WO2007105638A1 - 縮合環化合物の製造方法 - Google Patents
縮合環化合物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007105638A1 WO2007105638A1 PCT/JP2007/054685 JP2007054685W WO2007105638A1 WO 2007105638 A1 WO2007105638 A1 WO 2007105638A1 JP 2007054685 W JP2007054685 W JP 2007054685W WO 2007105638 A1 WO2007105638 A1 WO 2007105638A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B61/00—Other general methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having a potential-jump barrier or a surface barrier
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6576—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only sulfur in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. benzothiophene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a condensed ring compound.
- Organic semiconductor materials have been actively studied in recent years because they are applied to various organic thin film devices such as organic EL (electral luminescence) devices, organic transistors, organic solar cells, and optical sensors.
- organic EL electroluminescence
- organic transistors organic transistors
- organic solar cells organic solar cells
- optical sensors In order to obtain excellent performance in these applications, organic semiconductor materials are required to have high charge (electron or hole) transportability.
- charge transport properties it is important to use molecules with expanded ⁇ conjugation in organic semiconductor materials, improve the packing of the molecules, and enhance the interaction between molecules.
- Examples of organic semiconductor materials that can provide high charge transportability include condensed ring compounds in which a plurality of aromatic rings or heterocyclic rings are conjugated and bonded, and polymers thereof.
- thiophene-containing compounds including a plurality of thiophene rings and polymers thereof are known to have high charge transport properties (see Patent Document 1).
- a method for producing a fused ring compound for example, as a method for producing a thiophene-containing compound, a method of planarly crosslinking a plurality of thiophene rings (see Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3) is disclosed.
- a method of crosslinking a bithiophene ring with vinylene is also known (see Non-Patent Documents 4 and 5).
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-339516
- Non-Patent Document 1 M. J. Janssen et al, "J. Org. Chem. J, 1971, vol. 36, 1645.
- Non-Patent Document 2 X. Li et al., “J. Am. Chem. Soc. J, 1998, vol. 120, 2206.
- Non-Patent Document 3 P. Coppo et al., “Chem. Commun. J, 2003, 2548.
- Non-patent document 4 W. Archer et al., “J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2J, 1983, 813.
- Non-patent document 5 S. Yosida et al”, “J. Org. Chem. J, 1994, vol. 59, 3077.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and a condensed ring compound that can efficiently obtain a condensed ring compound having excellent charge transportability and excellent solubility in a solvent. It aims at providing the manufacturing method of.
- a method for producing a condensed ring compound of the present invention comprises a compound represented by the following general formula (la) in the presence of an amine and a metal complex catalyst, and the following general formula (lb): And a condensed ring compound represented by the following general formula (lc) is obtained.
- Ar 11 and ⁇ are each independently an atomic group constituting an aromatic ring which may have a substituent or a heterocyclic ring which may have a substituent.
- X 11 and X 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom. However, at least one of X 11 and X 12 is a halogen atom.
- R 11 and R 12 each independently have a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, or a substituent. And may represent a heterocyclic group or a cyano group. . However, at least one of R 11 and is not a hydrogen atom.
- a condensed ring compound is produced simply by reacting the compound of general formula (la) with the compound of general formula (lb), so that the condensed ring compound can be obtained efficiently.
- the obtained condensed ring compound has a structure in which three aromatic ring structures are condensed and ⁇ -conjugate is widened, it has high charge transportability when an organic thin film or the like is formed. It can be demonstrated.
- a strong condensed ring compound has a structure in which a substituent is introduced into the central benzene ring structure, and therefore has good solubility in a solvent or the like.
- the method for producing a fused ring compound of the present invention includes a compound represented by the following general formula (2a) and a compound represented by the following general formula (2b) in the presence of an amine and a metal complex catalyst. And a method for obtaining a condensed ring compound represented by the following general formula (2c).
- the condensed ring compound thus obtained has particularly excellent charge transport properties.
