Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/70—Fixation, conservation, or encapsulation of flavouring agents
  • A23L27/72—Encapsulation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
  • A23L5/40—Colouring or decolouring of foods
  • A23L5/42—Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners
  • A23L5/43—Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners using naturally occurring organic dyes or pigments, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
  • A23L5/40—Colouring or decolouring of foods
  • A23L5/42—Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners
  • A23L5/43—Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners using naturally occurring organic dyes or pigments, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
  • A23L5/44—Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners using naturally occurring organic dyes or pigments, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives using carotenoids or xanthophylls
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
  • A23L5/40—Colouring or decolouring of foods
  • A23L5/42—Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners
  • A23L5/47—Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners using synthetic organic dyes or pigments not covered by groups A23L5/43 - A23L5/46
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
  • A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
  • A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/14—Liposomes; Vesicles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/64—Proteins; Peptides; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
  • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/5052—Proteins, e.g. albumin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/5089—Processes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q1/00—Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
  • A61Q1/02—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
  • A61Q1/04—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments for lips
  • A61Q1/06—Lipsticks
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L89/00—Compositions of proteins; Compositions of derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B61/00—Dyes of natural origin prepared from natural sources, e.g. vegetable sources
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B63/00—Lakes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
  • C09B67/0071—Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dehydrating agents; Dispersing agents; Dustfree compositions
  • C09B67/0092—Dyes in solid form
  • C09B67/0095—Process features in the making of granulates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
  • C09B67/0097—Dye preparations of special physical nature; Tablets, films, extrusion, microcapsules, sheets, pads, bags with dyes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the present invention relates to encapsulation compositions and techniques in which an encapsulate is encapsulated in a natural water-insoluble matrix. More particularly, the present invention relates to the encapsulation of natural colorings, vitamins, food supplement and medicines. The present invention further relates to extrusion processes for preparing same.
• Dyes and lakes are used to provide attractive colors to foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Lakes are insoluble coloring matters. They can be dispersed in a solution to provide color and opalescence. Most lakes are made from a dye immobilized onto the surface of an aluminum substratum to form an insoluble complex (see for example US Pat Nos. 833,602, 2,053,208 and 3,909,284 which describe methods of producing artificial lakes).
• Lakes are opaque and their color is seen by reflectance of light.
• insoluble pigments are appropriate, including in dry or oil-based products where there is insufficient moisture for water-soluble dyes, or products where migration of a soluble dye would be a problem.
• Typical applications include, but is not limited to, colored candy coating of panned candies, breakfast cereals, nuts, multilayered food stuff (e.g., cakes) cosmetics (e.g., blush and lipsticks) and pharmaceutical capsules, dragees, tablets and the like.
• Most lakes are made of chemically-synthesized artificial dyes. An exception to this is carmine, an aluminum lake of natural carminic acid extracted from the insect Dactilopius coccus. [0005]
• Various means of producing water insoluble coloured material have been developed.
• US Patent 4,475,919 describes a method to lake natural dyes onto the surface of natural insoluble polymers such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, starch or starch derivatives.
• natural dyes include anthocyanins, turmeric and annatto.
• An aluminum salt is used as a dyeing aid.
• JP Patent No. 10330637 teaches a method to immobilize natural lake dyes onto the surface of an aluminum substratum namely aluminum hydroxide. In both instances, the natural dyes are adsorbed onto a surface and are therefore not protected from detrimental physical or chemical factors.
• Dispersion media have also been developed for natural water- insoluble dyes.
• European patent application No. 01219292/EP-A1 reports the use of a soy protein isolate to disperse carotenoids namely astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, citraxanthin and, ⁇ -apo-8'-caroteneethyIester in an aqueous solution.
• the soy protein isolate was partially hydrolysed using enzymes to improve hydrocolloid properties. It has been demonstrated that carotenoids dispersed in such hydrocolloid are protected against oxidation by free radicals and retain their antioxidant activity.
• the method involves mixing the dye and a protein in water, adding a non-polar phase and homogenizing to obtain a water-in-oil dispersion and subjecting same to very high pressures between 15,000 and 200,000 psig to render the protein matrix insoluble.
• the coloured particles can then be separated from the non-polar phase and dried. This process involves the use of expensive pressurized equipments and can only be carried out batch-wise.
• US Patent 4,230,687 describes a method to encapsulate flavourings into a melt of encapsulating mixture comprised of 44% caseinate based on the weight of the encapsulate and of the encapsulating mixture.
• the resulting product which is described as sticky, viscous, plastic and non-flowable, is shaped into a sheet, dried and ground into a powder.
• solubilisation of the protein requires the use of an alkali that can be detrimental to alkali-sensitive active agents such as natural dyes of the group of anthocyanins.
• heating of the protein matrix generates Maillard reactions causing the formation of brown pigments that would alter the colour of an encapsulated dye.
• Encapsulation of active agents can also be accomplished by extrusion.
• Extrusion is a continuous process that carries out several functions namely mixing and kneading liquid and solid ingredients, cooking them under a pressure that results in the formation of a melt and shaping ingredient by use of a dye. This process is accomplished over a relatively short period, typically between 1 to 2 minutes and heat may be applied over a much shorter period.
• Many extruded food products such as pasta, pet food, breakfast cereals and meat extenders have been coloured with artificial dyes.
• extruded products are comprised of a substantial proportion of carbohydrates, e.g., starch of extruded flours, meals or grits, or syrup in extruded confectioneries, that limits the impermeability of extruded products to water.
• carbohydrates e.g., starch of extruded flours, meals or grits, or syrup in extruded confectioneries
• US Patent No. 6,436,455 describes a process to manufacture marshmallows by extrusion of a mixture of gelatine, syrup and dye. It is likely that natural dyes would be destroyed in such high temperature processes.
