WO2007010735A1 - カルコパイライト型太陽電池 - Google Patents
カルコパイライト型太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007010735A1 WO2007010735A1 PCT/JP2006/313204 JP2006313204W WO2007010735A1 WO 2007010735 A1 WO2007010735 A1 WO 2007010735A1 JP 2006313204 W JP2006313204 W JP 2006313204W WO 2007010735 A1 WO2007010735 A1 WO 2007010735A1
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- layer
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- solar cell
- chalcopyrite
- thickness
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/12—Active materials
- H10F77/126—Active materials comprising only Group I-III-VI chalcopyrite materials, e.g. CuInSe2, CuGaSe2 or CuInGaSe2 [CIGS]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/16—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers
- H10F10/167—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising Group I-III-VI materials, e.g. CdS/CuInSe2 [CIS] heterojunction photovoltaic cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/16—Material structures, e.g. crystalline structures, film structures or crystal plane orientations
- H10F77/169—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/16—Material structures, e.g. crystalline structures, film structures or crystal plane orientations
- H10F77/169—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates
- H10F77/1696—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates the films including Group II-VI materials, e.g. CdTe or CdS
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/16—Material structures, e.g. crystalline structures, film structures or crystal plane orientations
- H10F77/169—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates
- H10F77/1698—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates the metallic or insulating substrates being flexible
- H10F77/1699—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates the metallic or insulating substrates being flexible the films including Group I-III-VI materials, e.g. CIS or CIGS on metal foils or polymer foils
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/541—CuInSe2 material PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell having a light-absorbing layer of a chalcopyrite compound, and particularly to a solar cell using a flexible My material or a material containing My force as a substrate material.
- Solar cells that receive light and convert it into electrical energy are classified into a butter system and a thin film system depending on the thickness of the semiconductor.
- thin-film solar cells are solar cells having a semiconductor layer thickness of several tens / im to several ⁇ or less, and are classified into Si thin-film and compound thin-film.
- compound thin film systems such as II-VI group compounds and chalcopyrite types, and some have been commercialized so far.
- chalcopyrite solar cells are also called CIGS (Cu (InGa) Se) thin film solar cells, CIGS solar cells, or i_m_vi group based on the materials used.
- a chalcopyrite solar cell is a solar cell formed by using a chalcopyrite compound as a light absorption layer. It is highly efficient, has no light deterioration (aging), has excellent radiation resistance, and absorbs light. It has features such as a wide wavelength range and a high light absorption coefficient, and is currently being studied for mass production.
- Fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional structure of a general chalcopyrite solar cell.
- a chalcopyrite solar cell is formed on the upper side of the lower electrode thin film formed on the glass substrate, the light absorbing layer thin film containing copper 'indium' gallium 'selenium, and the light absorbing layer thin film.
- the buffer layer thin film and the upper electrode thin film are formed.
- FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show a process for manufacturing a chalcopyrite solar cell.
- a Mo (molybdenum) electrode as a lower electrode is formed on a glass substrate such as soda lime glass by sputtering.
- the Mo electrode is divided by laser irradiation or the like (first scribe).
- the residue is washed with water or the like, and copper (Cu), indium (In) and gallium (Ga) are deposited by sputtering or the like to form a precursor.
- a chalcopyrite type light absorption layer thin film is formed. This annealing process is usually referred to as gas phase selenization or simply selenization.
- an n-type buffer layer such as CdS, ZnO, or InS is stacked on the light absorption layer.
- the buffer layer is generally formed by a method such as sputtering or CBD (Chemical 'Bath' Deposition).
- CBD Chemical 'Bath' Deposition
- the buffer layer and the precursor are divided by laser irradiation, metal needles, or the like (second scribe).
- a transparent electrode (TCO) such as ZnOAl to be an upper electrode is formed by sputtering or the like.
- the CIGS thin film solar cell is completed by dividing the TCO, buffer layer, and precursor by laser irradiation or metal needles (third scribe).