- X ′′, X ′′, R 11 and R ′′ each have the same meaning as described above. And each independently represent a monovalent group, and p and q each independently represent 0 to 2 Y 21 and ⁇ 22 are each independently represented by the following general formulas (3a), (3b), (3c), (3d), (3e), (3f), (3g), (3h) Or a divalent group represented by (3i). (3e)
- R d R d R and 4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent group
- R 33 and R 34 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Y 21 and Y 22 are preferably a divalent group represented by the above (3a).
- the charge transporting property of the obtained condensed ring compound is further improved.
- such a compound represented by the general formula (2a) has the advantage that its synthesis is relatively easy and the raw materials are easily available.
- R 11 and R 12 are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- At least one of X 11 and X 12, further preferably an iodine atom is provided. This facilitates the reaction between the compound represented by the general formula (la) or (2a) and the compound represented by the general formula (lb) or (2b), and the general formula (lc) or The compound represented by (2c) can be obtained more efficiently.
- the amine is preferably a trialkylamine.
- the metal complex catalyst is preferably a metal complex catalyst containing Pd. In this way, the condensed ring compound can be obtained more efficiently.
- the production method of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but the condensed ring compound represented by the general formula (1) is obtained by the reaction represented by the following reaction formula.
- the general formula (la) X 11 and X 1 or in, a each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, at least one is a halogen atom, arbitrary preferable both are halogen atoms.
- X 11 and X 12 it is preferable that at least one is an iodine atom, and it is more preferable that both are iodine atoms.
- X 11 and X 12 are iodine atoms, the above-described reaction tends to occur very easily.
- Ar 11 and Ar 12 are each independently an atomic group constituting an aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring together with a double bond to which they are bonded. These aromatic rings or heterocyclic rings may further have a substituent. More preferably, Ar 11 and Ar 12 have multiple bonds that can be conjugated to double bonds in the structure, respectively.
- the aromatic ring constituting Ar 11 and Ar 12 is preferably one having 6 to 60 carbon atoms (abbreviated as “C6 to 60”, the same shall apply hereinafter), and more preferably one having C6 to 20 carbon atoms. Further, as the aromatic ring, both a single ring and a condensed ring can be applied. Examples of the monocycle include a benzene ring, and examples of the condensed ring include naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, perylene, and fluorene.
- the heterocyclic ring is preferably a C4-60 one, more preferably a C4-20 one. This As the heterocyclic ring, both a single ring and a condensed ring can be applied. Above all, as a heterocyclic ring
- a heterocyclic ring having a 5-membered ring structure is more preferable.
- the substituents that Ar 11 and Ar 12 may have include a halogen atom, a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a heterocyclic group, an amino group, a nitro group, Group, cyan group and the like.
- a polymerizable functional group is also suitable as this substituent. It is more preferable that both Ar 11 and Ar 12 have a polymerizable functional group because it becomes easy to obtain a polymer having better charge transportability from a condensed ring compound.
- the Ar 1 1 and the substituent which may be Ar 12 optionally has, similar to the groups represented below general formula Te (2a) or (2c) odor by R 21 and R 22 are preferred.
- R 11 and R 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, an alkoxycarbo group, It may have a substituent, may be an aryl group, may have a substituent! /, May be a heterocyclic group or a cyano group. It is preferable that at least one of R 11 and R 12 is not a hydrogen atom, and both of these are not hydrogen atoms.
- the alkyl group includes linear, branched and cyclic groups. In the above-described functional group, part or all of the hydrogen atoms possessed by the functional group may be substituted with halogen atoms (particularly fluorine atoms).
- alkyl group those having Cl to 20 are preferable.
- alkyl group examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an so-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, and a heptyl group.
- octyl group nonyl group, decyl group, lauryl group, cyclopropyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, cyclononyl group, cyclododecyl group and the like.
- an alkyl group having Cl to 10 is preferable, for example, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, an octyl group, a decyl group, or a cyclohexyl group is preferable.
- alkoxy group alkylthio group, alkylamino group or alkoxycarbo group
- alkyl group of Cl to 20 examples are the same as those described above.
- aryl group which may have a substituent those having C6 to 60 are preferable.
