Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/1611—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L29/30—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing carbohydrate syrups; containing sugars; containing sugar alcohols, e.g. xylitol; containing starch hydrolysates, e.g. dextrin
  • A23L29/37—Sugar alcohols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/16—Inorganic salts, minerals or trace elements
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
  • A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
  • A23P10/20—Agglomerating; Granulating; Tabletting
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7004—Monosaccharides having only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/06—Aluminium, calcium or magnesium; Compounds thereof, e.g. clay
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/42—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/1617—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
  • A61K9/1623—Sugars or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose; Derivatives thereof; Homeopathic globules
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1682—Processes
  • A61K9/1694—Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2009—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
  • A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2095—Tabletting processes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
  • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/12—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis
  • A61P3/14—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis for calcium homeostasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a pre-compacted material comprising a polycrystallic and porous calcium-containing compound and a sugar alcohol. SEM photos can be used to identify the structure of the calcium-containing compound with respect to polycrystallic nature and porosity.
• the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the pre-compacted material and solid dosage form. The process involves agglomeration of the calcium-containing compound and the pharmaceutically acceptable sugar alcohol by means of roller compaction.
• the pre-compacted material obtained by roller compaction is suitable for use in the further processing of the pre- compacted material into compositions such as pharmaceutical or nutritional
• compositions including dosage form like e.g. tablets, capsules, sachets etc. including chewing tablets.
• vitamin D that often is included together with a calcium salt in a pharmaceutically dosage form.
• the present invention provides a simple and cost-effective alternative method to obtain such a dosage form without the need of a step e.g. involving wet granulation.
• roller compaction is a suitable method for the preparation of pre-compacted calcium-containing material comprising a regularly shaped calcium-containing compound and a sugar alcohol.
• sugar alcohols having a suitable microstructure were favourable to use.
• An especially suitable quality was sorbitol having a specific small mean particle size of below 50 ⁇ m.
• Example 6 calcium carbonate is mentioned. However, there is no specification of the quality of calcium carbonate employed and, moreover, a waxy material like e.g. Precirol has been employed. In a material according to the present invention, there is no need to add such a waxy material due to the fact that the quality of the calcium-containing compound is carefully selected. Accordingly, in a specific embodiment, a material according to the present invention does not contain Precirol or any other waxy material as those mentioned in column 5, lines 31-39 of US 6,475,510 (i.e.
• glycerol especially glycerol palmito-stearate or glyceryl behenate
• the high molecular weight (C10-30) straight chain aliphatic alcohols such as stearyl alcohol or cetyl alcohol
• mixtures of high molecular weight aliphatic acids and esters or combinations thereof.
• the waxy material is stearyl alcohol or cetyl alcohol, or is glycerol palmito stearate or glyceryl behenate.
• xylitol has positive impact on the sensoric properties of the end product (e.g. a chewing tablet).
• the present invention is based on the finding that it is possible to prepare a pre- compacted calcium-containing material containing a sugar alcohol without any specific requirements to the sugar alcohol provided that the calcium-containing compound itself fulfils specific requirements with respect to crystalline structure and porosity.
• the present inventors have found that only in those cases where the calcium-containing compound has a polycrystallic and porous structure it is possible to obtain a pre-compacted material that is suitable for use in the manufacturing of dosage forms like tablets.
• a polycrystallic structure refers to a material made up of grains of crystalline material where the grains are randomly oriented relative to each other, (see
• a polycrystallic structure leads to crystals having an irregular structure, in contrast to e.g. cubes with smooth surfaces (regular shape crystals). This irregular structure is herein also referred to as a porous structure.
• pre-compacted is intended to denote the initial compaction of materials ("having a particle size below approx. 100 ⁇ m") aiming at achieving a flowable granulate, which later in the manufacturing process may be further compacted into tablets.
• the process of roller compacting of a powder is applied as an alternative method to known granulation or agglomeration methods, i.e. wet granulation or - when tablets are prepared - direct compression using dry binders.
• the present inventors have previously found that the process of roller compacting is a very mild method that does not destroy the possibility of obtaining products that have an acceptable mouth-feel and at the same time are without a dominating chalk-like taste or feel.
• the finding was limited to regularly shaped calcium-containing compounds and sugar alcohols with binding properties and of a microporous structure.
• roller compaction is employed with the purpose of increasing the bulk density of a particular substance or composition e.g. in order to transform a bulky material to a less voluminous material that is easier to use in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical compositions.
• roller compaction is normally not used as a gentle granulation process that maintains or do not destroy important properties of the material (i.e. the calcium-containing compound) so that an acceptable taste, mouthfeel etc. can be obtained.
• the present inventors have found that the use pharmaceutically acceptable sugar alcohols in the agglomeration process is particularly suitable.
• the present inventors have previously found that two major factors are important, namely the properties of the calcium-containing compound itself and the choice of sugar alcohol used as a binder in the agglomeration process, as discussed above.
