WO2006137535A1 - ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法 - Google Patents
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006137535A1 WO2006137535A1 PCT/JP2006/312645 JP2006312645W WO2006137535A1 WO 2006137535 A1 WO2006137535 A1 WO 2006137535A1 JP 2006312645 W JP2006312645 W JP 2006312645W WO 2006137535 A1 WO2006137535 A1 WO 2006137535A1
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- Prior art keywords
- polyethylene
- mass
- microporous membrane
- molecular weight
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Classifications
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08J2323/12—Polypropene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/494—Tensile strength
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention includes a polyethylene-based resin and polypropylene, and has uniform film thickness and mechanical properties.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a polyolefin microporous membrane having excellent balance of permeability, dimensional stability, shutdown characteristics, meltdown characteristics and compression resistance.
- Polyolefin microporous membranes include battery separators used in lithium secondary batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-powered battery batteries, polymer batteries, etc., as well as cell routers for electrolytic capacitors, reverse osmosis filtration membranes, It is widely used in various filters such as outer filtration membranes and microfiltration membranes, moisture-permeable and waterproof clothing, and medical materials.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane is used as a battery separator, particularly a lithium ion battery separator, its performance is closely related to battery characteristics, productivity and safety. Therefore, the polyolefin microporous membrane is required to have excellent mechanical characteristics, permeability, dimensional stability, shutdown characteristics, meltdown characteristics, and the like.
- polyethylene containing ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is generally used in order to obtain excellent mechanical strength. Furthermore, in order to improve the meltdown temperature of the polyolefin microporous membrane and improve the high-temperature storage characteristics of the battery, it is preferable to use polypropylene with excellent heat resistance in combination with polyethylene.
- microporous membranes containing polyethylene and polypropylene, especially microporous membranes containing ultra-high molecular weight polyolefin tend to be inferior in properties such as film thickness uniformity.
- a microporous membrane with poor film thickness uniformity is used for a battery separator, there is a problem that the production yield is poor, as well as the problem of short circuiting and low compression resistance.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was proposed (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-194132). Concrete Specifically, the JP No.
- the weight average molecular weight and 2.0 X 10 6 powdery ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene 30 wt% of powdered high density polyethylene 6 5 weight 0 of weight average molecular weight of 3.0 X 10 5 / 0 (Mw / Mn: 20.5 of a polyethylene composition composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and high-density polyethylene) and 5% by mass of a propylene homopolymer having a mass average molecular weight of 6.0 ⁇ 10 5 and an MFR force of 0.5
- a polyolefin microporous membrane produced by a wet method using a composition comprising: This polyolefin microporous membrane has excellent film thickness uniformity and good production yield.
- JP 2004-196870 discloses polyethylene and mass average
- JP 2004-196871 discloses that polyethylene has a mass average molecular weight of 5 ⁇ 10 5 or more and a melting point measured by a scanning differential calorimeter at a temperature rising rate of 3 to 20 ° C. Zmin of 163 ° C. or more. becomes polypropylene and force, the content of polyps propylene has proposed a polyolefin microporous film is 20 mass 0/0 or less.
- separators have been required to improve characteristics relating to battery life such as cycle characteristics.
- the electrode of a lithium ion battery expands due to insertion of lithium during charging and contracts due to lithium desorption during discharging.
- the expansion rate during charging tends to increase.
- the separator is compressed when the electrode expands, the separator is required to have a property (compression resistance) that has a small change in permeability due to the compression. If the compression resistance of the microporous membrane is poor, there is a high risk of insufficient battery capacity (deterioration of cycle characteristics) when used as a battery separator.
- the microporous membrane described in each of the above patent documents has a force that is not sufficient in compression resistance.
- the microporous membrane for battery separators including polyethylene and polypropylene balances film thickness uniformity, mechanical properties, permeability, dimensional stability, shutdown properties, meltdown properties, and compression resistance. It is desirable to have well.
- the object of the present invention is to produce a polyolefin microporous membrane having an excellent balance of film thickness uniformity, mechanical properties, permeability, dimensional stability, shirt down properties, melt down properties and compression resistance. Is to provide a way to do.
- the present inventors have formed a film of a polyethylene-based resin, a polypropylene having a mass average molecular weight of 1 ⁇ 10 5 or more and an ethylene content of 5% by mass or less.
- the method for producing a polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention comprises a polyethylene-based resin, a polypropylene having a mass average molecular weight of 1 ⁇ 10 5 or more and an ethylene content of 5% by mass or less, and a film forming solvent.
- the melt-kneaded product is extruded from a die, and the obtained extruded product is slowly cooled to obtain a gel-like sheet.
- the obtained gel-like sheet is stretched, and the film-forming solvent is removed to remove the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the slow cooling rate of the extrudate is 30 ° CZ seconds or less.
- twin screw extruder for extruding the melt-kneaded product. It is preferable to set the screw rotation speed Ns of the twin-screw extruder to 300 rpm or more and the ratio QZNs of the extrusion amount Q (kgZh) to the screw rotation speed Ns (rpm) to 0.3 kgZhZ rpm or less. This further improves the dispersibility of the polypropylene in the microporous film, thereby further improving the film thickness uniformity and the meltdown characteristics.