- a phenyl group, a phenyl group having an alkoxy group of Cl-12, an alkyl group of Cl-12 examples thereof include a phenyl group, a 1 naphthyl group, and a 2 naphthyl group.
- a phenyl group having a Cl-12 alkoxy group or a phenyl group having a C1-12 alkyl group is more preferred, which is preferably a C6-20 aryl group.
- the heterocyclic group is preferably a C4-60 group.
- a phenyl group, a chayl group having a Cl-12 alkyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a furyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyridyl group having a Cl-12 alkyl group, and the like can be given.
- a C4-20 heterocyclic group is preferred, a C1-12 alkyl group, a pyridyl group, or a Cl-12 alkyl group, a pyridyl group having a Cl-12 alkyl group.
- the bicyclic group is a group in which at least one atom constituting the ring is a heteroatom in an organic group having a cyclic structure.
- R 11 and R 12 are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group optionally having a substituent having 6 to 60 carbon atoms.
- amine those having at least one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom of the amine are preferable.
- trialkylamine, dialkylarylamine, alkyldiarylamine and the like are preferable.
- Suitable alkyl groups include the same alkyl groups as those described above for R 11 or R 12 , and C 1-20 alkyl groups are preferred! /.
- a condensed ring compound can be obtained in a high yield while suppressing the formation of by-products.
- a trialkylamine bond in which three alkyl groups are bonded to a nitrogen atom is preferable because it is particularly excellent in such an effect.
- Specific examples of the trialkylamine include trimethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, tri-n-butylamine, dicyclohexylmethylamine, cyclohexyldimethylamine, and the like. Is mentioned.
- the amine is used in an amount of 200 to 400 mol% with respect to the compound of the general formula (la) as a raw material. It is more preferable to use 240 to 300 mol%. If the amount of amine used exceeds 400 mol%, which is less than 200 mol% with respect to the compound of the above general formula (1a), it may be difficult to obtain the condensed ring compound in good yield. In the synthesis of the condensed ring compound, a base other than ammine may be used in combination with ammine.
- the metal complex catalyst includes, for example, a radium complex, a nickel complex, a platinum complex, a ruthenium complex, a rhodium complex, or an iridium complex. Of these, palladium complexes or nickel complexes are preferred, and radium complexes are more preferred.
- the radium complex is not particularly limited, but is preferably one that can promote the coupling reaction of the aromatic halide. Examples of the palladium complex include a divalent palladium complex, a palladium complex compound having an electron donating ligand, and the like.
- Examples of the divalent palladium complex include palladium acetate, palladium chloride, sodium radium acid, potassium palladium acid and the like, and palladium acetate is preferable.
- Examples of the palladium complex compound having an electron donating ligand include tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, dichlorobis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, and tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium. Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium is preferred.
- Metal complex catalyst As the metal complex catalyst, those described above may be applied singly or in combination.
- Metal complex catalyst the compound represented by the raw material formula (la), preferably 0.01 to 50 Monore 0/0, more preferably from 0.5 to 20 Monore 0/0, more preferably 1 ⁇ 1 5 mol 0/0 used.
- the reaction of the compound of the general formula (la) and the compound of the general formula (lb) can also be performed in a solvent.
- the solvent those inert to the reaction are suitable. Examples thereof include toluene, dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, isopropyl alcohol, acetonitrile, and pinacolone. Of these, toluene, NMP or dioxane is preferred.
- the amount of the solvent used is not particularly limited. For example, the amount is preferably 1 to 100 times, more preferably 2 to 30 times the weight of the compound represented by the general formula (la) as a raw material. It can be.
- the reaction time is not particularly limited, and the reaction can be terminated when either the compound of the general formula (la) or the compound of the general formula (lb) is used up.
- the reaction may be terminated when the amount of the fused ring compound as a product becomes constant.
- the time required from the start to the end of the reaction is about 0.5 to 200 hours.
- the reaction temperature can be appropriately set in the range of ⁇ 50 to 300 ° C., preferably about 50 to 150 ° C.
- the above-described method for producing a condensed ring compound is preferably applied particularly when Ar 11 and Ar 12 are an atomic group constituting a heterocyclic ring having a 5-membered ring structure.