• Extrusion can be carried out at temperatures low enough to enable the encapsulation of flavor compounds using a non-conventional extrusion setup.
• US Patent 5,756,136 describes a method to encapsulate cinnamaldehyde into a mixture of carbohydrates and whey using an extruder. Cinnamaldehyde which is the major component of cinnamon flavor, inhibits the leavening of dough by yeasts. It was demonstrated that the encapsulated cinnamaldehyde could be incorporated into dough without inhibiting yeast leavening.
• US Patent 6,790,453 describes the composition of a matrix used to encapsulate medications, pesticides, vitamins, preservatives and flavoring agents. The matrix comprises various mixtures of Arabic gum, polyols and gelatine. Matrices used in the encapsulation of flavor compounds possess polar characteristics that enable the release of flavor compounds so that they can be smelled and tasted in aqueous media.
• the present invention relates to colouring agents, encapsulation compositions and processes for making such compositions and colouring agents which overcome at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art.
• the present invention is based on the discovery that labile active agents such as natural dyes can be encapsulated into a protein-rich matrix that limits the release of the active agent in water. Indeed, It was found that melt extrusion can be performed on protein-rich mixtures of a protein concentrate, or a protein isolate, using for example natural dyes, by incorporating a high concentration of water under conditions which enable the formation of a melt, while limiting the formation of undesirable brown colors through Maillard reactions.
• the process of the present invention also has the advantage of limiting the degradation of labile dyes or other encapsulated material (e.g., medicines, food supplements, vitamins etc).
• the extruded product thus obtained is dried to a moisture content of between 5% and 10% and ground, yielding a dry particulate composition.
• the stabilization of labile dyes is performed simply by the extrusion process itself and may be further increased by coencapsulation with a stabilizing agent.
• the present invention also demonstrates that other compounds such as salts or acids, e.g., organic or inorganic acids, can be coextruded with natural dyes to alter the final hue.
• the encapsulation composition and the process to perform the encapsulation of the present invention give rise to novel products which can find application in foods, cosmetics and medications (e.g., tablets, capsules or granules).
• novel products of the present invention could not be obtained through the technologies which were used and described prior to the present invention.
• the present invention relates to a composition of a dry powder comprised of an active agent encapsulated in a water-insoluble proteinaceous matrix.
• the active agent is a dye, a medicinal compound, vitamins, food supplements or other compounds.
• the active agent is a natural dye.
• the water-insoluble proteinacious matrix of the present invention is a soy protein isolate.
• the proteinacious matrix is a rice protein concentrate which has the advantage of being hypoallergenic and more resistant to moisture (e.g., water), thereby being more efficient at retaining the encapsulate (e.g., certain dyes including beet red and turmeric).
• Other insoluble proteinacious matrices such as proteins from milk or whey, zein (from corn) or gluten (from wheat) may also be used in accordance with the present invention.
• any insoluble proteinacious matrices that are suitable for encapsulating an active agent such as a natural dye may be used in accordance with the present invention.
• water- insoluble proteinacious matrices of plant origin are used.
• mixture of water-insoluble protein concentrates are also encompassed in the general description of the water-insoluble proteinacious matrix of the present invention.
• the active agents that may be encapsulated by the methods of the present invention may be any active agent such as nutrients (e.g., vitamins, food supplements, etc.), pharmaceutical compositions (medications and mixture thereof, [e.g., tablets, granules or capsules]), pesticides (including insecticides, nematocides, herbicides, fungicides, microbicides, etc) or natural and artificial dyes.
• nutrients e.g., vitamins, food supplements, etc.
• pharmaceutical compositions e.g., tablets, granules or capsules]
• pesticides including insecticides, nematocides, herbicides, fungicides, microbicides, etc
• encapsulation may be carried-out in accordance with the present invention to achieve controlled release of the active agent.
• vitamins and medicines
• encapsulation may be used to protect the vitamin from air-oxidation thereby extending the shelf life of the vitamin.
• Natural dyes may be encapsulated and the resulting natural lakes of the present invention used to coat not only tablets, granules or capsules but also food such as panned candies, nuts, cakes and the like.
• the lakes may also be used in cosmetics such as in lipsticks, blush, eye shadow and the like.
• a controlled release is not limited to medications. Indeed, other encapsulates might benefit from a controlled release (e.g., vitamins).
• the active agent of the present invention is a dye, preferably, a natural dye.
• the encapsulated dyes of the present invention are particularly useful when it is desirable that the colouring does not migrate during the manufacturing (e.g., to one layer of product to another, in a cake for example), or within the finished product during storage and handling, or to avoid its coming off during handling.
• the natural pigments or dyes of the present invention can be of any food grade or pharmaceutically acceptable water insoluble or soluble coloring matter derived from a natural source.
• the natural pigments or dyes of the present invention are derived from a plant material.
• the pigment may either be in a substantially pure form or it may be contained in the material in which it occurs naturally such as in a plant or animal material (e.g., semi-purified or crude extracts or homogenates).
• the natural dyes of the present invention may be in combination with a food grade and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Unlimiting examples of natural dyes or coloring agents include, but are not limited to, carotenoids, porphyrins and flavonoids.
• Carotenoids which have yellow, orange or red colors occurs widely in nature and important sources are plants including grasses, the annatto tree, citrus species, Capsicum annum, Crocus sativus flowers and marigold flowers, marine algae, yeasts, several vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, carrots, peppers).
• Carotenoid can be divided into 3 classes: carotenoids hydrocarbons, xanthophylls and apocarotenoids.
