WO2005005310A2 - Imede/amide hydrogen storage materials and methods - Google Patents
Imede/amide hydrogen storage materials and methods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005005310A2 WO2005005310A2 PCT/US2004/016529 US2004016529W WO2005005310A2 WO 2005005310 A2 WO2005005310 A2 WO 2005005310A2 US 2004016529 W US2004016529 W US 2004016529W WO 2005005310 A2 WO2005005310 A2 WO 2005005310A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen
- imide
- amide
- represented
- hydride
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
- C01B21/087—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms
- C01B21/092—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms containing also one or more metal atoms
- C01B21/0923—Metal imides or amides
- C01B21/0926—Metal imides or amides of alkali metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
- C01B21/087—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
- C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to hydrogen storage compositions, the method of making such hydrogen storage compositions and use thereof for storing hydrogen.
- Hydrogen is desirable as a source of energy because it reacts cleanly with air producing water as a by-product.
- this is done by conventional means such as storage under high pressure, at thousands of pounds per square inch, cooling to a liquid state, or absorbing into a solid such as a metal hydride. Pressurization and liquification require relatively expensive processing and storage equipment.
- Storing hydrogen in a solid material such as metal hydrides provides volumetric hydrogen density which is relatively high and compact as a storage medium.
- Rechargeable hydrogen storage devices have been proposed to facilitate the use of hydrogen. Such devices may be relatively simple and generally are simply constructed as a shell and tube heat exchanger where the heat transfer medium delivers heat for desorption. Such heat transfer medium is supplied in channels separate from the chamber which houses the hydrogen storage material. Therefore, when hydrogen release is desired, hot fluid may be circulated through the channels, in heat transfer relationship with the storage material, to facilitate release of the hydrogen. To recharge the storage medium, hydrogen may be pumped into the chamber and through the storage material while the heat transfer medium removes heat, thus facilitating the charging or hydrogenating process.
- the invention provides a hydrogen storage composition having a hydrogenated state and a dehydrogenated state.
- a hydrogenated state such composition comprises an amide and a hydride.
- the amide is preferably represented by the general formula
- the composition comprises an
- the invention provides a method of hydrogen storage according to the present invention, where gaseous hydrogen is contacted with the imide having such one or more cations besides hydrogen, and upon uptake of hydrogen, forms at least two distinct compounds different from the imide namely, the amide and the hydride.
- the imide takes up hydrogen for storage therein, heat is released and the aforesaid amide and hydride are formed.
- the imide is an exothermic hydrogen absorber. That is, hydrogen is inserted or taken up by the imide and heat is released.
- the amide and hydride release hydrogen in the presence of one another, driven by heat, and the imide is formed. Accordingly, heat is used to cause the amide and the hydride to desorb or release hydrogen, and this reaction is endothermic.
- a method for forming the imide hydrogen storage material which comprises reacting the amide in the presence of the hydride to form the imide storage material.
- a nitride is reacted with an amide to form the imide.
- an amide is heated for a time and a temperature sufficient to produce an imide reaction product and release ammonia as a by- product.
- the ammonia is separated from the imide-based reaction product to thereby provide a suitable storage material.
- the invention provides a hydrogen storage composition having a hydrogenated state and a dehydrogenated state, therein providing two distinct physical states where hydrogen can be stored and subsequently released.
- a hydrogen storage composition having a hydrogenated state and a dehydrogenated state, therein providing two distinct physical states where hydrogen can be stored and subsequently released.
- the hydrogenated state such composition comprises an amide and a hydride, each of which are solids.
- the amide is
- the composition comprises an
- a preferred imide is lithium imide represented by the formula LJ 2 NH, wherein the cation species is lithium, and the preferred distinct compounds formed upon hydrogen uptake are the amide represented by formula LiNHa, and the hydride represented by the formula LiH.
- M, Ml and MM each represent a cationic species or mixture of cationic species other than hydrogen.
- Examples are metal cations, non-metal cations such as boron, and non-metal cations which are organic such as CH 3 .