• the present invention eliminates this restriction with respect to choice of sugar alcohols provided that the calcium-containing compound has a polycrystallic and porous structure.
• the invention relates to a pre-compacted materiel comprising one or more calcium-containing compounds and one or more sugar alcohols, the calcium-containing compound having a polycrystallic porous structure.
• Example 3 demonstrates that Dicafos PA, which is a non-regularly shaped calcium-containing compound (see Figure 6A), does not have sufficient properties in order to enable being successfully roller compacted with a sugar alcohol. Accordingly, the porous character of the calcium- containing compound is of importance.
• the concentration of the calcium-containing compound in a pre-compacted material according to the invention is about 60% w/w or more such as, e.g., about 65% w/w or more, about 70% w/w or more, about 75% w/w or more, about 80% w/w or more, about 85% w/w or more, about 90% w/w or more or about 95% w/w or more.
• Suitable sugar alcohols for use in a pre-compacted material according to the invention include xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, erythritol, inositol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof.
• concentration of the one or more sugar alcohols in a pre-compacted material according to the invention it is normally about 5% w/w or more such as, e.g., about 7.5% or more, about 10% w/w or more, about 15% w/w or more, about 20% w/w or more, about 25% w/w or more, about 30% w/w or more, about 35% w/w or more or about 40% w/w.
• the calcium-containing compound may be selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate including tricalcium phosphate, calcium gluconate, bisglycino calcium, calcium citrate maleate,
• hydroxyapatite including solvates thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• specifically suitable calcium-containing compounds are calcium carbonate and calcium phosphates.
• the calcium-containing compound is calcium carbonate such as, e.g, Sturcal including e.g. Sturcal L.
• the calcium-containing compound is a calcium phosphate including a tri-calcium
• phosphate a di-calcium phosphate or a mono-calcium phosphate.
• Suitable qualities include tricalcium phosphate (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH) and dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO 4 ).
• the calcium-containing compound is in a direct compressible form.
• Specific embodiments of the invention include pre-compacted material comprising Sturcal L and xylitol; Sturcal L and mannitol; Sturcal L and maltitol; Tricafos P and xylitol; Tricafos P and mannitol; Tricafos P and maltitol; Tricafos A and xylitol; Tricafos A and mannitol; Tricafos A and maltitol.
• Sturcal may also be of D, H, LS, M or X qualities or mixtures thereof, and Tricafos may be of S or R qualities or mixtures thereof.
• Dicafos may be of AN quality.
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention further comprises a sugar alcohol different from xylitol, mannitol or maltitol.
• the total concentration of the one or more sugar alcohols in the final composition is from about 5% w/w to about 40% w/w such as, e.g., about 5% w/w, about 10% w/w, about 25% w/w or about 40%.
• roller compaction as a means for agglomeration of a calcium-containing compounds to obtain a pre-compacted material that is suitable for use in the preparation of e.g. chewable tablets having an acceptable taste and mouth-feel, has two critical parameters with respect to the calcium-containing compound, namely the polycrystallinity and the porosity.
• the calcium-containing compound for use in the roller compaction process according to the invention is polycrystalline and porous such as a calcium salt like calcium carbonate in specific qualities.
• the calcium salt is calcium carbonate and notably with a shape and a mean particle size corresponding to that of Strucal L, or a calcium phosphate like e.g. Dicafos A or Tricafos P.
• the above-mentioned calcium-containing compound may be used in admixture with other calcium-containing compounds such as, e.g., those mentioned herein in the following paragraph, especially calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate including tricalcium phosphate, calcium gluconate, bisglycino calcium, calcium citrate maleate, hydroxyapatite including solvates, and mixtures thereof.
• other calcium-containing compounds such as, e.g., those mentioned herein in the following paragraph, especially calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate including tricalcium phosphate, calcium gluconate, bisglycino calcium, calcium citrate maleate, hydroxyapatite including solvates, and mixtures thereof.
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention contains the above-mentioned polycrystalic and porous calcium-containing compound and another calcium-containing compound (i.e. irrespective of its crystalline nature and porous structure).
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention further comprises a calcium-containing compound that has a non-porous structure.
• the weight ratio between the non-porous calcium-containing compound and the polycrystallic porous calcium-containing compound is normally at the most 0.4 such as, e.g., at the most 0.35, at the most 0.3, at the most 0.25, at the most 0.2, at the most 0.15, at the most 0.1 or at the most 0.05.
• the polycrystallic porous calcium-containing compound may be Sturcal L, Tricafos P or Dicafos A or mixtures thereof and the non-porous calcium- containing compound may be Scoralite or Cafos DB or mixtures thereof.
• the concentration of the non-porous calcium-containing compound is normally from about 5% to about 40% such as, e.g., at 40% w/w or less, 25% w/w or less, 10% w/w or less or 5% w/w or less.