• Non-limiting examples of carotenoids include, bixin, norbixin apocarotenals, canthaxanthin, capsanthin, capsorubin, saffron, ⁇ -carotene, crocin, occurring in paprika oleoresin astaxanthin (e.g., salmon), lutein (e.g., green beans, egg yolk), zeaxanthin (e.g., corn), citranaxanthin, capsicum, canthaxanthin, lycopene, violaxanthine, rhodoxanthin and derivatives thereof.
• other carotenoids exist, are known in the art and may be used in accordance with the present invention.
• curcuminoids of which curcumin is the major pigment in turmeric
• the colored oleoresin extract of the Curcuma root porphyrin pigments such as chlorophylls, and vegetable carbon black, which is produced by fully carbonizing vegetable material and grinding it into a fine powder.
• pigments of the flavonoid family including flavones and flavonols, which are yellow
• the anthocyanins e.g., from red cabbage, sweet potato, red radish, elderberry, grape and the like
• red, blue, or purple depending on pH
• any natural dye or coloring agent may be used in accordance with the present invention as long as it is non-toxic.
• the coloring agents used in accordance with the present invention are suitable for human consumption.
• coloring agents from plant origin flowers, trees, cereals, vegetables, fruits etc
• algae or microorganisms are used. While the present invention finds a preferred utility when directed at human consumption, it should not be so limited.
• Compositions of the present invention also finds utility in a variety of bioagro uses such as for example animal-directed consumption. Thus, although human consumption is preferred, animal consumption is also encompassed by the present invention.
• the present invention relates to natural lake dyes, which are encapsulated in a water-insoluble proteinacious matrix such as soy isolates or rice concentrates.
• the proteinacious matrix is made of a mixture of protein concentrates/isolates.
• the lakes of the present invention are useful for coloring foodstuff such as coating candies and nuts.
• encapsulated natural lake dyes of the present invention may be used in the cosmetic field such as in the composition of lipstick, blush, eye shadows and the like.
• the natural lake dyes of the present invention are of pharmaceutical grade and may be used for color coating of tablets, capsules, granules and the like.
• natural lake dyes of the present invention are of plant origin suitable for kosher, HaIIaI and vegetarian diets.
• a further feature of the present invention is that the color of the extrudate is homogenous because of the formation of a melt during extrusion.
• the combination of thorough mixing, high sheering and pressure raises the temperature and leads to the formation of a homogenous melt.
• additives are added prior to extrusion of natural dyes in order to alter the color characteristics.
• One non-limiting example includes extrudates made with red cabbage anthocyanins. Naturally, red cabbage anthocyanins extrudates are blue. The incorporation of tannic acid changes the color to mauve while the incorporation of calcium chloride provides a purple coloring preparation.
• several natural dyes from crude, semi purified or substantially purified origin may be mixed in different proportions in accordance with the present invention in order to produce a wide array of color that could not be achieved using a single dye. Color shades close to the three primary colors (yellow, red and blue) can be achieved as follows.
• a blue color is obtained from red cabbage coloring, a red color, from a mixture of beet red, ascorbic acid and turmeric, bixin or norbixin and a yellow color, from crocin or from turmeric with bixin or norbixin.
• Any combination of natural dyes from crude, semi purified or substantially purified origin may be mixed in different proportions in accordance with the present invention to achieve a desired used.
• colors may be lightened by dilution with an insoluble white powder such as titanium dioxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose or other material well known in the art.
• an insoluble white powder such as titanium dioxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose or other material well known in the art.
• the chosen lightening agent will be selected so as not to significantly affect one or more of the advantages which are provided by the compositions of the present invention (e.g..edibility, possible encapsulation of water soluble and water insoluble dyes, • use in medicine coating for time release, etc).
• compositions comprising small particles having an average size of less than 20 ⁇ m provide a homogenous coloration while compositions comprising particles having an average size larger than 150 ⁇ m provide glitter.
• the encapsulates, e.g., dyes, vitamins food supplements, medicines and combinations thereof, of the present invention have improved stability against light, heating and oxygen related changes (e.g., efficiency of the medicines or the colour hue of a particular pigment).
• the stability of the encapsulate of the present invention may further be increased by incorporating preservative agents or stabilizers prior to extrusion.
• preservative agents or stabilizers include ⁇ - tocopherol, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, isoascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, sodium citrate, sorbic acid potassium or sodium bisulphite.
• the encapsulated dyes of the present invention comprise a high dye concentration to produce thinner color coats with high color intensities.
• the encapsulated dyes of the present invention can permit significant manufacturing savings.
• the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), "including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
• the term “purified” refers to a molecule (e.g., pigment such as carotenoids, flavonoids, porphyrins) having been separated from a component of the composition in which it was originally present.
• the carotenoid bixin has been purified to a level not found in nature.
• a “substantially pure” molecule is a molecule that is lacking in most other components (e.g., 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% free of contaminants).
• the term “crude” means molecules (e.g., pigment) that have not been separated from the components of the original composition in which they were present.
• separating refers to methods by which one or more components of the sample are removed from one or more other components of the sample.
• Sample components include extracts from vegetables, fruits, flowers, cereals, insects or animals (including fish, crustaceans etc).
• the extracts may include all or parts of the components originally found in the natural source.
• the extract may include other components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids or nucleic acids.
• a separating or purifying step preferably removes at least about 50% (e.g., 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100%) of contaminants.
• a separating or purifying step removes at least about 80% (e.g., 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100%) and, more preferably, at least about 95% (e.g., 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100%) of the other components present in the sample from the desired component.
• the units e.g., 66, 67...81 , 82,...91, 92%.
• extract refers to a concentrated preparation of plant or animal origin including but not limited to vegetables, fruits, cereals, plants, flowers, trees, insects, crustaceans, yeasts or bacteria obtained by concentrating the active constituents (e.g., pigment) for example by evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent and/or by removing undesired constituents in the sample.