- Elements that form preferred amides, imides, hydride-nitrides, and mixtures of cations in the type of compounds of the present invention are as follows.
- the cationic species comprise: Li, Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Ni, Rb, Sr, In, Cs, Ba, La, Sm, Eu, and Yb.
- the cationic species comprise: Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, La, Eu, and Th.
- the cationic species comprise: Si, Ca, Ti, Sr, Zr, Ba, and Th.
- the cationic species comprise: Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Mn, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, In, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Pb, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Yb.
- the cationic species comprise: Li, Be, B, Na, K, Ca, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Sr, In, Sb, La, W, Eu, and Th. Evaluation of the aforesaid known species produces, by analogy the following added cationic species besides those recited above which are thought to be usable but not yet demonstrated, include Fe, Sc, Ge, Cd, Hf, Hg, Tl, and Pr.
- the cationic species generally comprise: aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), boron (B), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cerium (Ce), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), europium (Eu), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), gadolinium (Gd), germanium (Ge), hafnium (Hf), mercury (Hg), indium (In), potassium (K), lanthanum (La), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), praseodymium (Pr), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), samarium (Sm), tin (Sn), strontium (Sr), thorium (Th), titanium (Ti),
- Such materials involve hydrogen and nitrogen and comprise cationic species having ammonia complex to them, so they are ammonia- containing materials, but not amides or imides.
- Such more complex type salts involve the aforesaid cations having a higher number of nitrogen surrounding it as compared to the amide and imides.
- simple lithium amide has an Li coordinated with one NH 2 .
- the more complex compounds have the lithium coordinated with more than one NH group. Therefore, the invention encompasses all of the hydrogen storage capable nitride/hydride type materials and compounds some of which involve cations having affinity to ammonia as well as the more traditional NH 2 .
- M, Ml and Mil are independently selected and each may be different, or any two or more may be the same, cationic species.
- M, Ml and MM each represent one or a mixture select from the group consisting of lithium, magnesium, sodium, boron, aluminum, beryllium, and zinc.
- all such M, Ml and Mil represent lithium, or mixed metal including lithium, such as LiNa.
- Another suitable composition for reversibly cycling or storing hydrogen is exemplified by the imide MgNH which upon uptake of hydrogen forms an amide represented by the formula Mg(NH 2 ) 2 and a hydride represented by the formula MgH 2 .
- the invention provides a method for storing and releasing hydrogen comprising cycling hydrogen according to the general mechanism:
- the imide takes up hydrogen for storage therein, heat is released and the aforesaid amide and hydride are formed.
- the. imide is an exothermic hydrogen absorber.
- the amide and hydride release hydrogen in the presence of one another, driven by heat, and the imide is formed. Accordingly, heat is used to cause the amide and the hydride to desorb or release hydrogen.
- Preferred temperature and pressure conditions for charging the hydrogen into the storage material are temperature range of about room temperature to about 380°C and pressures of about 0 (vacuum) to about 10 atm. At about 380°C and less then 10 atmospheres, hydrogen will tend to be released. At lower temperatures the pressure to release is correspondingly lower.
- the system behaves in a manner whereby at each temperature, there is a threshold pressure above which hydrogen is absorbed and below which hydrogen is desorbed. For example, at 125°C in order to desorb, pressure is preferably less than 10 kPa. It is possible to desorb at up to 1000 kPa at temperatures higher that about 340°C.
- the pressure for hydrogen release is near zero, vacuum.
- hydrogen is released until pressure is above about 10 atm. Then at such elevated pressure, hydrogen is inserted.
- Particle size of the storage material is related to its performance. Particles which are too coarse extend the time for absorbtion/desorption at a given temperature. It has been found that starting material particle size on the order of 500 microns (one half millimeter) ball milled for 1 to 10 hours form suitable material. This results in particle size on the order of less than about 10 microns.
- a method for forming the imide based hydrogen storage material which comprises reacting the amide in the presence of the hydride to form the imide storage medium.
- the amide and hydride in particulate form are mixed together and heated to release hydrogen and form the imide product.