- the polyethylene-based resin has the power of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 5 ⁇ 10 5 or more and high density polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 7 ⁇ 10 4 or more to less than 5 ⁇ 10 5 . Is preferred.
- the mass average molecular weight of the high density polyethylene is more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 5 or more and less than 5 ⁇ 10 5 .
- the content of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene is preferably 1% by mass or more, where the total of the polyethylene-based resin and the polypropylene is 100% by mass.
- the content of the polypropylene is that of the polyethylene-based resin and the polypropylene. The total is 100% by mass, preferably 1-30% by mass.
- the film is stretched again at a temperature of not less than the crystal dispersion temperature of the polyethylene-based resin to a melting point of + 10 ° C. so as to be at least 1.1 to 2.5 times in a uniaxial direction. This further improves the compression resistance of the microporous membrane.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention has an excellent balance of film thickness uniformity, mechanical properties, permeability, dimensional stability, shutdown properties, meltdown properties, and compression resistance.
- the battery has excellent safety and productivity such as heat resistance, compression resistance, electrolyte injection properties, etc., as well as capacity characteristics, cycle characteristics, discharge characteristics, etc. Is obtained.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is also suitable for various filter applications.
- the polyolefin yarn composition is essentially composed of polyethylene-based resin and polypropylene having a mass average molecular weight of 1 ⁇ 10 5 or more and an ethylene content of 5% by mass or less.
- Polyethylene-based resin is composed of ( a ) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, (b) polyethylene other than ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, (c) a mixture (polyethylene composition) that is powerful with ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and other polyethylene, or ( d) A composition obtained by adding polyolefins other than polyethylene and polypropylene (hereinafter referred to as “other polyolefins” unless otherwise specified) to any of the above (a) to (c).
- the mass average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyethylene-based resin is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 ⁇ 10 4 or more, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 4 to 15 ⁇ 10 6 , more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 4 to 5 ⁇ 10 6 .
- the Mw force less than S i X 10 4 of polyethylene ⁇ and is easy to occur breakage during stretching of the gel-like sheet, it is difficult to obtain a polyolefin microporous membrane having excellent properties.
- the Mw of the polyethylene resin is 15 ⁇ 10 6 or less, melt extrusion is easy.
- Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene has a Mw of 5 ⁇ 10 5 or more.
- Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene Not only ethylene homopolymers but also ethylene ⁇ ⁇ -olefin copolymers containing a small amount of other ⁇ -olefins may be used.
- ⁇ -olefins other than ethylene propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, octene, butyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene are preferable.
- the Mw of the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 15 ⁇ 10 6 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 5 ⁇ 10 6 .
- Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is a mixture of two or more types of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene with different Mw.
- Polyethylene other than ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene has an Mw of 7 x 10 4 or more and less than 5 x 10 5 , and is selected as a group strength that also has high density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, branched low density polyethylene and chain low density polyethylene strength. At least one kind is preferred.
- Polyethylene having an Mw of 7 ⁇ 10 4 or more and less than 5 ⁇ 10 5 is a copolymer containing not only a homopolymer of ethylene but also a small amount of other ⁇ -olefins such as propylene, butene-1, and hexene-1. But it ’s okay. Such copolymers are preferably produced with a single site catalyst.
- the Mw of polyethylene other than ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene is more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 5 or more and less than 5 ⁇ 10 5 .
- the polyethylene other than the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene may be a mixture of two or more types of high density polyethylene having different Mw, a mixture of similar medium density polyethylenes, or a mixture of similar low density polyethylenes.
- Polyethylene yarn ⁇ is a mixture consisting of the Mw force X 10 5 or more ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, the other polyethylene.
- Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and other polyethylenes may be the same as described above.
- This polyethylene composition can easily control the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) depending on the application.
- a composition of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and high density polyethylene is preferred.
- the content of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the polyethylene composition is preferably 80% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the entire polyethylene yarn and composition.
- composition power is supplemented with other polyolefins.
- Other yarns and articles with polyolefin added thereto may be any of the above (a) to (c) and polyethylene. And mixtures with polyolefins other than polypropylene and polypropylene.
- Other polyolefins include polybutene-1, polypentene-1, polyhexene-1, polyoctene-1, and ethylene' ⁇ -olefin copolymers each having an Mw of 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 4 ⁇ 10 6 and an Mw of 1 It is possible to use at least one selected from the group force that also has polyethylene wax strength of X 10 3 to 1 X 10 4.
- Polybutene-1, polypentene-1, polyhexene-1 and polyoctene-1 are not limited to homopolymers but may be other ⁇ -olefin-containing copolymers.
- the content of other polyolefins is preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the entire polyethylene-based resin.
- MwZMn is a measure of molecular weight distribution. The larger this value, the wider the molecular weight distribution.
- the MwZMn of the polyethylene-based resin is not limited, but when the polyethylene-based resin is composed of any one of the above (a) to (c), 5 to 300 is preferable, and 10 to 100 is more preferable. If Mw / Mn is less than 5, the high molecular weight component is too much and melt extrusion is difficult, and if MwZMn exceeds 300, the low molecular weight component is too much and the strength of the microporous membrane is reduced.