• active constituents e.g., pigment
• encapsulate as used herein include dyes (e.g., pigment) of natural (e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids, porphyrins) and artificial origin (e.g., FD&C and D&C dyes) as well as other encapsulated material such as medicines (tablets, capsules, gels etc.), nutrients (food supplement, vitamins) pesticides or any other material that may be encapsulated by the methods of the present invention.
• An encapsulate of the present invention is an active agent which is combined with a protein matrix and extruded by a method disclosed herein.
• the terminology "nature-identical dyes” as used herein refers to dyes which are identical to dyes extracted from natural sources but which are synthesized. Examples of commonly used natural-identical dyes include, but are not limited to, apocarotenal, ⁇ -carotene, apocarotenal ester, and canthaxanthin. As used herein, the terminology “natural pigment” or “natural dye” is used exclusively to designate pigments/dyes which are derived from a natural source.
• the lightness value is one of the three dimensions describing color (i.e., lightness (L*), hue (h) and chroma (C*)), well known in the art, of the CIELCh color space developed by the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage. It can be defined as the perceptual attribute that corresponds to how bright a color is relative to a white or highly transmitting reference (i.e., if a color appears to emit or reflect more or less light). Lightness also refers to the perception by which white objects are distinguished from gray objects, and light from dark colored objects. The value of lightness (L*) varies from 0 to 100 where 0 is black and 100 is white.
• hue value (h) In the CIELCh color space, hue is represented as an angle from 0° to 360°. Angles that range from 0° to 90° are reds, oranges and yellows. Those ranging from 90° to 180° are yellows, yellow-greens, and greens. Those ranging from 180° to 270° are green cyans (blue greens) and blues. Finally, those ranging from 270° to 360° are blues, purples, magentas, and return again to reds. An h value of 360° is reported as 0°.
• the chroma value is another color attribute and is used to specify the degree of saturation of color i.e., position of the color between grey and the pure hue for a same lightness.
• protein rich refers to a protein content of at least more than 69% protein by weight (70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100%), preferably at least 75% and even more preferably at least 80%.
• proteins that can be used as a matrix in accordance with the present invention include proteins from milk or whey, wheat (gluten), soy, mays (zein), rice or any mixtures thereof.
• compositions and a process to encapsulate a wide range of active agents including but not limited to dyes, vitamins and medicinal compounds inside a water-insoluble matrix in a particulate form.
• active agents including but not limited to dyes, vitamins and medicinal compounds inside a water-insoluble matrix in a particulate form.
• the resulting particulate composition which contains natural dyes can be used in lieu of artificial lakes in confectionery, cosmetics and caplets color coatings where a natural coloring composition is preferred.
• the encapsulation compositions of the present invention have improved shelf life and are useful in the preparation of products such as foods, cosmetics and medications.
• the present invention further relates to dry edible, natural color pigments that at the present time do not require certification by regulatory agencies since they utilize natural ingredients.
• the natural dye pigments of the present invention can be used as substitutes for artificial FD&C and D&C lakes that are commonly used for coloring food, drugs and cosmetics.
• the process used to make the particulate composition is based on the use of melt extrusion under conditions that limit the formation of undesirable Maillard reaction's brown pigments and thus decrease the alteration of the color of the natural dyes.
• the present invention is particularly useful in the encapsulation of labile natural dyes.
• the process can be applied to either water-soluble dyes or water-insoluble dyes.
• Non-limiting examples of natural dyes that can be encapsulated by the methods of the present invention are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1. Natural and nature-identical dyes used in foods, cosmetics and medicine color coating
• Source anthraquinones cochineal (carminic acid, Dactylopus coccus carmine) betalains beet red (betacyanins, Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) betaxanthins) caramel caramel sugar and reactants carotenoids annatto (bixin, norbixin) seeds of Bixa orellana apocarotenal nature identical apocarotenal ester nature identical canthaxanthin nature identical jff-carotene Blakeslea trispora (natural)
• the present invention is not limited to the encapsulation of natural dyes. Artificial dyes may also be used in accordance with the present invention. Non-limiting examples of artificial dyes that may be used include Allura Red, Amaranth, Erythrosine, Indigotine, Sunset Yellow, Brilliant Blue FCF, Fast Green FCF and Tartrazine. Artificial dyes encapsulated in the encapsulation compositions of the present invention become totally water-insoluble and do not migrate making them useful in a variety of applications such as in cosmetic compositions since they do not stain the skin. Of course, the skilled artisan to which the present invention pertains, when choosing an artificial dye, will choose same according to the use, desired utility and characteristics which are to be satisfied.
• mixtures of natural and artificial dyes are encompassed by the present invention.
• mixtures of natural and nature identical dyes as well as mixtures of natural, nature identical and artificial dyes are encompassed by the present invention.
• the encapsulation matrix in which an active agent of the present invention is encapsulated comprises at least more than 69% protein by weight (70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100%), more preferably at least 75% and even more preferably at least 80%.
• the process of the present invention can make use of both water-soluble and water-insoluble protein with minor adjustments to the process, e.g., assembly of extruder elements, operation parameters, ratio of liquids to solids, etc.
• the manufacturing process yields a water-insoluble matrix from water-soluble protein.
• proteins that can be used in accordance with the present invention include proteins from milk or whey, wheat (gluten), soy, mays (zein), rice or mixtures thereof.
• mixture of proteins that may be used include 50:50, 25:75, 75:25, 90:10, 10:90, 40:60, 60:40 soyxice or any other combination thereof.
• Mixtures of more than 2 proteins e.g., 3, 4, 5 or more
• one non-limiting advantage of using a mixture of soy and rice proteins as a matrix would be to change the properties of the matrix as to render it more or less impermeable to water.
