WO2007122256A1 - Procede de preparation d'une couche nanoporeuse de nanoparticules et couche ainsi obtenue - Google Patents
Procede de preparation d'une couche nanoporeuse de nanoparticules et couche ainsi obtenue Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007122256A1 WO2007122256A1 PCT/EP2007/054076 EP2007054076W WO2007122256A1 WO 2007122256 A1 WO2007122256 A1 WO 2007122256A1 EP 2007054076 W EP2007054076 W EP 2007054076W WO 2007122256 A1 WO2007122256 A1 WO 2007122256A1
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- nanoparticles
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Classifications
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/85—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/5076—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with masses bonded by inorganic cements
- C04B41/5089—Silica sols, alkyl, ammonium or alkali metal silicate cements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/52—Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
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- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
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- C04B41/89—Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
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- C23C4/11—Oxides
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
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- B01D2323/34—Use of radiation
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- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
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- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00793—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filters or diaphragms
- C04B2111/00801—Membranes; Diaphragms
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/05—Methods of making filter
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249967—Inorganic matrix in void-containing component
- Y10T428/249969—Of silicon-containing material [e.g., glass, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for preparing, shaping, a nanoporous layer of nanoparticles on a surface of a substrate.
- the present invention further relates to a nanoporous nanoparticle layer obtainable by this method. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a nanoporous membrane and to the membrane thus prepared.
- the present invention also relates to devices comprising a nanoporous layer obtainable by the process of the invention.
- the technical field of the invention can generally be defined as that of nanostructured materials, more particularly this technical field is that of nanoporous materials in the form of layers including thin layers commonly called membranes of a thickness for example of 1 at 100 ⁇ m.
- Nanostructured materials are defined as materials having nanoscale organization, i.e. on a scale ranging from a few nm to a few hundred nm. This size domain is where the characteristic lengths of the various physical, electronic, magnetic, optical, superconductivity, mechanical, and other processes are found. and where the surface plays a predominant role in these processes, which gives these "nanomaterials” specific and often exalted properties. Because of these characteristics, these materials offer real potential in the construction of new high-performance buildings with specific properties.
- nanostructures make it possible to develop innovative materials and offers the possibility of exploiting them in many fields such as optics, electronics, energy, etc. These nanomaterials offer undeniable fundamental benefits and important application and application potential in various future technologies such as fuel cells, "smart” coatings, resistant materials (thermal barrier).
- the present invention makes it possible to develop new nanostructured coatings and more precisely nanoporous layers or membranes by a simple and easily industrializable process, and opens these technologies to manufacturers.
- the essence of the "nano” concept is the assembly of nanometric species, capable of fulfilling a sophisticated function or constituting a material with unprecedented properties.
- the inventors of the present are interested in plasma projection or thermal projection. It is a technique used in research laboratories and in industry to make deposits of ceramic, metallic or cermets, or polymers as well as combinations of these materials on different types of substrates (shape and nature).
- the function of the deposit is to give the coated part a special property: protection against corrosion, thermal barrier, etc. Its principle is based on a plasma jet generated inside a torch by electric arc or induction. A pulverulent material (ceramic, metal, polymer) is injected - either by a dry route, by a gaseous vector, or by a wet route, by a liquid vector - in this hot and swift flow.
- the particles are accelerated, melted, impact the part to be coated and stack to form the deposit.
- the liquid is fragmented into droplets in contact with the plasma, then accelerated and vaporized.
- the resulting solid particles are optionally melted and impact the substrate where they cool and stack to form the deposit (see Figure 1).
- the dry pathway is limited by the size of the injectable particles in the plasma. Below a critical particle size of about 10 microns, the particles no longer have enough momentum to penetrate the inside of the plasma jet. They remain on the periphery and are not melted.
- the wet process makes it possible to overcome this physical limit, but is limited by the stability of the liquid / powder (suspension) mixtures.
- the deposition or layer formed by the dry route of thickness generally greater than 100 microns, has a strongly anisotropic lamellar structure characteristic of deposits made by plasma spraying. These techniques therefore do not make it possible to form nanoparticle coatings or coatings with thicknesses of less than 100 ⁇ m, up to a few microns.
- the coatings obtained have the disadvantage of being micro-cracked, especially in the case of ceramic deposits, fragile materials that relax the internal stresses.
- the coating obtained has a lamellar structure which strongly conditions its thermomechanical properties, which therefore clearly limits, a priori, the potential applications of the plasma projection.
- the appearance of new applications requires making deposits of less than 50 ⁇ m thickness, consisting of sub-micron sized grains not necessarily having a lamellar structure, and using high deposition rates.
- the high speed of the cold carrier gas necessary for the acceleration of fine particles, causes a sharp decrease in the temperature and the flow velocity of the plasma, essential properties for melting and driving the particles.
- the particle sizes are 100 nm; the method nominally predicts a chemical conversion during the projection process and uses dispersants; and the projection conditions are explicitly chosen not to vaporize the solvent from the projected solution before reaching the substrate.
- this document describes a nanostructured deposit produced by thermal spraying a solution and not a stabilized soil as in the process according to the invention.
- This method allows the transformation of atom - molecules into aerosol droplets and the subsequent chemical reactions to form the layers of material on the substrate.
- This method does not implement a stabilized and dispersed colloidal sol containing nanoparticles that are projected (by a plasma torch) onto a substrate where they stack to form a deposit.
- the precursor solution used in this document does not constitute a colloidal sol in which the nanoparticles are stabilized and dispersed.
- Kear et al propose the injection of a solution containing agglomerates of nanostructured powders in the form of a spray in a plasma.
- the use of a spray imposes different stages so that the size of the particles to be injected is sufficiently large (of the order of one micron) to penetrate into the plasma: drying of the solution containing small particles, agglomeration of these particles using a binder and colloidal suspension agglomerates larger than one micron.
- This method requires ultrasonic assistance or the use of dispersants, for example surfactants, to maintain the dispersion of the particles in suspension in the liquid.
- the precursor solution is prepared by dissolving the precursor in a solvent.
- a solvent This document mentions, among others, as precursor, zirconium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, cerium acetate, zirconium carbonate and as solvent, water, alcohols containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, organic solvents. , the carboxylic acid and the combination thereof.
- the Elemental components are mixed in relation to the desired stochiometry.
- EP-Al-I 134 302 [19] describes a process for producing nanostructured layers by thermal spraying of compartmentalized solution.
- the deposits are made by injection into a thermal jet of a solution of "nano-compartments".
- nano-compartments may be a dispersion, an emulsion, a microemulsion, or a sol-gel system.
- These include oil / water, water / oil and bicontinuous dispersions, stabilized by surfactants, in which the continuous phase is in the form of droplets of sizes between 150 Angstroms and 1 micron.
- the injected solution is limited to solutions of metallic materials.
- a flame fed with butane / propane is used, which limits its temperature to 1200 ° C. Because of this low temperature, only low-melting metal materials can be used.