- the MwZMn of polyethylene (homopolymer and ethylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer) can be appropriately adjusted by multistage polymerization.
- the multi-stage polymerization method is preferably a two-stage polymerization in which a high molecular weight polymer component is generated in the first stage and a low molecular weight polymer component is generated in the second stage.
- the larger the MwZMn the greater the difference in Mw between ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and the other polyethylene, and vice versa.
- the MwZMn of the polyethylene yarn composition can be appropriately adjusted depending on the molecular weight and mixing ratio of each component.
- Polypropylene Mw is not less 1 X 10 5 or more, it is necessary ethylene content is 5 mass 0/0 or less. Power Mw of the polypropylene is less than IX 10 5, when the ethylene content is 5 mass 0/0 than, less permeable microporous membrane.
- the Mw of polypropylene is preferably 3 ⁇ 10 5 or more.
- the upper limit of Mw of polypropylene is not particularly limited, but is preferably 4 ⁇ 10 6 . If the Mw of polypropylene exceeds 4 ⁇ 10 6 , the dispersibility of polypropylene in the microporous membrane may be poor.
- Polypropylene preferably has an ethylene content of 1% by mass or less. More preferably, the amount is a homopolymer of substantially 0% by weight. However, as long as the ethylene content is 5% by mass or less, polypropylene may be propylene containing a small amount of ⁇ -olefin other than ethylene, a olefin copolymer, propylene homopolymer, and propylene' ⁇ -olefin. A composition comprising a copolymer may also be used. Examples of ⁇ -olefin include butene-1, pentene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, otaten, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene. Other than ethylene alpha - content of Orefin is E Ji Ren and a -! 5 mass 0/0 preferably less in total of Orefuin /,.
- the content of polypropylene is preferably 1 to 30% by mass, where the total of polyethylene-based resin and polypropylene is 100% by mass. If this content is less than 1% by mass, the meltdown temperature does not improve. On the other hand, if it exceeds 30% by weight, the film thickness uniformity may be deteriorated. This content is more preferably 2-20% by weight! /.
- the content of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 3% by mass or more, with the total of polyethylene-based resin and polypropylene as 100% by mass.
- the method for producing a polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention includes (1) a step of melt-kneading polyethylene-based resin, polypropylene and a film-forming solvent, and (2) extruding the resulting polyolefin solution from a die and cooling it.
- step (5) if necessary, (6) Re-stretching step, (7) Heat treatment step, (8) Cross-linking step by ionizing radiation, (9) Hydrophilization treatment step, (10) Surface covering treatment step Etc. may be performed. You may perform heat setting before step (4), after step (4) and in the middle of Z or step (6).
- a hot roll treatment step and a Z or hot solvent treatment step may be performed.
- a polyolefin solution is prepared by melting and kneading polyethylene-based resin, polypropylene, and a film-forming solvent.
- Various additives such as an acid proofing agent, an ultraviolet absorber, an antiblocking agent, a pigment, a dye, and an inorganic filler are added to the polyolefin solution as necessary to achieve the effects of the present invention. It can add in the range which does not impair. For example, it can be done by adding finely divided silica as a pore-forming agent.
- a liquid solvent and a solid solvent can be used as the film-forming solvent.
- the liquid solvent include nonane, decane, decalin, paraxylene, undecane, dodecane, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin, and mineral oil fractions having boiling points corresponding to these.
- a non-volatile liquid solvent such as liquid paraffin.
- Solid solvents having a melting point of 80 ° C. or lower are preferred. Examples of such solid solvents include paraffin wax, seryl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, dicyclohexyl phthalate and the like.
- a liquid solvent and a solid solvent may be used in combination.
- the viscosity of the liquid solvent is preferably in the range of 30 to 500 cSt at a temperature of 25 ° C, more preferably in the range of 30 to 200 cSt.
- this viscosity is less than 30 cSt, the discharge of the polyolefin solution from the die lip is uneven and kneading is difficult.
- it exceeds 500 c St it is difficult to remove the liquid solvent.
- Uniform melt-kneading of the polyolefin solution is not particularly limited, but it is preferably performed in a twin screw extruder. Melt kneading in a twin screw extruder is suitable for preparing a highly concentrated polyolefin solution.
- the melt kneading temperature is preferably from the melting point of polypropylene to the melting point + 70 ° C. Specifically, the melt kneading temperature is preferably 160 to 250 ° C, more preferably 180 to 230 ° C. “Melting point” is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) based on JIS K7121.
- the film-forming solvent may be added before the start of kneading or may be added from the middle of the extruder during kneading. The latter is preferred. In melt-kneading, it is preferable to add an anti-oxidation agent in order to prevent the oxidation of the polyolefin composition.
- polyolefin solution as 100 mass 0/0, the content of polyolefin composition is more preferably preferably fixture 20 to 45% by weight in the range of 10 to 50 mass%. If the polyolefin composition is less than 10% by mass, swell and neck-in will increase at the exit of the die when forming a gel-like molded product, and the moldability and self-supporting property of the gel-like molded product will decrease. On the other hand, when the polyolefin composition exceeds 50% by mass, the moldability of the gel-like molded product is lowered.
- the melt-kneaded polyolefin solution is directly or via another extruder, or cooled and pelletized, and then extruded again through the extruder.
