Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
  • A23L2/56—Flavouring or bittering agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L2/02—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof containing fruit or vegetable juices
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L23/00—Soups; Sauces; Preparation or treatment thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
  • A23L27/202—Aliphatic compounds
  • A23L27/2022—Aliphatic compounds containing sulfur
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
  • A23L27/21—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/60—Salad dressings; Mayonnaise; Ketchup
  • A23L27/63—Ketchup

Definitions

• This invention relates to the use of kokumi flavourant compounds in consumables, and to flavour compositions comprising such compounds.
• Kokumi is a term used in the flavour industry to describe characteristics such as continuity, mouthfulness, richness and thickness.
• the sensory terms for the basic tastes are salty, sweet, sour, bitter or umami, the last-named being the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG).
• MSG monosodium glutamate
• Kokumi is a distinct taste quality, or rather a taste- enhancing quality, which can be easily detected and differentiated by sensory tests by a trained panel.
• Compounds that provide a kokumi taste are usually tasteless in water, but enhance the taste in combination with other tastants in respect of the above-mentioned qualities.
• compounds should preferably have one or more of the following characteristics: they should be inexpensive to produce, stable during long periods of storage and to processing conditions that may comprise elevated temperatures and humidity, and extremes of pH.
• Applicant identified compounds according to formula I that belong to the group of gamma-glutamyl and beta- asparagyl peptides which are able to provide a "kokumi" flavour to consumables and fulfill the above requirements.
• sulphur containing peptides including alliin ((+)-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), cycloalliin ((3-(S)-methyl-1,4-thiazane-5-(R)-carboxylic acid 1-oxide), MeCSO ((+)-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), GACSO, (gamma-L-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), GAC (gamma-L-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), and GSH (Glutathione , Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine or ⁇ -Glu-Cys-Gly) are known to impart a "kokumi" flavour to aqueous umami solutions containing monosodium glutamate (MSG) and ribonucleotides or to
• R 1 is a residue selected from the group consisting of - CH 2 SH , - CH 2 CH 2 SH, and -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH 1 - CH 2 SCH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 S CH 3 , and -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 S CH 3 , -CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH(NH 2 )-COOH, and -CH 2 -S-S-CH 2 CH(NH 2 )-COOH;
• R 2 is a residue selected from the group of a residue of ⁇ -Glu (-CO-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH), and ⁇ -Asp (-CO-CH 2 - CH(NH 2 )-COOH).
• R 1 comprises sulfur
• the compound is a sulfide, or a disulfide formed of two different or identical compounds according to formula I linked via the sulfide groups in two R 1 residues.
• These compounds include, for example, compounds of formula I wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of - CH 2 SH , - CH 2 CH 2 SH, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH; compounds of formula I wherein R 1 is - CH 2 SH; compounds of formula I wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting Of- CH 2 SCH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 S CH 3 , and -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 S CH 3 ; and compounds of formula I wherein R 2 is -CO-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH.
• the invention is directed to the use as a flavour of a compound of formula I wherein R 2 is -CO- CH 2 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH.
• the invention is directed to a flavour composition comprising one or more compounds of formula I as hereinabove defined, or a mixture thereof.
• the invention is directed to a consumable containing one or more compounds of formula (I) as hereinabove defined, or mixtures thereof, in a concentration of 1 to 25.000 ppm (weight/weight).
• the invention is directed to a method of imparting a kokumi flavour to a consumable, comprising the addition of one or more compounds as hereinabove defined to a consumable in a concentration sufficient to impart a kokumi taste.
• the compound may be added in form of an unpurified enzymatic reaction mixture in which it was formed, in form of a crude extract of such a mixture, in form of a plant extract, in form of a plant isolate, or in purified form.
• R 2 above may be a residue of ⁇ -Glu or ⁇ -Asp.
• sulfur groups may be explicitly indicated for the sulfide or disulfide (CysSH, Cys-S-S-Cys or (CysS)2). All amino acid residues according to the invention are residues of L-amino acids.
• a compound of formula I 1 Homoglutathione or hGSH (Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-beta-alanine or ⁇ -Glu-Cys- ⁇ - AIa) has been described to occur in leguminous plants and in transgenic plants, for example in transgenic tobacco plants that express soybean homoglutathione synthetase (Sugiyama et al. 2004, Plant Biotechnology 21 , 79-83). However, compounds of formula I have not previously been used to impart a kokumi taste/taste enhancement or as flavours.
• a compound of formula I may be present in the form as shown or in its ionic form with or without a counter-ion, for example its sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, carbonate salt, or similar.
