Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
  • C01B21/0602—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with two or more other elements chosen from metals, silicon or boron
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
  • C01B21/0612—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with alkaline-earth metals, beryllium or magnesium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
  • C01B21/087—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms
  • C01B21/092—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms containing also one or more metal atoms
  • C01B21/0923—Metal imides or amides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0018—Inorganic elements or compounds, e.g. oxides, nitrides, borohydrides or zeolites; Solutions thereof
  • C01B3/0026—Metals or metal hydrides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0018—Inorganic elements or compounds, e.g. oxides, nitrides, borohydrides or zeolites; Solutions thereof
  • C01B3/0031—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B6/00—Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds ; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH3)2S, SiH GeH; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof
  • C01B6/04—Hydrides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, beryllium or magnesium; Addition complexes thereof
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
  • F17C11/005—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels for hydrogen
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a reversible hydrogen storage process involving new potentially interesting materials for the storage of hydrogen.
• Al also relates essentially to lithium-based materials which can be used for the storage of hydrogen.
• the excessively high stability of lithium hydride makes these materials not very thermodynamically favorable to the reversible storage of hydrogen.
• Document WO 2005/005310 A describes a composition usable for the storage of hydrogen comprising a hydrogenated state and a dehydrogenated state.
• this composition consists of an amide and a hydride.
• the composition comprises an imide therefore a compound already partially hydrogenated.
• the present invention relates to a reversible hydrogen storage process involving new potentially interesting materials for the storage of hydrogen (theoretically greater than 5% mass) under conditions defined by the pressure-temperature isothermal plate following:
• These new materials include a balanced system formed between a material consisting of the elements magnesium and nitrogen and the corresponding hydride; they are more particularly of the type:
• Mg 3 N 2 ⁇ > Mg (NH 2 ) 2 .
• the structure Mg (NH 2 ) 2 is known.
• Figure 1 is the diagram plotting the values of AE h yd calculated and the experimental values AH h y d from the literature.
• Figure 2 is the Van't Hoff diagram using the calculated values of AE ⁇ , y d for simple hydrates.
• Figure 3 is the Van't Hoff diagram for magnesium and nitrogen hydride.
• the materials consisting of the magnesium and nitrogen elements are brought into contact with gaseous hydrogen and thus lead to the formation of the corresponding hydride compound (s) (absorption of hydrogen).
• the hydride formed 5 restores the hydrogen (desorption). It is therefore a reversible storage process.
• Quantum physics and more specifically density functional theory provide a reliable basis for quantitative prediction of the structural, electronic and thermodynamic properties of a structure atomic, molecular or crystalline before any attempt to synthesize the material in the laboratory (see: W. Kohn, LJ. Sham, Phys. rev. A 140, 1133
• VASP Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package
• thermodynamic concepts such as enthalpy of formation
• the relative stabilities of material structures can be quantified as a function of temperature and pressure conditions.
• Modern quantum computation techniques such as DFT have the advantage of using minimal knowledge of empirical data to determine these same thermodynamic properties. Thanks to the knowledge of the fundamental constants of physics, these techniques, thus often called "ab initio", therefore make it possible to predict the energy stability and the physico-chemical properties of a crystal structure defined by its composition and its crystallographic mesh, independently of any experimental approach. In addition, these techniques make it possible to resolve experimental indeterminations on the structure of a material.
• intermetallic hydrides as hydrogen storage materials is based on the following chemical balance:
• M represents the stable metallic phase transforming into the hydride phase of stoichiometry MH n .
• This hydride phase has a theoretical mass storage capacity equal to nMH / (nMH + MM) xl00 percent, where MH is the molar mass of atomic hydrogen, and MM that of the metal.
• thermodynamic characteristics of the transformation (1) are described by a pressure-temperature isotherm.
• the isotherm presents a plateau.
• the temperature, T, and the equilibrium pressure, P eq , of the plateau are determined by the Van't Hoff equation:
• AS ⁇ , yd is the loss of entropy of the hydrogen molecule passing from the gas phase to an adsorbed state in the solid state of the final hydride.
• AS / ⁇ yd is known to be close to 130 J. K “1 .mol " 1 H 2 , whatever the hydride (see: “Hydrogen-storage Materials for Mobile Applications”, L. Schlapbach, A. Zuttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353-358, reference [2]; and "Hydrogen Storage propErties of Mg Ultrafine Particles Prepared by Hydrogen Plasma-metal Reaction", H. Shao, Y. Wang, H. Xu, X.
• AH hyd The enthalpy of hydride formation, AH hyd , can be expressed as a function of the variation of internal energy during hydriding, AE / ⁇ yd :
• Ac p represents the variation in heat capacity between the hydride phase and the metallic phase
• AZPE is the energy variation at zero point between the hydride phase and the metallic phase
• ⁇ Fest the molar volume variation between the hydride phase and the metallic phase .
• ICSD Inorganic Crystal Structure Database
• NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
• CRYSMET CRYSMET database belongs to and is maintained by "Toth Information Systems", Ottawa, and the National Research Council of Canada.
• ICSD and CRYSMET are accessible within the MedeA interface marketed by Materials Design SarL, Le Mans (France)).
• the material consisting of the magnesium and nitrogen elements may also comprise, in proportion less than 5% by weight, at least one transition metal from groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table of the elements chosen for example from Sc, Ti , V, Cr, 5 Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pd.
• the material of the invention can be in solid form or in dispersed form, obtained for example by grinding.
• the hydrogen storage process involving the materials according to the invention.
• the process is applied for example to the storage of on-board, stationary or portable hydrogen.
• Example 1 is given for comparison and Example 2 illustrates the invention.
• Example 1 (comparative): Known case of simple hydrides The diagram in Figure 1 plots the values of ⁇ E h y d calculated according to the process described above and the experimental values ⁇ H ⁇ , y d from the literature (see: "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 76 th Edition 1995-1996, David R. Lide Editor-in-Chief, CRC Press).
• the crystallographic structures used are those of the hydride and metallic phases stable under conditions close to those set out above in (6). They are shown in Table 1.
• Table 1 Structural properties and mass capacity of simulated simple hydrides.
• Figure 2 represents the translation of these values on the Van't Hoff diagram using the calculated values of ⁇ E hyd -
• Table 1 shows that none of the simple hydrides in Table 1 (with the exception of BeH 2 , which presents other operational difficulties) does not allow us to approach the target window defined above, which makes it possible to envisage the use of these materials for the storage of hydrogen.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)

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• 2005
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• 2006
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