- a twin screw extruder is preferable.
- the twin-screw extruder can be either a meshing type co-rotating twin screw extruder, a meshing type counter-rotating twin screw extruder, a non-meshing type co-rotating twin screw extruder or a non-meshing type counter-rotating twin screw extruder.
- a meshing type co-rotating twin screw extruder is preferred because it has a self-cleaning action and can reduce the load and increase the rotational speed compared to the different direction rotating type.
- the screw length (L) to diameter (D) ratio (LZD) of the twin screw extruder is preferably in the range of 20-100, more preferably in the range of 35-70.
- LZD is less than 20, melt kneading becomes insufficient. If the LZD exceeds 100, the residence time of the polyolefin solution increases too much.
- the shape of the screw is not particularly limited, and may be a known one.
- the inner diameter of the twin screw extruder is preferably 40 to 80 mm.
- the screw rotation speed Ns of the twin screw extruder is set to 300 rpm or more, and the ratio QZNs of the extrusion amount Q (kgZh) to the screw rotation speed Ns (rpm) is 0.3 kgZhZipm or less.
- the screw rotation speed Ns is more preferably 350 rpm or more.
- the upper limit of the screw rotation speed Ns is not particularly limited, but 500 rpm is preferable.
- QZNs is more preferably 0.25 kgZhZ rpm or less.
- the lower limit of Q / Ns is not particularly limited, but 0.01 kgZhZrpm is preferable.
- QZNs can be adjusted by selecting the shape of the screw (for example, diameter, groove depth of the discharge part, etc.).
- a sheet die having a rectangular base is used, but a double-cylindrical hollow die, an inflation die, or the like can also be used.
- the die gap is usually 0.1-5 mm, and it is heated to 140-250 ° C during extrusion.
- a gel-like sheet can be obtained by slowly cooling the gel-like molded article having both the die force and the extruded polyolefin solution force.
- the slow cooling rate should be 30 ° CZ seconds or less. As a result, crystallization of polypropylene is promoted, and the polypropylene is crystallized into a layer and does not become a lump, so that the thickness uniformity and meltdown characteristics of the microporous film are improved.
- the slow cooling rate is preferably 20 ° CZ seconds or less, more preferably 15 ° CZ seconds or less.
- the lower limit of the slow cooling rate is preferably 0.8 ° CZ seconds.
- Slow cooling When the speed is less than 0.8 ° CZ seconds, the degree of crystallinity is excessively increased, and it is difficult to obtain a gel-like sheet suitable for stretching.
- Slow cooling is preferably performed at least to the gel temperature or less, more preferably to 25 ° C or less.
- a method of directly contacting with cold air, cooling water, or other cooling medium a method of contacting with a roll cooled with a refrigerant, or the like can be used, but a method of contacting with a cooling roll is preferable.
- the obtained gel-like sheet is stretched at least in a uniaxial direction. After heating, the gel-like sheet is stretched at a predetermined ratio by a tenter method, a roll method, an inflation method, a rolling method, or a combination of these methods.
- a tenter method a tenter method
- a roll method an inflation method
- a rolling method or a combination of these methods.
- any of simultaneous biaxial stretching, sequential stretching or multistage stretching for example, a combination of simultaneous biaxial stretching and sequential stretching
- simultaneous biaxial stretching is particularly preferable.
- the mechanical strength is improved by stretching.
- the draw ratio is preferably 2 times or more, more preferably 3 to 30 times.
- biaxial stretching it is more preferably at least 3 times or more in any direction, and an area magnification of 9 times or more, more preferably an area magnification of 25 times or more.
- the area magnification is set to 9 times or more, the puncture strength is improved.
- the area magnification exceeds 400 times, there will be restrictions in terms of stretching equipment and stretching operations.
- the stretching temperature is the melting point regardless of whether it is a homopolymer or a copolymer. It is more preferable that the temperature is within the range of the crystal dispersion temperature, which is preferably + 10 ° C or less, and less than the crystal melting point.
- the stretching temperature exceeds the melting point + 10 ° C., the polyethylene melts and molecular chains cannot be oriented by stretching. If the stretching temperature is lower than the crystal dispersion temperature, the softness of the polyethylene is insufficient, and the film cannot be stretched or stretched immediately at a high magnification.
- Crystal dispersion temperature is determined by measuring temperature characteristics of dynamic viscoelasticity based on ASTM D 4065. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and other polyethylenes have a crystal dispersion temperature of about 90-100 ° C.
- the stretching temperature is equal to or lower than the crystal dispersion temperature of the polyethylene composition. It is preferable to be in the range from above to the crystalline melting point + 10 ° C or less.
- the stretching temperature is usually 100 to 140 ° C, preferably 110 to 120 ° C.
- stretching may be performed with a temperature distribution in the film thickness direction, or sequential stretching or multi-stage stretching may be performed in which the film is first stretched at a relatively low temperature and then secondarily stretched at a higher temperature. it can.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane having generally excellent mechanical strength can be obtained by stretching with a temperature distribution in the film thickness direction. The method is specifically described in Japanese Patent No. 3347854.