- the inventors have also been interested in existing sol-gel deposition processes, particularly in the field of coatings for optics. These processes usually use liquid deposition methods such as spin coating, laminar coating, dipping, aerosol spray ("spray-coating"). These different techniques lead to thin layers whose thickness is generally less than one micron. Some of these deposition methods make it possible to coat large areas for example from a few hundred cm 2 to a few m 2 , which is an advantage.
- the coatings obtained by these processes crack beyond critical micron thicknesses.
- the main cause of this major defect lies in the stress of voltage applied by the substrate during heat treatments necessary for their development.
- Another disadvantage lies in the impossibility of depositing homogeneous coatings having a good adhesion, even for thicknesses greater than a few micrometers.
- the impurities correspond to solid particles suspended in the fluid.
- the impurities relate to macromolecules or colloids. These, because of their larger size than the largest pore crossing the membrane remain blocked on the surface or in the thickness of the membrane. This process is valid for liquids and gases.
- phase separation usually carried out by decantation, can be carried out by means of membranes having a mixed character of affinity with respect to the phases to be separated: hydrophilic / hydrophobic, acid / base, oxidant / reductant, donor / acceptor character. .
- the surface of the membrane can naturally be hydrophobic (polytetrafluoroethylene for example) or be functionalized by grafting covalent hydrophobic molecules (fluorinated or alkyl type for example).
- the nanometric size of the pores strengthens the separation-filtration efficiency which can not be totally ensured by the hydrophobic character (Jurin's law).
- the ceramic membrane is not thermally degraded and a grafting of perfluorinated molecules via an organometallic function (alkoxysilane type) is stable up to about 300 ° C.
- the selective membranes are currently made of polymeric organic materials: cellulose, polyethersulfone, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc.
- This type of membrane is not thermally and chemically stable.
- the maximum temperature of use of the best materials does not exceed 110 0 C
- Ceramic nanoporous membranes do not have these disadvantages. They are thermally stable, in fact their maximum operating temperature, for non-functionalized membranes is solely conditioned by the melting temperature or softening of the oxide matrix, and can therefore in some cases exceed 1000 ° C. They are also stable chemically because they consist essentially of metal oxides. Because of their rigid structure, they can operate under high pressure. These properties allow them to be cleaned and sterilized for reuse, making them economically attractive. Nevertheless, they remain more difficult to implement.
- US Pat. No. 6,261,510 to TNO proposes the manufacture of nanoporous tube by extrusion of a sufficiently viscous mixture of submicron ceramic powder, a solvent and a binder. The final step is sintering.
- This patent is limited to tubular geometries.
- the nanoporous membrane is shaped by coating with a porous support of a ceramic colloidal suspension. A heat flux is imposed opposite the coating so that the particles are deposited as a gel. Sintering completes the fabrication. The authors claim to obtain an average pore size of less than 30 Angstroms.
- the sintering step prohibits the creation of nanoporous membrane on a thermosensitive substrate.
- the object of the present invention is precisely to provide a method for forming a nanostructured coating more precisely a nanoporous layer that meets the needs indicated above and provides a solution to all of the aforementioned drawbacks.
- the object of the present invention is still to provide a coating of nanoparticles more precisely a nanoporous layer which does not have the disadvantages, defects and disadvantages of the coatings of the prior art, and which can be used in devices such as separation by exhibiting excellent performance.
- a process for preparing at least one nanoporous layer of nanoparticles selected from metal oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and mixtures thereof ci, on a surface of a substrate, in which at least one colloidal sol is injected in which said nanoparticles are dispersed and stabilized, in a jet of thermal plasma which projects said nanoparticles on said surface.
- the inventors are the first to solve the aforementioned drawbacks of prior art techniques relating to plasma deposition by this method. Compared to the old techniques, it consists in particular to replace the dry injection gas with a specific carrier liquid consisting of a colloidal sol. The projected particles are thus stabilized in a liquid medium before being accelerated in a plasma. As stated above, more recent work has already been done on the injection of a material in a form other than powder in a plasma and especially in liquid form. However, none of these works uses or suggests a direct injection into a plasma jet of colloidal sol, or colloidal sol-gel solution, of nanoparticles, and the possibility of producing nanostructured deposits of any type of material possessing the same chemical and structural composition as the initial product.
- nanoparticle deposits in the form of nanoporous layers also called nanoporous membranes.
- the method according to the invention can be defined as a method of thermal protection by wet plasma jet which is implemented with a specific liquid which is a sol of nanoparticles. It is well understood that one or more sols can be implemented successively or simultaneously.
- the sol-gel process offers many possibilities in the synthesis of stable colloidal suspensions and nanoparticles.
- This soft chemistry makes it possible in particular to synthesize, from inorganic or organometallic precursors, metal oxides.
- the nucleation of these particles takes place in a liquid medium.
- These nanoparticles can be directly stabilized in this same solvent during the synthesis or peptize later if they are synthesized by precipitation.
- the colloidal suspension obtained is called sol.
- the size of the particles is perfectly controlled by the synthesis conditions (precursors, solvent, pH, temperature, etc.) from a few angstroms to a few microns.
- the method of the present invention also allows, unexpectedly, the preservation of the nanostructural properties of the projected material, thanks to the thermal spray of a stabilized suspension
- the method of the invention using "self-stabilized" soils makes it possible to avoid the use of additional dispersing means such as ultrasound, atomization, mechanical stirring, etc. during the projection phase.
- the present invention therefore makes it possible at the same time to maintain the purity of the projected material and to simplify the method of implementation. It is also notably thanks to the use of a soil that the aggregation of the nanoparticles is limited, and that the process of the invention results in a homogeneous nanostructured coating, more particularly a nanoporous layer.
- the inventors exploit the singular advantage of soils-gels to offer a very large number of physicochemical pathways for obtaining stable colloidal suspensions and nanoparticles.
- the soft chemistry of the constitution of the soils-gels makes it possible in particular to synthesize, starting from inorganic precursors or very numerous organometallic, a plurality of different metal oxides.
- the present invention also uses the advantageous property of soils-gels to allow the synthesis of inorganic particles of different crystalline phases (case of zirconia for example), in the same soil, for example by using the hydrothermal route or in milder conditions.
- the nucleation of the particles takes place in a liquid medium.
- Access to mixed colloidal sols consisting for example of a mixture of nanoparticles of metal oxides of different types, and / or nanoparticles of a metal oxide doped with another metal oxide and / or any mixture of nanoparticles metal oxide and nanoparticles of metal oxides doped with another metal oxide, also offers many variations.
- preferred conditions of the process of the invention make it possible to further limit or even avoid segregations of nanoparticles, concentration gradients or sedimentations.
- plasma projection conditions as well as soil injection protocols allow to act on the quality of the nanoparticle coating formed, and, according to various examples presented below, can further improve the quality and to refine the conservation of the properties of the particles of the colloidal sol within the coating material.