• the content of the polycrystallic and porous calcium-containing compound in the pre-compacted material is in a range of from about 40% to about 100% w/w such as, e.g., from about 45% to about 98% w/w, from about 50% to about 95% w/w, from about 55% to about 90% w/w or at least about 60% w/w, at least about 65% w/w, at least about 70% w/w or at least about 75% w/w.
• the pre-compacted material obtained by roller compaction may comprise 100% w/w of the calcium-containing compound or it may comprise from about 50% to about 90% w/w such as, e.g., from about 70 to about 80% w/w of the total amount of calcium- containing compound contained in the tablet. Accordingly, a part of the total amount of calcium-containing compound may be added after roller compaction.
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or additives, or one or more therapeutically, prophylactically and/or diagnostically active substances.
• a particular active substance of interest is a vitamin D.
• the invention relates to the use of a pre-compacted material as described herein for the preparation of a composition including a pharmaceutical or nutritional composition.
• the invention relates to a solid dosage form comprising the pre-compacted material according to the invention.
• a dosage form according to the invention comprises a pre-compacted material optionally together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• Specific embodiments of interest are those wherein the dosage form of the invention is in the form of tablets (including chewing tablets, suckable tablets and swallowable tablets), capsules, sachets or the like.
• the concentration of the polycrystallic porous calcium-containing compound in a composition of the invention is 50% w/w or more such as, e.g., about 55% w/w or more, about 60% w/w or more, about 65% w/w or more, about 70% w/w or more, about 75% w/w or more, about 80% w/w or more, about 85% w/w or more or about 90% w/w or more.
• roller compaction of a composition containing a calcium-containing compound and a sugar alcohol to obtain a pre-compacted material according to the invention leads to a pre-compacted material that has such a flowability that - when tablets are prepared from the pre-compacted material optionally admixed with at the most 10% w/w such as, e.g. at the most about 7.5% w/w or at the most about 5% w/w of a glidant using a tabletting machine operating at least 300 tablets per min - the mass variation of the tablets obtained fulfils the requirements given in Ph. Eur.
• the tabletting machine may be operating at e.g.
• the dwell time during the preparation of the tablets is at the most about 1 sec.
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention contains from about 60 to about 95% w/w of the calcium-containing compound and from about 5 to about 40% w/w of the pharmaceutically acceptable sugar alcohol, provided that the sum does not exceed 100% w/w.
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention contains from about 60 to about 94% w/w such as, e.g., from about 65% to about 80% w/w of the calcium-containing compound, from about 5 to about 35% w/w such as, e.g., from about 15 to about 30% w/w of the pharmaceutically acceptable sugar alcohol and from about 1 to about 15% w/w of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or active substances, provided that the sum of ingredients amounts to 100% w/w.
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention preferably contains from about 65% to about 80% w/w such as, e.g., from about 70% to about 75% w/w of the calcium-containing compound and from about 15% to about 25% w/w such as, e.g., from about 20 to about 25% w/w of sorbitol or isomalt or mixtures thereof.
• a pre-compacted material according to the invention may be used as such, but normally it is manufactured into a suitable solid dosage form.
• One or more of the materials according to the invention may be used as such, but normally it is manufactured into a suitable solid dosage form.
• the dosage form is intended for oral administration e.g. in the form of a single unit or a multiple unit dosage form such as, e.g., in the form of tablets, capsules, sachets, beads, pellets or the like.
• the solid dosage form according to the invention is in the form of tablets.
• a solid dosage form according to the invention may contain an amount of the one or more calcium-containing compounds corresponding to from about 300 to about 1200 mg calcium such as, e.g., from about 400 to about 600 mg calcium.
• the total concentration of the one or more calcium-containing compound in the dosage form is in a range of from about 40% to about 99% w/w such as, e.g., from about 45% to about 98% w/w, from about 50% to about 95% w/w, from about 55% to about 90% w/w or at least about 60% w/w, at least about 65% w/w, at least about 70% w/w.
• the total concentration of the pre-compacted material contained in the dosage form is from about 65% to about 100% w/w such as, e.g., from about 70% to about 98% w/w, from about 75% to about 95% w/w, from about 80% to about 95% or from about 85% to about 95% w/w.
• a solid dosage form according to the invention contains from about 60% to about 95% w/w of the calcium-containing compound and from about 5% to about 40% w/w of the pharmaceutically acceptable sugar alcohol, provided that the sum does not exceed 100% w/w.
• a solid dosage form contains from about 60 to about 94% w/w such as, e.g., from about 65% to about 80% w/w of the calcium-containing compound, from about 5 to about 35% w/w such as, e.g., from about 15 to about 30% w/w of the pharmaceutically acceptable sugar alcohol and from about 1 to about 15% w/w of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or active substances, provided that the sum of ingredients amounts to 100% w/w.