• the matrix becomes more resistant to moisture and thus retains the encapsulated material (e.g., dye, medicine, vitamin, food supplement, etc) better.
• additives can be added to the encapsulation matrix in accordance with the present invention namely, acids (e.g., organic or inorganic acids), salts, a calcium salt, e.g., calcium chloride, vitamins, to improve retention or the stability of the active agent or to modify the hue of an encapsulated dye.
• acids e.g., organic or inorganic acids
• salts e.g., calcium salt
• vitamins e.g., calcium salts, e.g., calcium chloride
• stabilizers or preservative agents include ⁇ -tocopherol, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, isoascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, sodium citrate, sorbic acid, or potassium or sodium bisulphate.
• the dry particulate composition can be enrobed inside a non-polar coating to provide a barrier to water.
• non-polar coating examples include mixtures of waxes, oils, fats, long chain fatty acids, emulsifiers of natural origin (e.g., acacia, gelatin, lecithin, cholesterol) or of synthetic origin (e.g., sulfates or sulfonates), gums or zein.
• emulsifying agents and other non-polar coatings may be found in Remington (2000), The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20 th edition, pp: 318- 334; and Rowe et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2003, 4th edition, Pharmaceutical Press, London UK.
• the dyes/pigments or other encapsulated material of the present invention are obtained by extrusion of: 1) a protein extract (e.g., soy, rice, gluten, whey etc, or mixture thereof) which serves as a matrix; 2) an active agent or encapsulate (e.g., natural pigment either dissolved in a liquid or in a powdered form which can be directly mixed with the protein extracts, medicine etc.); 3) water; and 4) optionally, various stabilizers, preservative agents and, in the case of a pigment, various substances that serve to adjust the hue of the coloring agent (e.g., CaCI 2 , acids, salts, etc). During this process, all ingredients are mixed together to form a homogenous paste.
• a protein extract e.g., soy, rice, gluten, whey etc, or mixture thereof
• an active agent or encapsulate e.g., natural pigment either dissolved in a liquid or in a powdered form which can be directly mixed with the protein extracts
• the extrusion is performed at low temperature and high moisture (approximately 30- 50%) which reduce degradation of pigment and the alteration of its color by the Maillard reaction.
• the extrudate is then dried to a final moisture content of 5 to 10%. When dried, the extrudate is very brittle and can easily be milled to a fine powder of desired size. Particle size of less than 20 ⁇ m may be obtained with the extrudate of the present invention.
• the process of the present invention is based on melt extrusion of a protein matrix combined with an extrudate such as dyes/pigments, medicines, vitamins or food supplements. While the precise apparatus to be used in achieving melt extrusion is not critical it has been found that a Baker-Perkin co- rotating twin-screw extruder (model MPF-50) is efficacious.
• elements of the extruder e.g., conveying screw, single-lead screw and kneading blocks
• elements of the extruder are aligned as to provide mixing, kneading and pressure buildup.
• the size of orifices at the exit also contributes to pressure buildup inside the extruder.
• Speed of rotation, alignment of elements of the extruder, i.e., kneading blocks and single-lead screws, and moisture content of the extrudate are determining factors of the amount of heat that is generated through shear force. Overheating of the mixture of protein, coloring and additive is prevented by circulation of chilled water in the extruder outer casing.
• the amount of moisture that may be used during the extrusion process ranges from about 30% to 50% (30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50%) more particularly about 38% by weight, based on the total weight of the rice protein concentrate and water.
• the amount of moisture that may be used during the extrusion process ranges from about 45% to 70% (45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70%), more particularly about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of soy protein isolate and water. At moisture contents above the upper limit, the heat generated by shearing is not sufficient to enable proper protein texturization. At moisture contents under the lower limit, shear-induced heat is such that undesirable browning and coloring degradation occur.
• the selection of a suitable amount of a natural dye to be added to the protein matrix depends on the particular type of dye, the particular hue desired and the particular intended application.
• the encapsulated material contains an amount of coloring between 10 and 16,000 color units by weight (determined at the respective maximal absorbency wavelength of the colorings).
• the encapsulated material contains an amount of coloring between 10 and 200 color units.
• several pigments may be added together in order to achieve a wide array of color that could not be achieved using a single dye.
• the selection of a suitable amount of the natural dye for the encapsulation process of the present invention depends on the particular type of pigment, on the particular intended application and on the desired appearance of the finished product.
• the relative amount of each dye depends on the particular color to achieve and thus any combination of dyes may be used in accordance with the present invention to suit particular needs. The achievement of particular colours by the mixture of colours is well known in the art.
• natural coloring preparations of very diverse color hues are obtained by varying the composition of dyes and additives.
• fine powders of encapsulated natural dyes are dispersed in a media used in candy panning operations and dried to form opaque colored layers and are thus useful in candy coating, dragees coating or the like.
• Dragees or candy coating constitute a particular type of edible multilayered product where one or more coating layers, typically consisting of sugar, are applied onto a center of an edible ingredient.
• Non-limiting examples of such centers to be coated include, chewing gum, sugar tablets/granulates and chocolate. Coloring of such edible center is typically carried out in one or more panning steps where the centers are coated with sugar syrup containing the coloring agent. It is normally necessary to apply several coating layers to obtain a sufficient covering with color.
• the color intensity of the coloring compositions of the present invention is proportional to the concentration of the encapsulated dye.
• the amount of pigment required for coloring surfaces with the same color intensity is proportional to the concentration of the encapsulated dye present in the compositions of the present invention.
• the natural pigments of the composition of the present invention can comprise a high concentration of dye/natural pigment to produce thinner color coats with high color intensities.