- the principle of the preparation, of the shaping, of the nanoporous layer by the method according to the invention is based on the injection of a colloidal sol composed of nanoparticles in a thermal plasma jet.
- the nanoparticles of this soil are projected and stack on a substrate to form the nanoporous deposit.
- These nanoparticles are nanoparticles of metal oxide (s) and do not undergo modification during the projection.
- the deposit, the layer, prepared by the process according to the invention has the same composition as the initial soil.
- the method of projecting a soil implemented according to the invention consists in injecting into a thermal plasma, generally at high speed and at high temperature, a liquid which is a colloidal sol in which the nanoparticles are dispersed and stabilized.
- the continuous jet of liquid under the effect of the high speeds at the exit of the torch which are generally greater than or equal to 1000 M / s, preferably from 1000 to 2000 M / s, breaks up into fine droplets, generally from 2 to 20 microns for example of about ten microns in diameter. This diameter depends essentially on the nature of the injected liquid.
- These droplets subjected to high speeds and temperatures (for example 12000 K at the torch outlet), are accelerated and evaporate to include in the plasma jet the nanoparticles solids from the initial soil. Particles, unitary or clustered at such high temperatures, heat, melt before impacting the substrate, collide with the substrate, stack and thereby form the deposit.
- the particles To obtain a deposit, the particles must be melted in order to weld together. In the opposite case, under the effect of their momentum, they bounce off the surface of the substrate. Nevertheless, to create stacking defects, the particles before impact must be in a partial state of fusion. In conventional projection of powder of granulometry greater than one micron, the partial state of fusion does not make it possible to obtain a deposit: the non melted bounces off the substrate and does not allow the adhesion of the material to the surface.
- This partial fusion can be obtained by protecting the nanoparticles from the heat flux of the plasma.
- the temperature at the exit of the torch can not be lowered below 8000 K by playing on the plasma parameters such as the intensity of the current, the type of gas, the flow, etc ....
- the solvent of the said sol may, in addition to water, be chosen from liquids that consume a lot of energy in order to vaporize.
- Examples 1, 2 and 4 which follow are made with aqueous sols of silica.
- the soil or the suspension is injected directly into the "cold zones of the plasma", namely the zones in which the temperature is generally from 3000 to 4000 K. These are generally located 50-60 mm from the torch outlet, but strongly depend on the plasma conditions used such as intensity, plasma gases, flow rate, torch diameter ....
- the solvent of the Soil should be chosen so that it creates fine droplets and evaporates as quickly as possible. Indeed, in the "cold" zones, the speeds are much lower, for example in particular 200 M / s, making the fragmentation of the drops less good. This results in slower evaporation due to larger drops and less intense plasma flow. If the liquid is totally evaporated too much downstream, the jet temperature becomes too low to allow even partial melting of the nanoparticles.
- the solvent must have a latent heat, a heat capacity and a low surface tension.
- Ethanol in particular, meets these requirements (specific heat 2, 44.10 3 J / Kg / K, latent heat of vaporisation 8, 7.10 5 J / kg, surface tension 21, 98.10 "3 N / m at 293 K) .
- the deposit thus produced is very porous.
- the porometry depends on the size and morphology of the nanoparticles. At identical morphology, the larger the particles, the larger the stacking defects, the larger the equivalent diameter of the pores. This characteristic allows to modulate the diameter of the pores to obtain precisely a given porometry centered on a value.
- Figure 8 illustrates the structure of two deposits made from spherical particles of different sizes.
- the stacking defects can be amplified by using a mixture of sol (s) of different particle sizes in close proportions (ie, for example, in the case of a mixture of two sols, the difference in the proportions by volume between the two constituents does not exceed 10% by volume), or even identical.
- the pore diameter can thus be increased in the membrane.
- a larger particle size sol is used, for example with particles with a diameter D of 50 to 60 nm, as shown in the diagram on the right of FIG. 8, then the size of the stacking defects, and therefore the diameter of the pores (P) will also be increased and will be for example 30 nm.
- FIG. 8 also shows the light sintering obtained by the process according to the invention, which exists at the points of contact between the particles of the deposit. This slight sintering is obtained because of the conditions used generally in the method of the invention.
- a bi-modal porometry (centered on two values) can be obtained by using mesoporous particles in the projection process.
- the overall porosity of the material is achieved by the stacking defects and intrinsic porosity of the nanoparticles. Both being decoupled, two ranges of pores are obtained.
- the morphology of the particles plays an important role: the shape of the nanoparticles not only determines the diameter of the pores but also their shape. By modifying the latter, one can act on the tortuosity of the porous material and thus increase or decrease the permeance of the membrane.
- the nanoparticles may have in addition to a spherical shape or a form of cube, hexahedron or any other crystalline form obtainable by a sol-gel process.
- the substrate may be organic, inorganic or mixed (that is to say organic and inorganic on the same surface). Preferably it supports the operating conditions of the process of the invention. It may consist for example of a material chosen from semiconductors such as silicon; organic polymers such as poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC); metals such as gold, aluminum and silver; the glasses ; inorganic oxides, for example layered, such as SiC 2, Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , MgO, etc. ; and composite or mixed materials comprising several of these materials.
- semiconductors such as silicon
- organic polymers such as poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
- metals such as gold, aluminum and silver
- the preparation of the nanoporous layer of nanoparticles in other words, the shaping of the membrane can be performed on a multitude of substrates, substrates, the deposition temperature being controlled.
- This allows the choice of substrates, thermosensitive substrates, supports, metal substrates, supports, ceramic substrates, which reduces the overall costs of membrane production, selective, supported.
- the nanoporous layer can be deposited in a wide variety of shapes, in particular on all kinds of convex and / or concave surfaces and on the internal cavity surfaces of parts, provided that these cavities can receive the thermal spray device.
- the surface of the substrate to be coated will optionally be cleaned in order to remove organic and / or inorganic contaminants which could prevent the deposition or even the attachment of the coating to the surface and improve the adhesion of the coating.
- the cleaning used depends on the nature of the substrate and can be selected from the physical, chemical or mechanical processes known to those skilled in the art.
- the cleaning method may be chosen from immersion in an organic solvent and / or washing detergent and / or etching assisted by ultrasound; these cleanings being eventually followed by rinsing with tap water, then rinsing with deionized water; these rinses being optionally followed by drying by "lift-out", by an alcohol spray, by a jet of compressed air, with hot air, or by infrared rays.
- Cleaning can also be a cleaning by ultraviolet rays.
- nanoparticles particles of nanometric size, generally ranging from 1 nm to a few hundred nanometers, namely generally from 1 to 500 nm, preferably from 1 to 100, more preferably from 1 to 50 nm, better from 2 to 40 nm, more preferably from 5 to 30 nm, more preferably from 10 to 20 nm.
- the term “particles” is also used.
- the particle size of the solution injected into the plasma may be centered on a single peak (monodisperse) or several peaks. The average pore size of the membrane is controlled by the particle size distribution of the soil particles.