- a cleaning solvent is used to remove (clean) the film-forming solvent. Since the polyolefin composition phase is phase-separated from the film forming solvent, a porous film can be obtained by removing the film forming solvent.
- the removal (washing) of the washing solvent can be performed using a known washing solvent.
- the washing solvent include saturated hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and tetrasalt-carbon, ethers such as jetyl ether and dioxane, ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, Chain fluorocarbons such as trifluoride tan, CF, CF,
- Hyde mouth fluorocarbon such as C H F
- Hyde mouth full such as C F OCH, C F OC H
- These cleaning solvents have a low surface tension (eg, 24 mN / m or less at 25 ° C).
- a low surface tension cleaning solvent By using a low surface tension cleaning solvent, the network structure forming the micropores is prevented from shrinking due to the surface tension of the gas-liquid interface during drying after cleaning, and thus the polyolefin fine particles having high porosity and permeability are used. A porous membrane is obtained.
- the film after stretching can be washed by a method of immersing in a washing solvent, a method of showering the washing solvent, or a combination thereof.
- the washing solvent is preferably used in an amount of 300 to 30,000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the stretched film.
- Cleaning with a cleaning solvent is preferably performed until the residual amount of the film-forming solvent is less than 1% by mass of the initial addition amount.
- the polyolefin microporous film obtained by stretching and removing the solvent for film formation is dried by a heat drying method or an air drying method.
- the drying temperature is preferably not higher than the crystal dispersion temperature of the polyethylene-based resin, and particularly preferably 5 ° C. or lower than the crystal dispersion temperature.
- the drying is more preferably performed until the residual porous solvent becomes 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, with the microporous membrane being 100% by mass (dry weight). Insufficient drying is preferable because the porosity of the microporous membrane is lowered by the subsequent heat treatment and the permeability is deteriorated.
- the dried film is preferably stretched again at least in the uniaxial direction.
- Re-stretching can be performed by the tenter method or the like as described above while heating the membrane.
- Re-stretching may be uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching. In the case of biaxial stretching, either simultaneous biaxial stretching or sequential stretching may be used, but simultaneous biaxial stretching is preferred.
- the redrawing temperature is more preferably the melting point of the polyethylene-based resin included in the microporous membrane + 10 ° C or less, preferably the melting point or less.
- the lower limit of the redrawing temperature is preferably the crystal dispersion temperature of the polyethylene-based resin.
- the re-stretching temperature exceeds the melting point + 10 ° C, the compression resistance is lowered, and when the film is stretched in the transverse direction (TD), the variation in physical properties (especially air permeability) increases in the sheet width direction.
- the re-stretching temperature is lower than the crystal dispersion temperature, the softness of the polyolefin is insufficient, and the film cannot be stretched immediately and uniformly stretched.
- the stretching temperature is usually in the range of 90 to 140 ° C, preferably in the range of 95 to 135 ° C.
- magnification in the uniaxial direction of redrawing it should be 1.1 to 2.5 times in the longitudinal direction (MD) or the transverse direction (TD).
- MD longitudinal direction
- TD transverse direction
- biaxial stretching it should be 1.1 to 2.5 times each in the MD and TD directions.
- the stretching ratios in the MD direction and TD direction are 1.1 to 2.5 times, they may be different from each other in the MD direction and TD direction, but are preferably the same.
- the redrawing ratio is more preferably 1.1 to 2.0 times.
- Heat treatment step It is preferable to heat-treat the dried microporous membrane. Heat treatment stabilizes the crystals and makes the lamellar layer uniform.
- the heat treatment method may be heat setting treatment, Z or heat relaxation treatment, and is appropriately selected according to the required physical properties. Heat treatment is the melting point of polyethylene-based resin + 10
- the heat setting treatment is more preferably performed by a tenter method, a roll method or a rolling method.
- the heat relaxation treatment may be performed using a belt conveyor or an air floating heating furnace.
- the shrinkage rate is preferably 50% or less in at least one direction, more preferably 30% or less.
- the shrinkage caused by the thermal relaxation treatment on the re-stretched microporous membrane should be such that the length in the direction of re-stretching should be at least 91% before re-stretching, preferably 95% or more. More preferably.
- the film-forming solvent may be heat-set before, after removal, and during Z or the re-stretching process.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane Regardless of the presence or absence of heat treatment, it is preferable to subject the polyolefin microporous membrane to a crosslinking treatment by irradiation with ionizing radiation such as wire, wire, ⁇ -ray, and electron beam.
- ionizing radiation such as wire, wire, ⁇ -ray, and electron beam.
- an accelerating voltage of 100 to 300 kV is preferred, with an electron dose of 0.1 to 100 Mrad being preferred.
- the meltdown temperature of the polyolefin microporous membrane is increased by the crosslinking treatment.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane may be hydrophilized.
- the hydrophilic treatment can be performed by monomer draft, surfactant treatment, corona discharge or the like. Monomer grafting is preferably performed after the crosslinking treatment.
- any of a nonionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, or an amphoteric surfactant can be used. Is preferred.
- the solution is applied to the microporous membrane by the doctor blade method, with the ability to immerse the microporous membrane in a solution obtained by dissolving the surfactant in water or a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol.
- a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol.