- the compound represented by the general formula (2a) is reacted with the compound represented by the general formula (2b) to obtain the condensed ring compound represented by the general formula (2c). It is preferable.
- the fused ring compound as a product can be obtained particularly efficiently, and a fused ring compound having a particularly excellent charge transport property can be obtained.
- X 11 , X 12 , R 11 and R 12 have the same meanings as above.
- the groups represented by Y 21 and Y 22 are each independently the above general formulas (3a), (3b), (3c) , (3d), (3e), (3f), (3g), (3h) or (3i) (hereinafter expressed as "(3a) to (3i)") It is.
- R 31 to R 34 in these divalent groups are each independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent group.
- R 33 and R 34 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Examples of the monovalent group include a halogen atom in addition to the same group as R 11 or R 12 described above.
- the group represented by (3h) above has an asymmetric structure!
- Y 11 and Y 12 the divalent group represented by the above (3a), (3b), (3c), (3h) or (3i) is preferable (3a)
- the divalent group represented by (3b), (3c) or (3i) is more preferred.
- Y 11 and Y 12 forces In the case of the divalent group represented by the above (3a), (3b) or (3c), a 5-membered ring structure containing them (two 5 condensed to a benzene ring) Member ring) is respectively a thiophene ring, a furan ring or a pyrrole ring.
- Y 11 and Y 12 are preferably a divalent group represented by (3a) (that is, the ring structure is a thiophene ring) because good charge transportability can be obtained.
- R 21 and R 22 in the compound represented by the general formula (2a) or (2c) are each independently a monovalent group, and p and q are each independently 0 to 2. is there. However, when p or q is 2, the plurality of R 21 or R 22 may be the same group or different groups.
- R 21 and R 22 include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a fluoroalkyl group, a fluoroalkoxy group, an aryl group, an aryl amino group, and a heterocyclic group. Of these, an alkyl group or an aryl group is preferable.
- R 21 and R 22 are preferably changed as appropriate according to the carrier to be transported by the organic thin film containing the condensed ring compound.
- an electron-withdrawing group such as a fluoroalkyl group or a fluoroalkoxy group is preferred from the viewpoint of enhancing the electron transport property, which is preferably an electron donating group such as an arylamino group.
- R 21 and R 22 also include polymerizable functional groups.
- the condensed cyclized compound represented by the general formula (2c) is a polymer having a more excellent charge transporting property. It is also suitable as a raw material.
- the polymerizable functional group refers to a group capable of forming a bond by reacting with another polymerizable functional group.
- Examples of the polymerizable functional group include a halogen atom, an alkyl sulfonate group, an aryl sulfonate group, an aryl alkyl sulfonate group, an alkyl star group, an aryl star group, an aryl alkyl star group, and a boric acid ester.
- a halogen atom, an alkylstar group or A borate group is preferred.
- the condensed ring compound obtained by the above-described production method can form an organic thin film excellent in charge transportability as it is or in a polymer state obtained by polymerizing the condensed ring compound.
- This organic thin film can efficiently transport electrons or holes injected from an electrode or the like, or electric charges generated by light absorption, and is compatible with various electric elements (organic thin film elements) using the organic thin film.
- Organic thin film elements obtained by applying such organic thin films include organic thin film transistors, solar cells, optical sensors, organic electroluminescent (EL) elements, organic memories, photorefractive elements, spatial light modulators, imaging elements, etc. Can be mentioned.
- the starting material 3, 3 'jib mouth mo 2, 2' bitiophene was referred to the reference (Hong M., Wei H., J. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 3895). Synthesized. Using this, a halogen exchange reaction was carried out to synthesize 3, 3, one-diode 2, 2, one-bithiophene. That is, first, 3, 3, 1 jib-necked Mo 2, 2, 1-bithiophene (2.7 g (7 mmol)) was placed in a 300 mL three-necked flask and dissolved in jetyl ether (70 mL). Next, the inside of the reaction vessel was purged with nitrogen and cooled to 78 ° C.