- the porometry of the nanoporous layer or membrane can thus be easily adjusted to a determined value.
- the porometry of the membrane, nanoporous layer is thus generally from 1 to 500 nm, preferably from 1 to 100 nm, more preferably from 1 to 50 nm, better still from 2 to 40 nm, more preferably from 5 to 30 nm, even better from 10 to 20 nm.
- the pore size is relatively small compared to its value average. This is an advantage for ultrafiltration since the membranes are qualified by the pore passing through the bulk of the membrane.
- the porosity level obtained may be greater than or equal to 20%, preferably greater than or equal to 50%. This value is relatively high for a ceramic porous material implemented by plasma spraying.
- the membrane is very permeable, that its intrinsic pressure drop is low.
- the permeance levels vary between 200 and 1300 NL / min / bar / m 2 depending on the pore size.
- a "sol-gel process” means a series of reactions where soluble metal species hydrolyze to form a metal hydroxide.
- the sol-gel process involves a hydrolysis-condensation of metal precursors (salts and / or alkoxides) allowing easy stabilization and dispersion of particles in a growth medium.
- Soil is a colloidal system in which the dispersion medium is a liquid and the dispersed phase is a solid. Soil is also called “colloidal sol-gel solution” or “colloidal sol.” The nanoparticles are dispersed and stabilized thanks to an electrostatic effect (charge of the particles) or a steric effect (polymeric coating for example).
- the sol can be prepared by any method known to those skilled in the art. We will of course prefer the processes which make it possible to obtain a greater homogeneity of size of the nanoparticles, as well as greater stabilization and dispersion of the nanoparticles.
- the methods for preparing the sol-gel colloidal solution described herein include the various conventional methods for synthesizing nanoparticles dispersed and stabilized in a liquid medium.
- the sol can be prepared for example by precipitation in an aqueous medium or by sol-gel synthesis in an organic medium from a precursor of nanoparticles.
- Such a sol can also be prepared simply by adding a nanoparticle powder to a solvent, or a mixed-type sol can be prepared by adding one or more nanoparticle powders, for example monodisperse, to a sol prepared by one of the processes described herein.
- the preparation may comprise, for example, the following steps: step 1: hydrothermal synthesis of the nanoparticles by using an autoclave from metal precursors or synthesis of nanoparticles by co-precipitation at ordinary pressure; step 2: treatment of the nanoparticles (powder), dispersion and stabilization of the nanoparticles in an aqueous medium (washing, dialysis); step 3 (optional): modification of the stabilizing solvent: dialysis, distillation, solvent mixture; step 4: (optional): dispersion of the nanoparticles in an organic medium to form an organic-inorganic hybrid sol by dispersing the particles within an organic polymer or oligomer and / or by functionalizing the surface of the particles by any type of function organic reactive or not.
- the nanoparticles prepared by this process are generally particles of metal oxide (s) (metals).
- metal oxide s
- metal alkoxides metal oxide compounds
- the preparation may comprise, for example, the following succession of steps: step (a): hydrolysis-condensation of organometallic precursors or metal salts in organic or hydroalcoholic medium; step (b): nucleation of the nanoparticles stabilized and dispersed in an organic medium or hydroalcoholic by ripening, growth; step (c) (optional): formation of an organic-inorganic hybrid sol by dispersing the particles within an organic polymer or oligomer and / or by functionalizing the surface of the particles by any type of reactive or non-reactive organic functions.
- the nanoparticles prepared by this process are generally particles of metal oxide (s) (metals).
- the document [10] describes examples of this route of preparation by sol-gel synthesis in organic medium, with different precursors (metalloid salts, metal salts, metal alkoxides), usable in the present invention.
- the nanoparticles can be directly stabilized in the solvent used during the synthesis or peptized later if they are synthesized by precipitation. In both cases the suspension obtained is a soil.
- the nanoparticle precursor is typically selected from the group consisting of a metalloid salt, a metal salt, a metal alkoxide, or a mixture thereof.
- the metal or metalloid of the precursor nanoparticle salt or alkoxide may be chosen for example from the group comprising silicon, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum, tantalum, niobium, cerium, nickel, iron, zinc, chromium, magnesium, cobalt, vanadium, barium, strontium, tin, scandium, indium, lead, yttrium, tungsten, manganese, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, europium and other rare earths.
- the sol can also be prepared by preparing a mixture of nanoparticles dispersed in a solvent, each family may be derived from the preparations described in documents [8], [9], [10]. Whatever the variant for obtaining the soil used, in the process of the invention, it is of course possible to use a mixture of different sols which differ by their chemical nature and / or by their process of obtaining and / or their granulometry. and / or their solvents and / or the structure of the nanoparticles (these being dense or intrinsically nanoporous).
- the nanoparticles of the soil used in the process according to the invention are chosen from metal oxide nanoparticles (the oxide being single or mixed), nanoparticles of metal oxides (a mixture of several oxides); and mixtures thereof.
- the metal oxide (s) may be chosen from SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , HfO 2 , ThO 2 , SnO 2 , VO 2 , In 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , ZnO, Nb 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 , Al 2 O 3 , Sc 2 O 3 , This 2 O 3 , NiO, MgO, Y 2 O 3 , WO 3 , BaTiO 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Sr 2 O 3 ,
- the sol used in the process of the present invention may comprise, for example, nanoparticles of a metal oxide chosen from the group comprising SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , HfO 2 ,
- the sols according to the invention can be described as the soils of ceramic nanoparticles.
- the sols of nanoparticles of metal oxide (s) such as zirconia, alumina, silica, hafnium oxide (hafnine), titanium dioxide, etc., will be used. particles are dense, porous, microporous, macroporous or mesoporous.
- the size of the nanoparticles of the soil obtained is perfectly controlled by its synthesis conditions, in particular by the nature of the precursors used, the solvent (s), the pH, the temperature, etc. and can range from a few angstroms to a few microns. This control of particle size in soil preparation is described for example in [121.
- the nanoparticles generally have a size of 1 to 500 nm, preferably 1 to 100 nm, more preferably 1 to 50 nm, better still 2 to 40 nm.
- nanoporous layers or coatings also called thin or nanoporous membranes, for example having a thickness ranging from 0.1 ⁇ m to several millimeters, for example 5 mm, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, for example 1 to 100 ⁇ m, better 2 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the layers according to the invention have a thickness greater than or equal to 10 ⁇ m, better still greater than 10 ⁇ m and up to 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 ⁇ m.
- the soil also comprises a carrier liquid, which comes from its manufacturing process, called growth medium.
- This carrier liquid is an organic or inorganic solvent such as those described in the aforementioned documents. It may be for example a liquid chosen from water, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatic compounds, alkanes, halogenated hydrocarbons and any mixture thereof.
- the pH of this carrier liquid depends on the soil manufacturing process and its chemical nature. It is usually from 1 to 14.
- the rheology of the soil can be adjusted to be compatible with the injection system.