• a SEM photo of a fractured surface of the solid dosage form shows that a surface of a deformed particle of sugar alcohol is in close contact with surfaces of the one or more calcium-containing compound.
• a solid dosage form is in the form of a chewable, suckable and/or swallowable tablet.
• chewable tablets Importantly for chewable tablets is the taste and such tablets of the invention must have an acceptable taste with respect to sweetness, flavour and chalkiness when tested by a professional/skilled sensory test panel of at least 6 persons.
• a solid dosage form according to the invention may comprise a sweetener selected from the group consisting of dextrose, fructose, glycerin, glucose, isomalt, lactitol, lactose, maltitol, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, tagatose, trehalose, xylitol, alitame, aspartame, acesulfam potassium, cyclamic acid, cyclamate salt (e.g. calcium cyclamate, sodium cyclamate), neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, saccharin, saccharin salt (e.g. ammonium saccharin, calcium saccharin, potassium saccharin, sodium saccharin), and mixtures thereof.
• a sweetener selected from the group consisting of dextrose, fructose, glycerin, glucose, isomalt, lactitol, lactose,
• the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a pre-compacted material as defined above, the process comprises roller compaction of a composition comprising the polycrystallic and porous calcium-containing compound and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sugar alcohols. Details concerning the main aspect of the invention (i.e. the pre-compacted material) apply mutatis mutandis to this and other aspects of the invention.
• a further aspect of the invention is to combine the manufacture of a pre-compacted material and the manufacture of tablets.
• a powder mixture can be transformed directly into a solid dosage form, that is a tablet.
• a further aspect of the invention is a process for preparing a tablet comprising a calcium-containing compound, the process comprises
• the compression in step iii) is performed at a compression force that is adjusted with respect to the diameter and the desired height of the tablet so that the compression force applied is at the most about 80 kN such as, e.g., at the most 70 kN, at the most 60 kN, at the most 50 kN, at the most about 40 kN, at the most about 30 kN or at the most about 20 kN when tablets having a a diameter of about 16 mm or is capsule shaped (9.4 x 18.9 mm) and a resulting height of at the most about 10 mm such as, e.g., about 9 mm, about 8 mm or about 7 mm, about 6 mm or about 5 mm are obtained.
• the invention relates to a process according for the preparation of a tablet comprising i)
• the tablet may comprise
• ii) from about 5 to about 40% w/w of sorbitol and/or isomalt
• the calcium-containing compound contained in a pre-compacted material made according to the invention is a physiologically tolerable calcium-containing compound that is therapeutically and/or prophylactically active.
• Calcium is essential for a number of key functions in the body, both as ionized calcium and a calcium complex (Campell AK.CIin Sci 1987; 72:1-10). Cell behaviour and growth are regulated by calcium. In association with troponin, calcium controls muscle contraction and relaxation (Ebashi S. Proc R Soc Lond 1980; 207:259-86).
• Calcium selected channels are a universal feature of the cell membrane and the electrical activity of nerve tissue and the discharge of neurosecretory granules are a function of the balance between intracellular and extra cellular calcium levels
• Calcium salts such as, e.g., calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate is used as a source of calcium especially for patients suffering from or at risk of osteoporosis.
• calcium carbonate is used as an acid-neutralizing agent in antacid tablets.
• calcium has a number of important functions within the mammalian body in particular in humans. Furthermore, in many animal models, chronic low calcium intake produces osteopenia. The osteopenia affects cancellous bone more than cortical bone and may not be completely reversible with calcium supplementation. If the animal is growing reduced calcium intake leads to stunting. In the premature human neonate the higher the calcium intake, the greater the increase in skeletal calcium accretion which, if high enough, can equal gestational calcium retention.
• calcium supplement is important in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis etc.
• calcium may have anticancer actions within the colon.
• Calcium salts like e.g. calcium carbonate is used in tablets and due to the high dose of calcium required, such tablets are often in the form of chewable tablets. It is a challenge to formulate e.g. chewable tablets containing a calcium salt, which tablets have a pleasant taste and an acceptable mouth feel without the characteristic dominating taste or feeling of chalk.
• a calcium-containing compound for use according to the invention may be e.g.
• calcium sources may be water-soluble calcium salts, or complexes like e.g. calcium alginate, calcium-EDTA and the like or organic compounds containing calcium like e.g. calcium organophosphates.
• the calcium-containing compound may be used alone or in combination with other calcium-containing compounds.
• calcium carbonate and calcium phosphates are especially suitable for use as a calcium-containing compound and calcium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate (Ca 5 (PO 4 )OH) and ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 )) have a high content of calcium, whereas dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO 4 ) has a lower content of calcium but is available in high density qualities .
• tricalcium phosphate (Ca 5 (PO 4 )OH) and ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 )) have a high content of calcium
• dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO 4 ) has a lower content of calcium but is available in high density qualities .
• calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate are especially suitable for use as a calcium-containing compound and calcium carbonate
• a tablet made according to the invention contains an amount of the calcium- containing compound corresponding to from about 100 to about 1000 mg Ca such as, e.g., from about 150 to about 800 mg, from about 200 to about 700 mg, from about 200 to about 600 mg or from about 200 to about 500 mg Ca.
• Calcium canbonafeCalcium carbonate can be in three different crystal structures:
• calcite is available in four different shapes: scalenohedral, prismatic, spherical and rhombohedral, and aragonit crystals can be obtained as e.g. discrete or clustered needle-like shapes. Other shapes are also available such as, e.g., cubic shapes (Scoralite 1A + B from Scora).
• a particular suitable quality of calcium carbonate is calcium carbonate having a mean particle size of 60 ⁇ m or less such as, e.g., 50 ⁇ m or less or 40 ⁇ m or less. Furthermore, an interesting quality of calcium carbonate has a bulk density below 2 g/mL.
• Calcium carbonate 2064 Merck (available from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) that has a mean particle size of 10 - 30 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.4 to 0.7 g/mL, and a specific surface area of 0.3 m 2 /g;
• Calcium carbonate 2069 Merck (available from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) that has a mean particle size of approx. 3.9 ⁇ m, and an apparent bulk density of 0.4 to 0.7 g/mL;
• Scoralite 1 A (available from Scora Watrigant SA, France) has a mean particle size of 5 to 20 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.7 to 1.0 g/mL, and a specific surface area of 0.6 m 2 /g;
• Scoralite 1 B (available from Scora Watrigant SA, France) has a mean particle size of 10 -25 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.9 to 1.2 g/mL, and a specific surface area of 0.4 to 0.6 m 2 /g;
• Scoralite 1A + B (available from Scora Watrigant SA, France) have a mean particle size of 7 - 25 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.7 to 1.2 g/mL, and a specific surface area of 0.35 to 0.8 m 2 /g;
• Pharmacarb LL (available from Chr. Hansen, Mahawah New Jersie) L has a mean particle size of 12 - 16 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 1.0 to 1.5 g/mL, and a specific surface area of 0.7 m 2 /g;
• Sturcal H (available from Specialty Minerals, Bethlehem, Pensylvania) has a mean particle size of approx. 4 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.48 to 0.61 g/mL;
• Sturcal F (available from Specialty Minerals, Bethlehem, Pensylvania) has a mean particle size of approx. 2.5 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.32 to 0.43 g/mL;
• Sturcal M (available from Specialty Minerals, Bethlehem, Pensylvania) has a mean particle size of 7 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.7 to 1.0 g/ ml_, and a specific surface area of 1.5 m 2 /g;
• Sturcal L (available from Specialty Minerals, Bethlehem, Pensylvania) has a mean particle size of approx. 7 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.78 to 0.96 g/mL, Sturcal L consists of scalenohedral shaped crystals; Socal P2PHV (available from Solvay, Brussels, Belgium) has a mean particle size of 1.5 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.28 g/mL, and a specific surface area of 7.0 m 2 /g Socal P2PHV consists of scalenohedral shaped crystals;
• Mikhart 10, SPL, 15, 40 and 65 (available from Provencale, Provencale, France); Mikhart 10 has a mean particle size of 10 ⁇ m,
• Mikhart SPL has a mean particle size of 20 ⁇ m
• Mikhart 15 has a mean particle size of 17 ⁇ m
• Mikhart 40 has a mean particle size of 30 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 1.1 to 1.5 g/mL;
• Mikhart 65 has a mean particle size of 60 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 1.25 to 1.7 g/mL;
• Hubercal Elite 500 (available from J.M.Huber Corp., USA) has a mean particle size of 5.8 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 1.8 m 2 /g;
• Hubercal Elite 500 (available from J.M.Huber Corp., USA) has a mean particle size of 8.2 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 1.3 m 2 /g.