• the encapsulated dyes of the present invention permit significant manufacturing savings.
• the colorings were retained inside the encapsulation matrix to become non-staining.
• the encapsulated colorings could thus be used in applications where staining is a problem, such as in the field of cosmetics.
• powders of encapsulated colorings that leached coloring when in contact with water are made impermeable by coating with a non-polar phase.
• Such compositions could also be used in applications where staining is a problem.
• labile natural dyes become more stable once they are encapsulated.
• the dry particulate encapsulation composition of the present invention comprises (a) an encapsulate, encapsulated in a water-insoluble matrix comprising at least 70% by weight of protein, based on the total weight of the matrix, and a moisture content of about 5 to 10 % by weight, based on the total weight of the matrix.
• the matrix once wetted in a clear colorless aqueous solution or in mineral oil has a lightness value (L * ) greater than 40, a color vividness or Chroma (C*) lower than 33 and a hue angle between 70° and 90°.
• composition of the present invention is prepared by a process comprising:
• the protein matrix retains completely or partially the encapsulate when the encapsulation composition of the present invention is dispersed into an aqueous solution.
• a soy protein isolate was extruded without an encapsulate under conditions which enable the formation of a melt while minimizing undesirable Maillard reactions (see Table 3).
• the main impact on the color of the protein matrix was on lightness (L* value).
• the matrix of extruded soy protein isolate is adequate for the encapsulation of dyes while enabling the expression of colors.
• Example 1 none 78.8 20.2 84° soy protein isolate 240 immersed in syrup 42.9 24.0 76° water 300 immersed in oil 44.8 26.1 76°
• Example 2 soy protein isolate 240 none 51.5 10.4 254° red cabbage color 24 immersed in syrup 4.9 8.0 263° water 276 immersed in oil 5.7 6.0 267°
• Example 3 soy protein isolate 240 red cabbage color 24 none 34.1 14.0 274° calcium chloride 24 immersed in syrup 1.0 3.4 283° water 252 immersed in oil 2.1 3.8 274°
• Example 4 soy protein isolate 240 red cabbage color 24 none 41.5 9.3 328° tannic acid 2.4 immersed in syrup 5.4 7.7 299° water 273.6 immersed in oil 4.7 4.7 315°
• Example 5 soy protein isolate 240 beet red 24 none 43.1 28.4 9° ascorbic acid 6 immersed in syrup 5.1 14.9 10° water 270 immersed in oil 7.2 20.3 15°
• Example 6 soy protein isolate 240 beet red 24 turmeric 1 none 41.2 28.3 23° ascorbic acid 6 immersed in syrup 4.7 11 21° water 269 immersed in oil 5.4 14.3 21°
• Example 7 soy protein isolate 240 none 73.2 44.1 66° norbixine 0.48 immersed in syrup 31.8 53.5 63° water 299.5 immersed in oil 39.2 62.3 62°
• Example 8 soy protein isolate 240 none 71.8 54.6 83° saffron 2.4 immersed in syrup 41.5 56.7 78° water 297.6 immersed in oil 33.0 50.4 73°
• Example 9 soy protein isolate 240 none 75.1 65.0 88° turmeric 4.8 immersed in syrup 38.8 53.8 79° water 288 immersed in oil 40.6 59.2 76° EXAMPLE 2 RED CABBAGE COLORING ENCAPSULATED IN A SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE
• a fine powder of red cabbage color encapsulated in a soy protein isolate matrix was produced (see Table 3).
• the red cabbage color was diluted in the extruder liquid feed, extruded with soy protein isolate, the resulting extrudate was dried and ground.
• the dry powder which possesses a tarnished appearance, takes on an appealing intensely dark, predominantly blue color, once wetted in syrup or oil. Observations of the powder suspended in oil and in syrup were made using an optical microscope.
• the 1OX eye piece had a scale which was calibrated using a calibration slide with a 100 micron marking. The appearance of powder particles suspended in oil and in syrup was identical. Particles were irregular, vitreous (translucent) and uniformly stained.
• This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly blue coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• Example 3 A similar experiment to that shown in Example 2 (see Table 3) was performed, except that calcium chloride was added to the extruder liquid feed in order to alter the color of the extrudate.
• the resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing intensely dark predominantly purple color.
• the amount of anthocyanin released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 15% of the total amount of encapsulated anthocyanin.
• calcium chloride contributes to retaining anthocyanins inside the encapsulation matrix and to altering the color to a more purple shade.
• This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly purple coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• Example 3 A similar experiment to that shown in Example 2 (see Table 3) was performed, except that tannic acid was added to the extruder liquid feed. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing dark predominantly mauve color. The amount of anthocyanin released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 43% of the total amount of encapsulated anthocyanin.
• tannic acid does not help in retaining anthocyanins inside the encapsulation matrix but shifts the color to a redder hue.
• This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly mauve coloring in low moisture and/or non- polar products.
• a fine powder of beet red encapsulated in a soy protein isolate matrix was produced (see Table 3). Beet red and ascorbic acid were dissolved in the extruder liquid feed. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing moderately dark predominantly purplish-red color. Ascorbic acid serves as a stabilizer of beet red. The amount of betanin released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 46% of the total amount of encapsulated betanin. This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly purplish red coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• Example 5 A similar experiment to that shown in Example 5 (see Table 3) was performed, except that turmeric was also added to the extruder liquid feed by dispersion with a commercial blender. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing moderately dark predominantly red color. This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly red coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a fine powder of norbixin encapsulated in a soy protein isolate matrix was produced (see Table 3).
• Norbixin was diluted in the extruder liquid feed.
• the resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing bright predominantly orange color.