- the charge rate defined by the ratio of the masses between the solid and the solvent should preferably remain low enough not to make the solution too viscous.
- the level of charge generally varies from 1 to 30% by weight, preferably from 1 to 10% by weight.
- the nanoparticles are dispersed and stabilized in their growth medium, and this stabilization and / or dispersion can be promoted by the soil preparation process and the chemistry used (see above).
- the process of the present invention takes advantage of this property of soils.
- the sol may further comprise organic molecules. It may be, for example, molecules for stabilizing the nanoparticles in the soil (however, in the soils used according to the invention, the nanoparticles are generally self-stabilized and the addition of stabilization molecules is therefore not generally necessary. ) and / or molecules that functionalize the nanoparticles. It may also be texturizing or polymeric molecules intended to confer porosity, preferably a mesoporosity to the particles.
- an organic compound can be added to the nanoparticles to give them a particular property.
- the stabilization of these nanoparticles in a liquid medium by steric effect leads to materials called organic-inorganic hybrid materials class I.
- the interactions that govern the stabilization of these particles are weak electrostatic type bonds Hydrogens or Van Der Waals.
- the particles can be functionalized with an organic compound either during synthesis by introduction of suitable organomineral precursors, or by grafting on the surface of the colloids. Examples have been given above.
- These materials are then called organic-inorganic class II materials since the interactions between the organic component and the mineral particle are strong, of a covalent or ionocovalent nature. Such materials and their method of production are described in document [13].
- the properties of the hybrid materials that can be used in the present invention depend not only on the chemical nature of the organic and inorganic components used to form the soil, but also on the synergy that can appear between these two chemistries.
- Document [13] describes the effects of the chemical nature of the organic and inorganic components used and of such synergies.
- the nanoparticles of the sol can be dense nanoparticles (ie non-porous nanoparticles) or intrinsically porous, microporous, macroporous, or preferably mesoporous, or mesostructured nanoparticles.
- all or some of the Soil nanoparticles are intrinsically porous, microporous, macroporous, mesoporous or mesostructured nanoparticles.
- all or part of the particles are mesoporous or mesostructured.
- mesoporous materials in particular mesoporous organized.
- mesoporous materials are solids which have within their structure pores having a size intermediate that of micropores (zeolite type compounds) and those of macroscopic pores (2 nm ⁇ d p ⁇ 50 nm). These pores can be organized according to a periodic or quasi-periodic structure, these materials are then called mesostructured.
- the intrinsically mesoporous nanoparticles can be synthesized by the following method:
- step 1 hydrolysis-condensation of organometallic precursors or metal salts in the presence of texturing or porogenic agent.
- stage 2 nucleation of the nanoparticles stabilized and dispersed in organic medium or in aqueous medium by ripening, growth.
- step 3 (optional): Elimination of the texturizing or porogenic agent by dialysis, washing or calcination.
- these intrinsically mesoporous and / or mesotructured particles are generally particles of metal oxide (s).
- mesoporous materials can be carried out by inorganic polymerization within organized molecular systems
- the particles contained in the sprayed soil are dense, mesoporous particles and are associated or not with a texturizing or porogenic agent such as for example a surfactant.
- the method of the invention comprises injecting at least one colloidal sol in a jet or flow of thermal plasma.
- the injection of the sol into the plasma jet may be carried out by any appropriate means for injecting a liquid, for example by means of an injector, for example in the form of a jet or drops, preferably with a quantity of movement adapted to be substantially identical to that of the plasma flow. Examples of injectors are given below.
- this sol possibly being a pure sol or a sol containing particles different in their chemical composition, and / or their particle size and / or their internal structure (dense or porous).
- Such a sol may, for example, comprise particles of metal oxide (s), said particles possibly being dense particles and / or mesoporous particles, these different particles having identical or different particle sizes.
- s metal oxide
- Each of these soils can be a "pure” soil or a “mixed” soil and differ in particular as to its chemical composition, and / or its particle size and / or its internal structure (porosity for example intrinsic mesoporosity, dense particles), and / or its solvent and / or the nature of the various additives included in the different soils.
- the thermal projection whether simultaneous or not, of mixed soils and / or soils and, in addition, nanoscale powders, makes it possible to obtain nanoporous materials whose pore size, called porometry, is perfectly controlled and particularly in the context of the production of a nanoporous membrane.
- porous nanoparticles for example mesoporous or mesostructured
- the temperature of the soil during its injection can range from room temperature
- the temperature of the soil for its injection for example to be from 0 ° C. to 100 ° C.
- the soil then has a different surface tension, depending on the imposed temperature, resulting in a more or more fragmentation mechanism. less fast and efficient when it arrives in the plasma.
- the temperature can therefore have an effect on the quality of the coating obtained.
- the injected soil for example in the form of drops, enters the plasma jet, where it is exploded into a multitude of droplets under the effect of plasma shear forces.
- the size of these droplets can be adjusted according to the desired microstructure of the deposit, depending on the properties of the soil (liquid) and plasma flow.
- the size of the droplets ranges from 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the kinetic and thermal energies of the plasma jet serve respectively to disperse the drops in a multitude of droplets (fragmentation), then to vaporize the liquid.
- the liquid soil reaches the jet core, which is a medium at high temperature and high speed, it is vaporized and the nanoparticles are accelerated to be collected on the substrate to form a nanostructured coating having a crystal structure identical to that particles initially present in the starting soil.
- the vaporization of the liquid brings about the bringing together of fine nanoparticles of material belonging to the same droplet and their agglomeration.
- the resulting agglomerates generally less than 1 ⁇ m in size, are found in the heart of the plasma where they are melted, partially or totally, then accelerated before being collected on the substrate.
- the grain size in the deposit is a few hundred nanometers to a few microns.
- the melting is only partial, the size of the grains in the deposit is close to that of the particles contained in the starting liquid and the crystalline properties of the particles are well preserved within the deposit.
- the thermal plasmas are plasmas producing a jet having a temperature of 5000 K to 15000 K. In the implementation of the method of the invention, this temperature range is preferred.
- the temperature of the plasma used for the projection of the ground on the surface to be coated may be different. It will be chosen according to the chemical nature of the soil and the desired coating. According to the invention, the temperature will be chosen so as to be preferentially in a configuration of partial or total melting of the particles of the soil, preferably of partial melting in order to best preserve their starting properties within the layer.
- the plasma may be for example an arc plasma, blown or not, or an inductive or radiofrequency plasma, for example in supersonic mode. It can operate at atmospheric pressure or at lower pressure.
- the documents [14], [15] and [16] describe plasmas that can be used in the present invention, and the plasma torches making it possible to generate them.
- the plasma torch used is an arc plasma torch.
- the plasma jet may advantageously be generated from a plasmagenic gas chosen from the group comprising Ar, H 2 , He and N 2 .
- the jet of plasma constituting the jet has a viscosity of 10 ⁇ 4 to 5x10 ⁇ 4 kg / ms
- the plasma jet is an arc plasma jet.