- Polyolefin microporous membranes can be used as battery separators by coating the surface with polypropylene; fluorinated resin porous materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene; and porous materials such as polyimide and polyphenylene sulfide. Melt down characteristics are improved.
- the polypropylene for the coating layer preferably has a Mw in the range of 5,000 to 500,000, and preferably has a solubility in 100 g of toluene at a temperature of 25 ° C. of 0.5 g or more.
- the polypropylene preferably has a fraction of racemic dyad (a structural unit in which two connected monomer units are enantiomeric to each other) of 0.12 to 0.88.
- the hot roll treatment for example, the method described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-271046 can be used.
- a stretched gel-like sheet is brought into contact with a heated roll adjusted to a crystal dispersion temperature of polyethylene-based resin + 10 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point.
- the contact time between the heating roll and the stretched gel sheet is preferably 0.5 seconds to 1 minute.
- the heated gel may be brought into contact with the stretched gel-like sheet with the heated oil held on the roll surface.
- the heating roll may be either a smooth roll or an uneven roll that may have a suction function. Only the surface layer of the microporous membrane has a coarse structure with a large average pore diameter due to the heat roll treatment, and a dense structure is maintained inside, so that the electrolyte changes little in permeability when pressurized. A film having a high absorption rate of can be obtained.
- the thermal solvent treatment method for example, the method disclosed in WO 2000Z20493 can be used.
- the liquid film-forming solvent for example, liquid paraffin
- the hot solvent treatment a microporous membrane having a large pore diameter and excellent permeability and strength can be obtained.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane obtained by the above method has the following physical properties.
- Air permeability of 20 to 400 seconds / 100 cm 3 (film thickness converted to 20 ⁇ m)
- the air permeability is 20 to 400 seconds / 100 cm 3
- the battery capacity is increased and the cycle characteristics of the battery are also improved. Is not sufficiently shut when the temperature is elevated in the batteries in air permeability is less than 20 seconds Z100 cm 3.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane does not have good air permeability. On the other hand, if it exceeds 80%, when the polyolefin microporous membrane is used as a battery separator, the strength becomes insufficient and the risk of short-circuiting the electrodes increases.
- the puncture strength is less than 1,500 ⁇ 20 / ⁇ m, there is a risk of short-circuiting of the electrodes when the microporous membrane is incorporated into a battery as a battery separator.
- the puncture strength is preferably 3,000 mN / 20 ⁇ m or more.
- the tensile strength at break is 20,000 kPa or more in both the longitudinal direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD), there is no concern about film breakage.
- the tensile strength at break is preferably 80,000 kPa or more in both the longitudinal direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD).
- thermal shrinkage ratio after exposure to 105 ° C for 8 hours exceeds 10% in both the longitudinal direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD), when the polyolefin microporous membrane is used as a battery separator, The separator contracts, and the possibility of occurrence of a short circuit at the end increases.
- the thermal shrinkage rate is preferably 8% or less in both the MD and TD directions.
- film thickness variation rate of 1% or less If the film thickness variation rate is more than 1%, short circuiting is likely to occur when the polyolefin microporous membrane is used as a battery separator.
- the film thickness variation rate was determined by measuring the film thickness with a contact thickness meter at intervals of 5 mm over a length of 60 cm in the TD direction of the microporous film, and dividing the standard deviation calculated by the data force by the average film thickness. The value was expressed as a percentage.
- the film thickness change rate after heating and compression at 90 ° C for 5 minutes under a pressure of 2.2 MPa (22 kgf / cm 2 ) is 15% or more, when a polyolefin microporous membrane is used as a battery separator, Good absorption of expansion.
- the film thickness change rate is preferably 20% or more.
- the dispersibility of polypropylene in the polyolefin microporous membrane is Good film thickness uniformity and meltdown characteristics can be obtained.
- the battery separator made of the polyolefin microporous membrane preferably has a force film thickness of 5 to 50 ⁇ m, which can be appropriately selected according to the type of battery, and more preferably 10 to 35 ⁇ m.
- the Mw measured for a polyethylene (PE) composition consisting of UHMWPE and HDPE was 5.1 ⁇ 10 5
- Mw / Mn was 12
- the melting point was 135 ° C.
- the crystal dispersion temperature was 100 ° C. It was.
- Mw and MwZMn of UHMWPE, HDPE, PE composition and polypropylene were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method under the following conditions.
- Calibration curve Prepared from a calibration curve obtained using a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample using a predetermined conversion constant.
- the extruded molded body was gradually cooled at a rate of 10 ° C Z seconds while being taken up with a cooling roll adjusted to 20 ° C to form a gel sheet having a thickness of 1 mm.
- the gel sheet was simultaneously biaxially stretched at 114 ° C. so that the longitudinal direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD) were 5 times.
- the obtained stretched membrane is fixed to a frame plate [size: 20 cm x 20 cm, made of aluminum], immersed in a methylene chloride washing tank adjusted to 25 ° C, and rocked at 100 rpm for 3 minutes. While washing.
- the obtained membrane was air-dried at room temperature, fixed to a tenter, and heat-fixed at 128 ° C. for 10 minutes to produce a polyolefin microporous membrane.