• a compound of formula I may be present in the form as shown (reduced form), or alternatively it may be present in its oxidised form as a disulfite formed by two units of two different or identical compounds as shown in formula I linked via a disulfide bridge.
• hGSH provides a strong kokumi taste (mouthfulness, complexity, richness) which is improved in intensity when compared to the prior art kokumi flavour compound GSH which leads to a strong consumer preference over the prior art compound. An even stronger kokumi taste is provided by these compounds if present in their reduced form.
• the invention is directed to flavour compositions comprising one or more compounds of formula I as hereinabove defined.
• the invention is directed to consumables comprising one or more compounds of formula (I) as hereinabove defined, or mixtures thereof, in a concentration of 1 to 25.000 ppm (weight/weight).
• the invention is directed at a method for imparting a kokumi taste to a consumable, comprising the addition of a compound as hereinabove described to a consumable.
• the compound may be added in the form of an unpurified enzymatic reaction mixture in which it was formed, in the form of a crude extract of such a mixture, in the form of a plant extract, or in purified form.
• Peptide compounds for use in the present invention may be prepared or isolated from botanical sources according to procedures well known in the art. For example, Neish and Rylett (1963), Tetrahedron 19, 2031-2032 describe the chemical synthesis of hGSH. Other compounds of formula I may be synthesized analogously using the appropriate source compounds as will be apparent to the skilled person. Alternatively, various well known peptide synthesis methods may be used. JP2004041146 describes the enzymatical synthesis of hGSH. Klapheck (1988), Physiologia Plantarum 74, 727-732 describes the isolation of hGSH from legumes. They may also be isolated from approprioate transgenic plants expressing an enzyme forming a compound of formula I, for example as described by Sugiyama et al. 2004, Plant Biotechnology 21, 79-83.
• ⁇ -glutamyl dipeptides of formula I can also be prepared enzymatically using gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase enzyme (GGTP) as is well known in the art using enzymes from various sources including commercial sources and described previously, for example, by Suzuki et al., J. MoI. Catal. 1999, B6, 175-184; Suzuki et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 313-318), Suzuki et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem; 52 (2004); 577-580; Strumeyerand Bloch, Biochem. Prep. 1962, 9, 52-55; Thompson and Meister, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
• GGTP gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase enzyme
• the formed products may be purified and used as a flavour in purified form, or they may be used as a flavour in crude form (enzymatic reaction mixture) or as a crude extract from fermentation or from enzymatic reaction with the isolated enzyme.
• a compound of formula I may be produced naturally by a botanical source, in particular a plant or leguminose plant, and this material, in particular a botanical extract or plant extract with a sufficiently high concentration of a compound of formula I, in particular hGSH, may be used.
• concentration will vary depending on compound and desired intensity, as will be apparent to the skilled person. For most applications, a concentration of 0.1-50 mmol/L, in particular 0.5-20 mmol/L, or 1-10 mmol/L will be useful.
• the product may be purified as follows: lyophilisation, followed by chromatographic work-up, for example gel permeation chromatography may be employed. Chromatography may be performed, for example, with Sephadex G-10 (Amersham Bioscience, Uppsalla, Sweden) as stationary and water as mobile phase. The effluent is monitored, for example using an UV-detector at 220 nm. The product eluate can be confirmed by analytical methods well-known in the art, for example by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
• LC-MS liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
• NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
• a compound for use in the present invention imparts a kokumi taste to consumables.
• Consumables as used herein include food products, beverages, oral care products, and compositions for admixture to such products, in particular flavour compositions.
• Flavour compositions may be added to processed foods or beverages during their processing, or they may actually be consumables in their own right, e.g. condiments such as sauces and the like.
• a compound of the present invention or a mixture thereof may be used as a flavour ingredient in flavour compositions.
• a compound or mixture of compounds may be blended with other flavour ingredients in said compositions.
• a compound or mixture of compounds imparts a kokumi taste to all kinds of consumables, and is particularly interesting in savoury consumables.
• consumables examples include cereal products, baker's products, bread products, gums, chewing gums, yeast products, salt and spice products, mustard products, vinegar products, sauces (condiments), soups, processed foods, cooked fruits and vegetable products, meat and meat products, egg products, milk and dairy products, cheese products, butter and butter substitute products, milk substitute products, soy products, edible oils and fat products, medicaments, beverages, alcoholic drinks, beers, soft drinks, food extracts, plant extracts, meat extracts, condiments, sweeteners, nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical gums, tablets, lozenges, drops, emulsions, elixirs, syrups and other preparations for making beverages, instant beverages and effervescent tablets.