• Omyapure 35 (available from Omya S.A.S, Paris, France) has a mean particle size of 5 - 30 ⁇ m, and a specific surface area of 2.9 m 2 /g;
• Calci Pure 250 Heavy, Calci Pure 250 Extra Heavy and Calci Pure GCC HD 212 with a mean particle size of 10-30 ⁇ m, an apparent bulk density of 0.9 - 1.2 g/ml, and a specific surface area of 0.7 m 2 /g (available from Particle Dynamic Inc., St. Louis Montana). Calcium phosphate
• DI-CAFOS A (CaHPO 4 ) (available from Chemische Fabrik Buddenheim KG,
• Buddenheim, Germany that has a mean particle size of approximately 70 ⁇ m and a bulk density of approximately 1.3 g/ml and a polycrystalic and porous nature;
• DI-CAFOS PA (CaHPO 4 ) (available from Chemische Fabrik Buddenheim KG, Buddenheim, Germany) that has a mean particle size ⁇ 7 ⁇ m and a bulk density of approximately 0,9 g/ml TRI-CAFOS P (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH (available from Chemische Fabrik Buddenheim KG, Buddenheim, Germany) that has a mean particle size ⁇ 6 ⁇ m and a bulk density of approximately 0.25 g/ml and a polycrystalic and porous nature;
• TRI-CAFOS S (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH (available from Chemische Fabrik Buddenheim KG, Buddenheim, Germany) that has a mean particle size of approximately 70 ⁇ m and a bulk density of approximately 0.5 g/ml;
• CAFOS DB (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (available from Chemische Fabrik Buddenheim KG,
• Buddenheim, Germany that has a mean particle size ⁇ 5 ⁇ m and a bulk density of approximately 0.6 g/ml;
• the content of the calcium-containing compound in a tablet made according to the present invention is in a range from about 40% to about 100% w/w such as, e.g., from about 45% to about 98% w/w, from about 50% to about 95% w/w, from about 55% to about 90% w/w or at least about 60% w/w, at least about 65% w/w, at least about 70% w/w or at least about 75% w/w.
• the dose of calcium for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes is from about 350 mg (e.g. newborn) to about 1200 mg (lactating women) daily.
• the amount of the calcium-containing compound in the tablets can be adjusted to that the tablets are suitable for administration 1-4 times daily, preferably once or twice daily.
• the granulate obtained by the method according to the invention may be used as such, but it is also very suitable for further manufacturing into solid dosage forms like e.g. tablets, capsules or sachets.
• a person skilled in the art will know how to adjust the composition and the various process parameters in order to obtain a desired calcium-containing product.
• the granulate obtained by the present method is intended to be manufactured into tablets. Often it is necessary to add one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients (e.g. lubricants) in order to avoid adherence and/or increase flowability of the granulate obtained. Accordingly, the method may also comprise a step of mixing the granulate obtained with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In the event that it is desired to include other active substances than the calcium- containing compound, the method may also comprise a step of adding one or more therapeutically, prophylactically and/or diagnostically active substance to the granulate obtained. Such substances include one or more nutrients such as, e.g., one or more vitamins or minerals. In a specific embodiment, the further active substance is a D-vitamin such as, e.g., D 3 vitamin, D 2 vitamin or derivatives thereof.
• D-vitamin such as, e.g., D 3 vitamin, D 2 vitamin or derivatives thereof.
• a pre-compacted material as well as a tablet obtained according to the invention may comprise a further therapeutically and/or prophylactically active substance.
• a further therapeutically and/or prophylactically active substance may comprise one or more D-vitamin compounds.
• D-vitamin compounds are dry vitamin D3, 100 CWS available from Roche and dry vitamin D3 100 GFP available from BASF.
• a pre-compacted material or tablet made according to the invention may comprise a further therapeutically and/or prophylactically active substance, or it may contain one or more nutrients such as, e.g. one or more vitamins or minerals.
• nutrients such as, e.g. one or more vitamins or minerals.
• vitamins or minerals e.g. vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D and/or vitamin K and minerals like e.g. zink, magnesium, selenium etc.
• D-vitamin compounds such as, e.g., Vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) including dry vitamin D 3 , 100 CWS available from Roche and dry vitamin D 3 100 GFP available from BASF.
• vitamin D In addition to its action on calcium and skeletal homeostasis, vitamin D is involved in the regulation of several major systems in the body.
• the actions of vitamin D are medicated at the genome by a complex formed by 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D mainly produced in the kidney, with the vitamin D receptor (VDR).
• VDR vitamin D receptor
• the 1 ,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D/VDR complex has important regulatory roles in cell differentiation and in the immune system. Some of these actions are probably dependant on the ability of certain tissues other than the kidney to produce 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D locally and act as a paracrine (Adams JS et al.
• Vitamin D insufficiency the preclinical phase of vitamin D deficiency, also causes a reduced calcium supply and secondary hyperparathyroidism, albeit of a milder degree than found with deficiency. If this state remains chronic, osteopenia results.
• the biochemical process underlying this state of calcium insufficiency is probably inappropriate level of 1 ,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D due to a reduction in its substrate 25-OHD (Francis RM et al. Eur J Clin Invest 1983; 13:391-6).
• insufficiency is most commonly found in the elderly. With age there is a decrease in serum 25-OH vitamin D due to decreased sunlight exposure and possible to decreased skin synthesis. Furthermore, in the elderly the condition is exacerbated by a decrease in calcium intake and a paradoxical decrease in calcium absorption. The reduction in renal function with age giving rise to reduced renal 1 ,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D production may be a contributing factor. There are a number of studies of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on bone loss in the elderly. Some are without calcium supplementation and others are with calcium supplementation.