- a nitride preferably represented by formula Mlll g N 3/ g is reacted with an amide,
- nitride and amide components in particle form are mixed together and heated to produce the imide.
- Mill represents cationic species other than, different from, hydrogen
- g represents the average valence state of Mill.
- a preferred hydrogen storage material comprises lithium imide which upon uptake of hydrogen forms the lithium amide and lithium hydride.
- Such lithium imide is formed preferably by one of the foregoing methods including: (1) reacting lithium amide with lithium hydride to release hydrogen and form the lithium imide; (2) reacting lithium nitride with lithium amide to form the lithium imide; and (3) the heating of lithium amide under conditions sufficient to release ammonia, and then separating such ammonia, for example, in gas form, to provide the lithium imide storage product.
- the foregoing lithium storage system based upon the imide absorbs hydrogen at a temperature of preferably greater than or equal to 145 degrees Celsius and hydrogen pressures as low as 5 kPa, but preferably greater than or equal to 15 kPa.
- the amide and hydride constituents release or desorb hydrogen at a temperature greater than or equal to 125 degrees Celsius and at hydrogen pressure that is less than or equal to 10 kPa, thereby forming the imide constituent as heretofore described.
- the hydrogen storage system is also exemplified by:
- M is a metal or mixtures of metals as defined hereinabove and preferably Li-based.
- x is the valence state of the metal or average valence state of the metal mixture
- N is nitrogen
- H is hydrogen.
- the essential material is either the metal imide, represented by 2M +x (NH) ⁇ /2 or a mixture of the metal amide and metal hydride respectively represented by M +X (NH 2 ) X and M +X H X .
- the absorption or desorption of hydrogen is determined/controlled by the temperature and hydrogen pressure of the storage medium. That is, hydrogen absorption by the imide-based materials occurs as the imide temperature decreases, that is, heat is released and the reaction is exothermic. Conversely, heating facilitates reaction of amide and hydride to release hydrogen, and the reaction is endothermic.
- This example demonstrates hydrogen storage medium wherein the cation is lithium in the system: Li 2 NH + H 2 ⁇ — > LiNH 2 + LiH.
- the system was formed from a wide variety of starting materials using preparation techniques exemplified by the following: 1. Mixing an equal molar ratio of lithium amide (LiNH 2 ) and lithium hydride (LiH) forms the hydrogen storage media system, that can release hydrogen according to the following reaction to form the imide Li 2 NH as
- Method (1) was demonstrated in the laboratory, and mixing was accomplished using standard ball milling techniques at room temperature under argon gas for 10 hours.
- the heating to release the hydrogen was conducted at a temperature of 230°C and pressure 130 kPa under helium atmosphere in the high pressure thermogravimetric analysis apparatus.
- the amide and hydride together form the hydrogen storage system.
- forming the hydrogen storage system does not require heating.
- releasing and re-absorbing hydrogen does require heating. 2.
- lithium nitride (Li 3 N) absorbs hydrogen forming lithium amide (LiNH 2 ); and lithium hydride (LiH); and speculated that the reaction is reversible. In tests conducted in connection with the present invention, it was demonstrated that the reaction is not reversible at the temperatures and pressures as explored here.
- the hydride and amide desorb hydrogen to form lithium imide (Li 2 NH).
- the imide of the lithium system prepared as above, methods 1 , 2 and 3 absorb hydrogen at temperatures of 125°C to 340°C and hydrogen pressures of about 5 to about
- Figure 2 shows the weight change versus time for the ball- milled mixture LiNH 2 + LiH. The mixture was first heated to about 240°C at
- the hydrogen storage materials according to the present invention provide reversible solid phase hydrogen storage, which is especially advantageous in fuel cell applications.