• the amount of norbixin released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 9% of the total amount of encapsulated norbixin.
• This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly orange coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a fine powder of saffron (which contains crocin) coloring encapsulated in a soy protein isolate matrix was produced (see Table 3). Saffron was diluted in the extruder liquid feed. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing bright predominantly golden-yellow color. The amount of crocin released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 37% of the total amount of encapsulated crocin. This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly golden-yellow coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a fine powder of turmeric encapsulated in a soy protein isolate matrix was generated (see Table 3). Turmeric was dispersed in the extruder liquid feed using a commercial blender. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing bright predominantly yellow color. Turmeric is known to be very light-sensitive. However, there were no differences in colorimetry measurements after 20 days of exposure of the encapsulated turmeric to light. The amount of curcuminoids released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 6% of the total amount of encapsulated curcuminoids. This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly yellow coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products. TABLE 4. Examples of natural colorings and vitamin encapsulated in rice protein concentrate by extrusion
• Example 10 none 82.8 17.8 87° rice protein concentrate 250 immersed in syrup 57.6 28.5 81° water 200 immersed in oil 48.8 29.8 79°
• Example 11 rice protein concentrate 250 none 40.2 13.3 307° red cabbage color 25 immersed in syrup 8.0 13.1 306° water 175 immersed in oil 3.2 6.6 301°
• Example 12 rice protein concentrate 250 red cabbage color 25 none 45.4 12.5 301° calcium chloride 25 immersed in syrup 7.0 12.7 301° water 150 immersed in oil 3.9 7.8 295°
• Example 13 rice protein concentrate 250 beet red 25 none 46.9 29.0 354° ascorbic acid 6.25 immersed in syrup 13.4 31.9 4° water 168.7 immersed in oil 8.2 25.3 9° 5
• Example 14 rice protein concentrate 250 none 33.6 18.4 8° carminic acid 3.7 Immersed in syrup 2.9 9.5 8° water 196.3 Immersed in oil 2.1 5.7 11°
• Example 15 rice protein concentrate 247.5 none 42.9 52.8 38° bixin 2.5 immersed in syrup 30.4 57.8 42° water 200 immersed in oil 29.4 51.5 39°
• Example 16 rice protein concentrate 250 none 79.5 58.1 90° turmeric 5 immersed in syrup 53.6 68.1 83° water 195 immersed in oil 45.1 63.5 79° EXAMPLE 10
• a fine powder of red cabbage color encapsulated in a rice protein concentrate matrix was created (see Table 4).
• the red cabbage color was diluted in the extruder liquid feed, extruded with rice protein concentrate, the resulting extrudate was dried and ground.
• the dry powder which possesses a pastel appearance takes on an appealing intensely dark predominantly purple color once wetted in syrup or oil.
• the amount of anthocyanin released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 31 % of the total amount of encapsulated anthocyanin.
• This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly purple coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• Example 11 A similar experiment to that shown in Example 11 was performed, except that calcium chloride was added to the extruder liquid feed (see Table 4). The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing intensely dark color similar to that of Example 11. The amount of anthocyanin released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 27% of the total amount of encapsulated anthocyanin. Calcium chloride had less effect on the improvement of dye retention and on color change with the rice protein concentrate matrix than with the soy protein isolate matrix (Example 2). This composition is suitable for use as a purple coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a fine powder of beet red encapsulated in a rice protein concentrate matrix was created (see Table 4). Beet red and ascorbic acid were diluted in the extruder liquid feed. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing moderately dark predominantly purplish-red color. Ascorbic acid serves as a stabilizer of beet red. The amount of betanin released from the rice protein matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 27% of the total amount of betanin. This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly purplish-red coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a fine powder of carminic acid encapsulated in a rice protein concentrate matrix was generated (see Table 4).
• Carminic acid was diluted in the extruder liquid feed.
• the resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing moderately dark predominantly brownish-red color.
• the amount of carminic acid released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 23% of the total amount of carminic acid.
• This composition is suitable for use as a brownish-red coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a fine powder of bixin encapsulated in a rice protein concentrate matrix was produced (see Table 4). Bixin was blended with the rice protein concentrate and introduced into the extruder through the solids feed port. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing bright predominantly orange color. Bixin, which is insoluble in water at neutral pH, was encapsulated in a rice protein concentrate without having to use an alkali or an emulsifier. No bixin was released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup even after an extended period (several days). This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly orange coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a fine powder of turmeric encapsulated in a rice protein concentrate matrix was created (see Table 4). Turmeric was dispersed in the extruder liquid feed using a commercial blender. The resulting powder once wetted in syrup or oil takes on an appealing bright predominantly yellow color. No turmeric was released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup even after an extended period (several days). This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly yellow coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• An artificial dye namely tartrazine
• tartrazine was totally retained inside the encapsulation matrix. No tartrazine was released from the encapsulation matrix in syrup.
• This composition is suitable for use as a predominantly yellow coloring in low moisture and/or non-polar products.
• a demonstration of the use of a non-polar coating to water-proof encapsulated dyes is provided herein.
• the coating was a mixture of (by weight of coating) 2.01% zein, 11.55% canola oil, 82.48% denatured ethanol, 0.66% calcium chloride and 3.30% Durlac 100W emulsifier.
• the coating mixture and encapsulated dye of Example 2 were mixed together in a proportion of 3:1 by weight respectively and the denatured ethanol was evaporated.
• the amount of red cabbage color released from the coated encapsulated dye in syrup after 15 minutes immersion at room temperature was 4% of the total amount of red cabbage color. Therefore the non-polar coating substantially improved impermeability of the encapsulated dye.