• flavourant qualities of compounds of the formula (I) may be evident over a broad range of concentrations.
• a compound or mixture of compounds may be present in a concentration ranging from , for example, 1 to 10.000 ppm, 5 to 25.000 ppm, 10 to 10.000 ppm, 50 to 5000 ppm, and 100 to 1000 ppm (based on weight).
• concentration will depend on the consumable, the presence of other flavours, and the desired kokumi intensity. The concentration can easily be adjusted by the skilled person to the desired effect.
• formulations and consumables may contain additional ingredients which may comprise various additives and excipients well known in the art, including anti-caking agents, anti- foaming agents, anti-oxidants, binders, colorants, diluents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, encapsulating agents or formulations, enzymes, fats, flavour-enhancers, flavouring agents, gums, lubricants, polysaccharides, preservatives, proteins, solubilisers, solvents, stabilisers, sugar-derivatives, surfactants, sweetening agents, vitamins, waxes, and the like.
• Solvents which may be used are known to those skilled in the art and include e.g.
• Encapsulants and gums include maltodextrin, gum arabic, alginates, gelatin, modified starch, and polysaccharides.
• additives, excipients, carriers, diluents or solvents for flavour or fragrance compounds may be found e.g. in ..Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin,,, S. Arctander, Ed., Elizabeth, N.J., 1960; in "Perfume and Flavor Chemicals", S. Arctander, Ed., Vol.
• the sensory panel is trained to evaluate the taste of aqueous solutions (4 ml each) of the following standard taste compounds by using a triangle test as described in the literature (Wieser and Belitz, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch.,
• sucrose 40 mmol/L for sweet taste; citric acid (5 mmol/L) for sour taste; NaCI (12 mmol/L) for salty taste; caffeine (2 mmol/L) for bitter taste; and monosodium glutamate (MSG; 6 mmol/L) for umami taste.
• a solution of glutathione (10 mmol/L) in diluted chicken broth concentrate (Goumet Bouillon Huhn, Maggi, Singen, Germany; 3 g/100 g bottled water (Evian®)) is prepared and compared to the taste of chicken broth with no glutathione added.
• samples are prepared as indicated in the examples below.
• Taste profiles of samples are determined in a triangle test in three different sessions. Panellists refrain from eating or drinking for at least 1 hour prior to the session. At the start of the session and before each trial, the subject rinsed with water and
• the additive is added to a consumable and the sample is homogenised.
• the samples are presented to the sensory panel directly after homogenisation.
• the sensory panel included 8 trained individuals with exception of example 2, here the panel consists of 10 trained individuals.
• the pH-value of all samples is adjusted to 6.5 using formic acid (0.1 mol/L) or sodium hydroxide (0.1 mol/L).
• the panel rates the positive control with NaCI more salty than the negative control and the positive control with MSG as having the higher umami (taste of MSG) intensity, but no effect on mouthfulness and complexity of the taste profile is observed.
• the hGSH sample increases the mouthfulness, complexity, and long lasting taste sensation of chicken broth.
• hGSH is added to Cream cheese (Philadelphia, Kraft) to a final concentration of 1000 pppm. The mixture is stirred until homogeneous.
• hGSH sample ( ⁇ -Glu-Cys- ⁇ -Ala) different from the reference sample and preferred.
• the hGSH sample is described to possess more mouthfulness, richness, and kokumi-like complexity.
• Glutathione and homoglutathione are added to tomato juice (Albi, Germany) in the concentrations indicated below.
• Y-Glu-Cys- ⁇ -Ala 250 ppm is preferred by 7 out of 8 panelists, and is described as having a more intensive and well-balanced kokumi taste. This effect is increased with ascending concentrations.
• Y-Glu-Cys- ⁇ -Ala 5000 ppm shows an even more pronounced kokumi sensation compared to an isoconcentrated glutathione sample.
• Example 4 Glutathione and Homoglutathione in ketchup
• Glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) are added to ketchup (Kraft) in a concentration of 2500 ppm.
• hGSH is indicated by 7 out of 8 panelists to have a more meaty, bouillon-like, and intensified overall taste. GSH is described similar than sample 3, but the observed effect is lower.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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• Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
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• 2005
  • 2005-10-14 GB GBGB0520842.6A patent/GB0520842D0/en not_active Ceased
• 2006
  • 2006-10-11 AT AT06806184T patent/ATE519378T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2006-10-11 WO PCT/EP2006/009817 patent/WO2007042273A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2006-10-11 US US12/089,625 patent/US8147892B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2006-10-11 JP JP2008534925A patent/JP4955006B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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