- Example 2 A polyethylene composition with a PE composition (Mw: 4.2 X 10 5 , MwZMn: ll) that has 5 % by mass of UHMWPE and 85% by mass of HDPE is used as the polyethylene resin, and the concentration of the PO solution is 35% by mass.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the PO solution was extruded to 15 and the heat setting temperature was 129 ° C.
- PE composition (Mw: 3.6 X 10 5 , Mw / M n: 10) consisting of 2% by mass of UHMWPE and 93% by mass of HDPE, and a PO composition with a strength of 5% by mass of PP, the concentration of the PO solution is 35% by mass.
- the PO solution was extruded from the die so that the QZNs would be 0.24, and the slow cooling rate of the extruded kneaded product was 25 ° CZ seconds (cooling temperature 18 ° C), the stretching temperature was 117 ° C, and after washing A polyolefin microporous membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretched membrane was stretched again at 130.5 ° C so as to be 1.4 times in the TD direction and the heat setting temperature was 130.5 ° C.
- UHMWPE5 mass 0/0 and HDPE90 mass 0/0 PE composition comprising (Mw: 4.2 X 10 5, Mw / M n: ll) and, using a PP5 wt% and force becomes PO composition, the concentration of the PO solution
- the PO solution was extruded from the die so that the QZNs would be 0.24, the extruding melt kneaded product was cooled at a rate of 25 ° CZ seconds (cooling temperature 18 ° C), and the stretching temperature was 117 ° C.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretched membrane after washing was stretched again at 129.5 ° C to 1.4 times in the TD direction and the heat setting temperature was changed to 129.5 ° C. did.
- Example 7 The concentration of the PO solution was changed to 30% by mass, and the stretched membrane after washing was stretched again at a temperature of 130 ° C to 1.2 times in the MD direction, and the heat setting treatment temperature was changed to 130 ° C. Similarly, a polyolefin microporous film was prepared. [0076] Example 7
- UHMWPE10 wt% and HDPE (Mw: 4.5 X 10 5 , MwZMn: 13.5) PE composition comprising 80 mass 0/0 (Mw: 6.2 X 10 5, MwZMn: 17) and, PO composition comprising PP10 mass%
- the concentration of the PO solution is 35% by mass
- the stretching temperature is 115 ° C
- the stretched film after washing is stretched again at a temperature of 125 ° C to 1.3 times in the TD direction, and heat-fixed.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was 125 ° C.
- UHMWPE10 wt% and HDPE (Mw: 4.5 X 10 5 , MwZMn: 13.5) PE composition comprising 80 mass 0/0 (Mw: 6.2 X 10 5, MwZMn: 17) and, PO composition comprising PP10 mass%
- PE composition comprising 80 mass 0/0 (Mw: 6.2 X 10 5, MwZMn: 17) and, PO composition comprising PP10 mass%
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the concentration of the PO solution was 30% by mass, the stretching temperature was 115 ° C, and the heat setting treatment temperature was 123 ° C.
- UHMWPE10 mass 0/0 and HDPE75 mass 0/0 PE composition comprising (Mw: 6.3 X 10 5, Mw / M n: 17) and, using the PP15 wt% and force becomes PO composition, the concentration of the PO solution
- the PO solution is extruded so that the QZNs becomes 0.15, the stretching temperature is set to 116 ° C, and the stretched membrane after washing is subjected to simultaneous biaxial stretching of 1.2 x 1.2 times at a temperature of 128 ° C.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above.
- UHMWPE20 mass 0/0 and HDPE (Mw: 4.5 X 10 5 , MwZMn: 13.5)
- PE composition comprising 70 mass 0/0 (Mw: 7.9 X 10 5, MwZMn: 19) and, PO consisting of PP10 mass%
- the concentration of the PO solution adjust the concentration of the PO solution to 30% by mass and extrude the PO solution so that the QZNs is 0.35
- the cooling rate of the melt-kneaded material extruded from the die was set to 80 ° CZ seconds, and the heat setting treatment temperature was set to 120 ° C.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane was prepared.
- the film thickness was measured with a contact thickness meter at an interval of 5 mm over a length of 60 cm in the transverse direction (TD) at any longitudinal position of the microporous film, and the measured values of the film thickness were averaged.
- a microporous membrane with a thickness of T With a lmm-diameter needle with a spherical tip (radius of curvature R: 0.5 mm), a microporous membrane with a thickness of T
- Measurement was performed by ASTM D882 using a strip-shaped test piece having a width of 10 mm.
- the sample was heated from room temperature at a rate of 5 ° C Zmin while pulling a 10 mm (TD) X 3 mm (MD) microporous membrane sample in the longitudinal direction of the sample with a load of 2 g. The temperature at which the film was broken by melting was measured.
- the thickness was measured with a contact thickness meter at intervals of 5 mm over a length of 60 cm in the transverse direction (TD), and the standard deviation calculated from the obtained data was averaged. The value divided by the film thickness was expressed as a percentage.
- a microporous membrane sample was sandwiched between a pair of press plates having a high smooth surface, and this was heated and compressed at 90 ° C for 5 minutes under a pressure of 2.2 MPa (22 kgfZcm 2 ) using a press machine.
- the air temperature (attained air permeability value) and the average film thickness were measured.
- the film thickness change rate was calculated with the average film thickness before heat compression as 100%.