- the solar cell obtained here is a force S called a cell.
- a plurality of cells are packaged and processed as a module (panel).
- the cell is divided into solar cells that form a plurality of series stages by each scribing process, and the design of the cell voltage can be arbitrarily changed by changing the number of series stages.
- a glass substrate has been used as the substrate material.
- the glass substrate is insulative, is easily available, is relatively inexpensive, has high adhesion to the Mo electrode layer (lower electrode thin film), and has a smooth surface. Is based on something.
- energy conversion efficiency can be increased by diffusing the sodium component contained in the glass into the light absorption layer (P layer).
- P layer light absorption layer
- glass has a low melting point, and the annealing temperature cannot be set high in the selenization process. As a result, the energy conversion efficiency is kept low, and the substrate is thick and the mass is increased. Handling after production is also inconvenient
- mass production processes such as a roll 'toe' roll process cannot be applied because it hardly deforms.
- Patent Document 3 a technology that lists glass, alumina, my strength, polyimide, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, graphite, and stainless steel as chalcopyrite-based substrate materials is also disclosed (see, for example, Patent Document 3).
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-5-259494
- Patent Document 2 JP 2001-339081 A
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-58893
- the conventional technology has high insulation properties, can be easily obtained, is relatively inexpensive, and has good adhesion to the Mo electrode layer (lower electrode thin film).
- the Mo electrode layer lower electrode thin film.
- no substrate material is used that satisfies the requirements of a smooth surface, a melting point of 600 ° C or higher, a thin and light weight, and a high flexibility.
- the inventors of the present invention first made a micro battery on a substrate as a solar cell that has excellent flexibility and is suitable for a mass production process of a roll-to-roll process, and that can achieve high conversion and conversion efficiency.
- a material containing force or My force and securing flexibility and to realize surface smoothness, that is, from the ceramic material on the surface of the substrate
- the present inventors have obtained the knowledge that the conversion efficiency is lowered by diffusing potassium (K) from the substrate into the light absorption layer as a problem when the material containing My force is used as the substrate. It was. Means for solving the problem
- a chalcopyrite solar cell according to the present invention includes a substrate made of a mai force or a material containing a mai force, and a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or more formed on the substrate.
- a nitride-based binder layer such as titanium nitride (TiN) or tantalum nitride (TaN) having a thickness of 3000 A or more and 8000 A or less laminated on the intermediate layer
- TiN titanium nitride
- TaN tantalum nitride
- a substrate made of My force or a material mainly composed of My force is used as the substrate.
- Microphones have a high insulation property of 10 12 to 10 16 ⁇ , a high heat resistance temperature of 800 to 1000 ° C., and a high resistance to acids, alkalis and H Se gas. Obedience
- gas phase selenization can be performed at an optimum temperature, so that high conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- soda lime glass substrate When the selenization treatment was performed at a relatively low processing temperature of about 500 ° C used for the plate, Ga segregates in an amorphous state on the lower electrode thin film side of the light absorption layer, so the band gap is small, and the current Density decreases.
- heat treatment of vapor phase selenium is performed at a temperature of 600 ° C or higher and 700 ° C or lower, Ga diffuses uniformly in the light absorption layer, and the non-crystalline state is eliminated. As a result, the open circuit voltage (Voc) is improved.
- a solar cell with high conversion efficiency can be realized by using My power or a material mainly composed of My power as the substrate material.
- the strength and assembly strength are highly flexible and flexible, they can be produced in the production process of rolls and tow rolls, so that they can meet the demands of mass production. .
- the maximum surface roughness of 5 to 6 ⁇ m exists in the range of several tens of ⁇ m, which is not smooth. It has been found. If a substrate with such a large surface roughness is used, the surface coverage will be incomplete, leakage will tend to occur, and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar cell will tend to decrease. This causes a problem that cannot be obtained.