- the substrate to be coated is, for obvious reasons, preferentially positioned relative to the plasma jet so that the projection of the nanoparticles is directed on the surface to be coated. Different tests make it very easy to find an optimal position. Positioning is adjusted for each application, according to the selected projection conditions and the microstructure of the desired deposit.
- the rate of growth of the deposits depends essentially on the mass percentage of material in the liquid and the flow of liquid. With the process of the invention, it is easy to obtain a nanoparticle coating deposition rate of 1 to 100 ⁇ m / min.
- Thin nanoporous layers or nanoporous coatings which can be obtained by the process of the invention, generally easily ranging from 1 to 100 ⁇ m, for example from 10 to 100 ⁇ m, better still from more than 10 to 20, 50 or 100 ⁇ m, can consist of grains of smaller size or of the order of one micron. They can be pure and homogeneous.
- the synthesis of a stable and homogeneous sol-gel solution of nanoparticles of defined particle size associated with the liquid plasma spraying method of the invention makes it possible to preserve the intrinsic properties of the starting sol within the deposit and to obtain a nanostructured coating in advantageously controlling the following properties: porosity / density; homogeneity in composition; "exotic" stoichiometry (mixed soils and mixtures); nanometric structure (size and crystalline phases); granulometry of the grains; thickness of the homogeneous deposit on object with a complex shape; possibility of deposit on all types of substrates, whatever their nature and their roughness.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented once, that is to say that one deposits a single layer, for example, a membrane formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the method of the invention may be implemented several times on the same substrate surface, with different sols and optionally one or more dry nanometric powders - said sols being different in composition and / or in concentration and / or in particle size and / or in particle structure (dense or porous, for example mesoporous) - to produce successive layers of different compositions and / or deposits of different porometries / porosities, for example with porosity gradients with large exchange surfaces. These deposits of successive layers are useful for example in layers with controlled porosity.
- the successive layers may have the same thickness or different thicknesses.
- only the upper layer is generally called membrane.
- the nanoporous membrane according to the invention is of a very thin thickness, for example from 1 to 100 ⁇ m to allow high permeance, must generally be mechanically structured by a thick and permeable material.
- the thickness of this latter material is a function of the operating pressure of the membrane. It is usually from one to a few millimeters.
- This substrate, structuring support having a very high pore size, its surface roughness can be important. If it (Ra) is greater than the thickness of the nanoporous membrane deposited (e m ), this nanoporous membrane may present holes as detailed in Figure 5. In order to reduce the roughness, polishing can be operated.
- the insertion between the nanoporous structurant and the selective nanoporous layer of one or more intermediate porometry adapter layers Pi 1 , P21,..., Pm may also be used. This gives a porometry gradient in the direction of the thickness.
- This system is detailed in Figure 6. These layers are deposited by thermal spraying of soil or a mixture of soil and powder. They are sufficiently permeable to give the stack (selective membrane / intermediate layers / porous support) high permeance.
- the substrate is constituted by a porous support of porometry d s on which is deposited one or more (n) intermediate layers Ii, 2i, nor of average porometries dii, Cb 1 , ..., d ni , decreasing d ni ⁇ d2i ⁇ di! ⁇ d s , by a process of projecting a soil or a mixture of soil (s) and nanoscale powder (s), and finally depositing a nanoporous layer which has a mean porometry dm ⁇ d ni on the last intermediate layer.
- the thickness of the membrane is controlled finely ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ m) thanks to the very small thickness of layers deposited at each passage of the torch (less than 1 micron or a few microns). Moreover, the production of the membrane by successive stacking of a multitude of very thin layers gives it guarantees in terms of homogeneity and absence of through defects. At the end of its preparation,
- Functionalization of the surface by covalent grafting for example of hydrophobic molecules is carried out in the case of the use of the membrane for phase separation (water and air for example).
- the membrane is no longer wet by one of the fluids; it is blocked on the surface, while the other phase passes through the membrane.
- the pore size of the membrane must be small enough to block one of the phases in view of the Jurin-Washburn law set forth below.
- the projection method of the present invention is easily industrializable since its specificity lies in particular in the injection system which can be adapted to all thermal spray machines already present in the industry; in the nature of the sol-gel solution; and in the choice of plasma conditions for obtaining a nanostructured coating having the properties of the projected particles.
- a device for coating a surface of a substrate may comprise the following elements: a thermal plasma torch capable of producing a plasma jet; a reservoir of plasma gas; a colloidal soil reservoir of nanoparticles; means for fixing and moving the substrate relative to the plasma torch; an injection system connecting on the one hand the colloidal solids reservoir and on the other hand an injector whose end is microperforated with an injection hole of the colloidal sol in the plasma jet generated by the plasma torch; and a pressure regulator for adjusting the pressure inside the tank.
- the plasma torch is capable of producing a plasma jet having a temperature of 5000 K to 15000 K.
- the plasma torch is capable of producing a plasma jet having a viscosity of 10 -4 to 5xlO ⁇ 4 kg
- the plasma torch is an arc plasma torch.
- plasmagenic gases are given above, the reservoirs of these gases are commercially available. The reasons for these advantageous choices are outlined above.
- the device of the invention comprises several reservoirs respectively containing several sols loaded with nanoparticles, the soils being different from each other by their composition and / or size diameter of the nanoparticles and / or concentration.
- the device of the invention may further comprise a cleaning tank containing a solution for cleaning the piping and the injector.
- the piping and the injector can be cleaned between each implementation of the process.
- the tanks can be connected to a compressed air network by means of pipes and a source of compression gas, for example compressed air.
- One or more pressure reducer (s) allows (s) to adjust the pressure inside the tank (s). This is a function of the injection line, the rheology of the soil and the plasma conditions, and generally less than a pressure of 2 ⁇ 10 6 Pa (20 bar) but which may be greater.
- the liquid is conveyed to the injector, or the injectors, if there are more than one, by pipes and then leaves the injector, for example in the form of a jet of liquid which mechanically fragments in the form of large drops, preferably of calibrated diameter, on average twice the diameter of the circular exit hole.
- a pump is also usable.
- the flow rate and the amount of movement of the soil at the outlet of the injector depend in particular on: the pressure in the reservoir used and / or the pump, the characteristics of the dimensions of the outlet orifice (depth diameter), and - rheological properties of the soil.
- the injector makes it possible to inject the ground into the plasma. It is preferably such that the injected soil mechanically fragments at the outlet of the injector in the form of drops as indicated above.
- the hole of the injector can be of any form making it possible to inject the colloidal sol into the plasma jet, preferably under the aforementioned conditions.
- the hole is circular.
- the hole of the injector has a diameter of 10 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the device may be provided with several injectors, for example according to the quantities of soil to be injected.
- the inclination of the injector relative to the longitudinal axis of the plasma jet may vary from 20 to
- the injector can be moved in the longitudinal direction of the plasma jet. These displacements are indicated schematically in the appended FIG.