- Mw represents the weight average molecular weight
- Mw / Mn represents the molecular weight distribution
- Ns represents the screw speed
- MD represents the longitudinal direction
- TD represents the transverse direction
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Cell Separators (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Shaping By String And By Release Of Stress In Plastics And The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
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KR1020077027172A KR101354542B1 (ko) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-23 | 폴리올레핀 미세 다공막의 제조 방법 |
JP2007522386A JP5202948B2 (ja) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-23 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法 |
CA002611274A CA2611274A1 (en) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-23 | Method for producing polyolefin microporous polyolefin membrane |
US11/915,195 US20090079102A1 (en) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-23 | Method for producing microporous polyolefin membrane |
EP06767262A EP1897903A1 (en) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-23 | Method for producing polyolefin microporous membrane |
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JP2005-185152 | 2005-06-24 | ||
JP2005185152 | 2005-06-24 |
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WO2006137535A1 true WO2006137535A1 (ja) | 2006-12-28 |
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PCT/JP2006/312645 WO2006137535A1 (ja) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-23 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法 |
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US (1) | US20090079102A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1897903A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5202948B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101354542B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101208379A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2611274A1 (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2008102733A (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI399280B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006137535A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
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WO2009028734A1 (en) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-05 | Tonen Chemical Corporation | Multi-layer, microporous polyolefin membrane, its production method, battery separator and battery |
JP2009070823A (ja) * | 2007-09-12 | 2009-04-02 | Sk Energy Co Ltd | 高温強度及び透過度に優れているポリエチレン微多孔膜 |
CN101999183A (zh) * | 2008-03-07 | 2011-03-30 | 东燃化学株式会社 | 微孔膜、电池隔板和电池 |
US8338017B2 (en) | 2007-10-12 | 2012-12-25 | Toray Battery Separator Film Co., Ltd. | Microporous membrane and manufacturing method |
CN107599435A (zh) * | 2017-09-28 | 2018-01-19 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种聚烯烃微孔膜及其制备方法 |
WO2018164054A1 (ja) | 2017-03-08 | 2018-09-13 | 東レ株式会社 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜 |
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EP1873194B1 (en) * | 2005-03-31 | 2016-05-18 | Toray Battery Separator Film Co., Ltd. | Method for producing polyolefin microporous film and microporous film |
JP2008016238A (ja) * | 2006-07-04 | 2008-01-24 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 非水電解液二次電池 |
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- 2006-06-23 CN CNA2006800228153A patent/CN101208379A/zh active Pending
- 2006-06-23 EP EP06767262A patent/EP1897903A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-06-23 CA CA002611274A patent/CA2611274A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-06-23 JP JP2007522386A patent/JP5202948B2/ja active Active
- 2006-06-23 WO PCT/JP2006/312645 patent/WO2006137535A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2006-06-23 RU RU2008102733/04A patent/RU2008102733A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-06-23 TW TW095122659A patent/TWI399280B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-06-23 US US11/915,195 patent/US20090079102A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-06-23 KR KR1020077027172A patent/KR101354542B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2009028734A1 (en) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-05 | Tonen Chemical Corporation | Multi-layer, microporous polyolefin membrane, its production method, battery separator and battery |
JP2010537845A (ja) * | 2007-08-31 | 2010-12-09 | 東燃化学株式会社 | ポリオレフィン多層微多孔膜、その製造方法、電池用セパレータ及び電池 |
US8709640B2 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2014-04-29 | Toray Battery Separator Film Co., Ltd | Multi-layer, microporous polyolefin membrane, its production method, battery separator and battery |
JP2009070823A (ja) * | 2007-09-12 | 2009-04-02 | Sk Energy Co Ltd | 高温強度及び透過度に優れているポリエチレン微多孔膜 |
US8354185B2 (en) | 2007-09-12 | 2013-01-15 | Sk Innovation Co., Ltd. | Microporous polyethylene film with good property of strength and permeability at high temperature |
US8486521B2 (en) | 2007-09-12 | 2013-07-16 | Sk Innovation Co., Ltd. | Microporous polyethylene film with good property of strength and permeability at high temperature |
US8338017B2 (en) | 2007-10-12 | 2012-12-25 | Toray Battery Separator Film Co., Ltd. | Microporous membrane and manufacturing method |
CN101999183A (zh) * | 2008-03-07 | 2011-03-30 | 东燃化学株式会社 | 微孔膜、电池隔板和电池 |
WO2018164054A1 (ja) | 2017-03-08 | 2018-09-13 | 東レ株式会社 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜 |
CN107599435A (zh) * | 2017-09-28 | 2018-01-19 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种聚烯烃微孔膜及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2611274A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
US20090079102A1 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
KR101354542B1 (ko) | 2014-01-22 |
KR20080027233A (ko) | 2008-03-26 |
JP5202948B2 (ja) | 2013-06-05 |
CN101208379A (zh) | 2008-06-25 |
TWI399280B (zh) | 2013-06-21 |
JPWO2006137535A1 (ja) | 2009-01-22 |
RU2008102733A (ru) | 2009-07-27 |
EP1897903A1 (en) | 2008-03-12 |
TW200709917A (en) | 2007-03-16 |
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