- a thick intermediate layer for flattening or smoothing the substrate surface is formed between the My force or assembled My force substrate and the metal electrode. By forming this intermediate layer, it is possible to ensure the consistency between various layers constituting the solar cell formed on the substrate, and to solve the problem that the conversion efficiency is lowered.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 20 zm or less from the viewpoint of ensuring the flexibility of the substrate, which is desirably 2 zm or more from the viewpoint of flattening the surface of the dying force or the lumping force.
- the thick intermediate layer is formed by non-vacuum processing such as application by brush, spray application, sinorek printing, spin coating and the like.
- the intermediate layer formed on the substrate of the mai force or the assembled mai force and the upper side thereof A binder layer of a nitride compound such as TiN or TaN is provided between the molybdenum electrode formed on the substrate.
- This binder layer has a barrier effect that suppresses the diffusion of impurities, and also has high adhesion with molybdenum and the like.
- the thickness of this binder layer is set to 3000 A or more and 8000 A or less because if it is less than 3000 A, the diffusion of the carriage from the My power substrate to the light absorption layer is not less than that of the conventional glass substrate, and if it exceeds 8000 A, This is because flexibility becomes worse and peeling becomes easier.
- the substrate is constituted by an aggregate power produced by mixing a power powder and a resin and producing them through a rolling process and a firing process.
- Aggregate strength is lower than that of pure strength substrate due to the mixing of resin, but it has a heat resistance temperature of 600-800 ° C, which is the optimum temperature for gas phase selenization treatment. It can be processed at 600-700 ° C. Because of its high flexibility, it is suitable for roll 'toe' roll processes. The force is also significantly less expensive than the glass substrate. Therefore, by using the integrated power as a substrate, a solar cell that is suitable for mass production and has high conversion efficiency can be manufactured at a lower cost.
- a SiN or SiO 2 silicon-based smooth layer may be provided on the surface of the intermediate layer.
- a my strength substrate or a laminated strength substrate is coated with a ceramic material (intermediate layer) having a predetermined thickness, and a calco is formed on the intermediate layer via a nitride binder layer having a predetermined thickness. Since the pyrite light absorption layer is provided, a light, flexible, and high conversion efficiency chalconolite solar cell can be obtained without diffusing impurities (particularly potassium) from the substrate into the light absorption layer.
- the nitride-based binder is relatively expensive.
- the thickness of the binder layer can be reduced, and a chalcopyrite type using a conventional glass substrate. It can be manufactured at a lower cost than a solar cell.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a conventional chalcopyrite solar cell
- FIG. 2 A diagram showing a series of manufacturing steps of a conventional chalcopyrite solar cell.
- FIG. 3 A diagram explaining a main part of the manufacturing steps.
- FIG. 5 (A) and (B) are diagrams showing the surface shape after forming a thick intermediate layer on the surface of the laminated substrate.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an example of a solar cell according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 (a) is a graph showing the type of element diffused in the light absorption layer and the detected count for each binder layer and the thickness of the binder layer (b). (B) shows the detected count for (a).
- Figures 4 (A) and 4 (B) show the measurement results of the surface shape at any two locations on the assembled force substrate.
- the horizontal axis shows the horizontal position of the assembled dying force substrate
- the vertical axis shows the height direction position.
- the maximum height difference changes very steeply (the aspect ratio is large).
- the ground force is mixed in the resin, the ground mica pieces are present on the surface, and the aspect ratio is extremely large. It is understood that it is doing.
- the surface coating is incomplete, causing a leak and forming a solar cell.
- the function of is significantly reduced. Specifically, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar cell decreases, and conversion efficiency decreases.
- Fig. 5 (A) and (B) show the measurement results of the surface shape after coating the surface of the laminated ceramic substrate with a ceramic paint, which is the material of the intermediate layer, to a thickness of 8 ⁇ m. Show. Figure 5 shows the measurement results at any two locations. As can be seen from Fig. 5, the large waviness inherent to the substrate was measured, but the number of m / m observed in the surface shape measurement of the assembled my force substrate was measured. The maximum height difference of 5-6 xm occurring in the range has disappeared. Therefore, from the measurement results shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the thickness of the intermediate layer is good if it is more than that, preferably 5 xm.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an example of the solar cell according to the present invention.