- the injection of the colloidal sol in the plasma jet can be oriented. This orientation makes it possible to optimize the injection of the colloidal sol, and thus the formation of the projected coating on the surface of the substrate.
- the soil injection line may be thermostatically controlled to control and possibly modify the temperature of the injected soil. This temperature control and this modification can be carried out at the level of the pipes and / or at the level of the tanks.
- the device may also include one or more devices for injecting nanoparticle powders into the plasma.
- the device may comprise means for fixing and moving the substrate relative to the plasma torch.
- This means may consist of clamps or equivalent system for gripping (securing) the substrate and maintaining it during the plasma projection at a selected position, and means for moving in rotation and in translation the surface of the substrate facing the plasma jet and in the longitudinal direction of the plasma jet.
- the injection system comprises a reservoir (R) containing the colloidal sol (7) and a cleaning tank (N), containing a cleaning liquid (L) of the injector and the pipe (v). It also includes pipes (v) for conveying liquids from the tanks to the injector (I), manodetents (m) for adjusting the pressure in the tanks (pressure ⁇ 2x10 6 Pa).
- the assembly is connected to a compression gas (G), here air, to create in the pipes a network of compressed air. Under the effect of pressure, the liquid is conveyed to the injector.
- G compression gas
- the diameter of the outlet orifice (t) of the injector (I) is, for example, 105 ⁇ m and the pressure in the reservoir (R) containing the soil is, for example, 0.4 MPa, which implies a liquid flow rate of, for example, 20 ml / min and a speed of, for example, 16 m / s.
- the soil exits the injector in the form of a jet of liquid which mechanically fragments in the form of large drops of calibrated diameter ranging for example from 2 ⁇ m at 1 mm, on average twice the diameter of the circular exit hole.
- the injector (FIG. 2) can be inclined relative to the axis of the plasma jet by, for example, 20 to 160 °, for example still 90 °.
- An example of a device suitable for implementing the method according to the invention is also described in FIG. 3, it comprises a reservoir (31) of soil, suspension or mixture which feeds an injector
- a gas-filled plasma torch 344 of a calibrated diameter, for example 300 microns, which injects said sol, mixed sol, suspension or mixture into a plasma (33) generated by a gas-filled plasma torch (34) (35) such as Ar, H 2 , He, N 2 .
- a first zone (36) there is evaporation of the solvent from the soil, suspension or mixture and in a second nanoparticle treatment zone (37) cryogenic cooling of the nanoparticles which are deposited in the form of a deposit nanostructured on a porous support (38) having an intermediate layer (39).
- the invention makes it possible to carry out a direct injection by means of a well-adapted injection system, for example using the device described above, of a stable suspension of nanoparticles, a solution called "sol" since it results from the synthesis of a colloid by sol-gel process involving the hydrolysis condensation of metal precursors (salts or alkoxides) allowing easy stabilization and dispersion of particles in their growth medium.
- the main advantages of the present invention over prior art methods are: the conservation of the size and particle size distribution of the nanoparticles; the preservation of the crystalline state of the projected material; the preservation of the initial stoichiometry and the state of homogeneity; - The realization of a deposit with high porosity and high permeance; the control of the porosity of the film; access to thicknesses of submicron coatings without any difficulty, unlike the conventional thermal spraying method of the prior art; obtaining an excellent and unusual weight efficiency of thermal spraying by limiting the losses of material, that is to say a mass ratio deposited / projected mass, greater than 80% by weight; reducing the temperatures to which the projected materials are subjected, thus allowing the use of thermally sensitive compositions and likewise thermally sensitive substrates; the possibility, today unpublished, of making deposits on supports of any kind and any roughness such as glass or mirror polished silicon wafers (on the latter the very low surface roughness of the substrates prevented adhesion of the coatings); the preparation of functionalizable
- the present invention finds applications in all technical fields where it is necessary to obtain a nanoporous coating, a nanoporous membrane with a calibrated pore size and high permeance.
- the present invention may be used in the following applications:
- the invention also relates to a nanoporous layer that can be obtained by the method described above and a substrate having at least one surface coated with at least one nanoporous layer as described above.
- the present invention thus also relates to a device for ultrafiltration, purification, gas separation, phase separation, heterogeneous catalysis, a self-supported chemical reactor, a gas diffusion device, a sensor, comprising at least one nanoporous layer obtainable by the method of the invention, that is to say having the physical and chemical characteristics of the coatings obtained by the method of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified diagram of a part of a device for implementing the method of the invention making it possible to inject the Colloidal sol of nanoparticles in a plasma jet.
- FIG. 2 represents a simplified diagram of a mode of injection of a colloidal sol of nanoparticles into a plasma jet with a schematic representation of the plasma torch.
- FIG. 3 represents a schematic sectional view of a device for implementing the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a photomicrograph obtained by transmission electron microscopy of a mesoporous silica sol (Example 3) which is used in the process according to the invention.
- the scale shown in the photomicrograph is 50 nm.
- Figure 5 is a schematic sectional view of a nanoporous membrane deposited by the method of the invention on a nanoporous support.
- the thickness of the deposited membrane is e m and the surface roughness of the support is
- Figure 6 is a schematic view showing a layer or membrane according to the invention deposited on a nanoporous support.
- FIG. 7 is a photomicrograph obtained by scanning electron microscopy. It shows in section a nanoporous membrane, prepared by the method according to the invention, composed of a mixture of alumina and silica, supported by a support such as alumina / porous titanium oxide. The scale shown on the photomicrograph is
- Figure 8 is a schematic sectional view showing the structure of the stack in two nanoporous deposits made by ground projection in accordance with the method of the invention.
- the two deposits are made from spherical particles of different size.
- the diagram on the left corresponds in particular to a deposit obtained in example 1 while the diagram on the right corresponds in particular to a deposit obtained in example 2.
- FIG. 9 is a micrograph obtained by transmission electron microscopy on a section of a mesoporous silica deposit prepared on a silicon wafer by plasma spraying an aqueous silica sol.
- the scale shown on the micrograph is 50 nm.
- the zone A represents a mesoporous particle
- the zone B represents a network of mesopores
- the zone C represents dendrites.
- Example 1 describes the production of an ultrafiltration membrane on porous metal disks having a thickness of 2 mm.
- the metal support selected (PORAL C15 FEDERAL MOGUL) is roughly porous (average pore diameter of about 20 microns).
- the selective nanoporous layer with a thickness of 5 ⁇ m can not be deposited directly on this substrate.
- An intermediate layer is then implemented from alumina of particle size 400 nm.
- a monodisperse acid aqueous suspension of alumina of particle size 400 nm is injected into an argon / hydrogen arc (7% by volume of H 2 ) arc plasma using a pressurized reservoir at 3 bar.
- the outlet diameter of the injector used is calibrated to 200 ⁇ m.