- N-dicyclohexylmethylamine 94 mg, 0.48 mmol
- N, N-dimethylformamide 2.5 mL
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB0818167A GB2450050B (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-09 | Process for production of fused ring compound |
CN2007800079971A CN101395160B (zh) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-09 | 稠环化合物的制备方法 |
US12/282,065 US8299272B2 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-09 | Process for production of fused ring compound |
DE112007000587T DE112007000587T5 (de) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-09 | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer kondensierten Ringverbindung |
KR1020087024675A KR101423345B1 (ko) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-09 | 축합환 화합물의 제조 방법 |
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JP2006-066555 | 2006-03-10 | ||
JP2006066555A JP5004071B2 (ja) | 2006-03-10 | 2006-03-10 | 縮合環化合物の製造方法 |
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WO2007105638A1 true WO2007105638A1 (ja) | 2007-09-20 |
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PCT/JP2007/054685 WO2007105638A1 (ja) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-09 | 縮合環化合物の製造方法 |
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US (1) | US8299272B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5004071B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101423345B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101395160B (ja) |
DE (1) | DE112007000587T5 (ja) |
GB (1) | GB2450050B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007105638A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2011002927A2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-06 | Plextronics, Inc. | Novel compositions, methods and polymers |
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JP2009190999A (ja) | 2008-02-13 | 2009-08-27 | Osaka Univ | 縮合環化合物及びその製造方法、重合体、これらを含む有機薄膜、並びに、これを備える有機薄膜素子及び有機薄膜トランジスタ。 |
JP5149686B2 (ja) | 2008-04-24 | 2013-02-20 | パナソニック株式会社 | 電力変換装置及びそれを用いた放電灯点灯装置、並びに車両用前照灯装置 |
JP5759669B2 (ja) | 2008-12-01 | 2015-08-05 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 発光素子、発光装置、電子機器、および照明装置 |
ITMI20112303A1 (it) * | 2011-12-19 | 2013-06-20 | Eni Spa | "procedimento per la preparazione di composti benzoditiofenici" |
ITMI20122052A1 (it) * | 2012-11-30 | 2014-05-31 | Eni Spa | Procedimento per la preparazione di composti benzoditiofenici |
CN110862396B (zh) * | 2019-11-29 | 2021-06-04 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种吡咯并[3,4-c]咔唑-1,3(2H,6H)-二酮类化合物的合成方法 |
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2006
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2007
- 2007-03-09 CN CN2007800079971A patent/CN101395160B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-03-09 DE DE112007000587T patent/DE112007000587T5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-03-09 US US12/282,065 patent/US8299272B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-03-09 KR KR1020087024675A patent/KR101423345B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-03-09 WO PCT/JP2007/054685 patent/WO2007105638A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2007-03-09 GB GB0818167A patent/GB2450050B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JPH0215079A (ja) * | 1988-04-28 | 1990-01-18 | Eastman Kodak Co | リチウムイオン選択組成物、電極および使用方法 |
JP2000076640A (ja) * | 1998-08-31 | 2000-03-14 | Sony Corp | 磁気記録再生装置 |
WO2003072581A1 (en) * | 2002-02-26 | 2003-09-04 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Cyclo[n]pyrroles and methods thereto |
JP2004269519A (ja) * | 2003-02-19 | 2004-09-30 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | カップリング化合物の製造方法 |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011002927A2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-06 | Plextronics, Inc. | Novel compositions, methods and polymers |
US8440785B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2013-05-14 | Plextronics, Inc. | Compositions, methods and polymers |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20090156832A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
CN101395160A (zh) | 2009-03-25 |
JP5004071B2 (ja) | 2012-08-22 |
KR20080110801A (ko) | 2008-12-19 |
GB2450050A (en) | 2008-12-10 |
CN101395160B (zh) | 2012-06-20 |
GB2450050B (en) | 2011-10-12 |
DE112007000587T5 (de) | 2009-01-15 |
GB0818167D0 (en) | 2008-11-12 |
JP2007238563A (ja) | 2007-09-20 |
KR101423345B1 (ko) | 2014-07-24 |
US8299272B2 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
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