- a laminated my-force substrate 1 is used as the substrate.
- Aggregate strength is a highly insulating material produced by mixing powder strength with resin and rolling and firing.
- the heat resistance temperature of the laminated power is about 600 to 800 ° C, and can withstand higher temperatures than the heat resistance temperature (500 to 550 ° C) of soda lime glass used in conventional solar cells.
- the optimum processing temperature in the gas phase selenization process is 600 to 700 ° C., it can be formed at the optimum temperature when forming the chalcopyrite type light absorption layer.
- the assembled strength is highly flexible, it is also suitable for production with a roll 'tow' roll.
- a thick intermediate layer 2 is formed on the laminated power substrate 1.
- the intermediate layer 2 is for flattening or smoothing the surface of the laminated My force substrate, and is formed to a thickness of 2 to 20 / im.
- This intermediate layer 2 is made of a ceramic material.
- a paint with 39% by weight of titanium, 28.8% by weight of oxygen, 25.7% by weight of carbon, 2.7% by weight of carbon, and 6% by weight of aluminum is used.
- a coating film is formed by, for example, coating with a brush, spray coating, sinorek printing, spin coating, etc., followed by drying and baking processes.
- the thickness of this intermediate layer needs to be 2 ⁇ m or more in order to flatten the surface of the aggregated force, and 20 ⁇ m to ensure flexibility when a solar cell is formed.
- the ceramic-based paint used for the formation of the intermediate layer is based on an inorganic resin produced by the Zonoregel process, and the key and oxygen are strongly bonded by ion bonding, and has a heat resistance temperature of about 1200 ° C. is doing. Therefore, it has sufficient heat resistance even at the ideal processing temperature of the vapor phase selenium processing for forming the chalcopyrite type light absorption layer described later.
- the fill factor (FF) value for increasing the open circuit voltage (Voc) can be improved, and as a result, the conversion efficiency is increased.
- FF fill factor
- the surface smoothing layer and the binder layer cannot follow the sudden height difference on the surface of the laminated substrate, that is, the oxide film or nitride film cannot enter the deep valley. This is because the smoothness of the surface cannot be improved.
- the oxide film (nitride film) It is possible to increase the thickness of the oxide film (nitride film) and smooth the surface by performing a large amount of sputtering. In this case, when the solar cell is bent, the oxide film (nitride film) ) May crack and damage the lower electrode layer and the light absorption layer, so that the flexibility, which is an advantage of the laminated power substrate, is spoiled. Furthermore, since sputtering costs itself, it is not suitable for mass production.
- the surface smoothing layer 3 is formed on the intermediate layer 2.
- SiN or SiO can be used, and is formed by a dry process such as sputtering.
- the reason for using the coating material is that the surface of the intermediate layer 2 can be made smoother, and that the adhesion between the intermediate layer of the underlying ceramic material and the binder layer described later can be increased. It is done.
- the surface smoothing layer 3 can be formed as necessary and can be omitted.
- a binder layer 4 is formed on the surface smooth layer 3.
- This binder layer 4 prevents the diffusion of impurities or compositions from the underlying my strength substrate and intermediate layer, and the metal electrode 5 such as molybdenum or tungsten formed thereon and the strength substrate structure (my strength). Formed to improve adhesion between the force substrate 1 and the intermediate layer 2).
- the material for the binder layer 4 nitride compounds such as TiN and TaN are suitable. According to the experimental results, the thickness of the binder layer 4 needs to be 3000 A or more in order to ensure the noise resistance, and it is sufficient to achieve both barrier properties and adhesion, but it exceeds 10,000 A. It should be 8000A or less because peeling easily occurs.