- the reversibility of the storage is readily controlled by temperature, pressure, and hydrogen concentrations.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE112004001139T DE112004001139B4 (en) | 2003-06-25 | 2004-05-25 | Imide / Amide Hydrogen Storage Materials and Methods |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/603,474 US6967012B2 (en) | 2003-06-25 | 2003-06-25 | Imide/amide hydrogen storage materials and methods |
US10/603,474 | 2003-06-25 | ||
US10/824,876 US7344690B2 (en) | 2003-06-25 | 2004-04-15 | Imide/amide hydrogen storage materials and methods |
US10/824,876 | 2004-04-15 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005005310A2 true WO2005005310A2 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
WO2005005310A3 WO2005005310A3 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2004/016529 WO2005005310A2 (en) | 2003-06-25 | 2004-05-25 | Imede/amide hydrogen storage materials and methods |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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KR (2) | KR20080027402A (en) |
DE (1) | DE112004001139B4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005005310A2 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006082317A1 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-10 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Hydrogen storage method employing a system in equilibrium between a material comprising nitrogen and magnesium elements and the corresponding hydride |
FR2954183A1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-24 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | LITHIUM AND TIN AMIDURES FOR REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN STORAGE |
WO2013057473A1 (en) * | 2011-10-21 | 2013-04-25 | The Science And Technology Facilities Council | A method for producing hydrogen from ammonia |
CN104649223A (en) * | 2013-11-21 | 2015-05-27 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | Method for improving thermodynamic performances of metal-nitrogen base compound hydrogen storage material |
CN112110426A (en) * | 2020-08-20 | 2020-12-22 | 浙江工业大学 | Method for synthesizing amino lithium potassium by mechanical ball milling |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080274033A1 (en) * | 2007-05-03 | 2008-11-06 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Methods of generating hydrogen with nitrogen-containing hydrogen storage materials |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030113252A1 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-06-19 | National University Of Singapore | Method for alkali hydride formation and materials for hydrogen storage |
US20030129126A1 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-07-10 | National University Of Singapore | Method for reversible storage of hydrogen and materials for hydrogen storage |
-
2004
- 2004-05-25 WO PCT/US2004/016529 patent/WO2005005310A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-05-25 DE DE112004001139T patent/DE112004001139B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-25 KR KR1020087005913A patent/KR20080027402A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-05-25 KR KR1020057024502A patent/KR100864104B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030113252A1 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-06-19 | National University Of Singapore | Method for alkali hydride formation and materials for hydrogen storage |
US20030129126A1 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-07-10 | National University Of Singapore | Method for reversible storage of hydrogen and materials for hydrogen storage |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006082317A1 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-10 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Hydrogen storage method employing a system in equilibrium between a material comprising nitrogen and magnesium elements and the corresponding hydride |
FR2881733A1 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-11 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | NEW HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIAL COMPRISING A BALANCED SYSTEM BETWEEN AN ALLOY OF MAGNESIUM AND NITROGEN AND THE CORRESPONDING HYDRIDE |
US7608239B2 (en) | 2005-02-07 | 2009-10-27 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process for the storage of hydrogen using a system that strikes a balance between a material that consists of magnesium elements and magnesium nitrogen elements and nitrogen and the corresponding hydride |
FR2954183A1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-24 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | LITHIUM AND TIN AMIDURES FOR REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN STORAGE |
WO2011086288A1 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2011-07-21 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Lithium and tin amides for reversible hydrogen storage |
WO2013057473A1 (en) * | 2011-10-21 | 2013-04-25 | The Science And Technology Facilities Council | A method for producing hydrogen from ammonia |
US9670063B2 (en) | 2011-10-21 | 2017-06-06 | The Science And Technology Facilities Council | Method for producing hydrogen from ammonia |
CN104649223A (en) * | 2013-11-21 | 2015-05-27 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | Method for improving thermodynamic performances of metal-nitrogen base compound hydrogen storage material |
CN104649223B (en) * | 2013-11-21 | 2017-02-01 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | Method for improving thermodynamic performances of metal-nitrogen base compound hydrogen storage material |
CN112110426A (en) * | 2020-08-20 | 2020-12-22 | 浙江工业大学 | Method for synthesizing amino lithium potassium by mechanical ball milling |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE112004001139B4 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
KR20060010848A (en) | 2006-02-02 |
WO2005005310A3 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
KR20080027402A (en) | 2008-03-26 |
DE112004001139T5 (en) | 2008-03-20 |
KR100864104B1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
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