- the plasma torch (FlOO CONNEX of SULZER METCO) is fixed opposite a mandrel where the metal discs are positioned. During the projection, the torch translates back and forth in the direction of the axis of rotation of the mandrel to scan the entire surface of the samples.
- the deposit thus formed has a thickness of 60 ⁇ m for a porosity of 60% and a mean pore diameter of 130 nm.
- a 5% silica aqueous sol of particle size 33 nm is injected into the hot zone (8000-15000K) of a thermal plasma under the same conditions and with the same means as the previous layer.
- a deposit 5 ⁇ m thick, and 10 nm porometry is obtained. It corresponds to the specificities of a membrane ultrafiltration. The permeance of the stack
- Method support / Al 2 ⁇ 3 intermediate layer / selective membrane is about 1300 NL / min / bar / m 2 . This value can be increased by optimizing the intermediate layer.
- Example 2 describes the manufacture of an ultrafiltration membrane on a ceramic support.
- a porous substrate of alumina / titanium oxide is previously prepared by thermal spraying. Its porosity is 35% and its thickness 0.7 mm.
- aqueous 5% silica sol with a particle size of 60 nm is mixed with 7.5% by weight of a monodisperse alumina powder having a particle size of 150 nm.
- This mixture is injected into the hot zone (8000-15000K) of a thermal plasma under the same conditions as in Example 1 and with the same means.
- a deposit of 30 .mu.m thick and 30 nm porometry is obtained. It corresponds to the specificities of an ultrafiltration membrane.
- the permeance of the stack (metal support / Al 2 ⁇ 3 intermediate layer / selective membrane) is about 800 NL / min / bar / m 2 .
- Figure 7 is a micrograph of a section of this membrane.
- Example 3 describes the manufacture of an ultrafiltration membrane on a ceramic support.
- An aqueous sol of mesoporous silica at 10%, particle size 40 nm is injected into a thermal plasma under the same conditions as Example 1 and with the same means.
- Example 4 describes the manufacture of a phase separation membrane on a ceramic support.
- a porous substrate of alumina / titanium oxide is previously prepared by thermal spraying. Its porosity is 35% and its thickness 0.7 mm.
- An aqueous 5% silica sol with a particle size of 60 nm is mixed with 7.5% by weight of a monodisperse alumina powder having a particle size of 150 nm. This mixture is injected into a thermal plasma under the same conditions as Example 1 and with the same means. A deposit of 30 .mu.m thick and 30 nm porometry is obtained.
- the supported membrane is immersed in water at 80 ° C. for 5 hours, then stoved at 110 ° C. for 15 hours.
- aqueous sol with 4% mesoporous silica of particle size between 20 and 40 nm is projected onto porous ceramic substrates identical to those of Example 2 and on a wafer wafer for micrographic analysis.
- the size of the mesopores of the initial particles is 2 and 3 nm in diameter. These mesopores adopt a hexagonal structure P ⁇ m.
- FIG. 9 shows a micrograph obtained by transmission electron microscopy of the mesoporous soil deposit on the silicon wafer. Note that the particles remain identifiable and are differentiated from each other, but when their initial form is compared (see Fig. 4), they have dendrites at the periphery. This corresponds to a partial melting on the surface of the material, in this case silica. The interior of the particle remains in its original state as evidenced by the micrograph of Figure 9: the mesoporous structure is preserved.
- a mesoporous particle (A), a network of mesopores (B) and dendrites (C) are identified.
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Abstract
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JP2009507074A JP5542431B2 (ja) | 2006-04-26 | 2007-04-25 | ナノ粒子のナノ多孔性層の調製方法およびそうして得られる層 |
EP07728531.0A EP2010308B1 (fr) | 2006-04-26 | 2007-04-25 | Procede de preparation d'une couche nanoporeuse de nanoparticules |
US12/298,057 US8137442B2 (en) | 2006-04-26 | 2007-04-25 | Process for producing a nanoporous layer of nanoparticles and layer thus obtained |
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FR0651477 | 2006-04-26 | ||
FR0651477A FR2900351B1 (fr) | 2006-04-26 | 2006-04-26 | Procede de preparation d'une couche nanoporeuse de nanoparticules et couche ainsi obtenue |
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EP (1) | EP2010308B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5542431B2 (fr) |
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WO (1) | WO2007122256A1 (fr) |
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- 2007-04-25 JP JP2009507074A patent/JP5542431B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-04-25 WO PCT/EP2007/054076 patent/WO2007122256A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2007-04-25 US US12/298,057 patent/US8137442B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102317537A (zh) * | 2008-12-17 | 2012-01-11 | 南澳大学 | 活性聚合物膜 |
US20120107592A1 (en) * | 2008-12-17 | 2012-05-03 | Vasilev Krasimir A | Active polymeric films |
WO2010068985A1 (fr) * | 2008-12-17 | 2010-06-24 | University Of South Australia | Films polymères actifs |
WO2011020851A1 (fr) * | 2009-08-18 | 2011-02-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Revêtements remplis de particules, procédé de production et utilisations |
EP2559470A4 (fr) * | 2010-04-12 | 2015-06-03 | Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd | Filtre de purification des gaz d'échappement, et procédé de fabrication d'un filtre de purification des gaz d'échappement |
WO2012166701A2 (fr) * | 2011-05-27 | 2012-12-06 | Cornell University | Membranes fonctionnalisées par des nanoparticules, leurs procédés de réalisation et leurs utilisations |
WO2012166701A3 (fr) * | 2011-05-27 | 2013-02-28 | Cornell University | Membranes fonctionnalisées par des nanoparticules, leurs procédés de réalisation et leurs utilisations |
CN104206016A (zh) * | 2012-03-30 | 2014-12-10 | 株式会社V技术 | 薄膜图案形成方法 |
CN104206016B (zh) * | 2012-03-30 | 2018-08-24 | 株式会社V技术 | 薄膜图案形成方法 |
CN105664734A (zh) * | 2016-03-09 | 2016-06-15 | 刘平 | 一种用于市政污水处理的滤膜及其制备方法和应用 |
CN106215711A (zh) * | 2016-08-23 | 2016-12-14 | 南京工业大学 | 一种具有高水热稳定性的透h2膜的制备方法 |
CN112287296A (zh) * | 2020-10-13 | 2021-01-29 | 北京师范大学 | 一种基于双波段闪烁仪的地表水热通量测算方法 |
CN112287296B (zh) * | 2020-10-13 | 2023-05-26 | 北京师范大学 | 一种基于双波段闪烁仪的地表水热通量测算方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20090241496A1 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
EP2010308B1 (fr) | 2017-04-12 |
FR2900351B1 (fr) | 2008-06-13 |
FR2900351A1 (fr) | 2007-11-02 |
JP5542431B2 (ja) | 2014-07-09 |
EP2010308A1 (fr) | 2009-01-07 |
US8137442B2 (en) | 2012-03-20 |
JP2009534183A (ja) | 2009-09-24 |
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