- Each layer is formed on the binder layer 4 in the same manner as a conventional chalcopyrite solar cell.
- a molybdenum (Mo) electrode 5 to be a lower electrode is formed by sputtering, and the Mo electrode 5 is divided by laser irradiation (first scribe).
- the precursor is placed in a furnace, and is heated in an atmosphere of H Se gas.
- the chalcopyrite-based light absorption layer 6 is formed by the vapor phase selenium soot treatment. If necessary, a step of adding sodium (Na), which is an alkali metal, can be performed prior to the vapor phase selenization treatment. By diffusing Na in the light absorption layer, the particles of the light absorption layer This is because the energy conversion efficiency increases as (grains) grow.
- Na sodium
- the light absorption layer 6 is a p-type semiconductor layer.
- an n-type buffer layer 7 that functions as an n-type semiconductor layer such as CdS, ZnO, or InS is sputtered or CBD (chemical bath). For example, it is formed to a thickness of several hundred A by a method such as' deposition).
- a high resistance layer 8 can be formed to a thickness of several hundreds of A if necessary. After that, the light absorption layer and the buffer layer are divided by laser irradiation or a metal needle (second scribe).
- a transparent electrode (TCO) 9 such as ZnOAl to be an upper electrode is formed by sputtering, CBD, or the like, and an antireflection film 10 is formed thereon. Furthermore, the antireflection film, transparent electrode, binder layer, and light absorption layer are divided by laser irradiation or metal needles (third sliver). Finally, by forming lead electrodes 11 and 12 on the lower electrode layer 5 and the upper electrode layer 9, a chalcopyrite thin film solar cell is completed.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the conversion efficiency due to the change in the thickness of the binder layer. From this graph, the solar battery with the intermediate layer in the state where the binder layer has no binder and the intermediate layer in the state, Compared to the case, when the binder layer has a conversion efficiency of about 4% and the binder layer is 1000 A, the solar cell with the intermediate layer has a conversion efficiency slightly lower by 7% than the case without the intermediate layer. You can see this.
- the effect of the binder layer is enhanced by the presence of the intermediate layer.
- the effect of the binder layer appears when the film thickness is thin. Therefore, if there is an intermediate layer, the binder layer can be made thinner.
- Fig. 8 shows the results of further verification of the film thickness dependence of the node layer.
- Figure 8 shows the formation of a coating of ceramic material, which is an intermediate layer, on a laminated ceramic substrate, and a binder between the Mo electrodes.
- SIMS Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- A shows the detection count on a linear scale.
- B is a graph showing the detection count of (a) in logarithm.
- the impurity element affecting the conversion efficiency of the solar cell is power lithium (K), and the diffusion of potassium (K) depends on the thickness of the binder layer.
- the graph in (b) shows that the binder layer thickness must be 300 nm (3000 A) or higher in order to make the potassium (K) concentration lower than when using a glass substrate. Is divided.
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Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE112006001937T DE112006001937T5 (de) | 2005-07-22 | 2006-07-03 | Chalcopyrit-Solarzelle |
| US11/994,349 US7741560B2 (en) | 2005-07-22 | 2006-07-03 | Chalcopyrite solar cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005-212350 | 2005-07-22 | ||
| JP2005212350A JP3963924B2 (ja) | 2005-07-22 | 2005-07-22 | カルコパイライト型太陽電池 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2007010735A1 true WO2007010735A1 (ja) | 2007-01-25 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2006/313204 Ceased WO2007010735A1 (ja) | 2005-07-22 | 2006-07-03 | カルコパイライト型太陽電池 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7741560B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP3963924B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN100517766C (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE112006001937T5 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2007010735A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2007035677A (ja) | 2007-02-08 |
| CN101258610A (zh) | 2008-09-03 |
| CN100517766C (zh) | 2009-07-22 |
| JP3963924B2 (ja) | 2007-08-22 |
| US7741560B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 |
| DE112006001937T5 (de) | 2008-06-19 |
| US20090133749A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
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