be realized.
- n-lnP substrate 401 n-lnP first clad layer over 402, ln 0. 8 Ga 0 . 2 As 0. 43 P 0. 57 -SCH layer 403, and the undoped 1.863 0.2 eight ......... 3 0 6 0 36 quantum wells and 1 8 63 0 2 eight 3 0 4 05 7 consisting barrier layer an active layer 404, I n 0 8 Ga 0 2 as 0 43 P 0 57 - SCH layer 405, p-lnP clad layer 406, p-lno. 2 Gao . 8 P layer 407, p- 1 n P Jf 408 ⁇ p + -GaAs 8 Sbo. 2 layer 409, n + -lnQ. 76 GaQ 24 AsQ. 51 Po. 49 layer 41 0, n-lnP layer 41 1 are sequentially laminated by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MO CVD) (first step).
- MO CVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- C is used as the p-type dopant of layer 409, and n-type dopant of layer 410
- doping concentration layer 409 is 1.5 ⁇ 10 20 cm- 3
- the layer 41 0 was 5x10 1 gem-3.
- the thickness of each layer was 4 nm for the layer 409 and 10 nm for the layer 410.
- the thickness of the layer 407 is 10 nm.
- the n-lnP second cladding layer 412 and the n-lnGaAs contact layer 413 are grown again by the MOCVD method (the third step).
- the n-lnP substrate side is polished until the wafer thickness is 100 m, and an AuGeNi alloy, “N: 50 nm, Au: 400 nm, is deposited on the back surface.
- the wafer fabricated as described above is cleaved, a low reflection film is coated on one side, and a high reflection film is coated on the other side, and then cut out one by one to complete the laser (No. Six steps).
- 76 63 () . 2 3 () . 5 49 layer 410 is the tunnel junction.
- the 2Ga 08 P layer 407 functions as an electron blocking layer.
- the tunneling probability is extremely small in places other than the tunnel junction, current hardly flows. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the leak current as compared with the conventional structure.
- the light absorption here is large because the doping concentration of the tunnel junction is large, the light absorption in the cladding layer is the same as the conventional structure because the n-type semiconductor has smaller light absorption than the p-type semiconductor. It is lower than it.
- a portion of the tunnel junction is removed by etching to form a current confinement structure.
- the present invention is similarly applicable to a light emitting diode (LED: Light Emitting Diode).
- LED Light Emitting Diode
- the wavelength and material of the light emitting element can be selected other than those described in the embodiment.
- aluminum may be contained as long as surface oxidation is not a problem, and the range in which the aluminum content can be regarded as a dopant, specifically, if the ratio of aluminum in the Group III element is 1% or less good.
- the aluminum content can be verified by analysis such as SIMS (Secondary Ion on mass spectroscopy).
- the electron block layer one having a large energy at the lower end of the conduction band, such as GaAsP, AI GaAs, etc., is used, but these materials may be used other than GaAs generally used on both sides.
- the energy at the top of the valence band is low (the energy of holes is high).
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Abstract
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JP2012243937A (ja) * | 2011-05-19 | 2012-12-10 | Denso Corp | 半導体レーザ構造 |
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KR100964399B1 (ko) * | 2003-03-08 | 2010-06-17 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 반도체 레이저 다이오드 및 이를 채용한 반도체 레이저다이오드 조립체 |
US9859685B2 (en) | 2015-12-11 | 2018-01-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Small aperture formation for facilitating optoelectronic device integration with defective semiconductor materials |
JP7155723B2 (ja) * | 2018-08-02 | 2022-10-19 | 株式会社リコー | 発光素子及びその製造方法 |
DE102022111977A1 (de) * | 2022-05-12 | 2023-11-16 | Ferdinand-Braun-Institut gGmbH, Leibniz- Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik | Breitstreifen-Diodenlaser mit integriertem p-n-Tunnelübergang |
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KR101015500B1 (ko) * | 2004-10-11 | 2011-02-24 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 터널 접합을 구비한 고출력 레이저 소자 및 상기 레이저소자용 레이저 펌핑부 |
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- 2007-05-17 WO PCT/JP2007/000532 patent/WO2007135772A1/ja active Application Filing
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