• RDA Recommended Daily Allowance
• Vitamin D is very sensitive towards humidity and is subject to degradation. Therefore, vitamin D is often administered in a protective matrix. Accordingly, when tablets are prepared containing a vitamin D it is of utmost importance that the compression forces applied during the tabletting step do not decrease the protective effect of the matrix and thereby impair the stability of vitamin D. To this end, the combination of the various ingredients in a granulate or tablet made according to the invention has proved to be very suitable in those cases where vitamin D also is incorporated into the composition as it is possible to employ a relatively low compression force during tabletting and still achieve a tablet with suitable mechanical strength (crushing strength, friability etc.).
• the invention provides a tablet comprising
• the tablet may comprise
• the invention provides a tablet comprising
• the tablet may comprise
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is intended to denote any material, which is inert in the sense that it substantially does not have any therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect per se.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be added to the active drug substance with the purpose of making it possible to obtain a pharmaceutical composition, which has acceptable technical properties.
• the calcium-containing compound and the sugar alcohol may also be admixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients before or after roller compaction.
• excipients include those normally used in formulation of solid dosage forms such as, e.g. fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, flavouring agents, colouring agents, including sweeteners, pH adjusting agents, stabilizing agents, etc.
• a disintegrant is selected from the group consisting of: croscarmellose sodium (a cross-linked polymer of carboxymethylcellulose sodium), crospovidone, starch NF; polacrilin sodium or potassium and sodium starch glycolate.
• croscarmellose sodium a cross-linked polymer of carboxymethylcellulose sodium
• crospovidone a cross-linked polymer of carboxymethylcellulose sodium
• starch NF a starch NF
• polacrilin sodium or potassium sodium starch glycolate
• LH 22, LH 21, LH 20, LH 32, LH 31, LH30 starches, including potato starch; croscarmellose sodium (i.e. cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt; e.g. Ac-Di-Sol®); alginic acid or alginates; insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g. Polyvidon® CL, Polyvidon® CL-M, KoI- lidon® CL, Polyplasdone® XL, Polyplasdone® XL-10); sodium carboxymethyl starch (e.g. Primogel® and Explotab®).
• croscarmellose sodium i.e. cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt
• alginic acid or alginates e.g. Ac-Di-Sol®
• insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone e.g. Polyvidon® CL, Polyvidon® CL-M, KoI- lidon® CL, Polyplasdone® XL, Polyplasdone
• Fillers/diluents/binders may be incorporated such as polyols, sucrose, sorbitol, man- nitol, Erythritol®, Tagatose®, lactose (e.g., spray-dried lactose, ⁇ -lactose, ⁇ -lactose, Tabletose®, various grades of Pharmatose®, Microtose or Fast-Floe®), microcrystal- line cellulose (e.g., various grades of Avicel®, such as Avicel® PH101 , Avicel® PH102 or Avicel® PH105, Elcema® P100, Emcocel®, Vivacel®, Ming Tai® and Solka-Floc®), hydroxypropylcellulose, L-hydroxypropylcellulose (low-substituted) (e.g.
• L-HPC-CH31 L-HPC-LH11 , LH 22, LH 21, LH 20, LH 32, LH 31, LH30
• dextrins e.g. Lodex® 5 and Lodex® 10
• starches or modified starches including potato starch, maize starch and rice starch
• sodium chloride sodium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate.
• microcrystalline cellulose especially microcrystalline cellulose, L-hydroxypropylcellulose, dextrins, maltodextrins, starches and modified starches may be well suited.
• the calcium-containing compound may be roller compacted together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable binders, or a binder may be added after roller compaction.
• Suitable binders include those normally used within the pharmaceutical field although binders usually employed in wet granulation processes are not likely to be able to function to the same extent as essentially no liquid is present in during the agglomeration.
• examples include
• cellulose derivates including methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC, L-HPC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), etc.; mono- di-, oligo-, polysaccharides including dextrose, fructose, glucose, isomalt, lactose, maltose, sucrose, tagatose, trehalose, inulin and maltodextrin; polyols including sugar alcohols such as, e.g, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol and inositol; polyvinylpyrrolidone including Kollidon K30, Kollidon 9OF or Kollidon VA64
• Glidants and lubricants may be incorporated such as stearic acid, metallic stearates, talc, waxes and glycerides with high melting temperatures, colloidal silica, sodium stearyl fumarate, polyethylenglycols and alkyl sulphates.
• Surfactants may be employed such as non-ionic (e.g., polysorbate 20, polysorbate 21 , polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 61 , polysorbate 65, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 81 , polysorbate 85, polysorbate 120, sorbitane monoisostearate, sorbitanmonolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, glyceryl monooleate and polyvinylalkohol), anionic (e.g., docusate sodium and sodium lauryl sulphate) and cationic (e.g., benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and cetrimide) or mixtures thereof.
• non-ionic e.g., polysorbate 20, polysorbate 21 , polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 61
• the present invention also provides a method comprising the step of processing the pre-compacted material obtained by roller compaction into a solid dosage form.