• Turmeric was encapsulated in a rice protein concentrate at two concentrations in a fashion similar to that of example 16. To achieve this turmeric was dispersed in the extruder liquid feed using a commercial blender at two concentrations. The resulting powders had a turmeric concentration of 1.96% and 9.1% by weight based on the dry weight of encapsulated turmeric.
• the encapsulated dyes are hereafter referred to as "low dye encapsulate” and “high dye encapsulate” respectively.
• the high dye encapsulate contained 4.64-fold more turmeric color that the low dye encapsulate.
• the low dye and high dye encapsulates were ground to a very fine powders, i.e., particle size averaging 9 microns, using a commercial blender and a ceramic ball mill.
• a portion of dispersion media was made by mixing together 3 g icing sugar, 0.05 g gum acacia, 1.25 g medium invert sugar, 0.3125 g low bloom gelatin and 2.3875 g water and by heating lightly in a microwave oven until clear.
• a portion of the low dye encapsulate of 1.64 g was blended with 3.86 g of confectionery sugar and dispersed in a portion of dispersion media.
• a portion of the high dye encapsulate of 0.28g was blended with 5.22 g of confectionery sugar and dispersed in a portion of dispersion media.
• the quantity of low dye encapsulate in the dispersion media was about 5.9-fold higher than the quantity of high dye encapsulate in the dispersion media.
• the solids content of both mixtures was identical.
• This example serves as a demonstration of an encapsulated dye with a very high color value.
• Bixin 100% is a food color with a very high color value i.e., about 310,000 (determined by spectrophotometry at 458 nm after dilution in ethanol).
• Encapsulated bixin was produced as in example 15, except that bixin was blended with rice protein concentrate in a proportion of 5:95 (w/w). The encapsulated dye thus obtained contained c.a. 15,500 color units of bixin.
• Proteins Soy protein isolate, Pro-Fam 974 (Archer Daniel
• Lachine QC 1 Canada Calcium chloride 93%, anhydrous (Brenntag Canada, Lachine QC, Canada); Gelatin, low bloom Kosher (VYSE Gelatin Co., Shiller Park IL, USA); Gum acacia, Arabic gum Type CS (Daminco, Oakville ON, Canada); Denatured alcohol, SDAG-13, anhydrous (Commercial Alcohols, Tiverton ON, Canada), grain ethyl alcohol denatured with 1% ethyl acetate; Durlac 100W emulsifier (Loders & Croklaan, Channahon IL, USA); Medium invert sugar (Nealanders Intl., Dorval QC, Canada); Tannic acid (Fleurchem, Middletown NY, USA); Zein F4000, regular grade (Freeman Industries, Tuckahoe NY, USA).
• Colorimetry measurements were determined using a ColorFlexTM colorimeter (Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc., Reston, VA) and a quartz sample cup. Calibration was performed using black and white porcelain color standards and performance of the colorimeter was verified by making readings using a green porcelain standard (illuminant D65/1O 0 observer). Direct color measurements of samples were performed by layering a sufficient amount of sample in the sample cup to ensure opacity.
• Colorimetry measurements of samples were also performed by suspending samples of encapsulated dyes in a liquid media comprised of either a 50% aqueous solution of sucrose (syrup) or mineral oil, pouring the suspension in the sample cup and letting settle to form an opaque layer of wetted sample before making readings.
• a liquid media comprised of either a 50% aqueous solution of sucrose (syrup) or mineral oil
• Baker-Perkin co-rotating twin-screw extruder (model MPF-50) incorporating 9 sections that can be independently electrically-heated and cooled with chilled water. Solids were introduced using a metering screw through an opening located on top of the third section. A metering pump was used to inject liquids through a port located immediately downstream from the solids port. The die was fitted with two 9 mm orifices and was cooled with chilled water (O 0 C to 2 0 C).
• the two parallel screw assemblies were each comprised of (in the direction of the flow): 10.8 cm spacer, 27.9 cm conveying screw, 10.2 cm single-lead screw, 25.4 cm kneading blocks (20 blocks, 30° forward), 10.2 cm single-lead screw, 11.4 cm kneading blocks (9 blocks, 90°) and 20.3 cm single-lead screw.
• the assembly of extruder elements used with rice protein concentrate was: 10.8 cm spacer, 27.9 cm conveying screw, 10.2 cm single-iead screw, 25.4 cm kneading blocks (20 blocks, 30° forward), 10.2 cm single-lead screw, 11.4 cm kneading blocks (9 blocks, 30° forward), 5.1 cm kneading blocks (4 blocks, 30° reverse) and 15.2 cm single-lead screw.
• Temperature settings of the third section through the ninth were respectively 3O 0 C, 35 0 C, 35 0 C, 35 0 C, 35 0 C, 1O 0 C, 1O 0 C and 1O 0 C. Cooling of the sections was performed using chilled water (O 0 C to 2 0 C).
• Screw speed was 200 RPM.
• the extrudate was cut using a 4 blade rotating knife operating at about 1 ,600 RPM.
• the particular setting described above e.g., speed of rotating screw and rotating knife, spacer, conveying screw, lead screw, kneading blocs, single lead screw, temperatures settings, etc..
• the particular setting described above e.g., speed of rotating screw and rotating knife, spacer, conveying screw, lead screw, kneading blocs, single lead screw, temperatures settings, etc..
• other melt extrusion parameters as well as other extruder apparatuses may also be used in accordance with the present invention.
• Extrudate drying and grinding Extrudates were dried at room temperature by layering on paper-lined wire racks and circulating air to a moisture content between 5 and 10% by weight. The resulting dried extrudate was ground using a domestic blender and a fine grind mill (Prater, model CLM18) yielding a powder with particles averaging about 20 microns. Fine powders were produced in Examples 1 to 22 inclusively and Example 24.

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