• dosage forms may be provided with a coating provided that the coating does not substantially retard the release of the active drug substance from the composition.
• a film coating may be employed.
• Suitable lubricants include talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable oils and the like.
• magnesium stearate is used.
• Suitable bulking agents include xylitol, mannitol, compressible sugars, lactose, calcium phosphate and microcrystalline celluloses.
• Suitable artificial sweeteners include dextrose, fructose, glycerin, glucose, isomalt, lactitol, lactose, maltitol, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, tagatose, trehalose, xylitol, alitame, aspartame, acesulfam potassium, cyclamic acid, cyclamate salt (e.g. calcium cyclamate, sodium cyclamate), neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, saccharin, saccharin salt (e.g. ammonium saccharin, calcium saccharin, potassium saccharin, sodium saccharin), and mixtures thereof.
• cyclamate salt e.g. calcium cyclamate, sodium cyclamate
• neohesperidine dihydrochalcone thaumatin
• saccharin saccharin salt
• ammonium saccharin calcium sacchar
• flavourants and known FD & C colorants can be added to the composition.
• the roller compaction was based on a setup with knurled rollers and control.
• the key set up parameters are: Gap Width (GW), Force (F), Roller Speed (RS) and screen size.
• the granulates were tabletted on a Fette PT1090 fully instrumented tablet press with oval shaped (18.9 x 9.4 mm) punches. Tablet weight was approximately 1 ,683 mg. All in-process crushing strength data are obtained using a Schleuniger AT4. Based on figure 1 it can be seen that for regularly shaped calcium carbonate the type and particle size of the chosen sugar alcohol has a significant impact on the crushing strength. Sorbitol or isomalt having a fine particle size are preferable. The impact on tablet crushing strength of the different sugar alcohols can be explained by a difference in compaction properties as shown in figure 2. In this figure the crushing strengths of tablets based solely on the individual sugar alcohol have been measured.
• sugar alcohols were lump breaked in an oscillating sieve using a 250 ⁇ m screen and afterwards manually mixed with calcium carbonate.
• mixtures were granulated on a roller compactor according to example 1.
• the granulates were tabletted on a Fette PT1090 fully instrumented tablet press with oval shaped (18.9 x 9.4 mm) punches. Tablet weight was adjusted to achieve a tablet height of 7.0 ⁇ 0.1 mm. All in-process crushing strength data were obtained using a Schleuniger AT4.
• the addition of xylitol is needed as the sensoric properties of Sturcal L are markedly poorer that what can be experienced when using Scoralite.
• xylitol is needed as the sensoric properties of tablets containing calcium phosphate are markedly poorer compared to tablets containing Scoralite. In this context it would be a clear advantage if variations in the concentration of xylitol could be done with limited or no impact on tablet crushing strength. This means that the full impact of the taste masking properties of the xylitoi can be exploited. This is a challenge as xylitol is a sugar alcohol with poor compaction properties as seen from example 1 , figure 2. The investigations were based on the following formulation:
• the sugar alcohols were lump breaked in an oscillating sieve using a 250 ⁇ m screen and afterwards manually mixed with calcium phosphate.
• the mixtures were granulated on a roller compactor according to example 1.
• no granulation of the mixtures were necessary in order to achieve a granulate ready for tabletting as the calcium compounds were of a DC- quality.
• lubrication with magnesium stearate (0.3%) was done manually.
• the granulates were tabletted on a Fette PT1090 fully instrumented tablet press with oval shaped (18.9 x 9.4 mm) punches. Tablet weight was adjusted to achieve a tablet height of 7.0 ⁇ 0.1 mm. All in-process crushing strength data were obtained using a Schleuniger AT4.
• the Dicafos PA employed in figure 6 is a non-regularly shaped calcium- containing compound (see Figure 22). Accordingly, non-regularity of the calcium- containing compound does not suffice in order to enable roller compaction of a calcium-containing compound and a sugar alcohol. As described herein it is important that the calcium-containing compound has a polycrystallic and porous nature. From figure 6A it is seen that Dicafos PA is compact in itself, i.e. it does not have a porous structure. Furthermore Dicafos PA is not polycrystalline.
• the inventors have surprisingly found that not all calcium phosphate qualities are equally easy to subject to roller compaction.
• the polycrystalline nature and the porosity have major impact on whether it is possible to roller compact calcium phosphate.
• Tri-Cafos P, Trial 46 was roller compacted as is, using parameters in accordance with example 1. Lubrication and tableting was also done as in example 1.
• the sensoric test was carried out by 7 trained persons. Test was done according to ISO 8587 (ranking test) and ISO 5495 (paired test).
• the particles should have a porous structure
• Particles having a mean particle size of a few microns having a mean particle size of a few microns
• the particles should be of a poly crystalic nature
• the particles should have a porous structure

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